Spanish conjugation

This article presents a set of paradigms—that is, conjugation tables—of Spanish verbs, including examples of regular verbs and some of the most common irregular verbs. For other irregular verbs and their common patterns, see the article on Spanish irregular verbs.

The tables include only the "simple" tenses (that is, those formed with a single word), and not the "compound" tenses (those formed with an auxiliary verb plus a non-finite form of the main verb), such as the progressive, perfect, and passive voice. The progressive aspects (also called "continuous tenses") are formed by using the appropriate tense of estar + present participle (gerundio), and the perfect constructions are formed by using the appropriate tense of haber + past participle (participio). When the past participle is used in this way, it invariably ends with -o. In contrast, when the participle is used as an adjective, it agrees in gender and number with the noun modified. Similarly, the participle agrees with the subject when it is used with ser to form the "true" (dynamic) passive voice (e.g. La carta fue escrita ayer 'The letter was written [got written] yesterday.'), and also when it is used with estar to form a "passive of result", or stative passive (as in La carta ya está escrita 'The letter is already written.').

The pronouns yo, tú, vos,^[1] él, nosotros, vosotros^[2] and ellos are used to symbolise the three persons and two numbers. Note, however, that Spanish is a pro-drop language, and so it is the norm to omit subject pronouns when not needed for contrast or emphasis. The subject, if specified, can easily be something other than these pronouns. For example, él, ella, or usted can be replaced by a noun phrase, or the verb can appear with impersonal se and no subject (e.g. Aquí se vive bien, 'One lives well here'). The first-person plural expressions nosotros, nosotras, tú y yo, or él y yo can be replaced by a noun phrase that includes the speaker (e.g. Los estudiantes tenemos hambre, 'We students are hungry'). The same comments hold for vosotros and ellos.

Regular verbs

-ar conjugation (amar, 'to love')

Non-finite (Formas no personales)	Form
Infinitive (Infinitivo)	amar
Gerund (Gerundio)	amando
Past participle (Participio)	amado (amado, amada, amados, amadas — masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem. pl., respectively)
Indicative (Indicativo)	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present (Presente)	amo	amas	amás	ama	amamos	amáis	aman
Imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto or copretérito)	amaba	amabas		amaba	amábamos	amabais	amaban
Preterite (Pretérito perfecto simple or Pretérito indefinido)	amé	amaste^[3]	amastes / amaste^[4]	amó	amamos	amasteis	amaron
Future (Futuro simple or Futuro)	amaré	amarás		amará	amaremos	amaréis	amarán
Conditional (Condicional simple or Pospretérito)	amaría	amarías		amaría	amaríamos	amaríais	amarían
Subjunctive (Subjuntivo)	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present (Presente)	ame	ames	amés / ames^[5]	ame	amemos	améis	amen
Imperfect 1 (Pretérito imperfecto or Pretérito)	amara	amaras		amara	amáramos	amarais	amaran
Imperfect 2^[6]	amase	amases^[7]		amase	amásemos	amaseis	amasen
Future (Futuro simple or Futuro)^[8]	amare	amares^[9]		amare	amáremos	amareis	amaren
Imperative (Imperativo)		tú	vos ^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		ama	amá	ame	amemos	amad ^[10]	amen
Negative		no ames	no amés / no ames^[5]	no ame	no amemos	no améis	no amen

-er conjugation (temer, 'to fear')

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	temer
Gerund	temiendo
Past participle	temido (temido, temida, temidos, temidas — masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., respectively)
Indicative	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	temo	temes	temés	teme	tememos	teméis	temen
Imperfect	temía	temías		temía	temíamos	temíais	temían
Preterite	temí	temiste^[3]	temistes / temiste^[4]	temió	temimos	temisteis	temieron
Future	temeré	temerás		temerá	temeremos	temeréis	temerán
Conditional	temería	temerías		temería	temeríamos	temeríais	temerían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	tema	temas	temás / temas ^[5]	tema	temamos	temáis	teman
Imperfect 1	temiera	temieras		temiera	temiéramos	temierais	temieran
Imperfect 2^[6]	temiese	temieses^[7]		temiese	temiésemos	temieseis	temiesen
Future^[8]	temiere	temieres^[9]		temiere	temiéremos	temiereis	temieren
Imperative		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		teme	temé	tema	temamos	temed^[10]	teman
Negative		no temas	no temás / no temas^[5]	no tema	no temamos	no temáis	no teman

