Католическая церковь в Австралии

Смотрите также: Католическая церковь и христианство в Австралии

Католическая церковь в Австралии
Собор Святой Марии, Сидней
Тип	Национальное устройство
Классификация	католик
Orientation	Latin
Scripture	Bible
Theology	Catholic theology
Polity	Episcopal
Governance	Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference
Pope	Pope Francis
President of ACBC	Timothy Costelloe SDB
Region	Australia
Language	English, Latin
Origin	1788 Sydney, New South Wales
Number of followers	5,886,980 (2021)
Official website	catholic.org.au

People who identify as Catholic as a percentage of the total population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census

Mary MacKillop, co-founder of the Josephite Sisters became Australia's first canonised saint in October 2010.

Австралийская католическая церковь или Католическая церковь в Австралии является частью всемирной католической церкви под духовным и административным руководством Святого Престола . Зародившись как подавляемое, в основном ирландское меньшинство, в ранние колониальные времена, церковь превратилась в крупнейшую христианскую конфессию в Австралии, с разнообразными в культурном отношении членами около 5 075 907 человек, что составляет около 20% от общей численности населения Австралии, согласно данным 2021 года Данные переписи населения ABS .

Церковь является крупнейшим неправительственным поставщиком социальных и образовательных услуг в Австралии. Католическая социальная служба Австралии ежегодно оказывает помощь примерно 450 000 человек, а 40 000 членов Общества Святого Винсента де Поля образуют крупнейшую волонтёрскую сеть социального обеспечения в стране. В 2016 году в церкви обучалось около 760 000 учеников в более чем 1700 школах.

The church in Australia has five provinces: Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. It has 35 dioceses, comprising geographic areas as well as the military diocese and dioceses for the Chaldean, Maronite, Melkite, Syro-Malabar (St Thomas Christians), and Ukrainian Rites. The national assembly of bishops is the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference (ACBC). There are a further 175 Catholic religious orders operating in Australia, affiliated under Catholic Religious Australia. One Australian has been recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church: Mary MacKillop, who co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart ("Josephite") religious institute in the 19th century.

Demographics

Major religious affiliations in Australia by census year

Since the 1980s, Catholicism has been largest Christian denomination in Australia, constituting around one-quarter of the overall population and becoming slightly larger than the Anglican and Uniting churches combined. Up until the 2016 census, adherents had been recorded as growing both numerically and as a percentage of the population; however, the 2016 census found a fall in both overall numbers and the percentage of Catholics as a proportion of Australian residents, with 5,291,839 Australian Catholics (around 22.6% of the population) in 2016, down from 5,439,257 in the 2011 census (25.3% of the population). This was repeated again in 2021, with the numbers dropping to 5,075,907 people, representing about 20% of the overall population of Australia according to the 2021 ABS Census data.[1]

Until the 1986 census, Australia's most populous Christian church was the Anglican Church of Australia. Since then, Catholics have outnumbered Anglicans by an increasing margin. The change is partly explained by changes in immigration patterns. Before the Second World War, the majority of immigrants to Australia came from the United Kingdom and most Catholic immigrants came from Ireland. After the war, Australia's immigration diversified, and more than 6.5 million migrants arrived in the following 60 years, including more than a million Catholics from Italy, Malta, Lebanon, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Croatia and Hungary.

At the 2016 Census, the ancestries with which Australian Catholics most identified were English (1.49 million), Australian (1.12 million), Irish (577,000), Italian (567,000) and Filipino (181,000).

Despite a growing population of Catholics, weekly Mass attendance has declined from an estimated 74% in the mid-1950s to around 14% in 2006.

There are seven archdioceses and 32 dioceses, with an estimated 3,000 priests and 9,000 men and women in institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life, including six dioceses that cover the whole country: one each for those who belong to the Chaldean, Maronite, Melkite, Syro-Malabar and Ukrainian rites and one for those serving in the Australian Defence Forces. There is also a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans, which has a similar status to a diocese.

State/Territory	% 2016	% 2011	% 2006	% 2001
Australian Capital Territory	22.3	26.1	28.0	29.1
New South Wales	24.7	27.5	28.2	28.9
Northern Territory	19.9	21.6	21.1	22.2
Queensland	21.7	23.8	24.0	24.8
South Australia	18.0	19.9	20.2	20.8
Tasmania	15.6	17.9	18.4	19.3
Total	22.6	25.3	25.8	26.6
Victoria	23.2	26.7	27.5	28.4
Western Australia	21.4	23.6	23.7	24.7

History

Arrival and suppression

Since time immemorial, indigenous people in Australia had performed the rites and rituals of the animist religions of the Dreamtime. Among the first Catholics known to have sighted Australia were the crew of a Spanish expedition of 1605–6. In 1606, the expedition's leader, Pedro Fernandez de Quiros landed in the New Hebrides, believing it to be the fabled southern continent. He named the land Austrialis del Espiritu Santo Southern Land of the Holy Spirit. Later that year, his deputy Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea.

The permanent presence of Catholicism in Australia came rather with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788. One-tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic, and at least half of them were born in Ireland. A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic.

Just as the British were setting up the new colony, French captain Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse arrived off Botany Bay with two ships. La Pérouse was 6 weeks in Botany Bay, where the French, besides other things, held Catholic Masses. The crew conducted the first Catholic burial, that of Father Louis Receveur, a Franciscan friar who died while the ships were at anchor at Botany Bay.

Some of the Irish convicts had been transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland, so the authorities were suspicious of Catholicism for the first three decades of settlement.

Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Anglicans. The first Catholic priests arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 – James Harold, James Dixon and Peter O'Neill, who had been convicted for "complicity" in the Irish 1798 Rebellion. Fr Dixon was conditionally emancipated and permitted to celebrate Mass. On 15 May 1803, in vestments made from curtains and with a chalice made of tin, he conducted the first Catholic Mass in "New South Wales". The Irish-led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and Dixon's permission to celebrate Mass was revoked. Fr Jeremiah O' Flinn, an Irish Cistercian monk, was appointed as Prefect Apostolic of New Holland and set out from Britain for the colony, uninvited. Watched by authorities, Flynn secretly performed priestly duties before being arrested and deported to London. Reaction to the affair in Britain led to two further priests being allowed to travel to the colony in 1820 – John Joseph Therry and Philip Conolly. The foundation stone for the first St Mary's Church, was laid on 29 October 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie.

The absence of a Catholic mission in Australia before 1818 reflected the legal disabilities of Catholics in Britain and the difficult position of Ireland within the British Empire. The government therefore endorsed the English Benedictine monks to lead the early church in the colony. The Reverend William Bernard Ullathorne (1806–1889) was instrumental in influencing Pope Gregory XVI to establish the hierarchy in Australia. Ullathorne was in Australia from 1833 to 1836 as vicar-general to Bishop William Morris of Mauritius, whose jurisdiction extended over the Australian missions.

Emancipation and growth

Catholic humanitarian Caroline Chisholm.

