Замбия

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Республика Замбия Провинция   ( море Замбия
Флаг Герб
Девиз: «Замбия, я думаю, икало чимо»
Гимн: « Стойте и пойте за Замбию, гордую и свободную ». Продолжительность: 1 минута 53 секунды. 1:53
Capital and largest city	Lusaka 15°25′S 28°17′E
Official languages	English
Recognised regional languages	show List 28.5% Bemba 13.8% Nyanja 11.4% Tonga 10.6% Tumbuka 5.5% Lozi 4.5% Chewa 3.0% Nsenga 1.9% Lunda 1.9% Kaonde 1.8% Lala 1.8% Lamba 1.7% English 1.5% Luvale 1.3% Mambwe 1.2% Lenje 1.2% Namwanga 1.0% Bisa 0.9% Ushi 0.7% Ila 0.7% Mbunda 0.7% Ngoni 0.7% Senga 0.6% Lungu 0.5% Toka-Leya 4.7% others
Ethnic groups (2010)	show List 19.0% Bemba 13.6% Tonga 7.5% Tumbuka 6.0% Chewa 5.7% Lozi 5.3% Nsenga 3.0% Ngoni 3.1% Lala 3.9% Kaonde 2.8% Namwanga 2.6% Lunda (Northern) 2.5% Mambwe 2.2% Luvale 2.4% Lamba 1.9% Ushi 1.6% Bisa 1.6% Lenje 1.2% Mbunda 0.9% Lunda (Luapula) 0.9% Senga 0.8% Ila 0.8% Lungu 0.7% Tabwa 0.7% Soli 0.7% Kunda 0.6% Ngumbo 0.5% Chishinga 0.5% Chokwe 0.5% Nkoya 5.4% other ethnics 0.8% major racial 0.4% unclassified
Religion	Christianity (official)
Demonym(s)	Zambian
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Hakainde Hichilema
• Vice-President	Mutale Nalumango
• Speaker	Nelly Mutti
• Chief Justice	Mumba Mulila
Legislature	National Assembly of Zambia
Independence  from the United Kingdom
• North-Western Rhodesia	27 June 1890
• Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia	28 November 1899
• North-Eastern Rhodesia	29 January 1900
• Amalgamation of Northern Rhodesia	17 August 1911
• Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland	1 August 1953
• Republic of Zambia	24 October 1964
• Current constitution	5 January 2016
Area
• Total	752,617 km2 (290,587 sq mi) (38th)
• Water (%)	1
Population
• 2023 estimate	20,216,029 (63rd)
• Density	17.2/km2 (44.5/sq mi) (191st)
GDP (PPP)	2023 estimate
• Total	$83.687 billion (100th)
• Per capita	$4,068 (155th)
GDP (nominal)	2023 estimate
• Total	$29.536 billion (113th)
• Per capita	$1,435 (159th)
Gini (2015)	57.1 high
HDI (2022)	0.569 medium (153rd)
Currency	Zambian kwacha (ZMW)
Time zone	UTC+2 (CAT)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	left
Calling code	+260
ISO 3166 code	ZM
Internet TLD	.zm

Замбия , официально Республика Замбия , Это страна, не имеющая выхода к морю, на перекрестке Центральной , Южной и Восточной Африки . Обычно его называют Юго-Центральной Африкой или Южной Африкой. Граничит на севере с Демократической Республикой Конго , Танзанией на северо-востоке, Малави на востоке, Мозамбиком на юго-востоке, Зимбабве и Ботсваной на юге, Намибией на юго-западе и Анголой на западе. Столица Замбии — Лусака , расположена в юго-центральной части Замбии. Население сконцентрировано в основном вокруг Лусаки на юге и провинции Коппербелт на севере, основных экономических центров страны.

Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. Following European explorers in the 18th century, the British colonised the region into the British protectorates of Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia towards the end of the 19th century. These were merged in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. For most of the colonial period, Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company.

On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from 1964 until 1991. Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy, cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. From 1972 to 1991, Zambia was a one-party state with UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto "One Zambia, One Nation" coined by Kaunda. Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, beginning a period of socio-economic development and government decentralisation. Zambia has since become a multi-party state and has experienced several peaceful transitions of power.

Zambia contains abundant natural resources, including minerals, wildlife, forestry, freshwater, and arable land. In 2010, the World Bank named Zambia among the top 10 reformers in the World Bank's Ease of doing business index. As of the latest estimate in 2018, 47.9 percent of the population is affected by multidimensional poverty. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is headquartered in Lusaka.

Etymology

Further information: Rhodesia (name)

The territory of Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia from 1911 to 1964. It was renamed Zambia in October 1964 on its independence from British rule. The name Zambia derives from the Zambezi River (Zambezi may mean "the grand river").

History

Main article: History of Zambia

Prehistoric era

Archaeological excavation work on the Zambezi Valley and Kalambo Falls shows a succession of human cultures. Ancient camp site tools near the Kalambo Falls have been radiocarbon dated to more than 36,000 years ago.

The fossil skull remains of Broken Hill Man (also known as Kabwe Man), dated between 300,000 and 125,000 years BC, further shows that the area was inhabited by early humans. Broken Hill Man was discovered in Zambia in Kabwe District.

Khoisan and Batwa

Ancient (but graffitied) Rock Art in Nsalu Cave, Kasanka National Park in North-Central Zambia.

Modern Zambia once was inhabited by the Khoisan and Batwa peoples until around AD 300, when migrating Bantu began to settle the areas. It is believed the Khoisan people originated in East Africa and spread southwards around 150,000 years ago. The Twa people were split into two groups: the Kafwe Twa lived around the Kafue Flats and the Lukanga Twa who lived around the Lukanga Swamp. Many examples of ancient rock art in Zambia, like the Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, and Nachikufu Cave, are attributed to these early hunter-gatherers.The Khoisan and especially the Twa formed a patron-client relationship with farming Bantu peoples across central and southern Africa but were eventually either displaced by or absorbed into the Bantu groups.

The Bantu (Abantu)

The Bantu people or Abantu (meaning people) are an enormous and diverse ethnolinguistic group that comprise the majority of people in much of eastern, southern and central Africa. Due to Zambia's location at the crossroads of Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the African Great Lakes, the history of the people that constitute modern Zambians is a history of these three regions.

Many of the historical events in these three regions happened simultaneously, and thus Zambia's history, like that of many African nations, cannot be presented perfectly chronologically. The early history of the peoples of modern Zambia is deduced from oral records, archaeology, and written records, mostly from non-Africans.

Bantu origins

Batonga fisherwomen in Southern Zambia. Women have played and continue to play pivotal roles in many African societies.

The Bantu people originally lived in West and Central Africa around what is today Cameroon and Nigeria. Around 5000 years ago they began a millennia-long expansion into much of the continent. This event has been called the Bantu expansion; it was one of the largest human migrations in history. The Bantu are believed to have been the first to have brought iron working technology into large parts of Africa. The Bantu Expansion happened primarily through two routes: a western one via the Congo Basin and an eastern one via the African Great Lakes.

First Bantu settlement

The first Bantu people to arrive in Zambia came through the eastern route via the African Great Lakes. They arrived around the first millennium C.E, and among them were the Tonga people (also called Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" meaning "men") and the Ba-Ila and Namwanga and other related groups, who settled around Southern Zambia near Zimbabwe. Ba-Tonga oral records indicate that they came from the east near the "big sea".

They were later joined by the Ba-Tumbuka who settled around Eastern Zambia and Malawi.

These first Bantu people lived in large villages. They lacked an organised unit under a chief or headman and worked as a community and helped each other in times of field preparation for their crops. Villages moved around frequently as the soil became exhausted as a result of the slash-and-burn technique of planting crops. The people also kept large herds of cattle, which formed an important part of their societies.

Ruins of Great Zimbabwe. Kalanga/Shona rulers of this kingdom dominated trade at Ingombe Ilede.

