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List of apple diseases

Diseases of apples (Malus domestica) include:

Bacterial diseases

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Bacterial diseases
Blister spotPseudomonas syringae pv. papulans
Crown gallAgrobacterium tumefaciens
Fire blightErwinia amylovora
Hairy rootAgrobacterium rhizogenes

Fungal diseases

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Fungal diseases
Alternaria blotch

Alternaria mali
= A. alternata apple pathotype

Alternaria rotAlternaria alternata
American brown rotMonilinia fructicola
Anthracnose canker and bull's-eye rot

Pezicula malicorticus
Cryptosporiopsis curvispora [anamorph]

Apple scab

Venturia inaequalis
Spilocaea pomi [anamorph]

Apple ring rot and cankerBotryosphaeria berengeriana

= Physalospora

Armillaria root rot = shoestring root rotArmillaria mellea
Bitter rot[1][2]

Glomerella cingulata [teleomorph] (archaic)
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [anamorph]

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex[3]

  • Colletotrichum fructicola
  • Colletotrichum chrysophilum

Colletotrichum acutatum species complex[4]

Black poxHelminthosporium papulosum
Black root rot

Xylaria mali
Xylaria polymorpha

Black rot, frogeye leafspot and canker

Botryosphaeria obtusa
Sphaeropsis malorum [anamorph]

Blister canker = nailhead canker

Biscogniauxia marginata
= Nummularia discreta

Blue moldPenicillium spp.

Penicillium expansum

Brooks fruit spot

Mycosphaerella pomi
Cylindrosporium pomi [anamorph]

Brown rot blossom blight and spur infection

Monilinia laxa

Calyx-end rotSclerotinia sclerotiorum
Clitocybe root rot

Armillaria tabescens
= Clitocybe tabescens

Diaporthe canker*

Diaporthe tanakae
Phomopsis tanakae [anamorph]

Diplodia canker

Botryosphaeria stevensii
= Physalospora malorum
Diplodia mutila [anamorph]

European brown rot

Monilinia fructigena
Monilia fructigena [anamorph]
Monilinia laxa

Fisheye rot

Butlerelfia eustacei
= Corticium centrifugum

Flyspeck

Schizothyrium pomi
Zygophiala jamaicensis [anamorph]

Fruit blotch, leaf spot and twig cankerPhyllosticta solitaria
Glomerella leaf spot

Glomerella cingulata
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [anamorph]

Gray mold rot = dry eye rot, blossom-end rot

Botrytis cinerea
Botryotinia fuckeliana [teleomorph]

Leptosphaeria canker and fruit rot

Diapleella coniothyrium
= Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
Coniothyrium fuckelii [anamorph]

Leucostoma canker and dieback

Leucostoma cinctum
Cytospora cincta [anamorph]
Valsa auerswaldii
= Leucostoma auerswaldii
Cytospora personata [anamorph]

Marssonina blotch

Diplocarpon coronariae

Moldy core and core rot

Alternaria spp.
Cladosporium spp.
Coniothyrium sp.
Epicoccum spp.
Pleospora herbarum
Stemphylium spp.
Ulocladium spp.

Monilia leaf blight

Monilinia mali
Monilia sp. [anamorph]

Monochaetia twig canker

Seiridium unicorne
= Monochaetia mali
Lepteutypa cupressi [teleomorph]

Mucor rot

Mucor spp.
Mucor piriformis

Nectria canker

Nectria galligena
Cylindrocarpon heteronemum [anamorph]

Nectria twig blight = coral spot

Nectria cinnabarina
Tubercularia vulgaris [anamorph]

Peniophora root cankerPeniophora sacrata
Perennial canker

Neofabraea perennans
Cryptosporiopsis perennans [anamorph]

Phomopsis canker, fruit decay and rough bark

Phomopsis mali
Diaporthe perniciosa [teleomorph]

Phymatotrichum root rot = cotton root rot

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora
= Phymatotrichum omnivorum

Phytophthora crown, collar and root rot = sprinkler rot

Phytophthora spp.
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cambivora
Phytophthora cryptogea
Phytophthora megasperma
Phytophthora syringae

Phytophthora fruit rot

Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora syringae

Pink mold rot

Trichothecium roseum
= Cephalothecium roseum

Powdery mildewPodosphaera leucotricha
Rosellinia root rot = Dematophora root rot

Rosellinia necatrix
Dematophora necatrix [anamorph]

Rubber rotPhacidiopycnis washingtonensis
Rusts
American hawthorne rustGymnosporangium globosum
Cedar apple rustGymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
Japanese apple rustGymnosporangium yamadae
Pacific Coast pear rustGymnosporangium libocedri
Quince rustGymnosporangium clavipes
...
Side rotPhialophora malorum
Silver leafChondrostereum purpureum
Sooty blotch complex

