Rutul language

Rutul
Rutul
мыхаӀбишды чӀел
Pronunciation	[mɨχaˤbiʃdɨ t͡ʃʼɛl]
Native to	North Caucasus, Azerbaijan
Region	Southern Dagestan, Russian–Azerbaijani border
Ethnicity	Rutul
Native speakers	33,100 (2020 census, in Russia); (undated figure of 17000 in Azerbaijan)
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Lezgic Samur Western Samur Rutul; ; ; ;
Writing system	Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in	Russia Dagestan;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	rut
Glottolog	rutu1240
ELP	Rutul
	Rutul in the Caucasus
	Rutul is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)

Rutul or Rutulian^[2]^[3] is a Lezgic language spoken by the spoken by the Rutuls, an ethnic group living in Dagestan (Russia) and some parts of Azerbaijan. It is spoken by 30,000 people in Dagestan (2010 census)^[4] and 17,000 (no date) in Azerbaijan.^[5] The word Rutul derives from the name of a Dagestani village where speakers of this language make up the majority.^[6]^{[full citation needed]}

Rutul is endangered in Russia^[7] and classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.^[8]

Classification

Rutul belongs to the Lezgic group of the Northeast Caucasian language family. The Rutuls call their language мыхаӀбишды чӀел.^[9]

History

Rutul was not a written language until the writing system for it (based on Cyrillic) was developed in 1990. A Latin alphabet was developed in 2013 based on the Shin-Shorsu dialect.^[10] Speakers are often bilingual or multilingual, having a good command of the Azeri, Lezgian and/or Russian languages. There are 8 dialects and 2 subdialects of Rutul.^[which?] The literary version of the language remains in the process of development. In the Rutul-populated regions of southern Russia, Rutul is taught in primary schools (grades 1 to 4).^[6]^{[full citation needed]}

Phonology

Vowels

Vowel phonemes^[11]
	Front		Central	Back
Close	i iː	y	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Mid	ɛ eː
Open	æ			ɑ ɑː

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[11]
		Labial	Dental		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Pharyn- geal	Glottal
		Labial	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	Palatal	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	Pharyn- geal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive	voiced	b	d					ɡ	ɡʷ	ɢ	ɢʷ
	voiceless	p	t					k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʡ	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ					kʼ	kʷʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ
Affricate	voiced		d͡z		d͡ʒ	d͡ʒʷ
	voiceless		t͡s	t͡sʷ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʷ
	ejective		t͡sʼ	t͡sʷʼ	t͡ʃʼ	t͡ʃʷʼ
Fricative	voiceless	(f)	s	sʷ	ʃ	ʃʷ		x	xʷ	χ	χʷ	ħ	h
Fricative	voiced		z		(ʒ)			ɣ		ʁ	ʁʷ	ʢ
Trill					r							ʜ
Approximant		w	l				j

Writing

Before the Russian Revolution, the Rutuls used the Arabic script. In the Arabic script (Ajami), as a written source, the text of the song in the Ikhrek dialect of the Rutul language of the ashug of the 18th century Kur Rajaba is known.^[12] In 1913, Adolf Dirr [ru] created a Cyrillic-based alphabet for Rutul. The modern Rutul alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced in 1990.^[13] Arabic was used, among other things, when writing scientific papers. Turkish (Azerbaijani) language was also used in everyday life. The founders of the Rutul script and the compilers of the Rutul alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet are S.M. Makhmudova,^[14]^[15] K.E. Jamalov,^[16] G.K. Ibragimov.^[17] In 1992 prof. Makhmudova S. M. and Jamalov K. E. published an ABC book in Rutul for grade 1 students - “Alifba: 1-classad kitab”.^[14]^[18] In this edition, in addition to the previously adopted alphabet, the digraph Дз дз was introduced.^[19] After that, three more school textbooks of the Rutul language were published: “Myhaӏd chael” (grades 2 and 4) and Recipes by S. M. Makhmudova and “Rutul chael” by E. Ismailova. In 2012-2013 a textbook on the Rutul language for universities was published: Grammar of the Rutul language, Part 1-2 by S. M. Makhmudova. In 2006, Dzhamalov K. E. and Semedov S. A. released a Rutul-Russian dictionary (Ihrek dialect)^[16] In this edition, the letter Ь ь was excluded from the alphabet, but Аь аь was included.^[19] In 2019, the Rutul-Russian dictionary by A. S. Alisultanov and T. A. Suleimanova was published.

The Rutuls have a rich literature dating back to the 11th century with the name of Zeinab Hinavi, an Albanian poet. The classic of Rutul, Lezgin and Azerbaijani poetry is the eighteenth-century ashug Kur-Rajab. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Rutul literature was developed and developed by Jameseb Salarov, Nurakhmed Ramazanov, Magomed Ulileev, Musa Makhmudov, Ezerchi, Yusif Medzhidov, Sakit Kurbanov, Shafi Ibragimov, Veysal Cherkezov and others. In 2008, the first generalizing work "Rutul literature" was published. , which provides information about Rutul writers, poets and ashugs.

