Совок

Совок

Skopje ( македонов )
*Skopje / Skopje* ( албанский )
Совок Skopje ( македонов ) ; Skopje / Skopje ( албанский )
Столица
	Город Скопье ; Город Скопье ; Город Скопье
	Посмотреть на центральный Skopje с рекой Вардар Археологический музей Северной Македонии Македония площадь Скопье Крепость ( капуста ) Ворота Македония Церковь Святого Клемента Охрид Каменный мост
	Флаг Герб
	Совок Расположение Skopje в северной Македонии Показать карту Северной Македонии Показать карту Балкан Показать карту Европы Show all
	Координаты: 41 ° 596 "° UK 2515" E 41,9961111111117 °
Страна	Северная Македония
Область	Скопье статистический
Муниципалитет	Большой Скопье
Правительство
• Тип	Специальная единица местного самоуправления
• Тело	Городской совет Скопье
• мэр	Данела Арсовска ( независимая )
Область
• Большой Скопье	571,46 км 2 (220,64 кв. МИ)
• Городской	337,80 км 2 (130,43 кв. МИ)
• Метро	1854,00 км 2 (715,83 кв. МИ)
Возвышение	240 м (790 футов)
Население (2021)
• Большой Скопье	526,502
Демоним (ы)	Цель ; Македонец : Скопьян/Скопджанка ; Скопьяника/Скопджанка ; Албанский : Skopje (M), Skopje (F)
Официальный язык (ы)
• начальный	Македонский , албанский
Часовой пояс	UTC+1 ( CET )
• Лето ( DST )	UTC+2 ( CEST )
Почтовые коды	МК-10 00
Код района	+389 2
ISO 3166 Код	MK-85
Автомобильные тарелки	Скандал
HDI (2021)	0.802 ; очень высокий · 1 -й из 8
Климат	BSK
Веб -сайт	www .Skje .gov .mk

Skopje ( / ˈ S k ɒ P J Eɪ / Shopping -yay , ^{[ 5 ]}^{[ 6 ]} Нас также / s k oʊ p j eɪ / skohp -yay ; ^{[ 7 ]} Македонский : СКОН [± Scopge] ^ⓘ; Албанский : Шкуп , Албанская определенная форма : Шкупи ) является столицей и крупнейшим городом Северной Македонии . Это политический, культурный, экономический и академический центр страны. Скопье лежит в бассейне Скопье .

Скупи впервые во втором веке нашей эры как город в римской Дардании . ^{[ 8 ]}^{[ 9 ]} Когда Римская империя была разделена на восточные и западные половинки в 395 году нашей эры, Скапи оказался под византийским правлением из Константинополя . В течение большей части раннего средневекового периода город был оспорен между византийцами и болгарской империей , чья столица была между 972 и 992 годами. В 1004 году, когда она была захвачена Византийской империей, город стал центром новой провинции называется Болгария . С 1282 года город был частью Сербской империи , из которой он был столицей с 1346 по 1371 год.

В 1392 году Скопье был завоеван османскими турками , которые назвали это üsküb ( اسکوب ). ^{[ А ]} Город оставался под контролем Османского контроля более 500 лет, служив столицей Пашасанджака в üsküp , а затем и Вилайет Косово . Его центральная позиция на османских Балканах сделала его значительным центром торговли и администрации в эпоху османской эпохи. В 1912 году он был аннексирован Королевством Сербии во время балканских войн . ^{[ 10 ]} Во время Первой мировой войны город был захвачен Королевством Болгария , и после войны он стал частью недавно сформированного Королевства Югославии как столицы Вардарской Бановины . Во Второй мировой войне город снова был захвачен Болгарией, а в 1945 году стал столицей SR Macedonia , федеративного государства в Югославии . ^{[ 11 ]} Город быстро развивался, но это было прервано в 1963 году, когда его поразило катастрофическое землетрясение .