-ir conjugation (partir, 'to split/depart')

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	partir
Gerund	partiendo
Past participle	partido (partido, partida, partidos, partidas — masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., respectively)
Indicative	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	parto	partes	partís	parte	partimos	partís	parten
Imperfect	partía	partías		partía	partíamos	partíais	partían
Preterite	partí	partiste^[3]	partistes / partiste^[4]	partió	partimos	partisteis	partieron
Future	partiré	partirás		partirá	partiremos	partiréis	partirán
Conditional	partiría	partirías		partiría	partiríamos	partiríais	partirían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	parta	partas	partás / partas^[5]	parta	partamos	partáis	partan
Imperfect 1	partiera	partieras		partiera	partiéramos	partierais	partieran
Imperfect 2^[6]	partiese	partieses^[7]		partiese	partiésemos	partieseis	partiesen
Future^[8]	partiere	partieres^[9]		partiere	partiéremos	partiereis	partieren
Imperative		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		parte	partí	parta	partamos	partid^[10]	partan
Negative		no partas	no partás / no partas^[5]	no parta	no partamos	no partáis	no partan

Irregular verbs

ser, 'to be (in essence)'

This is an Oy-Yo verb.Stem: s-, fu-, er-, se-.

There are two ways to say "To be" in Spanish: ser and estar. They both mean "to be", but they are used in different ways. As a rule of thumb, ser is used to describe permanent or almost permanent conditions and estar to describe temporary ones. ^[11]

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	ser
Gerund	siendo
Past participle	sido (never used as adjective)
Indicative	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	soy	eres	sos	es	somos	sois	son
Imperfect	era	eras		era	éramos	erais	eran
Preterite	fui	fuiste^[3]	fuistes / fuiste^[4]	fue	fuimos	fuisteis	fueron
Future	seré	serás		será	seremos	seréis	serán
Conditional	sería	serías		sería	seríamos	seríais	serían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	sea	seas	seás / seas^[5]	sea	seamos	seáis	sean
Imperfect 1	fuera	fueras		fuera	fuéramos	fuerais	fueran
Imperfect 2^[6]	fuese	fueses^[7]		fuese	fuésemos	fueseis	fuesen
Future^[8]	fuere	fueres^[9]		fuere	fuéremos	fuereis	fueren
Imperative		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		sé	sé	sea	seamos	sed^[10]	sean
Negative		no seas	no seás / no seas^[5]	no sea	no seamos	no seáis	no sean

estar, 'to be (in a state)'

This is an Oy-Yo verb.Stem: esta-, estoy, este-, estu- (a-u).

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	estar
Gerund	estando
Past participle	estado (never used as adjective)
Indicative	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	estoy	estás		está	estamos	estáis	están
Imperfect	estaba	estabas		estaba	estábamos	estabais	estaban
Preterite	estuve	estuviste^[3]	estuvistes / estuviste^[4]	estuvo	estuvimos	estuvisteis	estuvieron
Future	estaré	estarás		estará	estaremos	estaréis	estarán
Conditional	estaría	estarías		estaría	estaríamos	estaríais	estarían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	esté	estés		esté	estemos	estéis	estén
Imperfect 1	estuviera	estuvieras		estuviera	estuviéramos	estuvierais	estuvieran
Imperfect 2^[6]	estuviese	estuvieses^[7]		estuviese	estuviésemos	estuvieseis	estuviesen
Future^[8]	estuviere	estuvieres^[9]		estuviere	estuviéremos	estuviereis	estuvieren
Imperative^[12]		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		está/estate^[13]	está	esté	estemos	estad^[14]	estén
Negative		no estés	no estés	no esté	no estemos	no estéis	no estén

haber, 'to have (aux.)'