**Modern Rutul Alphabet**
А а	АӀ аӀ	Б б	В в	Г г	Гъ гъ	Гь гь	ГӀ гӀ	Д д	Е е	Ё ё
Дж дж	Ж ж	Дз дз	З з	И и	Й й	К к	Къ къ	Кь кь	КӀ кӀ	Л л
М м	Н н	О о	П п	ПӀ пӀ	Р р	С с	Т т	ТӀ тӀ	У у	Уь уь
УӀ уӀ	Ф ф	Х х	Хъ хъ	Хь хь	Ц ц	ЦӀ цӀ	Ч ч	ЧӀ чӀ	Ш ш	Щ щ
Ъ ъ	Ы ы	ЫӀ ыӀ	Ь ь	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Comparison chart

IPA	Cyrillic	Latin	IPA	Cyrillic	Latin
ɑ	A a	A a	o	О о	O o
ɑˤ	АӀ аӀ	AӀ aӀ	p	П п	P p
æ	Аь аь	Ə ə	p'	ПӀ пӀ	P' p'
b	Б б	B b	r	Р р	R r
ʋ	В в	V v	s	С с	S s
g	Г г	G g	t	Т т	T t
h	Гь гь	H h	t'	ТӀ тӀ	T' t'
ʁ	Гъ гъ	Ğ ğ	u	У у	U u
ɣ	ГӀ гӀ	Gh gh	y	Уь уь	Ü ü
d	Д д	D d	uˤ	УӀ уӀ	UӀ uӀ
d͡ʒ	Дж дж	C c	f	Ф ф	F f
e	Е е	E e	χ	Х х	X x
ʒ	Ж ж	J j	x	Хь хь	Xh xh
z	З з	Z z	q	Хъ хъ	Qh qh
i	И и	İ i	t͡s	Ц ц	Ts ts
j	Й й	Y y	t͡s'	ЦӀ цӀ	Ts' ts'
k	К к	K k	t͡ʃ	Ч ч	Ç ç
q'	Кь кь	Q' q'	t͡ʃ'	ЧӀ чӀ	Ç' ç'
ɢ	Къ къ	Q q	ʃ	Ш ш	Ş ş
k'	КӀ кӀ	K' k'	ʔ	Ъ ъ	'
l	Л л	L l	ɨ	Ы ы	I ı
m	М м	M m	ɨˤ	ЫӀ ыӀ	IӀ ıӀ
n	Н н	N n

Related languages

Among the languages of the Lezgic group, Tsakhur appears to be the closest relative of Rutul.^[20] Other than these two, there are seven more languages in the Lezgic group, namely: Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.

References

^ 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
^ Makhmudova, Svetlana. "Морфология Рутульского языка". elibrary.ru.
^ Svetlana Makhmudova (2001). "Морфология рутульского языка". www.academia.edu. Moscow. p. 202.
^ "Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года". Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
^ Rutul language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b (in Russian) ETHEO: Rutul Language
^ Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.
^ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
^ Polinsky, Maria (2020). The Oxford handbook of languages of the Caucasus. Oxford handbooks. New York: Oxford university press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-069069-4.
^ Clarkson, Jonathan; Iurkova, Elena (December 2015). "Important Factors in the Development of an Orthography: Shin-Shorsu Rutul—a Case Study" (PDF). SIL Forum for Language Fieldwork 2015-002. SIL International. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2016-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b G. X. Ibragimov. 2004. Rutul'skij Jazyk. Machacala: Maxačkala: Dagestanskij Gosudarstvennyj Pedagogičeskij Universitet.
^ Ибрагимов, Гарун Халилович (2001). "Рутульский язык". Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Энциклопедия в 3-х томах. Vol. 2. М.: Наука. p. 493. ISBN 5-02-011268-2.
^ Джамалов К. Э., Маамыдова С. М. Алифба: 1-классад китаб. МагьаӀджкъала, 1992
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Рутульская и агульская литература
^ "Институт Языкознания РАН — Рутульский язык". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Рутульцы". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^ http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/society/v_makhachkale_sostoitsya_meropriyatie_posvyashchennoe_90_letiyu_izvestnogo_rossiyskogo_filologa_garuna_ibragimova/ Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine В Махачкале состоится мероприятие, посвященное 90-летию известного российского филолога Гаруна Ибрагимова
^ Kazuto Matsumura (2002). Indigenous Minority Languages of Russia. A Bibliographical Guide (PDF). Токио, Япония: ELPR. p. 232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-08-14. "Архивированная копия" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Алисултанов, А. С. (2017). К вопросу о внесении дополнений в алфавит рутульского языка (PDF). Языки малочисленных народов России: устное vs. письменное. СПб. pp. 7–9/68.
^ "The Tsakhur language". ETHEO Project (in Russian). 11 October 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2006.