The Church of England was disestablished in the colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836, which also provided equal funding of Protestant and Catholic churches. Drafted by the Catholic attorney-general John Plunkett, the Act established legal equality for Anglicans, Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists. Nevertheless, social attitudes were slow to change. A laywoman, Caroline Chisholm (1808–1877), faced discouragements and anti-Catholic feeling when she sought to establish a migrant women's shelter, and worked for women's welfare in the colonies in the 1840s, though her humanitarian efforts later won her fame in England and great influence in achieving support for families in the colony.

St Aloysius Church, Sevenhill, South Australia. The Jesuits were the first order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory – Austrian Jesuits established themselves in the south and north and Irish in the east.

St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne

The church's most prominent early leader was John Bede Polding, a Benedictine monk who was Sydney's first bishop (and then archbishop) from 1835 to 1877. Polding requested a community of nuns be sent to the colony and five Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838. While tensions arose between the English Benedictine hierarchy and the Irish, Ignatian-tradition religious institute from the start, the sisters set about pastoral care in a women's prison and began visiting hospitals and schools and establishing employment for convict women. In 1847, two sisters transferred to Hobart and established a school. The sisters went on to establish hospitals in four of the eastern states, beginning with St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in 1857 as a free hospital for all people, but especially for the poor.

At Polding's request, the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools. Again jurisdictional tensions arose and the brothers returned to Ireland. In 1857, Polding founded an Australian religious institute in the Benedictine tradition – the Sisters of the Good Samaritan – to work in education and social work. While Polding was in office, construction began on the ambitious Gothic Revival designs for St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne, and the final St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney.

Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill, in the newly established colony of South Australia in 1848, the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory – Austrian Jesuits established themselves in the south and north and Irish in the east. The goldrush saw an increase in the population and prosperity of the colonies and called for an increase in the number of episcopal sees. When gold was discovered in late 1851, there were an estimated 9,000 Catholics in the Colony of Victoria, increasing to 100,000 by the time the Jesuits arrived 14 years later. While the Austrian priests traversed the Outback on horseback to found missions and schools, the Irish priests arrived in the east in 1860 and had by 1880 established the major schools of Xavier College in Melbourne and in Sydney St Aloysius' College and Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview – which each survive to the present.

Despite anti-Irish lobbying by English Catholic bishops and the British government, Irish cleric Patrick Francis Moran won the favour of Pope Leo XIII and was appointed Archbishop of Sydney in 1884, arriving in New South Wales on 8 September. A prominent figure in Australian Catholic history, he became Australia's first cardinal the following year after being summoned back to Rome, and presided over Plenary Councils of Australasia in 1885, 1895 and 1905 which laid the foundations for Church structure in the 20th century. The Australian colonies had hitherto relied heavily on immigrant clergy. In 1889, Moran founded St Patrick's College, Manly, intended to provide priests for all the colonies. Moran believed that Catholics' political and civil rights were threatened in Australia and, in 1896, saw deliberate discrimination in a situation where "no office of first, or even second, rate importance is held by a Catholic".

In Rome in 1884, Moran had met the Venerable Mary Potter and invited her to send a group of her newly established Little Company of Mary sisters to Australia in order to establish a local congregation. Six pioneering sisters arrived in Sydney in November 1885, commencing work caring for the sick and dying. Establishing a convent at Lewishman, they had nearly fifty members within just five years. In 1889 they opened a small hospital at Lewisham. Under the leadership of Mother Mary Xavier Lynch from 1899, the hospital would grow to be one of Sydney's leading general hospitals and nursing schools. Mother Mary Xavier established a new hospital at Adelaide in 1900 and Wagga Wagga in 1926, and despatched sisters to found hospitals in New Zealand and South Africa. In 1922 she became the order's first provincial of Australasia, and is remembered as one of Australia's most noted hospital and nursing administrators.

The Catholic Church also became involved in mission work among the Aboriginal people of Australia during the 19th century as Europeans came to control much of the continent. According to Aboriginal anthropologist Kathleen Butler-McIlwraith, there were many occasions when the Catholic Church attempted to advocate for Aboriginal rights, but the missionaries were also "functionaries of the Protection and Assimilation policies" of the government and so "directly contributed to the current disadvantage experienced by Indigenous Australians". The missionaries themselves argued that they protected children from dysfunctional aspects of indigenous culture.

With the withdrawal of state aid for church schools around 1880, the Catholic Church, unlike other Australian churches, put great energy and resources into creating a comprehensive alternative system of education. It was largely staffed by sisters, brothers and priests of religious institutes, such as the Christian Brothers (who had returned to Australia in 1868); the Sisters of Mercy (who had arrived in Perth in 1846); Marist Brothers, who came from France in 1872; and the Sisters of St Joseph, founded in Australia by Mary MacKillop and Fr Julian Tenison Woods in 1867. MacKillop travelled throughout Australasia and established schools, convents and charitable institutions but came into conflict with those bishops who preferred diocesan control of the institute rather than central control from Adelaide by the Josephite religious institute. MacKillop administered the Josephites as a national religious institute at a time when Australia was divided among individually governed colonies. She is today the most revered of Australian Catholics, beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1995 and canonised by Benedict XVI in 2010. Catholic schools flourished in Australia and by 1900 there were 115 Christian Brothers teaching in Australia. By 1910 there were 5000 religious sisters teaching in schools.

Federation

Cardinal Patrick Francis Moran was an advocate for Federation

James Scullin of the Australian Labor Party was the first Catholic to become a Prime Minister of Australia

United Australia Party prime minister Joseph Lyons pictured with wife Enid Lyons, both of whom were important figures in the foundation of modern Australian conservatism

The Australian Constitution of 1901 guaranteed Freedom of Religion and the separation of church and state throughout Australia. Australia's first Catholic cardinal, Patrick Francis Moran (1830–1911), had been a proponent of Australian Federation but in 1901 he refused to attend the inauguration ceremony of the Commonwealth of Australia because precedence was given to the Church of England. He was criticised in The Bulletin for speaking against racist immigration laws and he alarmed Catholic conservatives by supporting Trade Unionism and the newly formed Australian Labor Party.

The Catholic Church was rooted in the working class Irish communities. Moran, the Archbishop of Sydney from 1884 to 1911, believed that Catholicism would flourish with the emergence of the new nation through Federation in 1901, provided that his people rejected "contamination" from foreign influences such as anarchism, socialism, modernism and secularism. Moran distinguished between European socialism as an atheistic movement and those Australians calling themselves "socialists"; he approved of the objectives of the latter while feeling that the European model was not a real danger in Australia. Moran's outlook reflected his wholehearted acceptance of Australian democracy and his belief in the country as different and freer than the old societies from which its people had come. Moran thus welcomed the Labor Party and the Catholic Church stood with it in opposing conscription in the referendums of 1916 and 1917. The hierarchy had close ties to Rome, which encouraged the bishops to support the British Empire and emphasize Marian piety.