Stem: hab-, h-, habr-, hay-, hub- (a-u).

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	haber
Gerund	habiendo
Past participle	habido (rarely used as adjective)
Indicative	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	he	has		ha, hay^[15]	hemos / habemos^[16]	habéis	han
Imperfect	había	habías		había	habíamos	habíais	habían
Preterite	hube	hubiste^[3]	hubistes / hubiste^[4]	hubo	hubimos	hubisteis	hubieron^[17]
Future	habré	habrás		habrá	habremos	habréis	habrán
Conditional	habría	habrías		habría	habríamos	habríais	habrían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	haya^[18]	hayas	hayás / hayas^[5]	haya	hayamos	hayáis	hayan
Imperfect 1	hubiera	hubieras		hubiera	hubiéramos	hubierais	hubieran
Imperfect 2^[6]	hubiese	hubieses^[7]		hubiese	hubiésemos	hubieseis	hubiesen
Future^[8]	hubiere	hubieres^[9]		hubiere	hubiéremos	hubiereis	hubieren
Imperative (only Old Spanish)		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		hé	hé	haya	hayamos	habed^[10]	hayan
Negative		no hayas	no hayás / no hayas^[5]	no haya	no hayamos	no hayáis	no hayan

tener, 'to have (possession)'

This is a diphthonging G-Verb.Stem: te-, teng-, tie-, tu (e-u).

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	tener
Gerund	teniendo
Past participle	tenido (tenido, tenida, tenidos, tenidas ) — masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., respectively)
Indicative	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	tengo	tienes	tenés	tiene	tenemos	tenéis	tienen
Imperfect	tenía	tenías		tenía	teníamos	teníais	tenían
Preterite	tuve	tuviste^[3]	tuvistes / tuviste^[4]	tuvo	tuvimos	tuvisteis	tuvieron
Future	tendré	tendrás		tendrá	tendremos	tendréis	tendrán
Conditional	tendría	tendrías		tendría	tendríamos	tendríais	tendrían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos ^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	tenga	tengas	tengás / tengas^[5]	tenga	tengamos	tengáis	tengan
Imperfect 1	tuviera	tuvieras		tuviera	tuviéramos	tuvierais	tuvieran
Imperfect 2^[6]	tuviese	tuvieses^[7]		tuviese	tuviésemos	tuvieseis	tuviesen
Future^[8]	tuviere	tuvieres^[9]		tuviere	tuviéremos	tuviereis	tuvieren
Imperative		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		ten	tené	tenga	tengamos	tened^[10]	tengan
Negative		no tengas	no tengás / no tengas^[5]	no tenga	no tengamos	no tengáis	no tengan

ir, 'to go'

This is an Oy-Yo verb.Stem: i-, y-, v-, fu-.

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	ir
Gerund	yendo
Past participle	ido (rarely used as adjective)
Indicative	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	voy	vas		va	vamos	vais	van
Imperfect	iba	ibas		iba	íbamos	ibais	iban
Preterite	fui	fuiste^[3]	fuistes / fuiste^[4]	fue	fuimos	fuisteis	fueron
Future	iré	irás		irá	iremos	iréis	irán
Conditional	iría	irías		iría	iríamos	iríais	irían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	vaya	vayas	vayás / vayas ^[5]	vaya	vayamos	vayáis	vayan
Imperfect 1	fuera	fueras		fuera	fuéramos	fuerais	fueran
Imperfect 2^[6]	fuese	fueses^[7]		fuese	fuésemos	fueseis	fuesen
Future^[8]	fuere	fueres^[9]		fuere	fuéremos	fuereis	fueren
Imperative		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		ve^[19]	andá^[20]^[21]^[22]	vaya	vamos	id^[23]	vayan
Negative		no vayas	no vayás / no vayas	no vaya	no vayamos	no vayáis	no vayan

conocer, 'to know (to be acquainted with); to get acquainted with'

This is a Zc-verb.

