Ngarrindjeri Language
| Барабан | |
|---|---|
| Область | Южная Австралия |
| Этническая принадлежность | Нгарринджери , Танганекальд , Раминджери , Ярильда , Оллангк , Портулун , Варки |
Носители родных | 312 (перепись 2016 года) [ 1 ] |
Пама -Нанянган
| |
| Диалекты |
|
| Язык жестов Джаральде | |
| Языковые коды | |
| ISO 639-3 | nay |
| Глотолог | narr1259 |
| Ааатис [ 2 ] | S69 |
| ELP | |
Ngarrindjeri , также написанный rarningineeri , nginerire и другие варианты, является языком Нгарринджери и связанных с ними народов Австралии Южной Пять диалектов были различны в результате исследования 2002 года: Warki , Tangankd , Ramindjeri , Portaulun и Yaraldi (или Yaralde Tingar ).
Обзор
[ редактировать ]Нгарринджерри -это Пама -Нанюнган . McDonald (2002) различает пять диалектов: Warki, Hishskald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun и Yalaldi. [ 2 ] Bowern (2011) перечисляет сорта Яральди, Нгарринджери и Раминджери как отдельные языки. [ 3 ]
Англи, друг Тангад, [ 4 ] теперь вымер. [ 5 ]
Статус и возрождение
[ редактировать ]In 1864, the publication of the Ngarrindjerri Bible was the first time portions of the Bible were translated into an Aboriginal language. 8 Genesis 2:8 follows in Ngarrindjerri from the 1864 translation and a literal English translation.[6] « Иегова Уинмин Гардоу Эденальд, Киле Япппн Итинник Корн Гарденунгай » . «Иегова Бог посадил сад в Эдеме, на восток, и там он поставил человека, которого он сформировал».
The last fluent speaker of Ngarrindjerri died in the 1960s, but there have been attempts to revive the language in the 21st century, including the release of a Ngarrindjeri dictionary in 2009.[7] The work of Lutheran missionaries Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schürmann in the early days of the colonisation of South Australia have contributed enormously to the revival of both Ngarrindjeri and Kaurna.[8]
There were 312 speakers of Ngarrindjerri recorded in the 2016 Australian census.[2]
A second edition of the dictionary was published in 2019, with 500 additional words, bringing the total to 4,200. Ngarrindjeri elder Phyllis Williams has been collaborating with linguist Mary-Anne Gale for many years, teaching the language to adults and developing resources to aid language revival.[9][10]
The third, expanded edition of the dictionary, again compiled by Gale and Williams, was published by AIATSIS in 2020.[11] Hundreds of new words have been added, including words for items which did not exist in the 19th century, such as "solar panel".[12]
In 2021 the first students of the first training course to be specially tailored to the teaching of Aboriginal language, run by Tauondi Aboriginal College in Port Adelaide, graduated, and are now able to pass on their skills to the community. University of Adelaide linguist Robert Amery and his wife, Mary-Anne Gale, have helped to drive the project.[12]
The musical group Deadly Nannas (Nragi Muthar) have been writing and singing songs in Ngarrindjerri and English, and using them to help teach the language in schools and other venues.[13][14]
Name
[edit]Linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann suggests that the original pronunciation of Ngarrindjeri had two distinct rhotic consonants: the first was rr (as in Italian) and the second was r (as in English).[15]: 198 However, in revitalized Ngarrindjeri, both rhotics "are pronounced unlike English".[15]: 198 Zuckermann analyses this phenomenon as over-applied, hypercorrect "emblematicity" due to Othering: the Ngarrindjeri revivalists are trying to define themselves vis-à-vis the "Other", distancing themselves from "the colonizers' mother tongue, Australian English" (even at the expense of losing one of their own original rhotics).[15]: 198
Other names include Jarildekald, Jaralde, Yarilde, Yarrildie, Jaraldi, Lakalinyeri, Warawalde, Yalawarre, Yarildewallin (although as mentioned above, Yaraldi is regarded as a dialect[2]).
Berndt, Berndt & Stanton (1993) wrote: "The appropriate traditional categorisation of the whole group was Kukabrak: this term, as we mention again below, was used by these people to differentiate themselves from neighbours whom they regarded as being socio-culturally and linguistically dissimilar. However, the term Narrinyeri has been used consistently in the literature and by Aborigines today who recognise a common descent from original inhabitants of this region-- even though their traditional identifying labels have been lost."[16]
Sign language
[edit]The Yaralde had the southernmost attested Australian Aboriginal sign language.[17]
Some words
[edit]The following words are from the Ngarrindjeri language:[18]
- kondoli – 'whale'
- korni/korne – 'man'
- kringkari, gringari – 'white man'
- muldarpi/mularpi – 'travelling spirit of sorcerers and strangers'
- yanun – 'speak, talk'
These are words for animals extinct since European colonisation:[19]
- maikari – Eastern hare-wallaby
- rtulatji – Toolache wallaby
- wi:kwai – Pig-footed bandicoot
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Plosive | p | k | c | t̪ | t | ʈ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n̪ | n | ɳ |
| Lateral | ʎ | l̪ | l | ɭ | ||
| Rhotic | r | ɽ | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
- /r/ can be heard as a tap and approximant, as allophones [ɾ, ɹ].