Peltaster fructicola
Geastrumia polystigmatis
Leptodontidium elatius
Gloeodes pomigena

Southern blight

Sclerotium rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii [teleomorph]

Thread blight = Hypochnus leaf blight

Corticium stevensii
= Pellicularia koleroga
= Hypochnus ochroleucus

Valsa canker

Valsa ceratosperma
Cytospora sacculus [anamorph]

Violet root rotHelicobasidium mompa
White root rot

Scytinostroma galactinum
= Corticium galactinum

White rot

Botryosphaeria dothidea
Fusicoccum aesculi [anamorph]

X-spot = Nigrospora spotNigrospora oryzae
Zonate leaf spot

Cristulariella moricola
Grovesinia pyramidalis [teleomorph]

Nematodes, parasitic

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Nematodes, parasitic
Dagger nematode

Xiphinema americanum
Xiphinema rivesi
Xiphinema vuittenezi

Lesion nematode

Pratylenchus spp.
Pratylenchus penetrans

Pin nematode

Paratylenchus spp.

Ring nematode

Criconemella spp.

Root-knot nematode

Meloidogyne spp.

Viral diseases

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Viral diseases
Apple chlorotic leafspotgenus Trichovirus, Apple chlorotic leafspot virus (ACLSV)
Apple dwarf (Malus platycarpa)Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) (? not US/CAN)
Apple flat applegenus Nepovirus, Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV)
Apple mosaicgenus Ilarvirus, Apple mosaic virus (ApMV)

genus Ilarvirus, Tulare apple mosaic virus (TAMV)

Apple stem grooving = Apple decline of Virginia crabgenus Capillovirus, Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV)
Apple stem pitting = apple Spy 227 epinasty and declineApple stem pitting virus (ASPV)
Apple union necrosis and declinegenus Nepovirus, Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)

Viroid diseases

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Viroid diseases
Swollen appleApple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd)
Apple dimple fruitApple scar skin viroid (ASSVd)
Apple fruit crinkleApple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) (Japan)
Apple scar skin = apple dapple, apple sabi-ka, apple bumpy fruitApple scar skin viroid (ASSVd)

Suspected viral- and viroid-like diseases

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Suspected viral- and viroid-like diseases
Dead spurGTP, unidentified
False stingGTP, virus suspected
Green crinkleGTP, virus suspected
Rough skinGTP, virus suspected
Star crackGTP, virus suspected

Phytoplasmal diseases

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Phytoplasmal diseases
Apple chat fruitPhytoplasma suspected
Apple declinePhytoplasma suspected
Apple proliferationPhytoplasma
Rubbery woodPhytoplasma suspected

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders

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Miscellaneous diseases and disorders
Bitter pitLocalized calcium deficiency
Blossom blastBoron deficiency
BurrknotGenetically predisposed rootstock
Fruit crackingGenetic
Fruit russetFrost, sprays, etc.
Green mottleUnidentified
Hollow appleHigh temperature
Internal bark necrosis = measlesLow pH and mineral nutrient imbalance
Internal browningBoron and calcium deficiencies, etc.
Jonathan spotReduced by controlled atmosphere storage
Narrow leafGenetic
Necrotic leaf blotch of ‘Golden Delicious’Rapid synthesis of gibberellins triggered by environmental factors
Spray injurySpray
Storage scaldInjury to fruit surfaces by naturally occurring gases produced by the fruit
SunburnSun injury to fruit
SunscaldFreezing of bark following high temperatures in winter
Water coreSorbitol accumulation
  • 'Bitter pit'
    'Bitter pit'
  • 'Jonathan spot'
    'Jonathan spot'
  • 'Water core'
    'Water core'
  • 'Spray injury'
    'Spray injury'

References

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  1. ^ Dowling, Madeline; Peres, Natalia; Villani, Sara; Schnabel, Guido (2020). "Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge". Plant Disease. 104 (9): 2301–2316. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2378-FE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 32689886. S2CID 219479598.
  2. ^ Martin, Phillip L.; Krawczyk, Teresa; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; Aćimović, Srđan G.; Peter, Kari A. (2021). "Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility". Phytopathology. 111 (6): PHYTO–09–20-043. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-09-20-0432-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 33487025. S2CID 231701083.
  3. ^ Weir, B.S.; Johnston, P.R.; Damm, U. (2012). "The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex". Studies in Mycology. 73 (1): 115–180. doi:10.3114/sim0011. PMC 3458417. PMID 23136459.
  4. ^ Damm, U.; Cannon, P.F.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Crous, P.W. (2012). "The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex". Studies in Mycology. 73 (1): 37–113. doi:10.3114/sim0010. PMC 3458416. PMID 23136458.
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