Военно-морская академия США

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Военно-морская академия США

Девиз	Ex Scientia Tridens   ( лат .)
Motto in English	From Knowledge, Seapower
Type	U.S. service academy
Established	10 October 1845 (1845-10-10)
Parent institution	Naval University System
Academic affiliations	Space-grant
Superintendent	Vice Admiral Yvette M. Davids
Provost	Samara L. Firebaugh
Commandant of Midshipmen	Captain Walter H. Allman III
Academic staff	510
Students	4,576
Location	Annapolis, Maryland , United States
Campus	Urban – 338 acres (1,370,000 m2)
Colors	Navy Blue   Gold
Nickname	Midshipmen
Sporting affiliations	NCAA Division I – Patriot League AAC CSFL EARC EIGL EIWA IRA
Mascot	Bill the Goat
Website	usna.edu
U.S. Naval Academy
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
Show map of MarylandShow map of the United StatesShow all
Location	Maryland Avenue and Hanover Street, Annapolis, Maryland
Built	1845 (1845)
Architect	Ernest Flagg
Engineer	Severud Associates
Architectural style	Beaux Arts
NRHP reference No.	66000386
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	15 October 1966
Designated NHLD	4 July 1961

The United States Naval Academy (USNA, Navy, or Annapolis) is a federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland. It was established on 10 October 1845 during the tenure of George Bancroft as Secretary of the Navy. The Naval Academy is the second oldest of the five U.S. service academies and it educates midshipmen for service in the officer corps of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. It is part of the Naval University System. The 338-acre (137 ha) campus is located on the former grounds of Fort Severn at the confluence of the Severn River and Chesapeake Bay in Anne Arundel County, 33 miles (53 km) east of Washington, D.C., and 26 miles (42 km) southeast of Baltimore. The entire campus, known colloquially as the Yard, is a National Historic Landmark and home to many historic sites, buildings, and monuments. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum in Philadelphia that had served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis.

Candidates for admission generally must apply directly to the academy and apply separately for a nomination, usually from a member of Congress. Students are officers-in-training with the rank of midshipman. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation. Approximately 1,200 "plebes" (an abbreviation of the Ancient Roman word plebeian) enter the academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer. About 1,000 midshipmen graduate and commission. Graduates are commissioned as either ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps, but a small number can also be cross-commissioned as officers in other U.S. services, and the services of allied nations. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest-paid graduates in the country according to starting salary. The academic program grants a Bachelor of Science degree with a curriculum that grades midshipmen's performance upon a broad academic program, military leadership performance, and mandatory participation in competitive athletics. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academy's Honor Concept.

Rotunda steps leading to Memorial Hall

Other Navy schools

The Navy operates the Naval Postgraduate School and the Naval War College separately. The Naval Academy Preparatory School (NAPS) in Newport, Rhode Island, is the official preparatory school for the Naval Academy.

History

U.S. Naval Academy in 1853

Stereoscopic views of midshipman quarters and mess hall c. 1905

The first nautical school for officers was conceived by Commodore Arthur Sinclair in 1819 while in command of the Norfolk Navy Yard. Due to his zeal and perseverance, the "Nautical School" was opened on board the frigate Guerriere on 3 December 1821 with between 40 and 50 midshipmen attached to the ship. The curriculum was diversified with naval tactics, astronomy, geography, French, history, English grammar, and international relations. The school operated until 1828, when USS Guerriere was ordered to duty in the Pacific. It was from that small start that the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis grew.

The history of the academy can be divided into four eras: the use of original Fort Severn from 1845 to 1861, "Porter's Academy" between 1865 and 1903, "Flagg Academy" from 1903 to 1941, and the modern era since 1941.

The academy's Latin motto is Ex Scientia Tridens, which means 'Through Knowledge, Sea Power'. It appears on a design devised by naval academy graduate (1867) Park Benjamin, Jr. It was adopted by the Navy Department in 1898 due to the efforts of another graduate (also 1867) and collaborator, Jacob W. Miller.

Early years

The institution was founded as the Naval School on 10 October 1845 by Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft and Captain David Forman. The campus was established at Annapolis on the grounds of the former U.S. Army post Fort Severn. The school opened with 50 midshipman students and seven professors. The decision to establish an academy on land may have been in part a result of the Somers Affair, an alleged mutiny involving the Secretary of War's son that resulted in his execution at sea. Commodore Matthew Perry had a considerable interest in naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was also a vocal proponent of modernization of the navy.

Originally a course of study for five years was prescribed. Only the first and last were spent at the school with the other three being passed at sea. The present name was adopted when the school was reorganized in 1850 and placed under the supervision of the chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. Under the immediate charge of the superintendent, the course of study was extended to seven years with the first two and the last two to be spent at the school and the intervening three years at sea. The four years of study were made consecutive in 1851 and practice cruises were substituted for the three consecutive years at sea. The first class of naval academy students graduated on 10 June 1854. They were considered as passed midshipmen until 1912, when graduates were first sworn in as officers.

In 1850, Edward Seager joined the faculty as the first instructor of drawing, and he also served as the first fencing instructor. He held the position of teacher of the art of defence from 1851 to 1859.

In 1860, the Tripoli Monument was moved to the academy grounds. Later that year in August, the model of the USS Somers experiment was resurrected when USS Constitution, then 60 years old, was recommissioned as a school ship for the fourth-class midshipmen after a conversion and refitting begun in 1857. She was anchored at the yard, and the plebes lived on board the ship to immediately introduce them to shipboard life and experiences.

American Civil War

The American Civil War was disruptive to the Naval Academy. Southern sympathy ran high in Maryland. Although riots broke out, Maryland did not declare secession. The United States government was planning to move the school, when the sudden outbreak of hostilities forced a quick departure. Almost immediately the three upper classes were detached and ordered to sea, and the remaining elements of the academy were transported to Fort Adams in Newport, Rhode Island by the USS Constitution in April 1861, where the academy was set up in temporary facilities and opened in May. The Annapolis campus, meanwhile, was turned into a United States Army Hospital.

US Naval Academy waterfront in the late 1860s with the barrack/school ships USS Constitution and Santee tied up in the background. Other ships not identified.

The United States Navy was stressed by the situation – 24% of its officers resigned to join the Confederate States Navy, including 95 graduates and 59 midshipmen, along with many key leaders who influenced USNA's founding. As the first superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory, Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury, who advocated for creating the United States Naval Academy, also resigned his commission.

The first superintendent, Admiral Franklin Buchanan, joined the Confederate States Navy as its first and primary admiral. Captain Sidney Smith Lee, the second commandant of midshipmen, and older brother of Robert E. Lee, left Federal service in 1861 for the Confederate States Navy. Lieutenant William Harwar Parker, CSN, class of 1848, and instructor at USNA, joined the Virginia State Navy, and then went on to become the superintendent of the Confederate States Naval Academy.

Lieutenant Charles "Savez" Read may have been "anchor man" (graduated last) in the class of 1860, but his later service to the Confederate States Navy included defending New Orleans, service on CSS Arkansas and CSS Florida, and command of a series of captured Union ships that culminated in seizing the US Revenue Cutter Caleb Cushing in Portland, Maine. Lieutenant James Iredell Waddell, CSN, a former instructor at the US Naval Academy, commanded the CSS Shenandoah.

The midshipmen and faculty returned to Annapolis in the summer of 1865, just after the war ended.

Porter's Academy: Civil War to Spanish–American War

David Dixon Porter

Civil War hero Admiral David Dixon Porter became superintendent in 1865. He found the infrastructure at Annapolis a shambles, the result of ill military use during the War. Porter attempted to restore the facilities. He concentrated on recruiting naval officers as opposed to civilians, a change of philosophy. He recruited teachers Stephen B. Luce, future admirals Winfield Scott Schley, George Dewey, and William T. Sampson. The midshipman battalion consisted of four companies. These were bunked in a single wooden building containing 100 rooms, one company to a floor. They held dress parades every evening except Sunday. Students were termed "cadets", though sometimes "cadet midshipmen"; other appellations were used. Porter began organized athletics, usually intramural at the time.

Antoine Joseph Corbesier, an immigrant from Belgium, was appointed to the position of Assistant Swordmaster in 1864, and then Swordmaster at USNA in October 1865. He coached Navy fencers in intercollegiate competition from 1896, when the Naval Academy joined the Intercollegiate Fencing Association, until 1914, when he retired. By special act of Congress, he was commissioned a 1st lieutenant in the Marine Corps on 4 March 1914. He died on 26 March 1915 and is buried on Hospital Point.