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
| Vowel | Allophones |
|---|---|
| /i/ | [i], [ɪ], [ɨ] |
| /e/ | [e], [ɛ], [æ] |
| /a/ | [a], [ɐ], [ʌ], [ɑ] |
| /o/ | [o], [ɔ], [ɒ] |
| /u/ | [u], [ʊ], [ʉ] |
- /i/ when preceding retroflex consonant, can be heard as central [ɨ]
- /u/ when occurring after a trill consonant in closed syllables can be heard as central [ʉ]
- A mid sound /ə/ can also be heard in various syllabic positions.
References
[edit]- ^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d S69 Ngarrindjeri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
- ^ "Thangal/Tanganekald". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ S11 Tanganekald at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Gale (1997), p. 71.
- ^ University of South Australia, "Preserving Indigenous culture through language", 16 May 2008,[1] Archived 5 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 15 January 2010.
- ^ Amery, Rob; Gale, Mary-Anne (2014). "They came, they heard, they documented: the Dresden missionaries as lexicographers" (PDF). In Zuckermann, Ghil'ad; Miller, Julia; Morley, Jasmin (eds.). Endangered Words, Signs of Revival. Papers presented at the conference Australex 2013: Endangered Words, and Signs of Revival at the University of Adelaide, South Australia, 25 to 28 July 2013. Australian Association for Lexicography (Australex). pp. 1–19. ISBN 978-0-646-92900-2.
- ^ "Ngarrindjeri Concise 2nd edition Dictionary launched". AIATSIS. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ Gale, Mary-Anne; Williams, Phyllis (2019). Ngarrindjeri dictionary (2nd (concise) ed.). Miwi-Inyeri Pelepi-Ambi Aboriginal Corporation (MIPAAC). ISBN 978-0-9946336-3-7.
- ^ Gale, Mary-Anne; Williams, Phyllis (2020). Ngarrindjeri dictionary (3rd (complete) ed.). Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Press. ISBN 978-0-9946336-4-4.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Marchant, Gabriella (12 July 2021). "Aboriginal languages making comeback through new training program and dictionaries". ABC News. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
- ^ Skujins, Angela (13 August 2019). "Rhyme and reclamation with the Deadly Nannas". InDaily. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ Evins, Brittany (11 April 2021). "Aboriginal singers the Deadly Nannas are breathing new life into an ancient language". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2020), Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776
- ^ Berndt & Berndt (1993) , p. 19
- ^ Кендон, А. (1988) Подписывает языки аборигенов Австралии: культурные, семиотические и коммуникативные перспективы. Кембридж: издательство Кембриджского университета.
- ^ Белл, Дайан (1998). Нгарринджери Вурруваррин: мир, который был, был и будет . Spinifex Press. С. XIII - XIV. ISBN 978-1-875-55971-8 .
- ^ Хобсон, Джон Роберт (2010). Языки повторного пробуждения: теория и практика в оживлении языков коренных народов Австралии . Издательство Сиднейского университета . п. 398. ISBN 978-1-920-89955-4 .
- Берндт, Рональд М .; Берндт, Кэтрин Х. (1993). Мир, который был: Яральди реки Мюррей и озер, Южная Австралия . Ванкувер, Канада: UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-0478-5 .
- Берндт, Р.М. (1940). «Заметки на языке знака племени Джаральде Нижней реки Мюррей, Южная Австралия» . Сделки Королевского общества Южной Австралии . 64 : 267–272.
- Cerin, Mark (1994). Проводименная система Яральди (тезис BA с отличием). Университет Мельбурна. HDL : 11343/285608 .
- Гейл, Мэри-Энн (1997). Jonum Djarra'wuy Beats: История написания на языках аборигенов Uperdale: Исследовательский институт аборигенов. Doi : 10.1017/ s031058220000612x 180661Нла
- McDonald, Maryalyce (1977). Изучение фонетики и фонологии Яральди и связанных с ними диалектов . Австралийский национальный университет. ProQuest 2598642936 . NLA 2555049 .
- Мейер, Хэ (1843). Словарь языка, на котором говорят аборигены южной и восточной части обоснованных районов Южной Австралии (PDF) . Аделаида: Джеймс Аллен. HDL : 2440/15074 . NLA 1207234 .
- Таплин, Джордж (1879). Фольклор, манеры, обычаи и языки аборигенов Южной Австралии . Аделаида: государственный принтер. NLA 223327 .
- Таплин, Джордж (1892). «Грамматика языка, на котором говорят племя повествования в С. Австралии». В Фрейзере, Джон (ред.). Австралийский язык . Сидней: государственный принтер. С. 28–43 Приложения.
- Яллоп, Колин; Гримвад, Гордон (1975). Наринджари: схема языка, изученного Джорджем Таплина, с заметками Таплина и сравнительной таблицей . Тол. 2. Университет Сиднея.
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- "Arridjeri " Штат и штат Южная Австралия
- "Нгарринджери" . Мобильная языковая команда .
- "Яральди" . Мобильная языковая команда .