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	conocer
Gerund	conociendo
Past participle	conocido (conocido, conocida, conocidos, conocidas — masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl., respectively)
Indicative	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	conozco	conoces	conocés	conoce	conocemos	conocéis	conocen
Imperfect	conocía	conocías		conocía	conocíamos	conocíais	conocían
Preterite	conocí	conociste^[3]	conocistes / conociste^[4]	conoció	conocimos	conocisteis	conocieron
Future	conoceré	conocerás		conocerá	conoceremos	conoceréis	conocerán
Conditional	conocería	conocerías		conocería	conoceríamos	conoceríais	conocerían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	conozca	conozcas	conozcás / conozcas ^[5]	conozca	conozcamos	conozcáis	conozcan
Imperfect 1	conociera	conocieras		conociera	conociéramos	conocierais	conocieran
Imperfect 2^[6]	conociese	conocieses^[7]		conociese	conociésemos	conocieseis	conociesen
Future^[8]	conociere	conocieres^[9]		conociere	conociéremos	conociereis	conocieren
Imperative		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		conoce	conocé	conozca	conozcamos	conoced^[10]	conozcan
Negative		no conozcas	no conozcás	no conozca	no conozcamos	no conozcáis	no conozcan

conducir, 'to drive'

This is a -ducir verb.

Non-finite	Form
Infinitive	conducir
Gerund	conduciendo
Past participle	conducido/a
Indicative	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	conduzco	conduces	conducí	conduce	conducimos	conducís	conducen
Imperfect	conducía	conducías		conducía	conducíamos	conducíais	conducían
Preterite	conduje^[24]	condujiste^[24]	condujiste^[24]	condujo^[24]	condujimos^[24]	condujisteis^[24]	condujeron^[24]
Future	conduciré	conducirás		conducirá	conduciremos	conduciréis	conducirán
Conditional	conduciría	conducirías		conduciría	conduciríamos	conduciríais	conducirían
Subjunctive	yo	tú	vos^[1]	él / ella / usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ellos / ellas / ustedes
Present	conduzca	conduzcas	conduzcas	conduzca	conduzcamos	conduzcáis	conduzcan
Imperfect 1	condujera	condujeras		condujera	condujeramos	condujerais	condujeran
Imperfect 2^[6]	condujese	condujeses		condujese	condujesemos	condujeseis	condujesen
Future^[8]	condujere	condujeres		condujere	condujeremos	condujereis	condujeren
Imperative		tú	vos^[1]	usted	nosotros / nosotras	vosotros / vosotras^[2]	ustedes
Affirmative		conduce	conduce	conduzca	conduzcamos	conduced	conduzcan
Negative		no conduzcas	no conduzcas	no conduzca	no conduzcamos	no conduzcáis	no conduzcan