External links

Rutul dictionary online (select simple or advanced browsing)
Appendix:Cyrillic script
Folk Songs and Dances of the Rutuls of Azerbaijan
Rutul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database (3 Rutul dialects: Mukhad, Ixrek, Luchek)

[1] 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

[2] Makhmudova, Svetlana. "Морфология Рутульского языка". elibrary.ru.

[3] Svetlana Makhmudova (2001). "Морфология рутульского языка". www.academia.edu. Moscow. p. 202.

[4] "Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года". Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2014-08-07.

[e17-5] Rutul language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)

[rutetheo-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b (in Russian) ETHEO: Rutul Language

[7] Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.

[8] UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger

[9] Polinsky, Maria (2020). The Oxford handbook of languages of the Caucasus. Oxford handbooks. New York: Oxford university press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-069069-4.

[10] Clarkson, Jonathan; Iurkova, Elena (December 2015). "Important Factors in the Development of an Orthography: Shin-Shorsu Rutul—a Case Study" (PDF). SIL Forum for Language Fieldwork 2015-002. SIL International. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2016-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[:0-11] Jump up to: ^a ^b G. X. Ibragimov. 2004. Rutul'skij Jazyk. Machacala: Maxačkala: Dagestanskij Gosudarstvennyj Pedagogičeskij Universitet.

[Yazic2-12] Ибрагимов, Гарун Халилович (2001). "Рутульский язык". Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Энциклопедия в 3-х томах. Vol. 2. М.: Наука. p. 493. ISBN 5-02-011268-2.

[13] Джамалов К. Э., Маамыдова С. М. Алифба: 1-классад китаб. МагьаӀджкъала, 1992

[autogenerated12-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b Рутульская и агульская литература

[15] "Институт Языкознания РАН — Рутульский язык". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.

[i12-16] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Рутульцы". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-01.

[17] ttp://www.riadagestan.ru/news/society/v_makhachkale_sostoitsya_meropriyatie_posvyashchennoe_90_letiyu_izvestnogo_rossiyskogo_filologa_garuna_ibragimova/ Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine В Махачкале состоится мероприятие, посвященное 90-летию известного российского филолога Гаруна Ибрагимова

[Rutuls-Matsumura-22-18] Kazuto Matsumura (2002). Indigenous Minority Languages of Russia. A Bibliographical Guide (PDF). Токио, Япония: ELPR. p. 232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-08-14. "Архивированная копия" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-01.

[ямнр2-19] Jump up to: ^a ^b Алисултанов, А. С. (2017). К вопросу о внесении дополнений в алфавит рутульского языка (PDF). Языки малочисленных народов России: устное vs. письменное. СПб. pp. 7–9/68.

[tsketheo-20] "The Tsakhur language". ETHEO Project (in Russian). 11 October 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2006.

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v t e Languages of Russia
Federal language	Russian
State languages of federal subjects	Abaza Adyghe Aghul Altai Northern Altai Southern Altai Avar Azerbaijani Bashkir Buryat Chechen Chuvash Crimean Tatar Dargwa Ingush Kabardian Kalmyk Karachay-Balkar Khakas Komi Kumyk Lak Lezgin Mari Hill Meadow Mordvin Erzya Moksha Nogai Ossetian Rutul Yakut/Sakha Tabasaran Tat Tatar Tsakhur Tuvan Udmurt Ukrainian
Languages with official status	Chukchi Dolgan Even Evenki Finnish Karelian Kazakh Khanty Komi-Permyak Mansi Northern Mansi Western Mansi Eastern Mansi Southern Mansi Nenets Selkup Veps Yukaghir Northern Yukaghir Southern Yukaghir
Scripts	Cyrillic¹ Cyrillic Braille Latin script² Mongolian script (Buryat script, Kalmyk script)²
¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. Languages of Russia Wikipedia in languages of Russia Mass media by language of Russia

v t e Languages of Azerbaijan
Official language	Azerbaijani
Minority languages	Aghul Armenian Eastern Armenian Avar Budukh Domari Garachi Georgian Jek Judeo-Tat Khinalug Kryts Lezgin Russian Rutul Talysh Tat Tsakhur Turkish Udi
Sign languages	Azerbaijani Sign Language
Extinct	Kilit Shirvani Arabic

v t e Northeast Caucasian languages
Avar–Andic	Andic Akhvakh Andi Bagvalal Botlikh Chamalal Godoberi Karata Tindi Avar
Tsezic	Bezhta Hinukh Hunzib Khwarshi Tsez
Dargin	Chirag Dargwa Kadar Itsari Kaitag Kubachi
Lezgic	Aghul Archi Budukh Kryts Jek Lezgin Rutul Tabasaran Tsakhur Udi Caucasian Albanian
Nakh	Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush
Other	Khinalug Lak
Italics indicate extinct languages