In 1867, indoor plumbing and water was supplied to the family quarters. In 1868, the figurehead of Tamanend from USS Delaware (later nicknamed "Tecumseh") was erected in the yard. Class rings were first issued in 1869. Weekly dances were held. Wags called the school "Porter's Dancing Academy." President U.S. Grant distributed diplomas to the class of 1869. Porter ensured continued room for expansion by overseeing the purchase of 113 acres (46 ha) across College Creek, later known as Hospital Point.

In 1871, the color competition began, along with the selection of the color company and "color girl."

In the 1870s, cuts in the military budget resulted in graduating much smaller classes. In 1872, 25 graduated. Eight of these made the Navy a career. The third class physically hazed the fourth class so ruthlessly that Congress passed an anti-hazing law in 1874. Hazing continued in more stealthy forms.

Many firsts for minorities occurred during this period. In 1877, Kiro Kunitomo, a Japanese citizen, graduated from the academy. And then in 1879, Robert F. Lopez was the first Hispanic-American to graduate from the academy.

John H. Conyers of South Carolina was the first African-American admitted on 21 September 1872. After his arrival, he was subject to severe, ongoing hazing, including verbal torment, and beatings. His classmates even attempted to drown him. Three cadets were dismissed as a result, but the abuse, including shunning, continued in more subtle forms and Conyers finally resigned in October 1873.

In 1874, the curriculum was altered to study naval topics in the final two years at the academy. In 1878, the academy was awarded a gold medal for academics at the Universal Exposition in Paris. In the late 19th century, Congress required the academy to teach a formal course in hygiene, the only course required by Congress of any military academy.

In 1890, Navy adopted the goat mascot after winning its first football game with Army.

The Flagg Academy: Spanish–American War to WWI

The graduating class of 1894

The Spanish–American War of 1898 greatly increased the academy's importance and the campus was almost wholly rebuilt and much enlarged between 1899 and 1906. The ground on which most of the academy sat was dredged from the surrounding bodies of water and consisted of silt. This was too fragile for the newer heavy stone buildings. Pilings were sunk from 100 feet (30 m) to 400 feet (120 m) deep. Some wooden with iron caps; modern ones of steel. Today's campus dates from that era. In 1905, Isherwood Hall, containing the Department of Marine Engineering, was constructed.

Prior to that era, about 43 men entered annually. There were 114 joining the class of 1905, 201 with the class of 1908.

The academy built a modern hospital in 1907, the fourth in sequence, on what is today called "Hospital Point."

In 1910, the academy established its own dairy farm. This was closed in 1998.

The Aviation School

On 23 August 1911, the Navy officers on flight duty at Hammondsport, New York, and Dayton, Ohio, were ordered to report for duty at the Engineering Experiment Station, Naval Academy, "in connection with the test of gasoline motors and other experimental work in the development of aviation, including instruction at the aviation school" being set up on Greenbury Point, Annapolis. The "aerodrome" at Greenbury Point sat on 1000 square feet of land and consisted of a building with a rubber-reinforced roof containing three hangars (one for each of the newly purchased airplanes), a workshop, an office, and several bunk rooms. All three airplanes cost a total of $14,000. Over 100 officers applied for aviation duty prior to August 1911. Swimming was among a set of other qualifications that a pilot candidate must have passed before being accepted to aviation duty. Pilot qualifications were in accordance with Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) standards. In the presence of a committee of the Aero Club of America, a pilot candidate had to fly five figure eights around two flags buoyed 1500 feet apart then land within 150 feet of an established mark. This course had to be completed twice. The test also required the prospective aviator to climb to a minimum altitude of 150 ft (officially 50 meters). It was estimated by CAPT Washington Irving Chambers that a student could qualify as a new pilot in about a month, weather permitting. All students wore life preservers. The control wheel of the Curtiss machines featured a "shift control" where the controls could be "thrown" between the student and instructor at any time. The Wright machine was delivered to Greenbury by August 1911, but was not yet configured with water gear. Navy flight training moved to NAS Pensacola, Florida, in January 1914.

In 1912, Reina Mercedes, sunk at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, was raised and used as the "brig" ship for the academy.

By 1912, the midshipmen were organized into a brigade, its current structure. The prior organization was named a regiment.

In 1914, the Midshipmen Drum and Bugle corps was formed and by 1922 it went defunct. They were revived in 1926.

The brigade and faculty tripled during WWI. The 3rd and 4th wings of Bancroft Hall were built.

In 1918, the great flu pandemic of 1918 infected about half the brigade (1,000 out of 2,000 men); ten midshipmen died.

World War I and interwar period

With the advent of the automobile and improved roads, the academy became a tourist attraction.

At the 1920 summer Olympics men's 8+ rowing competition in Brussels, the Naval Academy rowing men's 8+ (The Wonder Crew) won the gold medal. US collegiate boats won the gold medal in the 8+ competition at the next seven Olympics – a standing record as of 2019 for consecutive gold medal wins by any nation in a particular sport.

The Naval Academy football team played the University of Washington in the Rose Bowl tying 14–14. In 1925, the second-class ring dance was started. In 1925, the Midshipmen Drum and Bugle Corps was formally reestablished. In 1926, "Navy Blue and Gold", composed by organist and choirmaster J. W. Crosley, was first sung in public. It became a tradition to sing this alma mater song at the end of student and alumni gatherings such as pep rallies and football games, and on graduation day. In 1926, Navy won the national collegiate football championship title. In the fall of 1929, the Secretary of the Navy gave his approval for graduates to compete for Rhodes Scholarships. Six graduates were selected for that honor that same year. The Association of American Universities accredited the Naval Academy curriculum on 30 October 1930.

In 1930, the class of 1891 presented a bronze replica of the figurehead of Tamanend to replace the deteriorating wooden figurehead that had been prominently displayed on campus.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law an act of Congress (Public Law 73–21, 48 Stat. 73) on 25 May 1933 providing for the Bachelor of Science degree for Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies. Four years later, Congress authorized the superintendent to award a Bachelor of Science degree to all living graduates. Reserve officer training was re-established in anticipation of World War II in 1941.

The U.S. Naval Academy was honored by the U.S. Post Office on a commemorative stamp, depicting two midshipmen in past (left) and present uniforms, with the Naval Academy seal at center, issued in 1937.

In 1939, the first Yard patrol boat arrived.

In 1940, the academy stopped using Reina Mercedes as a brig for disciplining midshipmen, and restricted them to Bancroft Hall, instead.

In April 1941, superintendent Rear Admiral Russell Willson refused to allow the school's lacrosse team to play a visiting team from Harvard University because the Harvard team included an African-American player. Harvard's athletic director ordered the player home and the game was played on 4 April, as scheduled, which Navy won 12–0. Georgia Tech President and Colonel Dr. Blake R Van Leer would later be appointed by President Harry S. Truman to the Visitor Board and assist with its curriculum. Dr. Van Leer was already a member to The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization who had a focus to work against racism through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists.

In 1941, the 5th and 6th wings of Bancroft Hall were completed. Landfill was made outboard of the hospital to create a sports field. Fill was made on the north side of the Severn to create an area for seaplanes.

Modern era: World War II to present

The academy and its support facilities became part of the Severn River Naval Command from 1941 to 1962.

A total of 3,319 graduates were commissioned during World War II. Dr. Chris Lambertsen held the first closed-circuit oxygen SCUBA course in the United States for the Office of Strategic Services maritime unit at the academy on 17 May 1943. In 1945, A Department of Aviation was established. That year a vice admiral, Aubrey W. Fitch, became superintendent. The naval academy celebrated its centennial. During the century of its existence, roughly 18,563 midshipmen had graduated, including the class of 1946.

The academy was accredited in 1947 by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

On January 15, 1947, James L. Holloway became the 35th superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, succeeding Vice Admiral Aubrey W. Fitch. At 48, Holloway was the youngest superintendent in fifty years, having been handpicked by Secretary of the Navy Forrestal to implement the academic changes suggested by the Holloway Board, which had recommended that the Naval Academy curriculum move away from rote recitation and continuous crams "to give a stronger emphasis to basic and general education, rendering more fundamental and less detailed instruction in strictly naval material and techniques."

An accelerated course was given to midshipmen during the war years which affected classes entering during the war and graduating later. The students studied year around. This affected the class of 1948 most of all. For the only time, a class was divided by academic standing. 1948A graduated in June 1947; the remainder, called 1948B, a year later.

From 1946 to 1961, N3N amphibious biplanes were used at the academy to introduce midshipmen to flying.

On 3 June 1949, Wesley A. Brown, the sixth African-American to enter the academy, became the first to graduate, followed several years later by Lawrence Chambers, who became the first African-American graduate to make flag rank.

The 1950 Navy fencing team won the NCAA national championship.

The Navy eight-man rowing crew won the gold medal at 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. They were also named National Intercollegiate Champions. In 1955, the tradition of greasing Herndon Monument for plebes to climb to exchange their plebe "dixie cup" covers (hats) for a midshipman's cover started.