Between the Wars

Another Irish cleric, Archbishop Daniel Mannix (1864–1963) of Melbourne, was a controversial voice against conscription during World War I and against British Empire policy in Ireland. He was also a fervent critic of contraception. In 1920, the Royal Navy prevented him landing in his Irish homeland. Yet despite early 20th century sectarian feeling, Australia elected its first Catholic prime minister, James Scullin, of the Australian Labor Party in 1929 – decades before the Protestant majority of the United States would elect John F. Kennedy as its first Catholic president. His successor, Joseph Lyons, a devout Irish Catholic, split from Labor to form the fiscally conservative United Australia Party – predecessor to the modern Liberal Party of Australia. His wife, Dame Enid Lyons, a Catholic convert, became the first female member of the Australian House of Representatives and later first female member of cabinet in the Menzies Government. With the place of Catholics in the British Empire still complicated by the recent Irish War of Independence and centuries of imperial rivalry with Catholic European nations, as prime minister, Lyons travelled to London in 1935 for the Silver Jubilee celebrations of King George V and faced anti-Catholic demonstrations in Edinburgh, then visited his ancestral homeland of Ireland and also had an audience with the Pope in Rome.

The Australian congregation known as Our Lady's Nurses for the Poor was founded by Melbourne born mystic Eileen Rosaline O'Connor and Fr Edward McGrath in a rented home at Coogee in 1913. The deeply religious youth had suffered a damaged spine when she was three years old and lived in a wheelchair with a painful disability. The parish priest of Coogee Fr Edward McGrath had found accommodation for her widowed mother and family, and been impressed by her courage. O'Connor told McGrath that she had experienced a visitation from Mary, and McGrath shared with her his hope to establish a congregation of nurse to serve the poor. Eventually, a group of seven lay-women gathered around O'Connor and elected her as their first superior. Directed by the largely bed-ridden O'Connor, they visited the sick poor and nursed the frail aged. O'Connor died in 1921 of chronic tuberculosis of the spine and exhaustion. She was 28. Initially a lay-group, the Our Lady's Nurses for the Poor later formed themselves into a religious community of sisters under vows, and their work continues in Sydney, Newcastle, and Macquarie Fields. In 2018, Australia's bishops voted to initiate her cause for sainthood, and the Holy See granted her the title Servant of God.

In October 1916, the Catholic Women's Social Guild (now Catholic Women's League) was formed in Fitzroy, Victoria, and Dr Mary Glowrey became the inaugural president. Dr Glowrey was one of the first women to study medicine at Melbourne University, and later went to India to become a missionary nun, founding the largest non-government healthcare system in that country. She was accorded the title Servant of God in 2013, and her cause for sainthood is underway.

The Australian Army Chaplains Department was promulgated in 1913, and 86 Catholic chaplains went on to serve in the army during World War One. As well as conducting church parades and religious services, chaplains organised activities to improve the morale and welfare of the troops. Fr John Fahey from Perth was the longest-serving front-line chaplain of the conflict. Assigned to the 11th battalion, he was the first chaplain ashore on Gallipoli, after disregarding orders to stay on the ship.

During the Second World War, the Australian administered Territory of New Guinea was invaded by Japanese forces. Some 333 Martyrs of New Guinea are remembered from all denominations during WW2, including 197 Catholics. On Rabaul, Australians and Europeans found refuge at the Vunapope Catholic Mission, until the Japanese overwhelmed the island and took them prisoner in 1942. The local Bishop Leo Scharmach, a Pole, convinced the Japanese that he was German and to spare the internees. A group of indigenous Daughters of Mary Immaculate (FMI Sisters) then refused to give up their faith or abandon the Australians and are credited with keeping hundreds of internees alive for three and half years by growing food and delivering it to them over gruelling distances. Some of the Sisters were tortured by the Japanese and gave evidence during war crimes trials after the war. Indigenous Rabaul man Peter To Rot found himself in charge of the Mission at Rakunai after the internment of the Europeans. He took on their work of teaching the faith, presiding over baptisms, prayer and marriages and caring for the sick and POWs. When the Japanese outlawed these practices, he continued them in secret, was exposed by a collaborator, and sent to labour camp where he was executed. Pope John Paul II declared him a martyr in 1993 and beatified him in 1995.

Post War Immigration: A more diverse Church

Until about 1950, the Catholic Church in Australia was overwhelmingly Irish in its ethos. Most Catholics were descendants of Irish immigrants and the church was mostly led by Irish-born priests and bishops. A number of rural areas had high proportions of Irish and a strongly Catholic culture. From 1950 the ethnic composition of the church began to change, with the assimilation of Irish Australians and the arrival of Eastern European Displaced Persons from 1948 and more than one million Catholics from countries such as Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Germany, Croatia and Hungary, and later Filipinos, Vietnamese, Lebanese and Poles around the 1980s. There are now also strong Chinese, Korean and Hispanic Catholic communities.

For a long time, Irish-Australians had a close political association with the Labor Party. The changing ethnic composition of Australian Catholicism and shifting political allegiances of Australian Catholics saw Catholic layman B. A. Santamaria, the son of Italian immigrants, lead a movement of working class Catholics against Communism in Australia and the formation of his Democratic Labor Party (DLP) in 1955. The DLP was formed over concerns of Communist influence over the trade unions and Labor Party. The movement was not approved by the Vatican, but it siphoned a proportion of the Catholic vote away from the Labor Party, contributing to the success of the newly formed Liberal Party of Robert Menzies, which held power from 1949 to 1972, which, in return for DLP preferences, secured state aid for Catholic schools in Australia in 1963. Along with a sharp decline in sectarianism in post-1960s Australia, sectarian loyalty to political parties has diminished and Catholics have been well represented within the conservative Liberal and National parties. Brendan Nelson became the first Catholic to lead the Liberal Party in 2007. Former prime minister Tony Abbott is a former seminarian who won the party leadership after defeating two other Catholic candidates for the post. In 2008, Tim Fischer, a Catholic and former deputy prime minister in the Howard government, was nominated by the Labor prime minister, Kevin Rudd, as the first resident Australian ambassador to the Holy See since 1973, when diplomatic relations with the Vatican and Australia were first established.

Post Second Vatican Council

Since the Second Vatican Council of the 1960s, the Australian church has experienced a decline in vocations to the religious life, leading to a priest shortage. On the other hand, lay leadership in education and other areas has expanded, and about 20% of Australian school students attend a Catholic school. While the numbers of nuns serving in Australian health facilities declined, the church maintained a strong presence in health care. The Sisters of Charity continued their mission among the sick, opening Australia's first HIV AIDS ward at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in the 1980s. Declining vocations and increasing complexities in the health care technologies and management saw religious institutes like the Sisters of Charity and Sisters of Mercy amalgamating their efforts and divesting themselves of daily management of hospitals.