The first Bantu communities in Zambia were highly self-sufficient. Early European missionaries who settled in Southern Zambia noted the independence of these Bantu societies. One of these missionaries noted: "[If] weapons for war, hunting, and domestic purposes are needed, the [Tonga] man goes to the hills and digs until he finds the iron ore. He smelts it and with the iron thus obtained makes axes, hoes, and other useful implements. He burns wood and makes charcoal for his forge. His bellows are made from the skins of animals and the pipes are clay tile, and the anvil and hammers are also pieces of the iron he has obtained. He moulds, welds, shapes, and performs all the work of the ordinary blacksmith."

These early Bantu settlers also participated in the trade at the site Ingombe Ilede (which translates to sleeping cow in Chi-Tonga because the fallen baobab tree appears to resemble a cow) in Southern Zambia. At this trading site they met numerous Kalanga/Shona traders from Great Zimbabwe and Swahili traders from the East African Swahili coast. Ingombe Ilede was one of the most important trading posts for rulers of Great Zimbabwe, others being the Swahili port cities like Sofala.

The goods traded at Ingombe Ilede included fabrics, beads, gold, and bangles. Some of these items came from what is today southern Democratic Republic of Congo and Kilwa Kisiwani while others came from as far away as India, China and the Arab world. The African traders were later joined by the Portuguese in the 16th century.

The decline of Great Zimbabwe, due to increasing trade competition from other Kalanga/Shona kingdoms like Khami and Mutapa, spelt the end of Ingombe Ilede.

Second Bantu settlement

The second mass settlement of Bantu people into Zambia was of people groups that are believed to have taken the western route of the Bantu migration through the Congo Basin. These Bantu people spent the majority of their existence in what is today the Democratic Republic of Congo and are ancestors of the majority of modern Zambians.

While there is some evidence that the Bemba people or AbaBemba have a strong ancient connection to the Kongo Kingdom through BaKongo ruler Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba, this is not well documented.

Luba-Lunda states

Drawing of the ruler of Lunda, Mwata Kazembe, receiving Portuguese in the royal courtyard in the 1800s

The Bemba, along with other related groups like the Lamba, Bisa, Senga, Kaonde, Swaka, Nkoya and Soli, formed integral parts of the Luba Kingdom in Upemba part of the Democratic Republic of Congo and have a strong relation to the BaLuba people. The area which the Luba Kingdom occupied has been inhabited by early farmers and iron workers since the 300s C.E.

Over time these communities learned to use nets and harpoons, make dugout canoes, clear canals through swamps and make dams as high as 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in). As a result, they grew a diverse economy trading fish, copper and iron items and salt for goods from other parts of Africa, like the Swahili coast and, later on, the Portuguese. From these communities arose the Luba Kingdom in the 14th century.

The Luba Kingdom was a large kingdom with a centralised government and smaller independent chiefdoms. It had large trading networks that linked the forests in the Congo Basin and the mineral-rich plateaus of what is today Copperbelt Province and stretched from the Atlantic coast to the Indian Ocean coast. The arts were also held in high esteem in the kingdom, and artisans were held in high regard.

Literature was well developed in the Luba Kingdom. One renowned Luba genesis story that articulated the distinction between two types of Luba emperors goes as follows:

Nkongolo Mwamba, the red king, and Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, a prince of legendary black complexion. Nkongolo Mwamba is the drunken and cruel despot, Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe the refined and gentle prince. Nkongolo the Red is a man without manners, a man who eats in public, gets drunk, and cannot control himself, whereas [Ilunga] Mbidi Kiluwe is a man of reservation, obsessed with good manners; he does not eat in public, controls his language and his behaviour, and keeps a distance from the vices and modus vivendi of ordinary people. Nkongolo Mwamba symbolizes the embodiment of tyranny, whereas Mbidi Kiluwe remains the admired caring and compassionate kin.

A drawing of Lunda houses by a Portuguese visitor. The size of the doorways relative to the building emphasizes the scale of the buildings.

In the same region of Southern Congo the Lunda people were made into a satellite of the Luba empire and adopted forms of Luba culture and governance, thus becoming the Lunda Empire to the south. According to Lunda genesis myths, a Luba hunter named Chibinda Ilunga, son of Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, introduced the Luba model of statecraft to the Lunda sometime around 1600 when he married a local Lunda princess named Lueji and was granted control of her kingdom. Most rulers who claimed descent from Luba ancestors were integrated into the Luba empire. The Lunda kings, however, remained separate and actively expanded their political and economic dominance over the region.

The Lunda, like its parent state Luba, also traded with both coasts, the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. While ruler Mwaant Yaav Naweej had established trade routes to the Atlantic coast and initiated direct contact with European traders eager for slaves and forest products and controlling the regional Copper trade, and settlements around Lake Mweru regulated commerce with the East African coast.

The Luba-Lunda states eventually declined as a result of both Atlantic slave trade in the west and Indian Ocean slave trade in the east and wars with breakaway factions of the kingdoms. The Chokwe, a group that is closely related to the Luvale and formed a Lunda satellite state, initially suffered from the European demand for slaves, but once they broke away from the Lunda state, they themselves became notorious slave traders, exporting slaves to both coasts.

The Chokwe eventually were defeated by the other ethnic groups and the Portuguese. This instability caused the collapse of the Luba-Lunda states and a dispersal of people into various parts of Zambia from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The majority of Zambians trace their ancestry to the Luba-Lunda and surrounding Central African states.

The Maravi Confederacy

In the 1200s, before the founding of the Luba-Lunda states, a group of Bantu people started migrating from the Congo Basin to Lake Mweru then finally settled around Lake Malawi. These migrants are believed to have been one of the inhabitants around the Upemba area in the Democratic Republic of Congo. By the 1400s these groups of migrants collectively called the Maravi, and most prominently among them was the Chewa people (AChewa), who started assimilating other Bantu groups like the Tumbuka.

The kalonga (ruler) of the AChewa today descends from the kalonga of the Maravi Empire.

In 1480 the Maravi Empire was founded by the kalonga (paramount chief of the Maravi) from the Phiri clan, one of the main clans, with the others being Banda, Mwale and Nkhoma. The Maravi Empire stretched from the Indian Ocean through what today is Mozambique to Zambia and large parts of Malawi. The political organization of the Maravi resembled that of the Luba and is believed to have originated from there. The primary export of the Maravi was ivory, which was transported to Swahili brokers.

Iron was also manufactured and exported. In the 1590s the Portuguese endeavoured to take monopoly over Maravi export trade. This attempt was met with outrage by the Maravi of Lundu, who unleashed their WaZimba armed force. The WaZimba sacked the Portuguese trade towns of Tete, Sena and various other towns.

The Maravi are also believed to have brought the traditions that would become Nyau secret society from Upemba. The Nyau form the cosmology or indigenous religion of the people of Maravi. The Nyau society consists of ritual dance performances and masks used for the dances; this belief system spread around the region.

The Maravi declined as a result of succession disputes within the confederacy, attack by the Ngoni and slave raids from the Yao.

Mutapa Empire and Mfecane

Three young Ngoni chiefs. The Ngoni made their way into Eastern Zambia from KwaZulu in South Africa. They eventually assimilated into the local ethnic groups.

As Great Zimbabwe was in decline, one of its princes, Nyatsimba Mutota, broke away from the state forming a new empire called Mutapa. The title of Mwene Mutapa, meaning "Ravager of the Lands", was bestowed on him and subsequent rulers.

The Mutapa Empire ruled territory between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, in what is now Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, from the 14th to the 17th century. By its, peak Mutapa had conquered the Dande area of the Tonga and Tavara. The Mutapa Empire predominately engaged in the Indian Ocean transcontinental trade with and via the WaSwahili. The primary exported gold and ivory for silk and ceramics from Asia.

Like their contemporaries in Maravi, Mutapa had problems with the arriving Portuguese traders. The peak of this uneasy relationship was reached when the Portuguese attempted to influence the kingdoms internal affairs by establishing markets in the kingdom and converting the population to Christianity. This action caused outrage by the Muslim WaSwahili living in the capital, this chaos gave the Portuguese the excuse they were searching for to warrant an attack on the kingdom and try to control its gold mines and ivory routes. This attack failed when the Portuguese succumbed to disease along the Zambezi river.

