Jump to content

Фрикативный

(Перенаправлено от озвученного спирита )

Фрикатив артикуляторов - это согласный , созданный путем затягивания воздуха через узкий канал, изготовленный путем размещения двух близко друг к другу. [ 1 ] Это может быть нижняя губа на верхних зубах, в случае [F] ; Задняя часть языка против мягкого неба в случае немецкого [x] (окончательный согласный Баха ); или сторона языка против моляров , в случае валлийца [ɬ] (дважды появляясь в названии Llanelli ). Этот турбулентный воздушный поток называется фрикацией . [ 2 ]

Определенная подмножество фрикативных - это сибиланты . При формировании сибиланта один все еще заставляет воздух через узкий канал, но, кроме того, язык свергается вдоль, чтобы направить воздух над краем зубов. [ 1 ] Английский [s] , [z] , [ʃ] и [ʒ] являются примерами сибилантов.

Использование двух других терминов менее стандартизировано: « спирирующий »-это более старый термин для фрикативных, используемых некоторыми американскими и европейскими фонетиками и фонологами для не-сибиландеров. [ 3 ] « Строго » может означать просто «сибилант», но некоторые авторы [ ВОЗ? ] Включите также лабиодиентные и UVular Fricative в класс.

Поток воздуха не полностью остановлен в производстве фрикативных согласных. Другими словами, воздушный поток испытывает трение .

Sibilants

[edit]

All sibilants are coronal, but may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or palatal (retroflex) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed, laminal, or apical, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are subapical and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.

Central non-sibilant fricatives

[edit]

The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives,

with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills. [5]

Lateral fricatives

[edit]

The lateral fricative occurs as the ll of Welsh, as in Lloyd, Llewelyn, and Machynlleth ([maˈxənɬɛθ], a town), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as Xhosa and Zulu), and in Mongolian.

IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants

[edit]

No language distinguishes fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the uptack to the letters, [χ̝, ʁ̝, ħ̝, ʕ̝]. Likewise, the downtack may be added to specify an approximant realization, [χ̞, ʁ̞, ħ̞, ʕ̞].

(The bilabial approximant and dental approximant do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: [β̞, ð̞]. However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)

Pseudo-fricatives

[edit]

In many languages, such as English or Korean, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise. They may be mistaken for real glottal constrictions in a number of languages, such as Finnish.[6]

In addition, [ʍ] is usually called a "voiceless labial-velar fricative", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see voiceless palatal-velar fricative for a putative (and rather controversial) example.

Aspirated fricatives

[edit]

Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as tenuis ("plain") fricatives. Other phonations are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants. However, phonemically aspirated fricatives are rare. /s~sʰ/ contrasts with a tense, unaspirated /s͈/ in Korean; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few Sino-Tibetan languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, in the Siouan language Ofo (/sʰ/ and /fʰ/), and in the (central?) Chumash languages (/sʰ/ and /ʃʰ/). The record may be Cone Tibetan, which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives: /sʰ/ /ɕʰ/, /ʂʰ/, and /xʰ/.[7]

Nasalized fricatives

[edit]

Phonemically nasalized fricatives are rare. Umbundu has /ṽ/ and Kwangali and Souletin Basque have /h̃/. In Coatzospan Mixtec, [β̃, ð̃, s̃, ʃ̃] appear allophonically before a nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when /f v s z ʃ ʒ/ occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized.[8]


Types of fricative[a]
bilabial labio-
dental
linguo-
labial
inter-
dental
dental denti-
alveolar
alveolar post-
alveolar
palatal/
retroflex
velar uvular pharyn-
geal
glottal
central non-sibilant ɸ β f v
θ̼ ð̼ θ̟ ð̟ (θ̪͆ ð̪͆) θ ð θ̠ ð̠ θ͇ ð͇ (laminal)
ɹ̝̊ ɹ̝ (apical)
ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ç ʝ (laminal)
ɻ̝̊ ɻ̝ (apical)
x ɣ
ɣʱ
χ̝ ʁ̝ ħ̝ ʕ̝
ɦ̝
lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ
ɬʰ ɮʱ
ɬ̠ ɮ̠ 𝼆 ʎ̝ (laminal)
ɭ˔ (apical)
𝼄 ʟ̝
laminal sibilant s̻̪ z̻̪ ( )
s͇ʰ z͇ʱ
(s̻̠ z̻̠)
ʃ̻ ʒ̻ (domed)
ŝ (ʆ ʓ) (closed)
ɕ ʑ
ɕʰ ʑʱ
apical sibilant s̺̪ z̺̪ (s̺̠ z̺̠)
ʃ̺ ʒ̺
ʃʰ ʒʱ
ʂ ʐ
ʂʰ ʐʱ
fricative trill r̝̊ ʀ̝̊ ʀ̝ ʜ ʢ
fricative flap ɾ̞̊ ɾ̞
nasalized fricative ɸ̃ β̃ θ̃ ð̃ ʃ̃ ʒ̃

Occurrence

[edit]

Until its extinction, Ubykh may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including /h/), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the IPA. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of the world's languages have no phonemic fricatives at all.[9] This is a typical feature of Australian Aboriginal languages, where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to plosives or approximants, but also occurs in some indigenous languages of New Guinea and South America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas [h] is entirely unknown in indigenous Australian languages, most of the other languages without true fricatives do have [h] in their consonant inventory.

Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as Mandarin Chinese, Korean, and the Austronesian languages, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as [z] and [v], which are familiar to many European speakers. In some Dravidian languages they occur as allophones. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing contrasts.[10]

About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have unpaired voiced fricatives, i.e. a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair.[11]

This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from lenition of plosives or fortition of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have [ʒ] but lack [ʃ]. (Relatedly, several languages have the voiced affricate [] but lack [tʃ], and vice versa.) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are – in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences – [ʝ], [β], [ð], [ʁ] and [ɣ].

Acoustics

[edit]

Fricatives appear in waveforms as somewhat random noise caused by the turbulent airflow, upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced.[12] Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back.[13] The centre of gravity (CoG), i.e. the average frequency in a spectrum weighted by the amplitude (also known as spectral mean), may be used to determine the place of articulation of a fricative relative to that of another.[14]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ There are likely to be more aspirated, murmured and nasal fricatives than shown here. ⟨s̄ ṣ ŝ⟩ are not IPA transcription.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  2. ^ "Definition of Frication". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  3. ^ Lodge, Ken (2009). A Critical Introduction to Phonetics. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2.
  4. ^ Pountain (2014) Exploring the Spanish Language, p. 18
  5. ^ John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p 695.
  6. ^ Laufer (1991:91)
  7. ^ Guillaume Jacques 2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi, Lingua 121.9:1518-1538
  8. ^ Laver (1994: 255–256) Principles of Phonetics
  9. ^ Maddieson, Ian. 2008. "Absence of Common Consonants". In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 18. Accessed on 2008-09-15.
  10. ^ Maddieson, Ian. "Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives", in Martin Haspelmath et al. (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures, pp. 26–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-925591-1.
  11. ^ Maddieson, Ian. Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-521-26536-3.
  12. ^ Zsiga, Elizabeth C. (2013). The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4051-9103-6.
  13. ^ Johnson, Keith (2012). Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 162–3. ISBN 978-1-4051-9466-2.
  14. ^ Kiss, Zoltán G. (2013). "Measuring acoustic correlates of voicing in stops and fricatives". In Szigetvári, Péter (ed.). VLlxx: Papers Presented to László Varga on His 70th Birthday. Budapest: Department of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University.

Sources

[edit]
  • Laufer, Asher (1991), «Фонетическое представление: глоттальные фрикативы», журнал Международной фонетической ассоциации , 21 (2): 91–93, doi : 10.1017/s00251003000044448 , s2cid   145231104
[ редактировать ]
Arc.Ask3.Ru: конец переведенного документа.
Arc.Ask3.Ru
Номер скриншота №: a8a1eb8a03e851edd0a8f6cfe868aaee__1725481140
URL1:https://arc.ask3.ru/arc/aa/a8/ee/a8a1eb8a03e851edd0a8f6cfe868aaee.html
Заголовок, (Title) документа по адресу, URL1:
Fricative - Wikipedia
Данный printscreen веб страницы (снимок веб страницы, скриншот веб страницы), визуально-программная копия документа расположенного по адресу URL1 и сохраненная в файл, имеет: квалифицированную, усовершенствованную (подтверждены: метки времени, валидность сертификата), открепленную ЭЦП (приложена к данному файлу), что может быть использовано для подтверждения содержания и факта существования документа в этот момент времени. Права на данный скриншот принадлежат администрации Ask3.ru, использование в качестве доказательства только с письменного разрешения правообладателя скриншота. Администрация Ask3.ru не несет ответственности за информацию размещенную на данном скриншоте. Права на прочие зарегистрированные элементы любого права, изображенные на снимках принадлежат их владельцам. Качество перевода предоставляется как есть. Любые претензии, иски не могут быть предъявлены. Если вы не согласны с любым пунктом перечисленным выше, вы не можете использовать данный сайт и информация размещенную на нем (сайте/странице), немедленно покиньте данный сайт. В случае нарушения любого пункта перечисленного выше, штраф 55! (Пятьдесят пять факториал, Денежную единицу (имеющую самостоятельную стоимость) можете выбрать самостоятельно, выплаичвается товарами в течение 7 дней с момента нарушения.)