In 1957, the moored training ship Reina Mercedes, ruined by a hurricane, was scrapped.

The 1959 fencing team won the NCAA national championship, and became the first to do so by placing first in all three weapons (foil, épée, and saber). All 3 fencers were selected for the 1960 Olympics team, as was head coach Andre Deladrier. The Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, funded by donations, was dedicated 26 September 1959.

From 1959 to 1973, land was reclaimed from the Chesapeake Bay and Severn River, removal of Isherwood, Melville, and Griffin Halls, and by moving the stadium off-campus. This allowed room for expansion of Bancroft Hall, and the addition of Mitscher, Michelson, Chauvenet, Alumni, Rickover, and Hopper Halls, and the Nimitz Library. Encroached parade grounds and athletic fields were moved riverside onto the newly filled areas.

Joe Bellino (Class of 1961) was awarded the Heisman Trophy on 22 June 1960. In 1961, the Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference was started. The U.S. Department of the Interior designated the campus of the U.S. Naval Academy as a National Historic Landmark on 21 August 1961.

The 1962 fencing team won the NCAA national championship.

In 1963, Roger Staubach, Class of 1965, was awarded the Heisman Trophy.

In 1963, the academy changed from a marking system based on 4.0 to a letter grade. Midshipmen began referring to the statue of Tamanend as the "god of 2.0" instead of "the god of 2.5", the former failing mark.

The academy started the Trident Scholar Program in 1963. From 3 to 16 juniors are selected for independent study during their final year.

Professor Samuel Massie became the first African-American faculty member in 1966. On 4 June 1969, the first designated engineering degrees were granted to qualified graduates of the Class of 1969. During the period 1968 to 1972, the academy moved beyond engineering to include more than 20 majors. From 1845 to 1968, midshipmen studied identical courses, with the exception of a choice of foreign language. In 1970, the "James Forrestal Lecture" was created, named for the first U.S. Secretary of Defense in 1947/1949. This has resulted in various leaders speaking to midshipmen, including U.S. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, football coach Dick Vermeil, and Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, and others.

In 1972, Lieutenant Commander Georgia Clark became the first female officer instructor, and Dr. Rae Jean Goodman was appointed to the faculty as the first civilian woman. Later in 1972, a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia terminated compulsory chapel attendance, a tradition which had been in effect since 1853. In September 1973, the new expansive library facility complex was completed and named for Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Class of 1905.

On 8 August 1975, Congress authorized women to attend service academies. The Class of 1980 was inducted with 81 female midshipmen. In 1980, the academy included "Hispanic/Latino" as a racial category for demographic purposes; four women identified themselves as Hispanic in the class of 1981, and these women become the first Hispanic females to graduate from the academy: Carmel Gilliland (who had the highest class rank), Lilia Ramirez (who retired with the rank of commander), Ina Marie Gomez, and Trinora Pinto. In 1979, the traditional "June Week" was renamed "Commissioning Week" because graduation had been moved earlier to May.

In May 1980, Elizabeth Anne Belzer (later Rowe) became the first woman graduate. Janie L. Mines was the first U.S.N.A. African-American woman graduate. On 23 May 1984, Kristine Holderied became the first woman to graduate at the head of the class. In addition, the Class of 1984 included the first naturalized Korean-American graduates, all choosing commissions in the U.S. Navy. The four Korean-American ensigns were Walter Lee, Thomas Kymn, Andrew Kim, and Se-Hun Oh.

In 1982, Isherwood, Griffin, and Melville Halls were demolished.

On 30 July 1987, the Computing Sciences Accreditation Board (CSAB) granted accreditation for the Computer Science program. In 1991, Midshipman Juliane Gallina, class of 1992, became the first woman brigade commander. On 29 January 1994, the first genderless service assignment was held. All billets were opened equally to men and women with the exception of special warfare and submarine duty.

Naval Academy Midshipmen celebrate after graduation.

On 12 March 1995, Lieutenant Commander Wendy B. Lawrence, Class of 1981, became a mission specialist in the space shuttle Endeavour. She is the first woman USNA graduate to fly in space.

To celebrate the 150th Anniversary of the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis (1845–1995), the U.S. Postal Service printed a commemorative postage stamp; the First Day of Issue was 10 October 1995.

Freedom 7, America's first space capsule shot into sub-orbit in 1961, was placed on display at the visitor center as the centerpiece of the "Grads in Space" exhibit on 23 September 1998. The late Rear Admiral Alan Shepard, Class of 1945, had flown Mercury program capsule "Freedom 7" 116.5 miles (187.5 km) into space on 5 May 1961. His historic flight marked America's first step in the space race.

On 11 September 2001, the academy lost 14 alumni in the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. The academy and its bounds was placed under unprecedented high security.

In August 2007, Superintendent Vice Admiral Jeffrey Fowler changed academy policy to limit liberty, required more squad interaction to emphasize that "we are a nation at war."

On 3 November 2007, the Navy football team defeated long-time rival Notre Dame for the first time in 43 years: 46–44 in triple overtime. The two teams have met every year since 1926 and continue a rivalry that became amicable when Notre Dame volunteered to open its facilities for training of naval officers in World War II. Notre Dame's enrollment fell to just 250 students during World War II however the Navy was credited with saving the university by using its campus to train 12,000 men to become officers.

In November 2007, Memorial Hall was the venue for a 50-nation Annapolis Conference on a Palestinian-Israeli peace process discussion.

In 2017, hospital functions were moved across the Severn.

In 2019 the USNA team represented the US in the King's Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta. The race commemorated the centenary of the 1919 Royal Henley Peace Regatta, and included the original WWI allies Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, the UK and the US, joined in 2019 by Germany and the Netherlands. After exciting eliminations, the USNA mixed crew won the final race beating the strong German team.

Training ships

showAcademy training ships, 1850–1957

USS Preble (1839) 1850–1856. Placed in ordinary, guns, mast, sails, rigging were removed. USS Santee (1855) 1862–1912 USS Constitution 1863-1863.5 USS Savannah (1842) 1862–1870 USS Plymouth (1844) 1855–1856 and 1859–1860 USS Phlox 1865–1873. Steamer USS Dale (1839) 1867–1884 USS Constellation (1854) 1893–1894. Stationary. At Norfolk, Virginia USS Bancroft (1892) – 1893–1896. The first ship to be specifically designed for training. The academy roster outgrew the ship and it was retired. USS Monongahela (1862) 1894–1899 USS Hartford (1858) 1899–1912 USS Chesapeake 1900–1906. Renamed USS Severn (1898) in 1905. USS Reina Mercedes 1912–1957.

Rank structure

The student body is known as the Brigade of Midshipmen. Students attending the U.S. Naval Academy are appointed to the rank of midshipman and serve on active duty in that rank. "Naval Academy midshipmen are classified as officers of the line but are officers only in a qualified sense. They rank just below chief warrant officers."

Legally, midshipmen are a special grade of officer that ranks above the most senior enlisted grades (E-9) and below the lowest grade of chief warrant officer (W-2) in the Navy and Coast Guard (the Navy and Coast Guard discontinued the rank of warrant officer, WO-1, in 1975). Additionally, midshipmen rank below warrant officer (W-1) in the Marine Corps and the Army, and below second lieutenant (O-1) in the Air Force (the Air Force ceased appointing warrant officers in 1959 and the last USAF WO died in 2008).

Midshipmen are classified not as freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors, but as fourth class, third class, second class, and first class, respectively.

A member of the entering class—the fourth class, the lowest rank of midshipmen—is also known as a "plebe" (plural plebes). Because the first year at the academy is one of transformation from a civilian into a military officer, plebes must conform to a number of rules and regulations not placed on their seniors—the upper three classes of midshipmen—and have additional tasks and responsibilities that disappear upon promotion to midshipman third class.

Third class midshipmen have been assimilated into the brigade and are treated with more respect because they are upperclassmen. They are commonly called "youngsters." Because of their new stature and rank, the youngsters are allowed such privileges as watching television, listening to music, watching movies, and napping.

Second class midshipmen are charged with training plebes. They report directly to the first class, and issue orders as necessary to carry out their responsibilities. Second class midshipmen are allowed to drive their own cars (but may not park them on campus) and are allowed to enter or exit the Yard (campus) in civilian attire (weekends only).

First class midshipmen (nicknamed "firsties") have more freedoms and liberty in the brigade. While they must participate in mandatory sports and military activities and maintain academic standards, they are also charged with the leadership of the brigade. Firsties are allowed to park their cars on campus and have greater leave and liberty privileges than any other class.