Скопье находится на верхнем курсе реки Вардар и находится на крупном маршруте на севере и юге Балкан между Белградом и Афинами . Это центр для химической, древесины, текстильной, кожи, печати и металлической обработки. Промышленное развитие города сопровождалось развитием торговли, логистики и банковского сектора, а также акцент на области транспорта, культуры и спорта. Согласно последней официальной переписи с 2021 года, у Скопье население 526 502 жителей. ^{[ 2 ]}

Имя

Город засвидеживается именем в географии Птолемея c . 150 г. н.э. как один из городов Римской Дардании . Птолемей описывает город на латыни как Скупи и Древний Греческий как σκοῦποι . Топоним, вероятно, принадлежит группе аналогичных иллирийских топонимов, которые были переданы на славянские языки так же, как и современный македонский топоним Skopje : Skoplje и Uskoplje в Боснии, Uskoplje в Далматии (Хорватия). ^{[ 12 ]} Шкуп , название города в албанском языке, развивалось непосредственно из римской эпохи Scupi в соответствии с албанским фонологическим развитием, основой доказательств более раннего албанского поселения в этом районе. ^{[ 13 ]}^{[ 14 ]}^{[ 15 ]} Skopje является определенной формой Skopje на албании. ^{[ 16 ]} Скопье , название города в средние века, является местным славянским (македонским) исполнением Scupi . ^{[ 17 ]} Османское турецкое исполнение названия города - «üsküb» ( Османский турецкий : اسكوب ), и оно было адаптировано на западных языках на «Uskub» или «Uskup», и эти два наименования использовались в западном мире до 1912 года. Некоторые западные источники ». Также цитируйте «Скопия» и «Скопия». ^{[ 18 ]} Скопия - это название города на аромане . ^{[ 19 ]}

Когда Вардар Македония была аннексирована Королевством Сербия в 1912 году, город официально стал «Скоплами» ( сербский кириллик : Скопес ), и многие языки приняли это имя. Чтобы отразить местное произношение, имя города в конечном итоге было написано как «Скопье» ( Македонский : Скопес ) после Второй мировой войны , когда стандартный македонец стал официальным языком новой социалистической Республики Македонии .

География

Топография

Скопье находится на севере страны, в центре Балканского полуострова , и на полпути между Белградом и Афинами . Город был построен в долине Скопье, ориентированной на оси на западе, вдоль реки Вардар , которая течет в Эгейское море в Греции. Долина имеет ширину приблизительно 20 км (12 миль) ^{[ 20 ]} и он ограничен несколькими горными хребтами на севере и юге. Эти диапазоны ограничивают городскую экспансию Skopje, которая распространяется вдоль Вардара и Серавы , небольшой реки, которая выходит с севера. В своих административных границах город Скопье простирается более 33 км (21 миль), ^{[ 21 ]} Но это всего лишь 10 км (6,2 миль) в ширину. ^{[ 22 ]}

Skopje находится примерно на 245 м над уровнем моря и покрывает 571,46 км ². ^{[ 23 ]} Урбанизированная территория покрывает только 337 км ², с плотностью 65 жителей на гектар. ^{[ 24 ]} Skopje, в своих административных пределах, охватывает многие деревни и другие поселения, в том числе Драчево , Горно Нерези и Бардовчи. Согласно переписи 2021 года, в городе Скопье было 526 502 жителей. ^{[ 2 ]}^{[ 25 ]}

Город Скопье достигает границы Косово на северо-восток. По часовой стрелке это также граничит с муниципалитетами Чучер-Сандево , Липково , Арачиново , Илинден , Студиани , Сопиште , Желино и Джегунова .

Город Скопье; Его административные пределы - красным.
Расположение Skopje в северной Македонии
Пейзаж долины Скопье, недалеко от Бардовачи

Гидрография

Река Вардар , которая течет через Skopje, находится примерно на 60 км (37 миль) от своего источника возле Gostivar . В Skopje средний разряд составляет 51 м. ³/с, с широкой амплитудой в зависимости от сезонов, между 99,6 м. ³/s в мае и 18,7 м ³/s в июле. Температура воды составляет от 4,6 ° C в январе и 18,1 ° C в июле. ^{[ 26 ]}

Несколько рек встречаются с Вардаром в пределах границ города. Самая большая - это Treska , длиная 130 км (81 миль). Он пересекает каньон Матки, прежде чем добраться до Вардара на западной конечности города Скопье. Лепенак , течет в , поступающий из Косово Вардар на северо -западном конце городского района. Серава, также поступающая с севера, протекала через старый базар до 1960 -х годов, когда она была перемещена на запад, потому что его вода были очень загрязнены. Первоначально он встретил Вардара рядом с местом Македонской академии наук и искусств . В настоящее время он входит в Вардар возле руин Скупи . ^{[ 27 ]} Маркова Река , которая происходит в горе Водно , встречает Вардара на восточной конечности города. Эти три реки имеют длину менее 70 км (43 миль). ^{[ 22 ]}

Город Скопье включает в себя два искусственных озера на Треске. Озеро Матка является результатом строительства плотины в каньоне Матки в 1930 -х годах, и озеро Треска было вырытым в целях отдыха в 1978 году. ^{[ 22 ]} Три небольших натуральных озера можно найти вблизи Смилкововчи , на северо -восточном краю городского района.