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae The pronoun vos and its verb forms are used in large areas of Central and South America for the second-person singular in the "familiar" or informal register, generally replacing (but in some areas coexisting with) tú. In Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay it is used in the formal register (but the familiar or T form of address). See Voseo.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae The second-person plural familiar pronoun vosotros / vosotras is used only in Spain (except for the Canary Islands) and Equatorial Guinea; in the Americas its function is carried by ustedes.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ All of the normative preterite forms for use with tú end with -ste. Colloquially, speakers frequently add a final -s to this form, thus (tú) amastes, temistes, partistes, etc.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The preterite endings -stes and -ste are both in widespread use with vos — thus (vos) amastes and (vos) amaste, (vos) temistes and (vos) temiste, etc. The ending -stes is historically the original form used with vos. Normatively only the -ste forms are accepted. See amar in the Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ The original present subjunctive form for vos has final stress, with an accent mark: amés, temás, partás, etc. In Rioplatense Spanish, these forms exist side by side with forms identical to the normative forms for tú (stress on the second-to-last syllable, no accent mark: ames, temas, partas, etc.). The normative form for vos is the one used in Rioplatense Spanish: see amar in the Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j In Modern Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive in -ra is much more frequent than the form in -se, and the form in -se is virtually obsolete in the Americas. (In Mark Davies's Corpus del Español, the ratio of -ra to -se is about 7:1 for 20th-century Spanish.)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Given the respective geographical distributions of the imperfect subjunctive in -se (mostly Spain) and the use of voseo (only in the Americas), it is extremely unlikely that forms such as (vos) amases, (vos) tuvieses, etc. would occur.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j The future subjunctive is obsolete in Spanish, except for legal language, highly literary language, or fossilized expressions like sea lo que fuere 'be what it may, whatever it may be'.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Given the "high" register of the future subjunctive in contrast to the informality of tú and vos, it is extremely unlikely that forms such as amares, tuvieres, etc. would occur in Modern Spanish prose or conversation.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g For every verb, the normative command form for vosotros ends with -d (amad, temed, partid, etc.), but the colloquial form ends with -r, making it identical to the infinitive (amar, temer, partir, etc.). When the object pronoun os is attached to make the corresponding reflexive forms (also called a "pronominal" verb), the -d is dropped, but the -r is not. Thus amad > amaos (normative) and amar > amaros (non-normative), etc.
^ "Ser and Estar Verbs: Usage, Conjugation, Examples". Transtle. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
^ Estar is often made pronominal in the imperative, especially in colloquial speech.
^ For the imperative 'tú' form, the verb estar is systematically made pronominal (estarse)
^ The usual conversational form is estar, which is not normative. For the pronominal estarse, the forms estaros and also estarse for some regions (instead of estaos) are not normative, but they are used in colloquial speech. The form estad is only used formally.
^ The form is ha to construct the perfective tenses and in haber de, but hay in the impersonal expressions hay que and hay meaning "there is/are".
^ The form is habemos in the rare expression nos las habemos con, meaning 'the matter in question is'; dialectally or archaically habemos may replace hemos, in all senses; and dialectally it may replace hay in the plural, meaning "there are".
^ Hubieron is commonly used by Spanish speakers as a replacement for hubo in the plural form, as in Hubieron muchas cajas, with the connoted translation of "There were many boxes", although this usage of hubieron is not normative.
^ Dialectally, haiga, etc.
^ Dialectally, ves. Not used pronominally, always vete.
^ The verb ir, for its affirmative imperative with vos, borrows the form from andar ('to walk/to go').
^ In Chile, anda.
^ Usage in Central America favors the regular form "í".
^ The form ir (instead of id) is not normative, but it is the one used in colloquial speech. The normative second-person plural imperative of the pronominal verb irse is idos (i.e. it does not lose its d as other verbs do), but it is virtually unused, either spoken or written. The form íos is obsolete. The non-normative forms used in colloquial speech are iros or regionally irse. To avoid using these forms, some writers simply use a different verb, i.e. marchaos.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Verbs ending in -ducir occasionally utilize the regular preterite conjugations (for example, conduciste used in place of condujiste), which are normatively not accepted.

External links

How is my Spanish: Spanish conjugation charts Spanish conjugation chart. Chart to conjugate in 7 different Spanish tenses.
SpanishBoat: Verb conjugation worksheets in all Spanish tenses Printable and online exercises for teachers and students...
Espagram: verb conjugator Spanish verb conjugator. Contains about a million verb forms.

[voseo-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae The pronoun vos and its verb forms are used in large areas of Central and South America for the second-person singular in the "familiar" or informal register, generally replacing (but in some areas coexisting with) tú. In Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay it is used in the formal register (but the familiar or T form of address). See Voseo.

[vosotros-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae The second-person plural familiar pronoun vosotros / vosotras is used only in Spain (except for the Canary Islands) and Equatorial Guinea; in the Americas its function is carried by ustedes.