The brigade is divided into two regiments of three battalions each. Five companies make up each battalion, for a total of 30 companies. The midshipman command structure is headed by a first class midshipman known as the brigade commander, chosen for outstanding leadership performance. The brigade commander is responsible for much of the brigade's day-to-day activities as well as the professional training of midshipmen. Overseeing all brigade activities is the commandant of midshipmen, an active-duty Navy captain or Marine Corps colonel. Working for the commandant, experienced Navy and Marine Corps officers are assigned as company and battalion officers.

Insignia

Rank group	Senior officers			Junior officers
	Midshipman captain	Midshipman commander	Midshipman lieutenant commander	Midshipman lieutenant	Midshipman lieutenant (junior grade)	Midshipman ensign

Rank group
	Midshipman first class	Midshipman second class	Midshipman third class	Midshipman fourth class

Uniforms

See also: Midshipman § United States Navy and Marine Corps, Uniforms of the United States Navy, and Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps § Wear by Navy personnel

Midshipmen at the academy wear service dress uniforms similar to those of U.S. Navy officers, with shoulder-board and/or sleeve insignia varying by school year or midshipman officer rank. All wear gold anchor insignia on both lapel collars of the service dress blue jacket. Shoulder boards, worn on summer white, service/full dress white, and dinner dress white uniforms as well as a "soft shoulder board" version on the white, button-up shirt of the service/full dress blue uniform have a gold anchor and a number of slanted stripes indicating year, except for midshipman first class whose have a single, horizontal stripe and midshipman officers (also first class), whose shoulder boards have a small gold star in place of the anchor and have 1 through 6 horizontal stripes indicating their position.

On the winter and summer working uniform shirt collar, a freshman (Midshipman Fourth Class or "plebe") wears no collar insignia, a sophomore (Midshipman Third Class or "Youngster") wears a single fouled anchor on the right collar point, a Junior (Midshipman Second Class) fouled anchors on each collar point, and a Senior (Midshipman First Class or "Firstie") wears fouled anchors with perched eagles. First class midshipmen in officer billets replace those devices with their respective midshipman officer collar insignia. Midshipman officer collar insignia are a series of gold bars, from the rank of Midshipman Ensign (one bar or stripe) to Midshipman Captain (six bars or stripes) in the Brigade of Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy.

Depending on the season, midshipmen wear Summer Whites or Service Dress Blues as their dress uniform, and working blues as their daily class uniform. In 2008, the first class midshipmen wore the service khaki as the daily uniform, but this option was repealed following the graduation of the class of 2011. First class midshipmen may wear their service selection uniform on second semester "Warrior" Wednesdays (i.e., naval aviator and naval flight officer selectees wear flight suits; submarine and surface warfare selectees wear coveralls or Navy Working Uniforms with their new command ballcaps; Marine Corps selectees wear MARPAT camouflage utilities). A unique uniform consisting of a Navy blue double-breasted jacket with brass buttons and high collar, blue or white high-rise trousers (white worn during Graduation Week), and duty belt with silver NA buckle, is worn for formal parades during spring and autumn parade seasons.

During commissioning week (formerly known as "June week"), the uniform is summer whites.

Campus

U.S. Naval Academy campus

Plebes (first year students) marching in front of Bancroft Hall

Interior of the Naval Academy chapel

The pool in the Lejeune Hall

The campus (or "Yard") has grown from a 40,000 square metres (9.9 acres) Army post named Fort Severn in 1845 to a 1.37 square kilometres (340 acres) campus in the 21st century. By comparison, the United States Air Force Academy is 73 square kilometres (18,000 acres) and United States Military Academy is 65 square kilometres (16,000 acres).

Halls and principal buildings

• Bancroft Hall is the largest building at the Naval Academy and the largest college dormitory in the world. It houses all midshipmen. Open to the public are Memorial Hall, a midshipman-maintained memorial to graduates who have died during military operations, and the Rotunda, the ceremonial entrance to Bancroft Hall. The Commander-in-Chief's Trophy resides in the Rotunda while Navy is in possession of it. It was named for the academy's founder, Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft, and designed by Ernest Flagg.
• The Naval Academy Chapel, at the center of the campus, across from Herndon Monument, has a high dome that is visible throughout Annapolis. Designed by Ernest Flagg. The chapel was featured on the U.S. Postal Service postage stamp honoring the academy's 150th anniversary in 1995. John Paul Jones lies in the crypt beneath the chapel.
• Commodore Uriah P. Levy Center and Jewish Chapel, primarily funded with private donations, was dedicated on 23 September 2005. The chapel was named for Commodore Uriah P. Levy and houses a Jewish chapel, the honor board, ethics, character learning center, officer development spaces, a social director, and academic boards. Built featuring Jerusalem stone, the architecture of the exterior is consistent with nearby Bancroft Hall.
• Alumni Hall is the primary assembly hall for the Brigade of Midshipmen and has two dining facilities. It hosts various sporting events (including the men's and women's intercollegiate basketball games) and is used by alumni for reunions. The Bob Hope Performing Arts Center is located there.
• Halsey Field House contains an indoor track, squash and tennis courts, five basketball courts, a 65 tatami dojo for Aikido/Judo, a climbing wall, and assorted athletic and workout facilities and offices. Before construction of Alumni Hall, it was used by Navy basketball teams and was the site of midshipman assemblies. It was named for William F. Halsey, Jr.
• Hubbard Hall, used by the crew team, is a three-story building on Dorsey Creek, 250 yards (230 m) from the Severn River. Also known as the Boat House, it was renovated in 1993 and now includes the Fisher Rowing Center. It was named for Rear Admiral John Hubbard (Class of 1870).
• Lejeune Hall, built in 1982, contains an Olympic-class swimming pool and diving tower, a mat room for wrestling and hand-to-hand martial arts, and the Athletic Hall of Fame. Named for John A. Lejeune, it is the first USNA building to be named for a Marine Corps officer.
• Wesley Brown Field House houses physical education, varsity sports, intramural athletics, club sports, and personal-fitness programs and equipment. The cross country and track and field teams, the sprint football team, the women's lacrosse team, and sixteen club sports all use this building. It has a full-length, retractable football field. When the field is retracted, you can then use the 200-meter track (with hydraulically controlled banked curves) and three permanent basketball courts. It also has eight locker rooms and a medical facility. It was named for Wesley A. Brown, Class of 1949, who was the academy's first African American graduate.

Monuments and memorials

See also: United States Navy Memorial § Other Navy memorials

• Gokoku-ji Bell. A copy of the original bell which was brought back to the United States in 1855 by Commodore Matthew Perry following his mission to Japan. The bell is placed in front of Bancroft Hall and rung in a semi-annual ceremony for each victory that Navy has registered over Army, to include one of the nation's oldest football rivalries, the Army–Navy Game. The current bell is an exact replica of the original, which the United States Navy returned to the people of Okinawa in 1987.
• Enterprise Bell. Originally serving on the USS Enterprise (CV-6), the ship’s bell was brought to the academy in 1950. It is sounded after most games when Navy wins over Army in any one of the three sports seasons.
• USS Delaware figurehead. This is a bronze replica of the original figurehead of ship-of-the-line USS Delaware. It was presented to the academy by the Class of 1891. This replica, one of the most famous monuments on campus, was commonly known as Tecumseh. However, when it adorned the American man-of-war, it commemorated Tamanend, the revered Delaware chief who welcomed William Penn to America, not Tecumseh. In times past, the bronze replica was considered a good-luck "mascot" for the midshipmen, who threw pennies at the quiver and offered left-handed salutes whenever they needed good luck, such as a sports win over West Point and spiritual help for examinations. It is also referred to as the God of 2.0 because 2.0 is the minimum passing GPA at USNA, and the mids offer pennies to help achieve this. It was used as a morale booster during football weeks and on special occasions when the face was painted using themes like super heroes, action heroes, humorous figures, a leprechaun (before Saint Patrick's Day), and a naval officer during Commissioning Week.
• Battle ensigns. Famous flags of the U.S. Navy and captured flags from enemy ships are displayed throughout the academy. The most famous, perhaps, is the "Don't Give Up the Ship" flag flown by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry at the Battle of Lake Erie on 10 September 1813; it bears the dying words of Captain James Lawrence, captain of the USS Chesapeake. It was displayed in Memorial Hall, which is in the portion of Bancroft Hall open to the general public until 2004. It underwent conservation and is now on display in the Museum in Preble Hall. The only British royal standard taken by capture was displayed in Mahan Hall. It was taken at Toronto (then York) in the War of 1812.
• Herndon Monument. The Monument was commissioned by the officers of the U.S. Navy as a tribute to Commander William Lewis Herndon (1813–1857) after his loss in the Pacific Mail Steamer Central America during a hurricane off the North Carolina coast on 12 September 1857. Herndon had followed a longtime custom of the sea that a ship's captain is the last person to depart his ship in peril. It was erected in its current location on 16 June 1860 and has never been moved, even though the academy was completely rebuilt between 1899 and 1908.
• Memorial Hall. A memorial to graduates in Bancroft Hall who died during military operations. It includes an honor roll, scrolls, and plaques. In the aftermath of the 1967 USS Liberty incident, the Navy balked at listing 2 Liberty crew members on their memorial wall. The crew members in question were Lieutenant Commander Philip Armstrong Jr. and Lieutenant Stephen Toth. It took Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Thomas H. Moorer’s personal intervention to reverse their decision. Moorer angrily commented on the Academy's attempt to omit the names: “I intervened and was able to reverse the apparent idea that dying in a cowardly, one-sided attack by a supposed ally is somehow not the same as being killed by an avowed enemy.”
• Pearl Harbor Memorial. At Alumni Hall, a wall is reserved by the Pearl Harbor Survivors Association to commemorate those who were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor.
• Tripoli Monument. This is the oldest military monument in the U.S. and honors the US servicemen of the First Barbary War: Master Commandant Richard Somers, Lieutenant James Caldwell, James Decatur (brother of Stephen Decatur), John Dorsey, Joseph Israel, and Henry Wadsworth. Originally known as the Naval Monument, it was carved of Carrara marble in Italy in 1806 and brought to the U.S. as ballast on board the USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides"). From its original location in the Washington Navy Yard, it was moved to the west terrace of the national Capitol and finally, in 1860, to the Naval Academy.
• USS Samuel B. Roberts memorial. In Alumni Hall, a concourse is dedicated to Lieutenant Lloyd Garnett and his shipmates aboard USS Samuel B. Roberts, who earned their ship the reputation as the "destroyer escort that fought like a battleship" in the Battle of Leyte Gulf during World War II.