Following Vatican II, new styles of ministry were tried by Australian religious. Some rose to national prominence. Fr Ted Kennedy began one such ministry in Sydney's inner city Redfern presbytery in 1971 – an area with a large Aboriginal population. Working closely with Catholic Aboriginal laywoman "Mum" Shirl Smith, he developed a theology which held that the poor had special insights into the meaning of Christianity, worked as an advocate for Aboriginal rights and often challenged the civil and church establishment on questions of conscience. In 1989, Jesuit lawyer Fr Frank Brennan AO founded Uniya, a centre for social justice and human rights research, advocacy, education and networking. Uniya focused much of its attention on the plight of refugees, asylum seekers, and Indigenous reconciliation. In 1991, Fr Chris Riley formed Youth Off The Streets, a community organisation working for young people who are "chronically homeless, drug dependent and recovering from abuse". Originally a food van in Sydney's King's Cross, it has grown to be one of the largest youth services in Australia, offering crisis accommodation, residential rehabilitation, clinical services and counselling, outreach programs, drug and alcohol rehabilitation, specialist Aboriginal services, education and family support. Melbourne priest Father Bob Maguire began parish work in the 1960s, but became a youth media personality in 2004 with the beginning of a series of collaborations with irreverent satirist John Safran on SBS TV and Triple J radio.

The year 1970 saw the first visit to Australia by a Pope, Paul VI. Pope John Paul II was the next Pope to visit Australia in 1986. At Alice Springs, the Pope made an historic address to indigenous Australians, in which he praised the enduring qualities of Aboriginal culture, lamented the effects of dispossession of and discrimination; called for acknowledgment of Aboriginal land rights and reconciliation in Australia; and said that the church in Australia would not reach its potential until Aboriginal people had made their "contribution to her life and until that contribution has been joyfully received by others".

In 1988, the Archbishop of Sydney, Edward Bede Clancy was created a cardinal and during the Australian Bicentenary celebrations led the religious ceremonies for the opening of Parliament House, Canberra. Pope John Paul II visited Australia for the second time in 1995, to perform the rite of beatification for Mary MacKillop, founder of Australia's Josephite Sisters, before a crowd of 250,000.

From the late 1980s, cases of abuse within the Catholic Church and other child care institutions began to be exposed in Australia. In 1996, the church issued a document, Towards Healing, which it described as seeking to "establish a compassionate and just system for dealing with complaints of abuse". In 2001, an apostolic exhortation from Pope John Paul II condemned incidents of sex abuse in Oceania. Impetus for the Towards Healing protocols was in part led by Bishop Geoffrey Robinson, who would later call for large scale systemic reform of the church globally in his 2007 book Confronting Power and Sex in the Catholic Church: Reclaiming the Spirit of Jesus. The Australian Catholic Bishops Conference did not endorse the book. Pat Power, the Auxiliary Bishop of Canberra & Goulburn, wrote in 2002 that "the current crisis around sexual abuse is the greatest since the Reformation. At stake is the Church's moral authority, its credibility, its ability to interpret the 'signs of the times' and its capacity to confront the ensuing questions." Pope Benedict XVI officially apologised to victims during World Youth Day 2008 in Sydney and celebrated a Mass with four victims of clerical sexual abuse in the chapel of St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, and listened to their stories.

Pope Benedict XVI arriving at Barangaroo, Sydney, for World Youth Day 2008

In 2001, in Rome, Pope John Paul II apologised to Aboriginal and other indigenous people in Oceania for past injustices by the church: "Aware of the shameful injustices done to indigenous peoples in Oceania, the Synod Fathers apologised unreservedly for the part played in these by members of the church, especially where children were forcibly separated from their families." Church leaders in Australia called on the Australian government to offer a similar apology.

In 2001, George Pell became the eighth Archbishop of Sydney and, in 2003, became a cardinal. Pell supported Sydney's bid to host World Youth Day 2008. In July 2008, Sydney hosted the massive youth festival led by Pope Benedict XVI. Around 500,000 welcomed the pope to Sydney and 270,000 watched the Stations of the Cross. More than 300,000 pilgrims camped out overnight in preparation for the final Mass, where final attendance was between 300,000 and 400,000 people.

In February 2010, Pope Benedict XVI announced that Mary MacKillop would be recognised as the first Australian saint of the Catholic Church. She was canonised on 17 October 2010 during a public ceremony in St Peter's Square. An estimated 8,000 Australians were present in the Vatican City to witness the ceremony. The Vatican Museum held an exhibition of Aboriginal art to honour the occasion titled "Rituals of Life". The exhibition contained 300 artefacts which were on display for the first time since 1925.

In the late 20th and early 21st century, Catholicism in Australia has been growing numerically, while remaining relatively stable as a proportion of the population and facing a long-term decline in numbers of people following vocations to the religious life. In 2016, the Catholic education sector ran 1,738 schools, accounting for some 20.2% of Australian school students. There were also two Catholic universities – University of Notre Dame Australia and the Australian Catholic University. Catholic Social Services Australia, the church's peak national body for social services, had 52 member organisations providing services to hundreds of thousands of people each year. Catholic Health Australia was the largest non-government provider grouping of health, community, and aged care services.

The church was among the secular and religious institutions examined at the 2013-2017 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, which reported that abuse cases by Catholic personnel had peaked in the 1970s, with around 4400 cases and alleged cases over the 6 decades prior to the inquiry. In 2017, there were 5.5 million Australian Catholics. Gerard Henderson stated that statistics presented to the Royal Commission indicated that children were safer in a Catholic religious institution in Australia during the years studied than in any other religious institution (state institutions were not studied, so a statistical comparison could not be made).

Social and political engagement

St Vincent de Paul Society Opportunity shop in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.

Introduction

Catholic people and charitable organisations, hospitals and schools have played a prominent role in welfare and education in Australia ever since colonial times when Catholic laywoman Caroline Chisholm helped single, migrant women and rescued homeless girls in Sydney. In his welcoming address to the Catholic World Youth Day 2008 in Sydney, the prime minister, Kevin Rudd, said that Christianity had been a positive influence on Australia: "It was the church that began first schools for the poor, it was the church that began first hospitals for the poor, it was the church that began first refuges for the poor and these great traditions continue for the future".

Welfare

A number of Catholic organisations are providers of social welfare services (including residential aged care and the Job Network) and education in Australia. Australia-wide these include: Centacare, CatholicCare Caritas Australia, Jesuit Refugee Service, St Vincent de Paul Society, Youth Off The Streets. Two religious institutes founded in Australia which engaged in welfare and charity work are the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart and the Sisters of the Good Samaritan. Many international Catholic religious institutes also work in welfare, such as the Little Sisters of the Poor who work in aged care. Catholic Social Services Australia is the peak body for Catholic welfare agencies and has 54 member organisations in metropolitan, regional and remote Australia. Members include diocesan-based Centacare and CatholicCare agencies and those under the stewardship of religious orders.

Health

St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in the 1900s.