[tu_amastes-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ All of the normative preterite forms for use with tú end with -ste. Colloquially, speakers frequently add a final -s to this form, thus (tú) amastes, temistes, partistes, etc.

[vos_amastes-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The preterite endings -stes and -ste are both in widespread use with vos — thus (vos) amastes and (vos) amaste, (vos) temistes and (vos) temiste, etc. The ending -stes is historically the original form used with vos. Normatively only the -ste forms are accepted. See amar in the Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy.

[vos_ames-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ The original present subjunctive form for vos has final stress, with an accent mark: amés, temás, partás, etc. In Rioplatense Spanish, these forms exist side by side with forms identical to the normative forms for tú (stress on the second-to-last syllable, no accent mark: ames, temas, partas, etc.). The normative form for vos is the one used in Rioplatense Spanish: see amar in the Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy.

[imperf_subj_se-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j In Modern Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive in -ra is much more frequent than the form in -se, and the form in -se is virtually obsolete in the Americas. (In Mark Davies's Corpus del Español, the ratio of -ra to -se is about 7:1 for 20th-century Spanish.)

[amases-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Given the respective geographical distributions of the imperfect subjunctive in -se (mostly Spain) and the use of voseo (only in the Americas), it is extremely unlikely that forms such as (vos) amases, (vos) tuvieses, etc. would occur.

[fut_subj-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j The future subjunctive is obsolete in Spanish, except for legal language, highly literary language, or fossilized expressions like sea lo que fuere 'be what it may, whatever it may be'.

[amares-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Given the "high" register of the future subjunctive in contrast to the informality of tú and vos, it is extremely unlikely that forms such as amares, tuvieres, etc. would occur in Modern Spanish prose or conversation.

[amad_amar-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g For every verb, the normative command form for vosotros ends with -d (amad, temed, partid, etc.), but the colloquial form ends with -r, making it identical to the infinitive (amar, temer, partir, etc.). When the object pronoun os is attached to make the corresponding reflexive forms (also called a "pronominal" verb), the -d is dropped, but the -r is not. Thus amad > amaos (normative) and amar > amaros (non-normative), etc.

[11] "Ser and Estar Verbs: Usage, Conjugation, Examples". Transtle. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

[12] Estar is often made pronominal in the imperative, especially in colloquial speech.

[13] For the imperative 'tú' form, the verb estar is systematically made pronominal (estarse)

[14] The usual conversational form is estar, which is not normative. For the pronominal estarse, the forms estaros and also estarse for some regions (instead of estaos) are not normative, but they are used in colloquial speech. The form estad is only used formally.

[15] The form is ha to construct the perfective tenses and in haber de, but hay in the impersonal expressions hay que and hay meaning "there is/are".

[16] The form is habemos in the rare expression nos las habemos con, meaning 'the matter in question is'; dialectally or archaically habemos may replace hemos, in all senses; and dialectally it may replace hay in the plural, meaning "there are".

[17] Hubieron is commonly used by Spanish speakers as a replacement for hubo in the plural form, as in Hubieron muchas cajas, with the connoted translation of "There were many boxes", although this usage of hubieron is not normative.

[18] Dialectally, haiga, etc.

[19] Dialectally, ves. Not used pronominally, always vete.

[20] The verb ir, for its affirmative imperative with vos, borrows the form from andar ('to walk/to go').

[21] In Chile, anda.

[22] Usage in Central America favors the regular form "í".

[23] The form ir (instead of id) is not normative, but it is the one used in colloquial speech. The normative second-person plural imperative of the pronominal verb irse is idos (i.e. it does not lose its d as other verbs do), but it is virtually unused, either spoken or written. The form íos is obsolete. The non-normative forms used in colloquial speech are iros or regionally irse. To avoid using these forms, some writers simply use a different verb, i.e. marchaos.

[ducir-24] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Verbs ending in -ducir occasionally utilize the regular preterite conjugations (for example, conduciste used in place of condujiste), which are normatively not accepted.

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