In the 1600s internal disputes and civil war began the decline of Mutapa. The weakened kingdom was finally conquered by the Portuguese and was eventually taken over by rival Shona states.

The Portuguese also had vast estates, known as Prazos, and they used slaves and ex-slaves as security guards and hunters. They trained the men in military tactics and gave them guns. These men became expert elephant hunters and were known as the Chikunda. After the decline of the Portuguese the Chikunda made their way to Zambia.

Inside the palace of the Litunga, ruler of the Lozi. Due to the flooding on the Zambezi, the Litunga has two palaces one of which is on higher ground. The movement of Litunga to higher land is celebrated at the Kuomboka Ceremony

It is hypothesised by Julian Cobbing that the presence of early Europeans slave trading and attempts to control resources in various parts of Bantu-speaking Africa caused the gradual militarization of the people in the region. This can be observed with the Maravi's WaZimba warrior caste, who, once defeating the Portuguese, remained quite militaristic afterwards.

The Portuguese presence in the region was also a major reason for the founding of the Rozvi Empire, a breakaway state of Mutapa. The ruler of the Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, became one of the most powerful leaders in South-Central Africa's history. Under his leadership, the Rozvi defeated the Portuguese and expelled them from their trading posts along the Zambezi river.

But perhaps the most notable instance of this increased militarization was the rise of the Zulu under the leadership of Shaka. Pressures from the English colonialists in the Cape and increased militarization of the Zulu resulted in the Mfecane (the crushing). The Zulu expanded by assimilating the women and children of tribes they defeated, if the men of these Nguni tribes escaped slaughter, they used the military tactics of the Zulu to attack other groups.

This caused mass displacements, wars and raids throughout Southern, Central and Eastern Africa as Nguni or Ngoni tribes made their way throughout the region and is referred to as the Mfecane. The arriving Nguni under the leadership of Zwagendaba crossed the Zambezi river moving northwards. The Ngoni were the final blow to the already weakened Maravi Empire. Many Nguni eventually settled around what is today Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania and assimilated into neighbouring tribes.

In the western part of Zambia, another Southern African group of Sotho-Tswana heritage called the Kololo manage to conquer the local inhabitants who were migrants from the fallen Luba and Lunda states called the Luyana or Aluyi. The Luyana established the Barotse Kingdom on the floodplains of the Zambezi upon their arrival from Katanga. Under the Kololo, the Kololo language was imposed upon the Luyana until the Luyana revolted and overthrew the Kololo by this time the Luyana language was largely forgotten and a new hybrid language emerged, SiLozi and the Luyana began to refer to themselves as Lozi.

At the end of the 18th century, some of the Mbunda migrated to Barotseland, Mongu upon the migration of among others, the Ciyengele. The Aluyi and their leader, the Litunga Mulambwa, especially valued the Mbunda for their fighting ability.

By the late 18th century, most of the various peoples of Zambia were established in their current areas.

Colonial Period

Europeans

An 1864 photograph of the Scottish explorer and missionary David Livingstone.

One of the earliest recorded Europeans to visit the area was the Portuguese explorer Francisco de Lacerda in the late 18th century. Lacerda led an expedition from Mozambique to the Kazembe region in Zambia (with the goal of exploring and to crossing Southern Africa from coast to coast for the first time), and died during the expedition in 1798. The expedition was from then on led by his friend Francisco Pinto. This territory, located between Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Angola, was claimed and explored by Portugal in that period.

Other European visitors followed in the 19th century. The most prominent of these was David Livingstone, who had a vision of ending the slave trade through the "3 Cs": Christianity, Commerce, and Civilisation. He was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the Zambezi River in 1855, naming them the Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. He described them thus: "Scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight".

Locally the falls are known as "Mosi-o-Tunya" or "thundering smoke" in the Lozi or Kololo dialect. The town of Livingstone, near the Falls, is named after him. Highly publicised accounts of his journeys motivated a wave of European visitors, missionaries and traders after his death in 1873.

British South Africa Company

In 1888, the British South Africa Company (BSA Company), led by Cecil Rhodes, obtained mineral rights from the Litunga of the Lozi people, the Paramount Chief of the Lozi (Ba-rotse) for the area which later became Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.

To the east, in December 1897 a group of the Angoni or Ngoni (originally from Zululand) rebelled under Tsinco, son of King Mpezeni, but the rebellion was put down, and Mpezeni accepted the Pax Britannica. That part of the country then came to be known as North-Eastern Rhodesia. In 1895, Rhodes asked his American scout Frederick Russell Burnham to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the region, and it was during this trek that Burnham discovered major copper deposits along the Kafue River.

North-Eastern Rhodesia and Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia were administered as separate units until 1911 when they were merged to form Northern Rhodesia, a British protectorate. In 1923, the BSA Company ceded control of Northern Rhodesia to the British Government after the government decided not to renew the company's charter.

British colonisation

In 1923, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), a conquered territory which was also administered by the BSA Company, became a self-governing British colony. In 1924, after negotiations, the administration of Northern Rhodesia transferred to the British Colonial Office.

Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

In 1953, the creation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland grouped together Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland (now Malawi) as a single semi-autonomous region. This was undertaken despite opposition from a sizeable minority of the population, who demonstrated against it in 1960–61. Northern Rhodesia was the center of much of the turmoil and crisis characterizing the federation in its last years. Initially, Harry Nkumbula's African National Congress (ANC) led the campaign, which Kenneth Kaunda's United National Independence Party (UNIP) subsequently took up.

Independence

Kenneth Kaunda, first Republican president, on a state visit to Romania in 1970

A two-stage election held in October and December 1962 resulted in an African majority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition between the two African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for Northern Rhodesia's secession from the federation and demanding full internal self-government under a new constitution and a new National Assembly based on a broader, more democratic franchise.

The federation was dissolved on 31 December 1963, and in January 1964, Kaunda won the only election for Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia. The Colonial Governor, Sir Evelyn Hone, was very close to Kaunda and urged him to stand for the post. Soon after, there was an uprising in the north of the country known as the Lumpa Uprising led by Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.

Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with Kenneth Kaunda as the first president. At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. This expertise was provided in part by John Willson CMG There were over 70,000 Europeans resident in Zambia in 1964, and they remained of disproportionate economic significance.

Post Independence

Kaunda's endorsement of Patriotic Front guerrillas conducting raids into neighbouring (Southern) Rhodesia resulted in political tension and a militarisation of the border, leading to its closure in 1973. The Kariba hydroelectric station on the Zambezi River provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity, despite Rhodesian management.

The geopolitical situation during the Rhodesian Bush War in 1965 – countries friendly to the nationalists are coloured orange.

On 3 September 1978, civilian airliner, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, was shot down near Kariba by the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). 18 people, including children, survived the crash only for most of them to be shot by militants of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) led by Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia responded with Operation Gatling, an attack on Nkomo's guerilla bases in Zambia, in particular, his military headquarters just outside Lusaka; this raid became known as the Green Leader Raid. On the same day, two more bases in Zambia were attacked using air power and elite paratroops and helicopter-borne troops.

A railway (TAZARA – Tanzania Zambia Railways) to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, completed in 1975 with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railway lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly troubled Portuguese Angola. Until the completion of the railway, Zambia's major artery for imports and the critical export of copper was along the TanZam Road, running from Zambia to the port cities in Tanzania. The Tazama oil pipeline was also built from Dar es Salaam to Ndola in Zambia.

By the late 1970s, Mozambique and Angola had attained independence from Portugal. Rhodesia's predominantly white government, which issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, accepted majority rule under the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979.

Civil strife in both Portuguese colonies and a mounting Namibian War of Independence resulted in an influx of refugees and compounded transportation issues. The Benguela railway, which extended west through Angola, was essentially closed to Zambian traffic by the late 1970s. Zambia's support for anti-apartheid movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) also created security problems as the South African Defence Force struck at dissident targets during external raids.

In 1989, two of Zambia's natural sites, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park and Victoria Falls were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Economic troubles

In the mid-1970s, the price of copper, Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide. In Zambia's situation, the cost of transporting the copper great distances to the market was an additional strain. Zambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but, as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its growing debt. By the mid-1990s, despite limited debt relief, Zambia's per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the world.