Mexican War Monument to Midshipmen Shubrick, Clemson, Hynson, and Pillsbury

• The Mexican War Midshipmen's Monument. Located at the intersection of Stribling Walk (16,000 bricks) and Chapel Walk, it is in memory of one midshipman (Shubrick) who lost his life in the siege of Veracruz in 1847, and three midshipmen (Clemson, Hynson, Pillsbury) who lost their lives when the brig Somers sank in 1846.
• The Macedonian Monument. At the end of Stribling Walk opposite Mahan Hall is the figurehead of HMS Macedonian. Macedonian was defeated in battle by the frigate United States 25 October 1812.
• The Saitö Monument. At the west entrance of Luce Hall is a Japanese granite pagoda erected in memory of Hiroshi Saitö, Japanese Ambassador to the United States from 1934-1939. Ambassador Saitö was admired in Washington for his efforts to maintain US-Japan diplomatic relations as tension built between the two nations over the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. The monument was presented by the Saitö family in gratitude for, "the courtesy extended by [the] institution at the time of the [Saitö's] departure," on the cruiser Astoria. The monument was erected in June 1941, less than 6 months before the opening of hostilities between the two countries.

Brigade sports complex

The complex includes McMullen Hockey Arena where the men's ice-hockey team is located; rugby venues, an indoor hitting, chipping and putting facility for the golf team, and the Tose Family Tennis Center – including the Fluegel-Moore Tennis Stadium.

Cemetery and columbarium

Main article: United States Naval Academy Cemetery

Glenn Warner Soccer Facility

Main article: Glenn Warner Soccer Facility

Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium

Main article: Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium

Terwilliger Brothers Field

The academy baseball team plays at the Terwilliger Brothers Field at Max Bishop Stadium.

Supervision of the Academy

In 1850, the academy was placed under the jurisdiction of the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography but was transferred to the Bureau of Navigation when that organization was established in 1862. The academy was placed under the direct care of the Navy Department in 1867, but for many years the Bureau of Navigation provided administrative routine and financial management.

As of 2004, the Superintendent of the Naval Academy reports directly to the Chief of Naval Operations. The Board of Visitors annually audits the academy. Its recommendations constitute a mandate to the administration. It is composed of officials appointed by Congress and the president. The 2020 recommendations include changing the historic names of buildings named after people who deserted the Union for the Confederacy during the American Civil War.

Faculty

Roughly 500 faculty members are evenly divided between civilian professors and military instructors. The civilian professors nearly all have a PhD and can be awarded tenure, usually upon promotion from assistant professor to associate professor. Fewer of the military instructors have a PhD but nearly all have a master's degree. Most of them are assigned to the academy for only two or three years. Additionally, there are adjunct professors, hired to fill temporary shortages in various disciplines. The adjunct professors are not eligible for tenure.

Permanent military professors (PMP)

A small number of officers at the academy are designated as permanent military professors (PMP), initially at the academic rank of assistant professor. All PMPs have PhDs, and remain at the academy until statutory retirement. Most are commanders in the Navy; a few are captains. Like civilian professors, they seek academic promotion to the rank of associate professor and professor. However, they are not eligible for tenure.

Class of 1957 Distinguished Chair of Naval Heritage

The Class of 1957 Distinguished Chair of Naval Heritage is an academic professorial chair in the history department. In order to preserve and promote a better understanding of professional naval heritage in midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy, the academy's Class of 1957 donated the funds to permanently endow this position. It is designed to be a visiting position for a distinguished senior academic historian, who is to hold the post for one or two years. The position was first occupied in 2006 and, in addition to teaching requirements, the occupant is expected to give the McMullen Seapower Lecture at the academy's biennial McMullen Naval History Symposium.

Chair holders

• Williamson Murray, January 2006 – June 2007
• Andrew Gordon, August 2007 – June 2009
• Ronald H. Spector, August 2009 – June 2010
• John H. Schroeder, August 2010 – June 2011
• Craig Symonds, August 2011 – June 2012
• James C. Bradford. August 2012 – June 2013
• Gene Allen Smith, August 2013 – June 2014
• William F. Trimble, August 2014 – June 2015
• David Alan Rosenberg, August 2015 – June 2016
• Nicholas A. Lambert, August 2016 – June 2018
• Kathleen Broome Williams, August 2018 –

McCain-Fulbright Distinguished Visiting Professor Program

The program was created by Congress to bring mid-career international academics to USNA to teach classes on subjects pertaining to their regional background. Scholars will also practice outreach to D.C. area think tanks and military higher education institutions around the country.

Chair holders

• Sebastian Bruns, August 2021 - May 2022
• Sinderpahl Singh, August 2022 - December 2022.

Appointment process

By an Act of Congress passed in 1903, two midshipman appointments were allowed for each senator, representative, and delegate in Congress, two for the District of Columbia, and five each year at large. Currently each member of Congress and the vice president can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time. When any appointee graduates or otherwise leaves the academy, a vacancy is created. Candidates are nominated by their senator, representative, or delegate in Congress, and those appointed at large are nominated by the vice president. The applicants do not have to know their Congressman to be nominated. Congressmen generally nominate ten people per vacancy. They can nominate people in a competitive manner, or they can have a principal nomination. In a competitive nomination, all ten applicants are reviewed by the academy, to see who is the most qualified. If the congressman appoints a principal nominee, then as long as that candidate is physically, medically, and academically found qualified by the academy, he or she will be admitted, even if there are more qualified applicants. The degree of difficulty in obtaining a nomination varies greatly according to the number of applicants in a particular state. The process of obtaining a nomination typically consists of completing an application, completing one or more essays, and obtaining one or more letters of recommendation and often requires an interview either in person or over the phone. These requirements are set by the respective senator or representative and are in addition to the USNA application.

The Secretary of the Navy may appoint 170 enlisted members of the Regular and Reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year. Additional sources of appointment are open to children of career military personnel (100 per year) and 65 appointments are available to children of military members who were killed in action, or were rendered 100% disabled due to injuries received in action, or are currently prisoners of war or missing in action. Typically five to ten candidates are nominated for each appointment, which are normally awarded competitively; candidates who do not receive the appointment they are competing for may still be admitted to the academy as a qualified alternate. If a candidate is considered qualified but not picked up, they may receive an indirect admission to either a Naval Academy Foundation prep school or the Naval Academy Preparatory School in Newport; the following year, these candidates enlist in the Navy Reserve (or, in the case of prior enlisted members, remain in the Navy) and are eligible for Secretary of the Navy nominations, which are granted as a matter of course. To receive an appointment to the Naval Academy, students at the Naval Academy Preparatory School must first pass with a 2.2 QPA (a combination of GPA and Fitness Assessments), although this is waiverable. A candidate must also receive a recommendation for appointment from the commanding officer. The appointment process has been criticized as giving preferential treatment towards athletes.

Children of Medal of Honor recipients are automatically appointed to the Naval Academy; they only need to meet admission requirements.