Река Вардар исторически вызывал много наводнений, например, в 1962 году, когда ее отток достиг 1110 м. ³/с ⁻¹. ^{[ 26 ]} С момента византийского времени было выполнено несколько работ, чтобы ограничить риски, и после строительства плотины Козджак на Треске в 1994 году риск наводнения близок к нулю. ^{[ 28 ]}

Сложность содержит большой столик для воды , который обликается рекой Вардар и функционирует как подземная река. Под таблицей находится водоносный горизонт, содержащийся в Marl . Стол воды составляет от 4 до 12 м под землей и от 4 до 144 м в глубине. Несколько скважин собирают свои воды, но большая часть питьевой воды, используемой в Skopje, происходит от карристической весны в Рашче , к западу от города. ^{[ 24 ]}

Озеро Треска
Вардар , символ и каменный мост города
Главная река, протекающая через центр Скопье, c. 1950
Серава к северу от города

Геология

Долина Скопье граничит на западе горами Шар , на юге у ассортимента Якупики , на востоке холмами, принадлежащими к линейке Осогово , и на севере от Skopska Crna Gora . Гора Водно , самая высокая точка в пределах города, имеет высоту 1066 м и является частью ассортимента Jakupica . ^{[ 22 ]}

Хотя Skopje построен у подножия горы Водно, городская зона в основном плоская. Он включает в себя несколько небольших холмов, обычно покрытых лесами и парками, такими как Гази Баба -Хилл (325 м), Zajčev Rid (327 м), предгорья горы водно (наименьшие находятся от 350 до 400 м. какая крепость Skopje построена. ^{[ 29 ]}

Долина Скопье находится рядом с сейсмической ошибкой между африканскими и евразийскими тектоническими пластинами и испытывает регулярную сейсмическую активность. ^{[ 30 ]} Эта деятельность в повышении пористой структуры недр. ^{[ 31 ]} Большие землетрясения произошли в Skopje в 518, 1555 и 1963 годах. ^{[ 30 ]}

Долина Скопье принадлежит к геотектоническому региону Вардара, подставка которой состоит из неогена и четвертичных отложений. Substratum изготовлен из плиоценовых отложений, включая песчаник , Marl и различные конгломераты. Он покрыт первым слоем четвертичных песков и ила, который имеет глубину от 70 до 90 м. Слой покрыт гораздо меньшим слоем глины, песка, ила и гравия, несущего реку Вардар . Он находится от 1,5 до 5,2 м в глубину. ^{[ 32 ]}

В некоторых областях недра является карристической . Это привело к формированию каньонов, таких как каньон Матки , который окружен десятью пещерами. Они имеют глубину от 20 до 176 м. ^{[ 33 ]}

Mount Vodno на заднем плане с видом на Skopje
Каньон Матки на западном краю города Скопье
Пещера в каньоне Матка

Климат

Скопье имеет влажный субтропический климат ( Köppen : CFA ), граничащий с влажным континентальным климатом ( Köppen : DFA ) ^{[ 34 ]}^{[ 35 ]} со средней годовой температурой 12,6 ° C (55 ° F). Осадки относительно низкие из -за ярко выраженной дождевой тени Актериальных гор на северо -западе, что значительно меньше, чем получено на Адриатическом море побережье в той же широте. Лето длинное, горячее и относительно сухое с низкой влажностью. Средний июльский максимум Skopje составляет 32 ° C (90 ° F). В среднем Skopje видит 88 дней выше 30 ° C (86 ° F) в год и 10,2 дня выше 35,0 ° C (95 ° F) каждый год. Зимы короткие, относительно холодные и влажные. Снегопады распространены в зимний период, но тяжелое накопление снега редко, и снежный укроп длится всего несколько часов или несколько дней, если тяжело. Летом температура обычно выше 31 ° C (88 ° F), а иногда и выше 40 ° C (104 ° F). Весной и осенью температура варьируется от 15 до 24 ° C (от 59 до 75 ° F). Зимой дневные температуры примерно в диапазоне от 5–10 ° C (41–50 ° F), но в ночи они часто падают ниже 0 ° C (32 ° F), а иногда ниже -10 ° C (14 ° F). Как правило, температура в течение одного года варьируется от -13 ° C до 39 ° C. Возникновение осадков распределяются в течение года, будучи самым тяжелым с октября по декабрь и с апреля по июнь.