Democratisation

In June 1990 riots against Kaunda accelerated. Many protesters were killed by the regime in breakthrough June 1990 protests. In 1990 Kaunda survived an attempted coup, and in 1991 he agreed to reinstate multiparty democracy, having instituted one-party rule under the Choma Commission of 1972. Following multiparty elections, Kaunda was removed from office (see below).

In the 2000s, the economy stabilised, attaining single-digit inflation in 2006–2007, real GDP growth, decreasing interest rates, and increasing levels of trade. Much of its growth is due to foreign investment in mining and to higher world copper prices. All this led to Zambia being courted enthusiastically by aid donors and saw a surge in investor confidence in the country.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Zambia

Zambia National Assembly building in Lusaka

Politics in Zambia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Zambia is both head of state and head of government in a pluriform multi-party system. The government exercises executive power, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.

Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. From 2011 to 2014, Zambia's president had been Michael Sata, until Sata died on 28 October 2014. After Sata's death, Vice President Guy Scott, a Zambian of Scottish descent, became acting President of Zambia. Presidential elections were held on 22 January 2015. A total number of 11 presidential candidates contested in the election and On 24 January 2015, it was announced that Edgar Chagwa Lungu had won the election to become the 6th President in a tightly contested race. He won 48.33% of the vote, a lead of 1.66% over his closest rival, Hakainde Hichilema, with 46.67%. Nine other candidates all got less than 1% each. In August 2016 Zambian general election president Edgar Lungu won re-election narrowly in the first round of the election. The opposition had allegations of fraud and the governing Patriotic Front (PF) rejected the allegations made by opposition UPND party.

In the 2021 general elections, characterised by a 70% voter turnout, Hakainde Hichilema won 59% of the vote, with his closest rival, incumbent president Edgar Chagwa Lungu, receiving 39% of the vote. On 16 August Edgar Lungu conceded in a TV statement, sending a letter and congratulating president-elect Hakainde Hichilema. On 24 August 2021, Hakainde Hichilema was sworn in as the new President of Zambia.

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of Zambia

President Edgar Lungu with Russian President Vladimir Putin, 26 July 2018

After independence in 1964, the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in Southern Africa, such as the African National Congress and SWAPO. During the Cold War, Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Military

Main article: Zambian Defence Force

The Zambian Defence Force (ZDF) consists of the Zambia Army (ZA), the Zambia Air Force (ZAF), and the Zambian National Service (ZNS). The ZDF is designed primarily against external threats.

In 2019, Zambia signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

Administrative divisions

Further information: Provinces of Zambia

Zambia is administratively divided into ten provinces subdivided into 117 districts, and electorally into 156 constituencies and 1,281 wards.

Provinces

1. Central Province
2. Copperbelt
3. Eastern Province
4. Luapula
5. Lusaka
6. Muchinga
7. North-Western Province
8. Northern Province
9. Southern Province
10. Western Province

Human rights

See also: Human rights in Zambia and LGBT rights in Zambia

The government is sensitive to any opposition and criticism and has been quick to prosecute critics using the legal pretext that they had incited public disorder. Libel laws are used to suppress free speech and the press.

Same-sex sexual activity is illegal for both males and females in Zambia. A 2010 survey revealed that only 2% of Zambians find homosexuality to be morally acceptable.

In December 2019, it was reported that United States Ambassador to Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote was "horrified" by Zambia's jailing of same-sex couple Japhet Chataba and Steven Samba. After an appeal failed and the couple was sentenced to 15 years in prison, Foote asked the Zambian government to review both the case and the country's anti-homosexuality laws. Foote faced a backlash and canceled public appearances after he was threatened on social media, and was subsequently recalled after President Lungu declared him persona non grata.

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Zambia and Geology of Zambia

Zambia map of Köppen climate classification.

Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa, with a tropical climate, and consists mostly of high plateaus with some hills and mountains, dissected by river valleys. At 752,614 km² (290,586 sq mi) it is the 39th-largest country in the world, slightly smaller than Chile. The country lies mostly between latitudes 8° and 18°S, and longitudes 22° and 34°E.

Zambia is drained by two major river basins: the Zambezi/Kafue basin in the center, west, and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the Congo basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania.

In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the Cuando River floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the Chobe River that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most are lost by evaporation.

Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and Luangwa town respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and eventually into the Mozambique Channel.

The Zambezi falls about 100 metres (328 ft) over the 1.6-kilometre-wide (1-mile) Victoria Falls, located in the southwest corner of the country, subsequently flowing into Lake Kariba. The Zambezi valley, running along the southern border, is both deep and wide. From Lake Kariba going east, it is formed by grabens and like the Luangwa, Mweru-Luapula, Mweru-wa-Ntipa and Lake Tanganyika valleys, is a rift valley.

The north of Zambia is very flat with broad plains. In the west the most notable being the Barotse Floodplain on the Zambezi, which floods from December to June, lagging behind the annual rainy season (typically November to April). The flood dominates the natural environment and the lives, society, and culture of the inhabitants and those of other smaller, floodplains throughout the country.

Victoria Falls

In Eastern Zambia the plateau which extends between the Zambezi and Lake Tanganyika valleys is tilted upwards to the north, and so rises imperceptibly from about 900 m (2,953 ft) in the south to 1,200 m (3,937 ft) in the centre, reaching 1,800 m (5,906 ft) in the north near Mbala. These plateau areas of northern Zambia have been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as a large section of the Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.

Eastern Zambia shows great diversity. The Luangwa Valley splits the plateau in a curve north-east to south-west, extended west into the heart of the plateau by the deep valley of the Lunsemfwa River. Hills and mountains are found by the side of some sections of the valley, notably in its north-east the Nyika Plateau (2,200 m or 7,218 ft) on the Malawi border, which extend into Zambia as the Mafinga Hills, containing the country's highest point, Mafinga Central (2,339 m or 7,674 ft).

The Muchinga Mountains, the watershed between the Zambezi and Congo drainage basins, run parallel to the deep valley of the Luangwa River and form a sharp backdrop to its northern edge, although they are almost everywhere below 1,700 m (5,577 ft). Their culminating peak Mumpu is at the western end and at 1,892 m (6,207 ft) is the highest point in Zambia away from the eastern border region. The border of the Congo Pedicle was drawn around this mountain.

The southernmost headstream of the Congo River rises in Zambia and flows west through its northern area firstly as the Chambeshi and then, after the Bangweulu Swamps as the Luapula, which forms part of the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Luapula flows south then west before it turns north until it enters Lake Mweru. The lake's other major tributary is the Kalungwishi River, which flows into it from the east. The Luvua River drains Lake Mweru, flowing out of the northern end to the Lualaba River (Upper Congo River).

Lake Tanganyika is the other major hydrographic feature that belongs to the Congo basin. Its south-eastern end receives water from the Kalambo River, which forms part of Zambia's border with Tanzania. This river has Africa's second highest uninterrupted waterfall, the Kalambo Falls.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Zambia

Zambia is located on the plateau of Central Africa, between 1,000 and 1,600 metres (3,300 and 5,200 ft) above sea level. The average elevation of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) gives the land a generally moderate climate. The climate of Zambia is tropical, modified by elevation. In the Köppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small stretches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west and along the Zambezi valley.

There are two main seasons, the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May/June to October/November), corresponding to winter. The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May/June to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November). The modifying influence of altitude gives the country pleasant subtropical weather rather than tropical conditions during the cool season of May to August. However, average monthly temperatures remain above 20 °C (68 °F) over most of the country for eight or more months of the year.

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of Zambia

The official national animal of Zambia is the African fish eagle.

There are numerous ecosystems in Zambia, such as forest, thicket, woodland and grassland vegetation types.

In 2015, Zambia was reported to have approximately 12,505 identified species: 63% animal species, 33% plant species and 4% bacterial species and other microorganisms.