Catholic Health Australia is the largest non-government provider grouping of health, community and aged care services in Australia. These do not operate for profit and range across the full spectrum of health services, representing about 10% of the health sector and employing 35,000 people.

Religious institutes founded many of Australia's hospitals. Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in Sydney in 1838 and established St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in 1857 as a free hospital for the poor. The Sisters went on to found hospitals, hospices, research institutes and aged care facilities in Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania. At St Vincent's they trained leading surgeon Victor Chang and opened Australia's first AIDS clinic. In the 21st century, with more and more lay people involved in management, the sisters began collaborating with Sisters of Mercy Hospitals in Melbourne and Sydney. Jointly the group operates four public hospitals, seven private hospitals and 10 aged care facilities.

The English Sisters of the Little Company of Mary arrived in 1885 and have since established public and private hospitals, retirement living and residential aged care, community care and comprehensive palliative care in New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Queensland (Cairns) and the Northern Territory.

The Little Sisters of the Poor, who follow the charism of Saint Jeanne Jugan to "offer hospitality to the needy aged", arrived in Melbourne in 1884 and now operate four aged care homes in Australia.

In 1895, Perth's Bishop Matthew Gibney sent a request for help to the Sisters of St John of God in Wexford, Ireland to care for people suffering from typhoid fever during the 1890s gold rush. They established a hospital in Kalgoorlie in the late 1890s, followed shortly by another in the Perth suburb of Subiaco. These services developed into St John of God Health Care, which now operates 24 hospitals and facilities across Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and New Zealand.

Education

Main article: Catholic education in Australia

The historic observatory at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview was founded by the distinguished Jesuit scientist Edward Francis Pigot in 1908.

By 1833, there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies. Today one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools. There are over 1700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled, employing almost 60,000 teachers. Mary MacKillop was a 19th-century Australian religious sister who founded an educational religious institute, the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart. Other Catholic religious institutes involved in education in Australia have included: Sisters of Mercy, Marist Brothers, Christian Brothers, Loreto Sisters, Benedictine Sisters and Jesuits.

As with other classes of non-government schools in Australia, Catholic schools receive funding from the Commonwealth Government. Church schools range from elite, high cost schools (which generally offer extensive bursary programs for low-income students) to low-fee local schools. Notable schools include the Jesuit colleges of St Aloysius and Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview in Sydney, Saint Ignatius' College, Adelaide and Xavier College in Melbourne; the Marist Brothers St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, the Christian Brothers' High School, Lewisham, the Society of the Sacred Heart's Rosebay Kincoppal School, the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary's Loreto Kirribilli, the Sisters of Mercy's Monte Sant' Angelo Mercy College, the Christian Brothers' St Edmund's College, Canberra and Aquinas College, Perth – however, the list and range of Catholic primary and secondary schools in Australia is long and diverse and extends throughout metropolitan, regional and remote Australia: see Catholic Schools in Australia

The Australian Catholic University opened in 1991 following the amalgamation of four Catholic tertiary institutions in eastern Australia. These institutions had their origins in the 1800s, when religious institutes became involved in preparing teachers for Catholic schools and nurses for Catholic hospitals. The University of Notre Dame Australia opened in Western Australia in December 1989 and now has over 9,000 students on three campuses in Fremantle, Sydney and Broome.

Politics

Archbishop Daniel Mannix of Melbourne was a controversial voice against conscription during World War I and against British policy in Ireland.

Church leaders have often involved themselves in political issues in areas they consider relevant to Christian teachings. In early Colonial times, Catholicism was restricted but Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors. Early Catholic missionary William Ullathorne criticised the convict system, publishing a pamphlet, The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People, in Britain in 1837. Sydney's first archbishop, John Bede Polding, was influential in the preparation of the Australian bishops' pastoral letter on Aboriginal People in 1869 which advocated for Aboriginal rights and dignity.

Australia's first Catholic cardinal, Patrick Francis Moran (1830–1911), was politically active. He was a proponent of Australian Federation; he denounced anti-Chinese legislation as "unchristian" and opposed antisemitism. He became an advocate for women's suffrage and he stood for election to the Australasian Federal Convention in 1897, but in 1901 he refused to attend the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia because precedence was given to the Church of England. He alarmed conservatives by supporting trade unionism and "Australian socialism". Archbishop Daniel Mannix of Melbourne was a controversial voice against conscription during World War I and against British policy in Ireland.

Mum (Shirl) Smith, a celebrated Redfern community worker, assisted by the Sisters of Charity, worked in the courts and organised prison visitations, medical and social assistance for Aboriginal People. Fr Ted Kennedy of Redfern and Fr Frank Brennan, a Jesuit, have been high-profile Catholic priests engaged in the cause of Aboriginal rights.

В 1999 году кардинал Эдвард Беде Клэнси написал тогдашнему премьер-министру Джону Ховарду письмо , призывая его направить вооруженные миротворческие силы в Восточный Тимор, чтобы положить конец насилию, охватившему эту страну. In 2006, an Australian Greens senator, Kerry Nettle, called on the health minister, Tony Abbott, to refrain from debating the abortion drug RU486 because he was Catholic. Кардинал Джордж Пелл публично интересовался традиционными вопросами христианской доктрины, такими как поддержка брака и противодействие абортам , но также поднимал вопросы о политике правительства, такой как Work Choices реформы трудовых отношений в рамках программы и обязательное задержание лиц , ищущих убежища .

Дама Рома Митчелл .

Австралийские католические политики

Австралия избрала своим первым католическим премьер-министром Джеймса Скаллина из Австралийской Лейбористской партии в 1929 году. Его сменил Джозеф Лайонс из партии «Единая Австралия», который был премьер-министром с 1932 по 1939 год и остается премьер-министром-католиком Австралии дольше всех. Первой женщиной, избранной в Палату представителей , была его жена Энид Лайонс ( Партия «Единая Австралия» ), которая была католичкой. Австралийские католички достигли ряда важных вех в истории австралийской политики. Первой женщиной, избранной лидером штата или территории, была католичка Розмари Фоллетт , победившая на первых выборах ACT в 1989 году. Первой женщиной- премьером Нового Южного Уэльса была Кристина Кенелли из Лейбористской партии , католичка со степенью магистра католической системной теологии. Дама Рома Митчелл , набожная католичка, занимала пост губернатора Южной Австралии в 1991-1996 годах, став первой женщиной, назначенной губернатором австралийского штата. Дама Рома также была судьей Верховного суда, ректором университета, борцом за права человека и защитником интересов аборигенов. После ее смерти канал ABC сообщил: «Те, кто был близок к даме Роме Митчелл, говорят, что ее глубокая католическая вера направляла каждый аспект ее жизни, давая ей силу и амбиции для проведения кампании за социальные перемены и ее философию щедрости и доброты».