Климатические данные для международного аэропорта Skopje (1991-2020)
Месяц	Январь	Февраль	Марта	Апрель	Может	Июнь	Июль	Август	Сентябрь	Октябрь	Ноябрь	Декабрь	Год
Запись высокой ° C (° F)	19.9 (67.8)	24.2 (75.6)	28.8 (83.8)	32.4 (90.3)	35.2 (95.4)	41.1 (106.0)	42.8 (109.0)	43.7 (110.7)	38.2 (100.8)	33.9 (93.0)	28.2 (82.8)	22.1 (71.8)	43.7 (110.7)
Средний ежедневный максимум ° C (° F)	4.8 (40.6)	9.0 (48.2)	14.5 (58.1)	19.4 (66.9)	24.4 (75.9)	29.2 (84.6)	32.0 (89.6)	32.3 (90.1)	26.7 (80.1)	20.1 (68.2)	12.5 (54.5)	5.9 (42.6)	19.2 (66.6)
Средний средний ° C (° F)	0.2 (32.4)	3.0 (37.4)	7.7 (45.9)	12.4 (54.3)	17.2 (63.0)	21.7 (71.1)	24.1 (75.4)	24.1 (75.4)	19.0 (66.2)	13.1 (55.6)	6.9 (44.4)	1.8 (35.2)	12.6 (54.7)
Средний ежедневный минимум ° C (° F)	−3.3 (26.1)	−1.6 (29.1)	1.9 (35.4)	5.7 (42.3)	10.3 (50.5)	14.3 (57.7)	16.3 (61.3)	16.2 (61.2)	12.2 (54.0)	7.6 (45.7)	2.8 (37.0)	−1.4 (29.5)	6.7 (44.2)
Запись низкого ° C (° F)	−25.8 (−14.4)	−21.8 (−7.2)	−10.8 (12.6)	−5.8 (21.6)	−1.0 (30.2)	3.0 (37.4)	7.0 (44.6)	7.0 (44.6)	−2.0 (28.4)	−6.4 (20.5)	−12.2 (10.0)	−22.9 (−9.2)	−25.8 (−14.4)
Среднее количество осадков мм (дюймы)	30 (1.2)	29 (1.1)	38 (1.5)	40 (1.6)	43 (1.7)	54 (2.1)	38 (1.5)	36 (1.4)	34 (1.3)	49 (1.9)	45 (1.8)	48 (1.9)	483 (19.0)
Средние дни осадков	10	9	10	10	11	10	7	6	6	7	9	11	106
Средние снежные дни	5	5	3	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0.1	2	5	20
Средняя относительная влажность (%)	83	75	68	66	66	61	56	56	63	74	82	85	70
Средние месячные солнечные часы	86.9	112.5	161.1	198.4	245.2	276.3	323.0	305.4	247.5	188.2	114.8	79.6	2,339
Источник 1: Pogoda.ru.net, ^{[ 36 ]} Всемирная метеорологическая организация (дни осадков) ^{[ 37 ]}
Источник 2: NOAA (Sun, 1961–1990) ^{[ 38 ]}

Среда

Город Скопье охватывает различные природные условия, а ее фауна и флора богаты. Тем не менее, ему угрожает интенсификация сельского хозяйства и городского расширения. Самая большая охраняемая территория в пределах города - гора Водно, которая является популярным местом для отдыха. Канатная дорога соединяет свой пик к центру города, и многие пешеходные дорожки проходят через его лес. Другие большие природные пятна включают каньон Матки . ^{[ 24 ]}

Сам город состоит из нескольких парков и садов в размере 4361 га. Среди них городской парк (парк градски), построенный османскими турками в начале 20 -го века; Парк žena Borec, перед парламентом; Университетский дендрарий; и Гази Баба Форест. Многие улицы и бульвары посажены деревьями. ^{[ 39 ]}

Обработка стали, которая является важной деятельностью для местной экономики, отвечает за загрязнение почвы тяжелыми металлами, такими как свинец, цинк и кадмий , и загрязнение воздуха с оксидом азота и угарным окисью . ^{[ 24 ]} Транспортное движение и районные отопления также отвечают за загрязнение воздуха.