There are an estimated 3,543 species of wild flowering plants, consisting of sedges, herbaceous plants and woody plants. The Northern and North-Western provinces of the country especially have the highest diversity of flowering plants. Approximately 53% of flowering plants are rare and occur throughout the country.

A total of 242 mammal species are found in the country, with most occupying the woodland and grassland ecosystems. The Rhodesian giraffe and Kafue lechwe are some of the well-known subspecies that are endemic to Zambia.

An estimated 757 bird species have been seen in the country, of which 600 are either resident or Afrotropic migrants; 470 breed in the country; and 100 are non-breeding migrants. The Zambian barbet is a species endemic to Zambia.

Roughly 490 known fish species, belonging to 24 fish families, have been reported in Zambia, with Lake Tanganyika having the highest number of endemic species.

The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.5/10, ranking it 39th globally out of 172 countries.

Demographics

Historical population

Year Pop. ±% 1911 821,536 —     1921 983,835 +19.8% 1931 1,344,447 +36.7% 1946 1,683,828 +25.2% 1951 1,930,842 +14.7% 1956 2,172,304 +12.5% 1963 3,490,540 +60.7%	Year Pop. ±% 1969 4,056,995 +16.2% 1980 5,661,801 +39.6% 1990 7,383,097 +30.4% 2000 9,885,591 +33.9% 2010 13,092,666 +32.4% 2022 19,610,769 +49.8%
Note: In censuses carried out during the British colonial administration prior to 1963, the black African population was estimated rather than counted. Source: Central Statistical Office, Zambia

Main article: Demographics of Zambia

As of the 2022 Zambian census, Zambia's population was 19,610,769. Zambia is racially and ethnically diverse, with 73 distinct ethnic groups. During its colonial administration by the British between 1911 and 1963, the country attracted immigrants from Europe and the Indian subcontinent, the latter of whom came as indentured workers. While most Europeans left after the collapse of white-minority rule, many Asians remained. Zambia is home to a growing Asian community, with a majority being of Indian and Chinese descent.

The Mwata Kazembe opens the Mutomboko ceremony

In the first census—conducted on 7 May 1911—there were a total of 1,497 Europeans; 39 Asiatics and an estimated 820,000 black Africans. Black Africans were not counted in the six censuses conducted in 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1951 and 1956, prior to independence, but their population was estimated. By 1956, there were 65,277 Europeans, 5,450 Asiatics, 5,450 coloureds and an estimated 2,100,000 black Africans.

The main ethnic groups in Zambia are Bemba 3.3 million (33.6%), Nyanja 1.8 million (18.2%), Tonga 1.7 million (16.8%), North-Western peoples 1 million (10.3%), Lozi (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Mambwe 580,000 (5.9%), Tumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Lamba 165,000 (2%), Asians 11,900 and Europeans 6,200.

In the 2010 population census, 99.2% were black Africans and 0.8% consisted of other racial groups.

Zambia is one of the most highly urbanised countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 44% of the population concentrated along the major transport corridors, while rural areas are sparsely populated. The fertility rate was 6.2 as of 2007 (6.1 in 1996, 5.9 in 2001–02).

Largest towns

Further information: List of cities and towns in Zambia

The onset of industrial copper mining on the Copperbelt in the late 1920s triggered rapid urbanisation. Although urbanisation was overestimated during the colonial period, it was substantial. Mining townships on the Copperbelt soon dwarfed existing centres of population and continued to grow rapidly following Zambian independence. Economic decline in the Copperbelt from the 1970s to the 1990s has altered patterns of urban development, but the country's population remains concentrated around the railway and roads running south from the Copperbelt through Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma and Livingstone.

Largest cities or towns in Zambia According to the 2010 Census[1]
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Lusaka Kitwe	1	Lusaka	Lusaka	1,747,152	11	Solwezi	North-Western	90,856	Ndola Kabwe
	2	Kitwe	Copperbelt	501,360	12	Mansa	Luapula	78,153
	3	Ndola	Copperbelt	451,246	13	Chililabombwe	Copperbelt	77,818
	4	Kabwe	Central	202,360	14	Mazabuka	Southern	71,700
	5	Chingola	Copperbelt	185,246	15	Kafue	Lusaka	71,573
	6	Mufulira	Copperbelt	151,309	16	Kalulushi	Copperbelt	51,863
	7	Livingstone	Southern	134,349	17	Choma	Southern	51,842
	8	Luanshya	Copperbelt	130,076	18	Mongu	Western	49,818
	9	Chipata	Eastern	116,627	19	Kapiri Mposhi	Central	44,783
	10	Kasama	Northern	101,845	20	Nakonde	Muchinga	41,836

Ethnic groups

Tribal and linguistic map of Zambia

The population comprises approximately 73 ethnic groups, most of which are Bantu-speaking. Almost 90% of Zambians belong to the nine main ethnolinguistic groups: the Nyanja-Chewa, Bemba, Tonga, Tumbuka, Lunda, Luvale, Kaonde, Nkoya and Lozi. In the rural areas, ethnic groups are concentrated in particular geographic regions. Many groups are small and not well known. However, all the ethnic groups can be found in significant numbers in Lusaka and the Copperbelt. In addition to the linguistic dimension, tribal identities are relevant in Zambia. These tribal identities are often linked to family allegiance or to traditional authorities. The tribal identities are nested within the main language groups.

Immigrants, mostly British or South African, as well as some white Zambian citizens of British descent, live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are either employed in mines, financial and related activities or retired. There were 70,000 Europeans in Zambia in 1964, but many have since left the country.

Zambia has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are Indians and Chinese. This minority group has a massive impact on the economy controlling the manufacturing sector. An estimated 80,000 Chinese reside in Zambia. In recent years, several hundred dispossessed white farmers have left Zimbabwe at the invitation of the Zambian government, to take up farming in the Southern province.

Zambia has a minority of people of colour of mixed race, also known as coloureds. Coloureds in Zambia no longer appear on the census. During colonialism, segregation separated people of colour, blacks and whites in public places including schools, hospitals, and in housing. There has been an increase in interracial relationships due to Zambia's growing economy importing labor. People of colour are not recorded on the census but are considered a minority in Zambia.

According to the World Refugee Survey 2009 published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia had a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 88,900. The majority of refugees in the country came from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (47,300 refugees from the DRC living in Zambia in 2007), Angola (27,100; see Angolans in Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) and Rwanda (4,900). Zambians are generally welcoming towards foreigners.

Beginning in May 2008, the number of Zimbabweans in Zambia began to increase significantly; the influx consisted largely of Zimbabweans formerly living in South Africa who were fleeing xenophobic violence there. Nearly 60,000 refugees live in camps in Zambia, while 50,000 are mixed in with the local populations. Refugees who wish to work in Zambia must apply for permits, which can cost up to $500 per year.

Religion

Further information: Religion in Zambia

Zambia is officially a "Christian nation" under the 1996 constitution, but recognizes and protects freedom of religion. While fewer than three per cent of the population still observe indigenous faiths, Zambian Christianity is highly syncretic, and many self-identified Christians blend elements of traditional African religion with their faith.

About three-fourths of the population adheres to one of several non-Catholic Christian denominations, including Anglicanism, New Apostolic Church, Lutheranism, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Seventh-day Adventist Church and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; many Zambians also observe broader, nondenominational Christian movements, such as Branhamism, Pentecostalism, and Evangelical denominations. Roughly one-fifth are Roman Catholic.

Christianity arrived to Zambia through European colonialism, and its wide variety of sects and movements reflect changing patterns of missionary activity; for example, Catholicism came from Portuguese Mozambique in the east, while Anglicanism reflects British influences from the south. Following its independence in 1964, Zambia saw a greater influx of other church missions from across the world, particularly North America and Germany. In subsequent decades, Western missionary roles have been assumed by native believers (except for some technical positions, such as physicians). After Frederick Chiluba, a Pentecostal Christian, became president in 1991, Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around the country.