Австралийскую Лейбористскую партию в основном поддерживали католики, пока мирянин Б. А. Сантамария не сформировал Демократическую Лейбористскую партию из-за опасений коммунистического влияния на профсоюзное движение в 1950-х годах. Премьер-министр военного времени Джон Кертин (лейбористская партия) был воспитан католиком. Бен Чифли (лейборист) также занимал пост премьер-министра с 1945 по 1949 год. В последние десятилетия католики возглавляли все основные партии и были премьер-министрами и лидерами оппозиции. Премьер-министры Лейбористской партии Пол Китинг (1991–1996) и Кевин Радд (2007–2010, 2013) оба были воспитаны католиками (хотя сейчас Радд идентифицирует себя как англиканец). Тим Фишер был заместителем премьер-министра и лидером Национальной партии в период с 1996 по 1999 год, был практикующим католиком, а затем служил послом Австралии при Святом Престоле в период с 2008 по 2012 год.

Все три лидера Либеральной партии оппозиции в период с 2007 по 2013 год — Брендан Нельсон , Малкольм Тернбулл и Тони Эбботт — были католиками. Эбботт привел партию к власти в 2013 году , а в 2015 году его сменил Тернбулл на посту премьер-министра. Поскольку в последние десятилетия связь консервативных партий с католицизмом усилилась, ранее сильная связь между лейбористами и католицизмом ослабла. Тем не менее, после потери своего поста в 2013 году Лейбористскую партию возглавили получивший иезуитское образование Билл Шортен и нынешний премьер-министр Энтони Альбанезе , который называет себя «культурным католиком». Шортен, ныне англиканец, написал в своей книге «Общее благо» , что он благодарен за свое иезуитское образование и черпает вдохновение из призыва иезуита Педро Аррупе быть «людьми для других». Политики, в том числе премьер-министр Тони Эбботт и премьер-министр Нового Южного Уэльса Джон Фэйи, до того, как заняться политикой, учились на священство. Майкл Тейт служил министром в правительстве Лейбористской партии Хоука , а затем, после политики, стал католическим священником.

Искусство и культура

Собор Святой Марии в Сиднее , интерьер.

Собор Святой Марии в Сиднее, построенный по проекту Уильяма Уорделла на фундаменте, заложенном в 1868 году.

Архитектура

Смотрите также: Список католических соборов в Австралии

В большинстве городов Австралии есть хотя бы одна христианская церковь. Собор Святой Марии в Сиднее следует традиционному английскому плану собора, крестообразной формы, с башней, пересекающей неф и трансепты, и башнями-близнецами на западном фасаде с впечатляющими витражами. Это самая большая церковь Сиднея длиной 106,7 метра (350 футов) и общей шириной 24,4 метра (80 футов). Построенный по проекту Уильяма Уорделла на основе фундамента, заложенного в 1868 году, шпили собора были окончательно добавлены только в 2000 году. Уорделл также работал над дизайном собора Святого Патрика в Мельбурне – одного из лучших образцов церковной архитектуры в Мельбурне. Австралия. Общий дизайн Уорделла был выполнен в стиле готического возрождения, отдавая дань уважения средневековым соборам Европы. Неф, построенный в основном между 1858 и 1897 годами, был построен в раннем английском стиле, а остальная часть здания выполнена в декорированной готике.

Аделаида, столица Южной Австралии , издавна известна как Город Церквей . К северу от Аделаиды, в 130 километрах (81 миле), находится иезуитская старая каменная винодельня и погреба в Севенхилле , основанная австрийскими иезуитами в 1848 году. Редкий австралийский пример испанского миссионерского стиля существует в Нью-Норсии, Западная Австралия , основанном испанскими монахами -бенедиктинцами в 1846 году. Ряд известных часовен и зданий викторианской эпохи также был построен в церковных школах по всей Австралии.

Наряду с отношением общества к религии, в течение 20 века существенно изменилась церковная архитектура. Собор Святой Моники в Кэрнсе был спроектирован архитектором Яном Ферье и построен в 1967–68 годах по форме оригинальной модели базилики ранних церквей Рима, адаптированной к тропическому климату и отражающей изменения в католической литургии, предусмотренные II Ватиканским собором. Собор был посвящен битве в Коралловом море , которая произошла к востоку от Кэрнса в мае 1942 года. Витраж «Окно мира» был установлен к 50-летию окончания Второй мировой войны. В конце 20-го века отчетливо австралийские подходы были применены в таких местах, как бенедиктинское аббатство Джамберу , где были выбраны натуральные материалы, чтобы «гармонировать с местной средой», а святилище часовни выполнено из стекла с видом на тропический лес. Подобные принципы проектирования были применены в часовне Тредбо Экуменической , построенной в Снежных горах в 1996 году.

• 
  Собор Святой Марии, Перт
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  Нью-Норсия, Западная Австралия
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  Собор Святого Патрика, Мельбурн
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  Колледж Святого Игнатия, Ривервью
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  Собор Святого Франциска Ксаверия, Аделаида
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  Собор Святого Стефана, Брисбен
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  Собор Святого Кристофера, Канберра
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  Часовня Мэри МакКиллоп в Северном Сиднее
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  Колледж Святого Иосифа, часовня Хантерс-Хилл, 1940 год.
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  Церковь Святого Патрика Муррумбина в Виктории

Кино и телевидение

Среди австралийских фильмов на католическую тематику:

• Молокаи: История отца Дэмиена (1999), режиссер Пол Кокс , с Дэвидом Уэнамом в главной роли . В фильме рассказывается о жизни бельгийского святого отца Дамиана Молокаи, который посвятил свою жизнь проказы Калаупапа на гавайском острове Молокаи поселению .
• Мэри (1994), сценарий и режиссер Кей Павлу, с Люси Белл в главной роли , биографический фильм, рассказывающий о жизни и творчестве Мэри МакКиллоп, первой святой католической церкви в Австралии.
• «Страсти Христовы» (2004) были сняты и написаны в соавторстве с австралийским актером-режиссером Мелом Гибсоном (который вырос в католике-традиционалисте в Австралии).
• «Апельсины и солнце» (2010), режиссер Кен Лоуч , в главных ролях Эмили Уотсон , Хьюго Уивинг и Дэвид Уэнам . Фильм основан на реальной истории Маргарет Хамфрис , английской социальной работницы, которая раскрывает скандал, связанный со схемой принудительного переселения детей из бедных семей в Австралию и Канаду. Многие дети пострадали от сексуального, физического и эмоционального насилия со стороны христианских братьев в Австралии.
• Игровая площадка дьявола (1976), режиссер Фред Шепизи , в главных ролях Саймон Берк , Ник Тейт , Артур Дигнам и Джон Фроули . Фильм полуавтобиографичен и рассказывает историю 13-летнего Тома Аллена, который готовится стать религиозным братом в Ордене Де Ла Саль .