Admissions requirements

To be admitted, candidates must be between seventeen and twenty-three years of age upon entrance, unmarried with no children, and of good moral character. The current process includes a college application, personality testing, standardized testing, and personal references. Candidates for admission must also undergo a physical aptitude test (the CFA or Candidate Fitness Assessment [formerly the Physical Readiness Examination]) as well as a complete physical exam including a separate visual acuity test to be eligible for appointment. A medical waiver will automatically be sought on behalf of candidates with less than 20/20 vision, as well as a range of other injuries or illnesses. The physical aptitude test is most often administered by a high school physical education teacher or sports team coach.

В каждый класс принимается небольшое количество иностранных студентов, обычно из небольших союзных или дружественных стран. (Иностранные студенты из более крупных союзников, таких как Франция и Великобритания, обычно приезжают в качестве студентов по краткосрочному обмену из своих национальных военно-морских колледжей или академий.) В выпуск 2025 года входят 16 иностранных студентов из: Египта (1), Фиджи (1) . ), Гана (1), Индонезия (2), Иордания (1), Малайзия (1), Мальдивы (1), Перу (1), Филиппины (2), Шри-Ланка (1), Тайвань (1), Таиланд ( 1) и Тунис (2).

Семь курсантов второго класса из Вест-Пойнта, Академии ВВС и Академии береговой охраны проводят осенний семестр в Аннаполисе. То же самое относится и к гардемаринам, одновременно переведенным в эти академии. Процесс обмена является конкурентным.

академики

Военно-морская академия получила аккредитацию как утвержденное «технологическое учреждение» в 1930 году. В 1933 году президент Франклин Рузвельт подписал закон Конгресса, предусматривающий присвоение степени бакалавра наук для военно-морской, военной академии и академии береговой охраны. Выпуск 1933 года был первым, кто получил эту степень и это было записано в дипломе. В 1937 году акт Конгресса предоставил суперинтенданту Военно-морской академии полномочия присуждать степень бакалавра наук всем ныне живущим выпускникам. Позже академия заменила фиксированную учебную программу, которую изучают все гардемарины, на нынешнюю базовую учебную программу плюс 22 основные области обучения.

Академические факультеты Военно-морской академии разделены на три отдела: инженерного дела и вооружения, известного как Отдел I, Математики и естественных наук, известного как Отдел II, и Гуманитарных и социальных наук, известного как Отдел III.

В выпуске 2021 года издание US News & World Report назвало Военно-морскую академию США лучшей государственной школой № 1, № 6 среди национальных гуманитарных колледжей США и № 5 в категории «Лучшая инженерная программа бакалавриата» в школах, где нет докторской степени. предложенный. В 2016 году Forbes в своем отчете «Лучшие колледжи Америки» поставил Военно-морскую академию США на 24-е место.

Моральное воспитание

Моральное и этическое развитие имеет основополагающее значение для всех аспектов Военно-морской академии. Начиная с Plebe Summer и заканчивая выпуском, четырехлетняя комплексная программа развития офицеров фокусируется на честности, чести и взаимном уважении, основанных на моральных ценностях уважения человеческого достоинства, уважения честности и уважения собственности других.

Одна из целей программы - развить у гардемаринов чувство собственных моральных убеждений и способность их выражать. Честь подчеркивается Концепцией чести бригады гардемаринов, которая гласит:

Гардемарины — честные люди: они отстаивают то, что правильно.

Они говорят правду и гарантируют, что вся правда известна. Они не лгут.

Они придерживаются справедливости во всех действиях. Они гарантируют, что работа, представленная как их собственная, является их собственной, а помощь, полученная из любого источника, разрешена и надлежащим образом документирована. Они не обманывают.

Они уважают собственность других и гарантируют, что другие смогут извлечь выгоду из использования их собственной собственности. Они не воруют.

Подобные идеалы выражены в кодексах чести других академий обслуживания. Однако гардемаринам разрешается противостоять тому, кто, по их мнению, нарушает кодекс, не сообщая об этом формально. Считается, что этот метод является лучшим способом развития чести гардемаринов в отличие от положений о нетерпимости, применяемых в других академиях службы, и является лучшим способом укрепления чести и доверия.

Бригадные комитеты чести, состоящие из гардемаринов высшего класса, несут ответственность за обучение и обучение концепции чести. В зависимости от тяжести проступка мичманы, уличенные в нарушении Концепции чести со стороны своих сверстников, могут быть исключены из Военно-морской академии.

Конференция по иностранным делам Военно-морской академии (NAFAC)

Основная статья: Конференция по международным делам Военно-морской академии

С 1961 года академия проводит ежегодную конференцию по иностранным делам Военно-морской академии (NAFAC), крупнейшую в стране конференцию по международным делам для студентов. НАФАК обеспечивает форум для решения насущных международных проблем и стремится исследовать текущие проблемы как с гражданской, так и с военной точки зрения.

Каждый год для NAFAC выбирается уникальная тема. Затем выдающиеся люди, обладающие опытом в соответствующих областях, приглашаются выступить перед делегатами конференции, которые представляют гражданские и военные колледжи со всех концов Соединенных Штатов и всего мира.

Вся конференция организуется и проводится гардемаринами, которые также выполняют функции модераторов, докладчиков и делегатов. Директор-мичман отвечает за каждый аспект конференции, включая тему конференции, и, как правило, ему поручено руководить штатом, насчитывающим более 250 гардемаринов.

Научно-техническая конференция Военно-морской академии (NASEC)

Научно-техническая конференция Военно-морской академии (NASEC), проводимая ежегодно с 2000 года, представляет собой конференцию STEM для студентов. Ежегодно в ноябре около 45 гардемаринов присоединяются к 150 участникам из других колледжей и университетов по всей стране, встречаются и обсуждают важные научные и инженерные проблемы. Делегаты выслушивают мнения лидеров научных исследований и политики из академических кругов, промышленности и правительства, а также участвуют в групповых дискуссиях по темам конференции.

Конференция служит как возможностью лидерства для гардемаринов, которые организуют и проводят мероприятие, так и местом, где гардемарины могут познакомиться с передовыми научными и инженерными задачами.

Симпозиум Макмаллена по истории военно-морского флота

Основная статья: Симпозиум Макмаллена по истории военно-морского флота

С 1973 года в Военно-морской академии проводится крупная международная конференция военно-морских историков. В 2006 году ему было присвоено имя Джона Дж. Макмаллена , класса USNA 1940 года.

Программа малых спутников

Основная статья: Программа малых спутников (Военно-морская академия США)

Программа малых спутников (SSP) Военно-морской академии США (USNA) была основана в 1999 году для активного поиска возможностей полета миниатюрных спутников, спроектированных, построенных, испытанных и управляемых или контролируемых мичманами.

Первый спутник программы USNA MidSTAR , MidSTAR I, был запущен 8 марта 2007 года. Запланированный MidSTAR II был отменен.

Аспирантура

Поскольку большинство выпускников сразу поступают в свои военные комиссии, Военно-морская академия не предлагает программ последипломного образования. Однако ряд программ позволяют гардемаринам получить ученые степени до выполнения своих служебных обязанностей. Программа немедленного последипломного образования (IGEP) позволяет вновь принятым на службу прапорщикам или младшим лейтенантам сразу поступить в аспирантуру и получить степень магистра. Программа добровольного последипломного образования (VGEP) позволяет гардемарину начать обучение во втором семестре последнего года обучения в местном университете, обычно в Университете Мэриленда , Университете Джонса Хопкинса , Джорджтаунском университете или Университете Джорджа Вашингтона , и получить степень по программе добровольного последипломного образования (VGEP). следующий семестр. Гардемаринам, получившим престижные стипендии, такие как стипендия Родса, разрешается завершить учебу до выполнения своих служебных обязанностей. Наконец, стипендия Боумена позволяет кандидатам в атомную энергетику ВМФ получить степень магистра в Аспирантура военно-морского флота, прежде чем продолжить службу на флоте.

Студенческая деятельность

Состав студентов по состоянию на 2 мая 2022 г. скрывать

Раса и этническая принадлежность	Общий
Белый	61%	61
латиноамериканец	12%	12
Другой	11%	11
Азиатский	8%	8
Черный	7%	7
Иностранный гражданин	1%	1
Экономическое разнообразие
Данные недоступны

Легкая атлетика

Основная статья: Гардемарины ВМФ

См. Также: бейсбол гардемаринов , футбол , лакросс , мужской баскетбол и мужской футбол.

Футбольная команда национального чемпионата 1926 года.

Участие в легкой атлетике, как правило, является обязательным в Военно-морской академии, и большинство гардемаринов, не входящих в межвузовскую команду, должны активно участвовать в очных или клубных видах спорта. Есть исключения для неспортивных мероприятий по поддержке бригады, таких как эскадрилья YP (профессиональная подготовка по ведению боевых действий на поверхности, дающая гардемаринам возможность заработать значок мастера ) или корпус барабанов и горнов.