Religious affiliation in Zambia
Religion			Per cent
Protestant			75.3%
Roman Catholic			20.2%
Animist			2.5%
Atheist			1.8%
Muslim			2.7%
Distribution of population by religious affiliation

A large number of otherwise smaller Christian denominations are disproportionately represented in Zambia. The country has one of the world's largest communities of Seventh-day Adventists on a per-capita basis, accounting for about 1 in 18 Zambians. The Lutheran Church of Central Africa has over 11,000 members in the country. Counting only active preachers, Jehovah's Witnesses, who have been present in Zambia since 1911, have over 204,000 adherents; more than 930,000 attended the annual observance of Christ's death in 2018. About 12 per cent of Zambians are members of the New Apostolic Church; with more than 1.2 million believers, the country has the third-largest community in Africa, out of a total worldwide membership of over 9 million.

Not including indigenous beliefs, non-Christian faiths total less than three per cent of the population, though are nonetheless highly visible, particularly in urban areas. Followers of the Baháʼí Faith number over 160,000, or 1.5 per cent of the population, which is among the largest communities in the world; the William Mmutle Masetlha Foundation, run by the Baháʼí community, is particularly active in areas such as literacy and primary health care.

Approximately 2.7 per cent of Zambians are Muslim, which are highly concentrated in urban areas. About 500 people belong to the Ahmadiyya community, which is widely considered a heretical sect. There is also a small but successful Jewish community, composed mostly of Ashkenazis.

Languages

Main article: Languages of Zambia

Density map of dominant regional languages

  Bemba

  Chewa

  Lozi

  Lunda

  Nyanja

  Tonga

The exact number of Zambian languages is unknown, although many texts claim that Zambia has 73 languages and/or dialects; this figure is probably due to a non-distinction between language and dialect, based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility. On this basis, the number of Zambian languages would probably be only about 20 or 30.

The official language of Zambia is English, which is used for official business and public education. The main local language, especially in Lusaka, is Nyanja (Chewa), followed by Bemba. In the Copperbelt, Bemba is the main language and Nyanja second. Bemba and Nyanja are spoken in the urban areas, in addition to other indigenous languages that are commonly spoken in Zambia. These include Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda and Luvale, which featured on the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) local-languages section.

Urbanisation has had a dramatic effect on some of the indigenous languages, including the assimilation of words from other languages. Urban dwellers sometimes differentiate between urban and rural dialects of the same language by prefixing the rural languages with 'deep'.

Таким образом, в Медном поясе большинство будет говорить на языке бемба и ньянджа; На языке ньянджа преимущественно говорят в Лусаке и Восточной Замбии. Английский используется в официальном общении и является предпочтительным языком дома среди межэтнических семей, которые теперь стали обычным явлением. Эта эволюция языков привела к тому, что замбийский сленг стал звучать в Лусаке и других крупных городах. Большинство замбийцев обычно говорят более чем на одном языке: официальном языке является английский и язык, на котором чаще всего говорят в городе или районе, где они живут. Португальский язык был введен в качестве второго языка в школьную программу из-за наличия большого количества языков. Португалоязычное сообщество Анголы. Французский язык обычно изучается в частных школах, хотя в некоторых средних школах он является факультативным предметом. введен курс немецкого языка В Университете Замбии (UNZA) .

Образование

Основная статья: Образование в Замбии

Ученицы средней школы для девочек Святой Моники в Чипате , Восточная провинция

Право на равное и адекватное образование для всех закреплено в конституции Замбии. Закон об образовании 2011 года регулирует равное и качественное образование. Министерство общего образования эффективно контролирует обеспечение качественного образования посредством политики и регулирования учебной программы.

По сути, целью образования в Замбии является содействие полному и всестороннему развитию физических, интеллектуальных, социальных, эмоциональных, моральных и духовных качеств всех учащихся. Система образования имеет три основные структуры: дошкольное образование и начальное образование (1–7 классы), среднее образование (8–12 классы) и высшее образование. Программы обучения грамоте взрослых доступны для полуграмотных и неграмотных людей.

Ежегодные расходы правительства на образование значительно варьировались по годам: от 19,6% в 2006 году до 15,3% в 2011 году и до 20,2% в 2015 году.

Здоровье

Основные статьи: Здоровье в Замбии и здравоохранение в Замбии

В Замбии наблюдается общая эпидемия ВИЧ/СПИДа , при этом национальный уровень распространенности ВИЧ среди взрослого населения составляет 12,10 процента. Однако за последнее десятилетие страна добилась прогресса: уровень распространенности ВИЧ/СПИДа среди взрослых в возрасте 15–49 лет снизился до 13 процентов в 2013/14 году по сравнению с 16 процентами примерно десятилетием ранее. Другие показатели здоровья также значительно улучшились, несмотря на то, что они остаются плохими по мировым стандартам. Уровень материнской смертности в 2014 году составил 398 на 100 000 живорождений по сравнению с 591 в 2007 году; за тот же период уровень смертности детей в возрасте до пяти лет снизился до 75 со 119 на 1000 живорождений.

Экономика

Дополнительная информация: Экономика Замбии.

В 2022 году средний объем экспорта Замбии составит от 7,5 до 8 миллиардов долларов в год. В 2018 году общий объем экспорта составил $9,1 млрд. В 2015 году около 54,4% замбийцев жили за признанной национальной чертой бедности, по сравнению с 60,5% в 2010 году. Уровень бедности в сельской местности составлял около 76,6%, а в городах - около 23,4%. Национальная черта бедности составляла 214 ЗМК (12,85 долларов США) в месяц. По последним оценкам Программы развития ООН в 2018 году , 47,9 процента населения по-прежнему страдают от многомерной бедности . Безработица и неполная занятость в городских районах являются серьезными проблемами. Большинство сельских жителей Замбии ведут натуральное хозяйство.

Расходы бюджета в 2023 году
Сектор			Процент
Общие государственные услуги			39.5%
Оборона			4.9%
Общественный порядок и безопасность			3.1%
Экономические вопросы			20.9%
Охрана окружающей среды			0.6%
Жилье и коммунальные услуги			1.5%
Здоровье			10.4%
Отдых, культура и религия			0.3%
Образование			13.9%
Социальная защита			4.9%
Расходы годового бюджета на 2023 год

Замбия заняла 117-е место из 128 стран в Индексе глобальной конкурентоспособности 2007 года , который учитывает факторы, влияющие на экономический рост. Замбия заняла 118-е место в Глобальном индексе инноваций в 2023 году. Социальные показатели продолжают снижаться, особенно по показателям ожидаемой продолжительности жизни при рождении (около 40,9 года) и материнской смертности (830 на 100 000 беременностей).

Замбия впала в нищету после падения мировых цен на медь в 1970-х годах. Социалистический режим компенсировал падение доходов несколькими неудачными попытками (SAP) Международного валютного фонда реализации программ структурной перестройки . Политика отказа от торговли через основной маршрут поставок и железнодорожную линию к морю (эта территория была известна как Родезия (с 1965 по 1979 год), а теперь известна как Зимбабве) дорого обошлась экономике. После режима Каунда (с 1991 г.) сменявшие друг друга правительства начали ограниченные реформы. Экономика находилась в стагнации до конца 1990-х годов. В 2007 году в Замбии зафиксирован девятый год подряд экономического роста. Инфляция составила 8,9% по сравнению с 30% в 2000 году.

Замбия все еще занимается такими вопросами экономической реформы, как размер государственного сектора и улучшение систем социального сектора Замбии. Экономическое регулирование и бюрократия обширны, а коррупция широко распространена. Бюрократические процедуры, окружающие процесс получения лицензий, способствуют широкому использованию платежей за упрощение формальностей. Общий внешний долг Замбии превысил 6 миллиардов долларов, когда в 2000 году страна имела право на участие в Инициативе по облегчению долгового бремени бедных стран с высоким уровнем задолженности (HIPC) при условии соблюдения определенных критериев эффективности. Первоначально Замбия надеялась достичь точки завершения программы HIPC и получить выгоду от существенного списания долга в конце 2003 года.