Телевизионные программы на католическую тематику включали:

• «Откровение» (2020), режиссеры Ниал Фултон и Сара Фергюсон . Трехсерийный документальный фильм о сексуальном насилии над детьми со стороны священников и религиозных братьев. Фергюсон взял интервью у отца Винсента Райана и брата Бернарда МакГрата во время их уголовных процессов в Сиднее.
• Игровая площадка дьявола (2014), режиссер Рэйчел Уорд и Тони Кравиц, в главных ролях: Саймон Берк , Джон Ноубл , Дон Хани , Джек Томпсон и Тони Коллетт . Действие сериала происходит через 35 лет после событий фильма Фреда Шепизи. Том Аллен, которому сейчас за 40, является уважаемым сиднейским психиатром и отцом двоих детей. Приняв предложение консультировать священников, он раскрывает скандал.
• «Сестры войны» (2010) — телефильм, основанный на реальной истории двух австралийок, Лорны Уайт, армейской медсестры, и сестры Беренис Тухилл, католической монахини из Нового Южного Уэльса, которая выжила в качестве военнопленных в Папуа-Новой Гвинее во время мировой войны. II.
• «Невесты Христа» (1991) с Наоми Уоттс в главной роли в главной роли и Расселом Кроу — телевизионный мини-сериал, выпущенный Австралийской радиовещательной корпорацией (ABC). Действие фильма происходит в сиднейской монастырской школе. В нем рассказывается о том, как монахини и молодые ученики пытаются адаптироваться ко многим социальным изменениям, происходящим внутри церкви и во внешнем мире в 1960-е годы.
• «Аббатство» (2007), документальный сериал ABC, снятый в бенедиктинском аббатстве Джамберу, рассказывает о пяти женщинах самого разного происхождения и с совершенно разными взглядами на духовность, которые прошли 33-дневную программу введения в монашескую жизнь, разработанную и реализованную монахинями .

Освещение религии является частью устава ABC. обязательство отражать характер и разнообразие австралийского сообщества. Его религиозные программы включают освещение католического (и других) богослужений и преданности, объяснения, анализ, дебаты и отчеты. Телевидение католической церкви Австралии - это офис Австралийского католического управления кино и радиовещания, который разрабатывает телевизионные программы для общественного телевидения Авроры на каналах Foxtel и Austar в Австралии.

Литература

Лес Мюррей , католический поэт (1938–2019)

Объем литературы, выпущенной австралийскими католиками, обширен. В колониальные времена бенедиктинский миссионер Уильям Уллаторн (1806–1889) был известным эссеистом, писавшим против системы перевозки заключенных . Позже кардинал Моран (1830–1911), известный историк, написал « Историю католической церкви в Австралазии» . Более поздние католические истории Австралии включают «Католическую церковь и общину в Австралии » (1977) Патрика О'Фаррелла и «Австралийские католики» (1987) Эдмунда Кэмпиона .

Среди известных католических поэтов были Кристофер Бреннан (1870–1932); Джеймс Маколи (1917–1976); Брюс Доу (1930–2020) и Лес Мюррей (1938–2019). Мюррей и Доу были одними из выдающихся современных поэтов Австралии, известных своим использованием народных и повседневных австралийских тем. Символическим для христианских поэтов может быть отказ Маколи от модернизма в пользу классической культуры:

Господи, ты гулял по морю

Но нельзя ходить в стихах,

Не в нашем веке.

Что-то глубоко не так

Либо с нами, либо с вами.

Многие австралийские писатели исследовали жизнь христианских персонажей или находились под влиянием католического образования. Самый продаваемый австралийский роман всех времен «Птицы в тернах» Коллин Маккалоу описывает искушения, с которыми сталкивается священник, живущий в глубинке. Многие современные австралийские писатели посещали или преподавали в католических школах.

Католические новостные издания существуют с 1839 года. В настоящее время они включают: Католический еженедельник из Сиднея; «Католический лидер» , изданный Брисбенской архиепархией; и журнал Eureka Street Magazine , который занимается связями с общественностью, искусством и теологией и находится в ведении отдела коммуникаций религиозного ордена иезуитов .

Музыка

Хор собора Святой Марии в Сиднее — старейшее музыкальное учреждение Австралии, основанное в 1817 году. Крупнейшие артисты, выросшие в католической среде, от Джонни О'Кифа до Пола Келли, записали христианские спиричуэлы. Книга Пола Келли «Встреть меня посреди воздуха» основана на 23-м псалме . Католическая монахиня сестра Джанет Мид добилась значительного успеха в популярных чартах. Верховного суда Нового Южного Уэльса Судье Джорджу Палмеру было поручено составить оформление мессы для Всемирного дня молодежи в 2008 . в Сиднее году и 350-тысячная аудитория с пением под руководством сопрано Амелии Фарруджиа и тенора Эндрю Гудвина . « Receive the Power », песня, написанная Гаем Себастьяном и Гэри Пинто , была выбрана официальным гимном XXIII Всемирного дня молодежи (WYD08), проходившего в Сиднее в 2008 году.

Австралийские рождественские гимны, такие как « Три погонщика» или «Рождество» Джона Уиллера и Уильяма Дж. Джеймса, помещают рождественскую историю в австралийский контекст теплых, сухих рождественских ветров и красной пыли и популярны на католических службах. Поскольку рождественский фестиваль приходится на австралийское лето, австралийцы собираются в больших количествах на традиционные вечерние гимны под открытым небом и концерты в декабре, такие как «Колядки при свечах» в Мельбурне и «Колядки в домене» в Сиднее.

Искусство

Окно алтаря собора Святой Марии в Сиднее изображает видение Христа и Пресвятой Девы Марии, восседающих на троне на Небесах.

История христианского искусства в Австралии началась с прибытия первых британских поселенцев в конце XVIII века. В 19 веке в стиле готического возрождения в колониальных столицах были построены соборы , часто содержащие витражи , которые можно увидеть в соборе Святой Марии в Сиднее и соборе Святого Патрика в Мельбурне . Рой де Местр (1894–1968) был австралийским художником-абстракционистом, получившим известность в Великобритании, принявшим католицизм и написавшим известные религиозные произведения, в том числе серию «Крестных станций» для Вестминстерского собора в Лондоне. Среди наиболее известных австралийских художников католической тематики был Артур Бойд . Он написал библейскую серию и создал гобелены из жизни святого Франциска Ассизского . европейских мастеров, так и Гейдельбергской школы австралийского пейзажного искусства, он поместил центральных персонажей Библии в пейзажи австралийского кустарника, как в своем портрете Адама и Евы Под влиянием как «Изгнание» (1948). Художник Леонард Френч , спроектировавший витражный потолок Национальной галереи Виктории , в своей карьере в значительной степени опирался на христианскую историю и символику.

Святые и другие почитаемые австралийцы

Некоторые из австралийцев, которых Католическая церковь удостоила звания святых или причина канонизации которых все еще расследуется, включают:

Святые

• Мэри МакКиллоп , основательница организации « Сестры Святого Иосифа Святейшего Сердца Иисуса»
  • Почитается: 13 июня 1992 г.
  • Беатифицирован: 19 января 1995 г.
  • Канонизирован: 17 октября 2010 г.