университетских наград Обладатели носят специально выпущенный синий кардиган с прикрепленной большой золотой нашивкой в ​​виде буквы «N». Команды, обыгравшие «Арми» за год, за каждую такую ​​победу награждаются золотой звездой, прикрепляемой рядом с буквой «N».

Спортивные команды университета Военно-морской академии США не имеют официального названия, но обычно в средствах массовой информации их называют «гардемаринами» (поскольку все спортсмены фактически являются гардемаринами) или, более неофициально, «мидсменами». Термин «мидди» обычно считается уничижительным. Талисман спортивных команд — козел по имени Билл .

Гардемарины участвуют в в NCAA FBS Дивизиона I качестве члена Американской спортивной конференции Дивизиона I уровня NCAA по футболу и в Лиге Патриотов во многих других видах спорта. На территории академии действуют 30 университетских спортивных команд и 13 клубных спортивных команд (а также 19 очных спортивных команд).

Плебеи получают базовые инструкции по боевым искусствам во время летних тренировок Plebes.

Plebes катается на понтонных лодках во время тимбилдинговой части морских испытаний

Важнейшим спортивным мероприятием академии является ежегодная игра «Армия – Флот» по футболу. Сезон 2015 года стал 14-й подряд победой ВМС над «Арми». Три основные военно -морские академии (ВМФ, ВВС и Армия) соревнуются за приз Главнокомандующего , который вручается академии, победившей другие в футболе в этом году (или сохраняется предыдущим победителем в случае тройная связь). Военно-морской флот завоевал этот трофей в 2012 году после двух лет проживания в Военно-воздушной академии . Кинан Рейнольдс (защитник 2012–2015 гг.) установил множество рекордов ВМФ и NCAA, в том числе рекорд быстрого приземления в карьере FBS, возможно, став лучшим защитником ВМФ за всю историю. Рейнольдс занял пятое место в престижном голосовании за приз Хейсмана. В соперничестве армии и флота Рейнольдс стал первым защитником, победившим «Арми» за четыре сезона.

Спортивные команды Военно-морской академии имеют множество достижений на международном и национальном уровнях. В 1926 году футбольная команда ВМФ выиграла национальный чемпионат США на основе математических систем опроса Боанда и Ульгата. а мужская команда ВМС по лакроссу выиграла 21 национальный чемпионат USILL или USILA и заняла второе место в первом дивизионе NCAA в 1975 и 2004 годах. Мужская команда по фехтованию выиграла чемпионаты первого дивизиона NCAA в 1950, 1959 и 1962 годах и заняла второе место в 1948 году. , 1953, 1960 и 1963 годы, также Чемпионаты первого дивизиона NCAA завоевала мужская команда по легкой атлетике 1945 года. и мужская футбольная команда 1964 года.

Экипаж академии в легком весе выиграл чемпионат страны в 2004 и 2021 годах. Легковесы также аккредитованы на два чемпионата Jope Cup, завершив восточные спринты с наибольшим количеством очков в 2006 и 2007 годах. Команда колледжа в тяжелом весе выиграла олимпийские золотые медали в мужских восьмерках в 1920 и 1952 годах. а с 1907 по 1995 год на регате Межвузовской ассоциации гребли команда завоевала 30 чемпионских титулов. В межвузовской стрельбе Военно-морская академия выиграла девять командных трофеев Национальной стрелковой ассоциации , семь командных чемпионатов по пневматическому пистолету и пять командных титулов по стрельбе из стандартного пистолета. Команда ВМФ по сквошу была чемпионом страны из девяти человек в 1957, 1959 и 1967 годах. а боксерская команда была чемпионом Национальной ассоциации студенческого бокса в 1987, 1996, 1997, 1998 и 2005 годах.

Существует неофициальная (но бывшая чемпионка страны) команда по крокету. Легенда гласит, что в начале 1980-х годов Мид и Джонни (сленговое обозначение студента, зачисленного в колледж Святого Иоанна в Аннаполисе ) были в баре, и Мид бросил вызов Джонни, заявив, что гардемарины могут победить Сент-Джонс в любой момент. спорт. Ученик Сент-Джонса выбрал крокет. С тех пор тысячи людей посещают ежегодный матч по крокету между Сент-Джонсом и 28-й ротой. бригады гардемаринов (первоначально 34-я рота, затем бригада была сокращена до 30 рот). По состоянию на 2017 год на счету «Гардемаринов» было 7 побед и 28 поражений от команды «Сент-Джонс».

Другие внеклассные мероприятия

Волынщик . с трубами и барабанами Военно-морской академии

Гардемарины имеют возможность участвовать в широком спектре других внеклассных мероприятий, включая музыкальные группы ( Корпус барабанов и горна , Мужской хоровой клуб , Женский хоровой клуб, Евангельский хор , ежегодный мюзикл, оркестр гардемаринов и оркестр волынки The Pipes). & Drums), религиозные организации, академические общества чести, такие как Omicron Delta Epsilon (общество чести экономистов), девушки-скауты кампуса , Национальная ассоциация скаутов-орлов , радиостанция (WRNV), и профессиональная деятельность ВМФ и Корпуса морской пехоты (дайвинг, полеты, мореплавание и Общество Semper Fidelis для будущих морских пехотинцев). « Театральная труппа гардемаринов Маскарады » ежегодно ставит одну постановку в Махан-холле. Существует межвузовская дискуссионная группа. Колледжи Восточного побережья принимают участие в ежегодном турнире дебатов Военно-морской академии США. Гардемарины также участвуют в Сандхерстском соревновании , соревновании по военному мастерству.

В 1913 году бригада начала издавать юмористический журнал Журнал « » . Этот журнал был прекращен в 2001 году. но вернулся в печать осенью 2008 года. Среди обычных статей в «Журнале» были «Соленый Сэм», анонимный член старшего класса, работавший обозревателем светской хроники, и «Милашки компании», фотографии подруг мужчин-гардемаринов. несмотря на попытки включить в некоторые выпуски бойфрендов женщин-гардемаринов, журнала .) (Последнее было сочтено оскорбительным для женщин, и , к 1991 году «Компанические милашки» были исключены из формата Журнал однажды был опубликован в журнале Playboy за пародию на знаменитое периодическое издание. под названием «Плеймид». «Плеймид» был номером журнала «Журнал» в 1989 году и был приказал уничтожить контр-адмирал Вирджил Л. Хилл-младший , в то время суперинтендант Академии, но несколько копий все же сохранились. Ранее попытки пародировать журнал были гораздо более успешными: версия от 18 апреля 1969 года была самой известной; некоторые разделы этого выпуска можно увидеть в Интернете на сайте выпускников. В сентябре 1949 года журнал начал публиковать два раза в неделю небольшой еженедельник «Сплинтер» , чередующийся с изданием большего размера.

Песня

См. Также: § Подборка традиций Военно-морской академии.

Среди множества песен, которые обычно исполняются и поются на различных мероприятиях, таких как церемонии вручения дипломов , собрания и спортивные игры, выделяется: « Anchors Aweigh Военно-морской академии США », боевая песня . Согласно книге «College Fight Songs: Annotated Anthology», опубликованной в 1998 году, «Anchors Aweigh» занимает пятое место среди величайших боевых песен всех времен. « Синий и золотой » — название Альма-матер Военно-морской академии .

Полиция

Военно -морской округ Вашингтона - Департамент полиции Аннаполиса, ранее известный как Департамент полиции Военно-морской академии США, является полноценным правоохранительным органом Министерства обороны США. В его состав входят как Министерства обороны Департамент гражданской полиции ВМФ , так и магистры военно-морского флота , которые отвечают за охрану комплекса Военно-морской академии США. Они обеспечивают соблюдение федерального и военного законодательства штата Мэриленд, а также местных инструкций, предлагают помощь нуждающимся и обеспечивают видимое сдерживание преступной деятельности.

Женщины и Военно-морская академия

Астронавт Венди Б. Лоуренс , выпуск 1981 г.

Военно-морская академия впервые приняла женщин на должность гардемаринов в 1976 году, после того как Конгресс разрешил прием женщин во все военно-морские академии. Женщины составляют около 22 процентов поступающих плебеев. Они проходят ту же академическую и профессиональную подготовку, что и их одноклассники-мужчины, за исключением того, что некоторые стандарты физических способностей для женщин ниже, чем для мужчин, что отражает стандарты самого ВМФ. Совсем недавно женщины составляли около 17 процентов каждого выпускника, однако это число продолжает расти. Первый беременный мичман закончил обучение в 2009 году. Хотя правила прямо запрещали это, женщина смогла получить отказ от Военно-морского ведомства.