ВВП на душу населения (текущий) по сравнению с соседними странами (средний мировой показатель = 100)

В январе 2003 года правительство Замбии проинформировало Международный валютный фонд и Всемирный банк о своем желании пересмотреть некоторые согласованные критерии эффективности, призывающие к приватизации Национального коммерческого банка Замбии и национальных телефонных и электроэнергетических компаний. Хотя по этим вопросам были достигнуты соглашения, последующий перерасход на заработную плату государственных служащих задержал окончательное прощение долга HIPC Замбии с конца 2003 года до начала 2005 года, самое раннее. Стремясь завершить реализацию программы HIPC в 2004 году, правительство разработало бюджет жесткой экономии на 2004 год, заморозив зарплаты госслужащим и увеличив количество налогов. Повышение налогов и замораживание заработной платы в государственном секторе запретили повышение зарплат и прием новых сотрудников. Это спровоцировало общенациональную забастовку в феврале 2004 года.

Правительство Замбии реализует программу экономической диверсификации, чтобы уменьшить зависимость экономики от медной промышленности. Эта инициатива направлена ​​на использование других компонентов богатой ресурсной базы Замбии путем развития сельского хозяйства, туризма, добычи драгоценных камней и гидроэнергетики. В июле 2018 года президент Турции Реджеп Тайип Эрдоган и президент Замбии Эдгар Лунгу подписали в столице Лусаке 12 соглашений в различных сферах: от торговли и инвестиций до туризма и дипломатии.

Горное дело

Крупнейший открытый медный рудник Нкана, Китве .

Экономика Замбии исторически была основана на добыче меди . В 2003 году экспорт неметаллов увеличился на 25% и составил 38% всей экспортной выручки, ранее 35%. Правительство Замбии недавно выдает лицензии международным ресурсным компаниям на разведку полезных ископаемых, таких как никель, олово, медь и уран. Правительство Замбии надеется, что никель заменит медь и станет основным металлическим экспортным товаром страны. В 2009 году Замбия сильно пострадала от мирового экономического кризиса .

Поскольку экономика Замбии сильно зависит от медной промышленности, национальный обменный курс меняется в соответствии с ценой на медь.

Сельское хозяйство

Сельское хозяйство играет очень важную роль в экономике Замбии, обеспечивая гораздо больше рабочих мест, чем горнодобывающая промышленность. Небольшое количество белых зимбабвийских фермеров были приняты в Замбию после их изгнания Робертом Мугабе, число которых по состоянию на 2004 год достигло примерно 150–300 человек. . Они выращивают различные культуры, включая табак, пшеницу и перец чили, примерно на 150 фермах. Их навыки в сочетании с общей экономической либерализацией при покойном президенте Замбии Леви Мванавасе способствовали стимулированию сельскохозяйственного бума в Замбии. В 2004 году впервые за 26 лет Замбия экспортировала больше кукурузы, чем импортировала. В декабре 2019 года правительство Замбии единогласно решило легализовать каннабис только в медицинских и экспортных целях.

Туризм

Дополнительная информация: Туризм в Замбии.

Водопад Виктория (водопад Моси-оа-Тунья) является объектом Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО.

Индустрия туризма является основной и растущей отраслью в Замбии. В Замбии есть несколько национальных парков ( Северная Луангва , Южная Луангва и Кафуэ ), водопады , озера , реки и исторические памятники . Правительство Замбии рассматривает туризм как инструмент экономического и сельского развития, поскольку он приносит доход, создает рабочие места, способствует сохранению дикой природы и повышает уровень жизни. Все более популярное во всем мире явление приключенческого туризма также приобрело популярность в Замбии, особенно в городе Ливингстон, который теперь становится известен как «столица приключенческого туризма» Африки.

Энергия

Смотрите также: Список электростанций в Замбии

В 2009 году Замбия произвела 10,3 ТВтч электроэнергии и получила высокие оценки по использованию как солнечной, так и гидроэлектроэнергии. Однако в начале 2015 г. Замбия начала испытывать серьезную нехватку электроэнергии из-за плохого сезона дождей 2014–2015 годов, что привело к низкому уровню воды на плотине Кариба и других крупных плотинах. В сентябре 2019 года компания African Green Resources (AGR) объявила, что инвестирует 150 миллионов долларов в солнечную электростанцию ​​мощностью 50 мегаватт (МВт), а также в строительство ирригационной плотины и расширение существующей вместимости зернохранилищ на 80 000 тонн.

Культура

Нсима (правый верхний угол) с тремя видами приправ .

До образования современной Замбии ее жители жили независимыми племенами, каждое из которых вело свой образ жизни. Одним из результатов колониальной эпохи стал рост урбанизации. Различные этнические группы начали жить вместе в городах и поселках, влияя на образ жизни друг друга. Они также начали перенимать аспекты глобальной или универсальной культуры, особенно с точки зрения одежды и манер. Большая часть оригинальных культур Замбии в основном сохранилась в сельской местности, под влиянием некоторых внешних влияний, таких как христианство. Культуры, характерные для определенных этнических групп в Замбии, известны как «замбийские культуры», а образ жизни, общий для всех этнических групп, называется «замбийской культурой», поскольку их практикует почти каждый замбиец. В городских условиях происходит непрерывная интеграция и эволюция этих культур с образованием так называемой «замбийской культуры».

Скульптура Йомбе , 19 век.

В Замбии практикуется несколько церемоний и ритуалов, от национально признанных традиционных церемоний до непризнанных, но важных церемоний. Многие церемонии и ритуалы проводятся в особых случаях, празднуя или отмечая достижения, юбилеи, течение времени, коронации и президентские мероприятия, искупление и очищение, выпускной, посвящение, клятвы верности, посвящение, бракосочетание, похороны, церемонии рождения и другие. .

Как и большинство африканских стран, Замбия практикует как открытые, так и нераскрытые церемонии и ритуалы. Среди раскрытых церемоний и ритуалов можно назвать календарные или сезонные, случайные, скорби, гадания, инициации и регулярные или ежедневные церемонии. К нераскрытым церемониям относятся те, которые практикуются тайно, например, духовными группами, такими как танцоры Ньяу и Накиша, а также традиционными консультантами по вопросам брака, такими как женщины алангизи. По состоянию на декабрь 2016 года в Замбии было 77 календарных или сезонных традиционных церемоний, признанных правительством, и в ближайшем будущем это число увеличится. Церемонии раз в год включают Нц'вала, Кулонгу, Куомбоку, Малайлу, Нсенгеле, Чибвела кумуши, Данто, Нтонго, Макунду, Лвиинди, Чуунгу и Льенья. Они известны как традиционные церемонии Замбии . Некоторые из наиболее известных: Куомбока и Катанга (Западная провинция), Мутомбоко (провинция Луапула), Куламба и Нцвала (Восточная провинция), Лвиинди и Симуненга (Южная провинция), Лунда Лубанза (Северо-Запад), Ликумби Льямизе (Северо-Запад). , Северо-Западная провинция , Крокодил (Центральная провинция), крокодила ( Северная Праздник провинция).

Популярные традиционные искусства включают гончарное дело, плетение корзин (например, корзины Тонга ), табуретки, ткани, циновки, резьбу по дереву, резьбу по слоновой кости, изделия из проволоки и меди. Большая часть традиционной музыки Замбии основана на барабанах (и других ударных инструментах) с большим количеством пения и танцев. В городских районах популярны иностранные музыкальные жанры, особенно конголезская румба , афроамериканская музыка и ямайское регги.

СМИ

Основные статьи: СМИ в Замбии и телекоммуникации в Замбии

Свобода выражения мнений и прессы гарантирована в Замбии конституцией , но на практике правительство часто ограничивает эти права. Хотя правящий Патриотический фронт пообещал освободить государственные СМИ, в том числе Национальную радиовещательную корпорацию Замбии (ZNBC) и широко распространенные газеты Zambia Daily Mail и Times of Zambia , от редакционного контроля правительства, эти СМИ, как правило, продолжали публиковать материалы в поддержку -правительственные линии. Сообщается, что многие журналисты практикуют самоцензуру, поскольку в большинстве правительственных газет есть предварительная проверка. ZNBC доминирует в вещательных СМИ, хотя несколько частных станций способны охватить большую часть населения.