Слуги Божьи

• Кэролайн Чисхолм , замужняя мирянка из архиепархии Канберра-Гоулберн.
• Эйлин Розалин О'Коннор , мирянка Сиднейской архиепархии и основательница Общества медсестер Богоматери для бедных.
• Мэри Глоури (Мария Святого Сердца), исповедующая религиозность Общества Иисуса Марии Джозеф
• Констанс Хелен Гладман (Мэри Розина), исповедующая религиозность дочерей Богоматери Святого Сердца.

Другие открытые причины

• Эллен Уитти , исповедующая религиозность из Сестер Милосердия
• Ирен МакКормак , исповедующая религиозность сестер Святого Иосифа Святого Сердца.

Посещение мощей святых

В Австралии хранятся основные мощи ряда святых:

• Пьер Шанель , первомученик Южных морей (4 мая 1849 г. — 1 февраля 1850 г.)
• Тереза ​​​​Лизье (2002 г.) и вместе с ее родителями Луи Мартеном и Мари-Азели Герен (2020 г.)
• Маргарет Мэри Алакок (2005)
• Пьер Джорджио Фрассати на Всемирном дне молодежи в Сиднее (2008 г.)
• Фрэнсис Ксавьер (2013)

Посещения святыми при жизни

• Тереза ​​Калькуттская (1969, 1981)
• Папа Павел VI (1970)
• Папа Иоанн Павел II (1986, 1995)

Организация

Католическая церковь Богоматери Помощи христианам в Восточном Брансуике является частью Мельбурнской архиепархии.

В Австралии церковная иерархия состоит из столичных архиепархий и суфражистских кафедр. В каждой епархии есть епископ , а каждой архиепископии подчиняется архиепископ . В Австралии нет живых членов Коллегии кардиналов после смерти 10 января 2023 года предыдущего архиепископа Сиднея Джорджа Пелла . Национальное собрание епископов — это Австралийская конференция католических епископов (ACBC), возглавляемая Тимоти Костелло SDB , архиепископом Перта. В Австралии действуют еще 175 автономных католических религиозных орденов , обычно входящих в состав Католической религиозной Австралии, возглавляемой сэром Моникой Кавана (RSJ).

Церковь в Австралии имеет пять провинций: Аделаида, Брисбен, Мельбурн, Перт и Сидней. Есть семь архиепархий: Аделаида, Брисбен, Канберра и Гоулберн, Хобарт, Мельбурн и Перт. Есть 35 епархий , включающих географические области, а также Силы обороны Австралии и епархии халдейского , маронитского , мелькитского и украинского обрядов. Существует также личный ординариат , в основном для бывших англикан, который имеет статус, аналогичный епархии. насчитывалось около 3000 священников и 9000 мужчин и женщин В 2017 году в институтах посвященной жизни и обществах апостольской жизни .

Конференция австралийских католических епископов

Конференция австралийских католических епископов является национальным органом епископов Австралии. Конференцию возглавляет архиепископ Перта Тимоти Костелло SDB . Его обслуживает секретариат, расположенный в Канберре, под руководством преподобного Брайана Лукаса. Конференция собирается не реже одного раза в год.

Архиепископии и епархии

• Архиепископия Аделаиды
  • Дарвинская епархия
  • Епархия Порт-Пири
• Архиепископия Брисбена
  • Кэрнсская епархия
  • Епархия Рокгемптона
  • Епархия Тувумбы
  • Таунсвиллская епархия
• Архиепископия Мельбурна
  • Епархия Балларата
  • Епархия продажи
  • Сандхерстская епархия
  • Украинская епархия святых Петра и Павла
• Архиепископия Перта
  • Брумская епархия
  • Епархия Банбери
  • Джералдтонская епархия
• Сиднейская архиепархия
  • Епархия Армидейла
  • Епархия Батерста
  • Епархия Брокен-Бей
  • Лисморская епархия
  • Епархия Мейтленд-Ньюкасл
  • Епархия Парраматты
  • Епархия Вагга-Вагга
  • Епархия Вилканния-Форбс
  • Епархия Вуллонгонг
• Непосредственно подчиняются Святому Престолу :
  • Архиепископия Канберры и Гоулберна (присоединена к провинции Сидней)
  • Архиепископия Хобарта (присоединена к провинции Мельбурн)
  • Католическая епархия Сил обороны Австралии (при Сиднее)
  • Халдейская епархия святого апостола Фомы (при Сиднее)
  • Маронитская епархия Святого Маруна (при Сиднее)
  • Мелькитская епархия святителя Михаила Архангельского (при Сиднее)
  • Личный Ординариат Богоматери Южного Креста
  • Апостол Фома Сиро-Малабарская католическая епархия Мельбурна

Католическая Религиозная Австралия

Смотрите также: Список монастырей в Австралии

Австралии Автономные католические религиозные ордена входят в состав Католической религиозной Австралии (CRA), которая является публичным названием Австралийской конференции лидеров религиозных институтов (ACLRI). Это высший орган для лидеров религиозных институтов и обществ апостольской жизни, проживающих в Австралии. Он представляет более 130 общин сестер, братьев и священников. Он учрежден властью Святого Престола в Риме, и ему поручено продвигать, поддерживать и представлять религиозную жизнь в австралийской церкви и в более широком сообществе, а также содействовать координации и сотрудничеству религиозных организаций с церковными организациями и другими властями, в том числе с епископскими конференциями и с отдельными епископами. В настоящее время организацию возглавляет сестра-осифлянка Моника Кавана .

См. также

• Католическая церковь по странам
• Нарушенные обряды и католический скандал с сексуальным насилием в Австралии
• Христианство в Австралии
• Список католических соборов в Австралии
• Список католических епархий в Австралии
• Список святых из Океании
• Религия в Австралии
• Категория: Католическая церковь в Южной Америке

Дальнейшее чтение

• О'Фаррелл, Патрик (1977). Католическая церковь и община в Австралии: история . Западный Мельбурн, Австралия: Томас Нельсон. п. 463.
• Кэмпион, Эдмунд (1987). Австралийские католики . Рингвуд, Австралия: Пингвин. п. 280.
• Франклин, Джеймс (2023). Католическая мысль и католическое действие: сцены из австралийской католической жизни . Брисбен: Издательство Connor Court. ISBN  9781922815354 .
• Бреннан, Фрэнк (12 июля 2008 г.). «Австралийский религиозный ландшафт глазами католиков накануне Всемирного дня молодежи 2008 года» . Эврика улица . Иезуитские коммуникации Австралии. Архивировано из оригинала 5 марта 2011 года . Проверено 16 июля 2008 г.

Внешние ссылки

• Католическая церковь на официальном сайте Австралии
• Официальный сайт конференции австралийских католических епископов
• Австралийское католическое историческое общество
• Хронология австралийской католической истории
• Австралийские католические биографии
• Веб-сайт Патрика О'Фаррелла, историка католической Австралии
• «Католическая церковь в Австралии» . Католическая иерархия .