В 2006 году Мишель Дж. Ховард , выпускница 1982 года, стала первой выпускницей Военно-морской академии, избранной в адмиралы; она также была первым адмиралом своего класса. Маргарет Д. Кляйн , выпускница 1981 года, стала первой женщиной-комендантом гардемаринов в декабре 2006 года.

После скандала с сексуальным насилием в Академии ВВС США в 2003 году и из-за обеспокоенности по поводу сексуального насилия в вооруженных силах США Министерству обороны было необходимо создать рабочую группу для расследования сексуальных домогательств и нападений в военных академиях США в соответствии с законом о финансировании вооруженных сил. за 2004 финансовый год. Отчет, опубликованный 25 августа 2005 года, показал, что в течение 2004 года 50% женщин в Аннаполисе сообщили о случаях сексуальных домогательств, 99 случаев сексуального насилия . в то время как было зарегистрировано В 1990 году уже произошел инцидент, когда гардемарины-мужчины приковали женщину-гардемарина цепью к писсуару, а затем сфотографировали ее после того, как она бросила в них снежок .

Суперинтендант Академии вице-адмирал Родни Ремпт выступил с заявлением: «Опираясь на оценку и рекомендации Оперативной группы по обороне, мы продолжим стремиться к созданию климата, который поощряет сообщение об этих инцидентах, чтобы мы могли поддерживать жертву и справедливо рассматривать обвинения. и уместно. Сама идея о том, что любой член семьи Военно-морской академии может быть частью среды, способствующей сексуальным домогательствам, проступкам или даже нападениям, вызывает у меня большую обеспокоенность, и это противоречит всему, что мы пытаемся сделать и достичь. Предотвращение и сдерживание этого неприемлемого поведения является вопросом руководства, который я и все руководители Академии принимаем близко к сердцу. Общественность верит, что Академии обслуживания будут придерживаться самых высоких стандартов и что мы будем служить примером характера, достоинства и уважения. Мы будем активизировать наши усилия, чтобы оправдать это доверие». В 2006 году суперинтенданта Ремпа раскритиковали за то, что он не позволил бывшему защитнику ВМС Ламару Оуэнсу получить высшее образование, несмотря на его оправдание по обвинению в изнасиловании. Некоторые выпускники объясняют это чрезмерным стремлением Ремпа успокоить критиков, призывающих к пресечению сексуального насилия и домогательств.

В 1979 году Джеймс Х. Уэбб опубликовал провокационное эссе, выступающее против интеграции женщин в Военно-морскую академию, под названием «Женщины не могут сражаться». Уэбб был инструктором Военно-морской академии в 1979 году, когда он написал для вашингтонского журнала статью , в которой критиковал женщин в бою и их посещение военных академий. Статья, в которой он назвал общежитие Военно-морской академии, в котором проживали 4000 мужчин и 300 женщин, «мечтой похотливой женщины», была написана через три года после приема в академию женщин. Уэбб сказал, что не он писал заголовок.

7 ноября 2006 года Уэбб был избран в Сенат США от штата Вирджиния. Его оппонент на выборах, тогдашний сенатор Джордж Аллен , поднял статью 1979 года как вопрос предвыборной кампании, изображая Уэбба как противника женщин на военной службе. Ответ Уэбба частично гласил: «Я глубоко сожалею о том, что мои произведения подвергли женщин в Академии или действующих вооруженных силах неоправданным трудностям». Затем он заявил: «Меня полностью устраивает роль женщин в сегодняшней армии». В политической рекламе Аллена пять выпускниц Военно-морской академии США заявили, что статья способствовала созданию атмосферы враждебности и преследования женщин в академии .

Министр военно-морского флота Рэй Мабус 21 декабря 2012 года выступил с заявлением о стыде по поводу недавнего исследования сексуального насилия, которое показало, что национальные академии обслуживания по-прежнему испытывают проблемы с поддержанием безопасной среды обучения в отношении сексуального насилия. Число зарегистрированных сексуальных посягательств в прошлом году в Аннаполисе сократилось с 22 до 13. Бывший суперинтендант, вице-адмирал Майк Миллер, с января 2013 года ввел в действие новую политику академии, касающуюся обучения, поддержки жертв, безопасности кампуса, присутствия руководства по выходным и общего обзора политики в отношении алкоголя на основе другой информации из недавнего отчета. это показывает, что фактическое количество сексуальных посягательств не снизилось и о правонарушениях не сообщается.

В мае 2021 года вице-президент Камала Харрис стала первой женщиной, выступающей на выпускном вечере Военно-морской академии.

Традиции

• Anchors Aweigh — популярная песня, исторически написанная в Военно-морской академии, впоследствии ставшая символом всего ВМС США. Слова написаны гардемарином Альфредом Х. Майлзом, а музыка положена вторым лейтенантом Циммерманом , морской пехотой США, капельмейстером оркестра Военно-морской академии с 1887 года. После написания "Anchors Aweigh" они посвятили ее классу 1907 года. Песня поется во время спортивные мероприятия, митинги бодрости духа и выступления Корпуса барабанов и горна во время полуденных обедов. Военнослужащие ВМФ и Корпуса морской пехоты, если только они не маршируют, должны стоять по стойке «смирно» во время игры. Оригинальный стих (цитируемый ниже) изучают гардемарины как плебеи.
• « Синий и золотой » — название Альма-матер Военно-морской академии . Эту песню поют по завершении каждого спортивного мероприятия, в конце митингов и на встречах выпускников. Его также поют в большинстве компаний плебеи в конце дня Плебейского лета и в конце недели в течение учебного года; это мероприятие также называют «Синим и золотым» и представляет собой короткое собрание, на котором гардемарины высшего класса обсуждают прошедший день в лучшую или худшую сторону. Оригинальные тексты песен:
• памятник Херндону Подъем на - неформальный ритуал в конце года (аналог «броска крышки» на выпускном экзамене), отмечающий переход от плебея к третьекласснику. Новые старшеклассники поднимают одноклассника на вершину памятника, чтобы заменить матросский чехол на чашку дикси на комбинированный чехол, традиционный для гардемаринов. По этому случаю Херндон намазывают салом. Только командная работа приведет к смене шапок. В 2008 году чашка Дикси была снята, а крышка была установлена, и она принадлежала мичману Кристен Дикманн, выпуск 2011 года, которая умерла за несколько дней до этого. Это были первые женские кепки, использованные для восхождения.

Известные выпускники

Среди выпускников более 50 американских астронавтов, в том числе шесть летавших на Луну. больше, чем в любом другом учебном заведении США. Выпускниками Академии являются более 990 известных ученых в различных академических областях, в том числе 46 стипендиатов Родса и 24 стипендиата Маршалла . Среди выпускников — президент США Джимми Картер , который также является лауреатом Нобелевской премии , как и Альберт А. Майкельсон (1907 — Нобелевская премия по физике ). 73 выпускника награждены Почетной медалью .

• Известные выпускники
• 
  Альберт А. Майкельсон, выпуск 1873 г.
• 
  Джимми Картер
  Выпуск 1947 года.
• 
  Росс Перо
  Выпуск 1953 г.
• 
  Джеймс Бирн
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Уильям Д. Бирн мл.
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Марк Х. Далтон
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Джон Фуллер
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Кеннет Хэм
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Грегори Н. Харрис
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Грегори Масиелло
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Дэвид Морис Робинсон
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Тимоти Дж. Уайт
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Сунита Лин Уильямс
  Выпуск 1987 года.
• 
  Дуг Войчик
  Выпуск 1987 года.

См. также

• Дом выпускников (Военно-морская академия США)
• Аннаполис (фильм, 2006 г.)
• Выходцы из Латинской Америки в Военно-морской академии США
• Булава парламента Верхней Канады
• Мост Военно-морской академии
• Темно-синий и золотой (фильм)
• «Старый козел » Премия
• USNA Выход
• Академия торгового флота США

Библиография

• Британская энциклопедия 1911 года
• Пляж, капитан Эдвард Л. (1986). ВМС США . Генри Холт и компания. ISBN  0-03-044711-9 .
• Конрад, Джеймс Ли (2003). Мятежные рефрижераторы: организация и гардемарины Военно-морской академии Конфедеративных Штатов . Да Капо Пресс. ISBN  0-306-81237-1 .
• Гельфанд, Х. Михаэль (2006). Морские перемены в Аннаполисе: Военно-морская академия США, 1949–2000 гг . Издательство Университета Северной Каролины. ISBN  978-0-8078-7747-0 .
• Пойер, Дэвид (сентябрь 2018 г.). «Кража у Нептуна» . Товарищ по кораблю . Том. 81, нет. 6. С. 13–16. Архивировано из оригинала 11 сентября 2018 года.

Внешние ссылки

• Официальный сайт
• Официальный сайт легкой атлетики