Спорт и игры

Спорт и игры — это общие социальные аспекты замбийской культуры, которые объединяют людей для обучения, развития навыков, веселья и радостных моментов. Спорт и игры в Замбии включают, помимо прочего, футбол, легкую атлетику, нетбол, волейбол и игры коренных народов, такие как нсоло, чиенга, вайда, прятки, вальяко и соджо. Это некоторые из местных игр, которые способствуют социализации. Все эти виды спорта и игры являются частью замбийской культуры. Тот факт, что в игры играют более одного человека, делает их социальными и образовательно-развлекательными мероприятиями. История некоторых из этих игр так же стара, как и сами замбийцы. Однако Замбия начала принимать участие в популярных мировых видах спорта и играх, в основном на летних Олимпийских играх 1964 года.

Стадион национальных героев в Лусаке .

Замбия провозгласила свою независимость в день церемонии закрытия летних Олимпийских игр 1964 года , став тем самым первой страной, которая когда-либо участвовала в Олимпийских играх как одна страна и покинула их как другая. В 2016 году Замбия в тринадцатый раз приняла участие в Олимпийских играх. Были завоеваны две медали. Медали были завоеваны последовательно в боксе и на легкой атлетике. В 1984 году Кейт Мвила завоевал бронзовую медаль в лёгком весе. В 1996 году Самуэль Матете завоевал серебряную медаль в беге на 400 метров с барьерами. Замбия никогда не участвовала в зимних Олимпийских играх.

Футбол — самый популярный вид спорта в Замбии, и у национальной футбольной сборной Замбии были свои триумфальные моменты в истории футбола. На летних Олимпийских играх 1988 года в Сеуле национальная сборная победила сборную Италии со счётом 4–0. Калуша Бвалия , самый знаменитый футболист Замбии и один из величайших футболистов Африки в истории. оформил в том матче хет-трик. Однако по сей день многие эксперты утверждают, что величайшая команда, которую когда-либо собирала Замбия, — это та, которая погибла 28 апреля 1993 года в авиакатастрофе в Либревиле , Габон . Несмотря на это, в 1996 году Замбия заняла 15-е место в официальном рейтинге сборных мира по футболу ФИФА, что является самым высоким показателем среди всех команд Южной Африки. В 2012 году Замбия выиграла Кубок африканских наций, впервые дважды проиграв в финале. Они обыграли Кот-д'Ивуар со счетом 8–7 в серии пенальти в финале, который проходил в Либревиле, всего в нескольких километрах от авиакатастрофы 19 лет назад. Женская сборная Замбии по футболу дебютировала на женском чемпионате мира по футболу на турнире 2023 года в Австралии и Новой Зеландии, причем сборная Замбии стала одной из четырех, представляющих Конфедерацию африканского футбола (CAF). Они выиграли свою первую женского чемпионата мира игру в первый год своего существования: Лушомо Мвеемба забил самый быстрый гол на турнире , а Барбара Банда забила 1000-й гол в истории турниров WWC.

Регби-юнион , бокс и крикет также являются популярными видами спорта в Замбии. Примечательно, что в какой-то момент в начале 2000-х национальные сборные Австралии и Южной Африки по регби возглавлялись игроками, родившимися в одной и той же больнице Лусаки , Джорджем Греганом и Корне Криге . До 2014 года регбийный клуб «Роан Антилопа» в Луаншье удерживал мировой рекорд Гиннеса по самым высоким стойкам ворот союза регби в мире - 110 футов 6 дюймов в высоту. Этот мировой рекорд сейчас принадлежит Регби-клубу Веднсбери .

Союз регби в Замбии — второстепенный, но развивающийся вид спорта. В настоящее время они занимают 73-е место в рейтинге IRB и имеют 3650 зарегистрированных игроков и три официально организованных клуба. Замбия раньше играла в крикет в составе Родезии. Замбия также предоставила игрока сборной Шинти , уроженца Замбии Эдди Тембо, который представлял Шотландию в матче Шинти/Херлинг против Ирландии в 2008 году.

В 2011 году Замбия должна была принять десятые Всеафриканские игры , для которых должны были быть построены три стадиона в Лусаке , Ндоле и Ливингстоне . Стадион Лусаки будет вмещать 70 000 зрителей, а два других стадиона — по 50 000 человек каждый. Правительство поощряло частный сектор участвовать в строительстве спортивных объектов из-за нехватки государственных средств для проекта. Позже Замбия отозвала свою заявку на проведение Всеафриканских игр 2011 года, сославшись на нехватку средств. Таким образом, Мозамбик занял место Замбии в качестве принимающей стороны.

Замбия также родила первого чернокожего африканца ( Мадалицо Мутия ), принявшего участие в Открытом чемпионате США по гольфу . один из четырех крупнейших турниров по гольфу.

страны В 1989 году баскетбольная команда показала свои лучшие результаты, когда квалифицировалась на чемпионат Африки ФИБА и, таким образом, вошла в десятку лучших команд Африки.

В 2017 году Замбия провела и выиграла Панафриканский турнир по футболу «Кубок африканской нации до 20 лет» среди игроков до 20 лет.

Музыка и танец

Культура Замбии стала неотъемлемой частью ее развития после обретения независимости, например, благодаря восстанию культурных деревень и частных музеев. Музыка, которая представила танец, является частью их культурного самовыражения и воплощает красоту и зрелищность жизни в Замбии, от тонкостей говорящих барабанов до барабана Камангу , который используется для объявления начала традиционной церемонии Малайлы . Танец как практика служит объединяющим фактором, объединяющим людей в одно целое.

Замрок

Замрок — музыкальный жанр, возникший в 1970-х годах и ставший культовым на Западе. Замрок описывается как смесь традиционной замбийской музыки с тяжелыми повторяющимися риффами, похожими на такие группы, как Джими Хендрикс , Джеймс Браун , Black Sabbath , Rolling Stones , Deep Purple и Cream . Известные группы в этом жанре включают Рикки Илилонгу и его группу Musi-O-Tunya , WITCH , Крисси «Зебби» Тембо и Пола Нгози и его семью Нгози.

Известные люди

Основные статьи: Список замбийцев и Список замбийских художников

См. также

• Указатель статей, связанных с Замбией
• Очертание Замбии

Дальнейшее чтение

• ДеРош, Энди, Кеннет Каунда, США и Южная Африка (Лондон: Bloomsbury, 2016).
• Фергюсон, Джеймс (1999). Ожидания современности: мифы и значения городской жизни в Медном поясе Замбии . Беркли: Издательство Калифорнийского университета. ISBN  978-0-520-21701-0 .
• Гевальд, Дж.Б. и др. Одна Замбия, множество историй: к истории постколониальной Замбии (Brill, 2008)
• Ихонвбере, Юлиус, Экономический кризис, гражданское общество и демократизация: пример Замбии (Africa Research & Publications, 1996)
• ЛаМоника, Кристофер, Вопросы местного самоуправления: пример Замбии (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010)
• Макинтайр, Чарльз, Замбия (Путеводители Брэдта, 2008 г.)
• Мерфи, Алан и Лакхэм, Нана, Замбия и Малави , Путеводитель Lonely Planet по нескольким странам (Lonely Planet Publications, 2010)
• Фири, Бизек Джубе, Политическая история Замбии: от колониального периода до Третьей республики (Africa Research & Publications, 2005)
• Робертс, Эндрю, История Замбии (Хайнеманн, 1976)
• Сарданис, Эндрю, Африка: другая сторона медали: последние годы Северной Родезии и государственность Замбии (IB Tauris, 2003)

Внешние ссылки

• Официальный сайт правительства. Архивировано 19 июня 2005 г. на Wayback Machine.
• Замбия . Всемирная книга фактов . Центральное разведывательное управление .
• Профиль коррупции в Замбии с Делового антикоррупционного портала (архивировано 20 апреля 2014 г.)
• Замбия в Керли
• Профиль Замбии от BBC News
• Викимедиа Атлас Замбии
• Ключевые прогнозы развития Замбии на основе международных фьючерсов
• Сводная статистика торговли Всемирного банка Замбия
• В Африке впервые обнаружена окаменелость раннего человека