Установки для очистных сооружений строятся, но много загрязненной воды по -прежнему разряжается необработанной в Вардар . ^{[ 24 ]} Отходы утилизируются на участке муниципальной свалки под открытым небом, 15 км (9,3 миль) к северу от города. Каждый день он получает 1500 м ³ внутренних отходов и 400 м ³ промышленных отходов. Уровень здоровья лучше в Skopje, чем в остальной части Северной Македонии, и между низким качеством окружающей среды и здоровьем жителей не было обнаружено никакой связи. ^{[ 40 ]}

Панорамный вид на Скопье, как видно из горы Водно.

Урбанизм

Городская морфология

Урбанская морфология Скопье была глубоко повлияла на землетрясение 26 июля 1963 года , которое уничтожило 80% города, и последовавшей реконструкцией. ^{[ 30 ]} Например, окрестности были перестроены таким образом, что демографическая плотность остается низкой, чтобы ограничить влияние потенциальных будущих землетрясений. ^{[ 41 ]}

Реконструкция после землетрясения 1963 года проводилась в основном польским архитектором Адольфом Чиборовски , который уже планировал реконструкцию Варшавы после Второй мировой войны . Ciborowski разделил город на блоки, посвященные конкретной деятельности. Банки реки Вардар стали природными зонами и парками, районы между основными бульварами были построены из высококвалифицированных жилищных и торговых центров, а пригороды были оставлены в отдельное жилье и промышленность. ^{[ 42 ]} Реконструкция должна была быстро переехать семьи и перезапустить местную экономику. Чтобы стимулировать экономическое развитие, число пробелов было увеличено, и ожидалось будущее расширение городских работ. ^{[ 43 ]}

Южный берег реки Вардар, как правило, состоит из башни Highrise, в том числе обширный район Карпош, который был построен в 1970 -х годах к западу от центра. На востоке новый муниципалитет аэродрома был запланирован в 1980 -х годах для размещения 80 000 жителей на месте старого аэропорта. Между Карпош и Аэродром лежит центр города, восстановленный в соответствии с планами японского архитектора Кензо Танге . Центр окружен ряд длинных зданий, предлагающих стену («Градски Зид»). ^{[ 41 ]}

На северном берегу, где лежат самые древние части города, был восстановлен старый базар , и его окрестности были перестроены с низкимэдранным зданиями, чтобы не испортить виды на крепость Скопье . Несколько учреждений, в том числе Университет и Македонскую академию наук и искусств, также были перемещены в Северный берег, чтобы уменьшить границы между этническими общинами. Северный берег в основном населен мусульманскими албанцами, турками и цапкой, тогда как христианские этнические македонцы преимущественно проживают на южном берегу. ^{[ 42 ]}

Землетрясение покинуло город с небольшим количеством исторических памятников, кроме османского старого базара , и реконструкция, проведенная в период с 1960 -х и 1980 -х годов, превратилась в Скопье в модернистский город. В конце 2000 -х годов в центре города пережил глубокие изменения. Очень спорный ^{[ 44 ]} Городской проект « Skopje 2014 » был принят муниципальными властями, чтобы дать городу более монументальный и исторический аспект и, таким образом, превратить его в надлежащую национальную столицу. Было восстановлено несколько неоклассических зданий, разрушенных в результате землетрясения 1963 года, включая Национальный театр, а улицы и квадраты были отремонтированы. Также были построены многие другие элементы, включая фонтаны, статуи, отели, правительственные здания и мосты. Проект подвергся критике из -за его стоимости и его исторической эстетики. ^{[ 45 ]} Большое албанское меньшинство чувствовал, что оно не было представлено в новых памятниках, ^{[ 46 ]} и запустили боковые проекты, включая новую площадь над бульваром, который отделяет центр города от старого базара . ^{[ 47 ]}

Улица Вапкирова, в центре города
Улица на старом базаре
Highrise Housing в Карпош
«Македонский крест» и башни Cevahir .
Археологический музей, один из элементов " Skopje 2014 "

Городская социология

Район Капиштека, разработанный в 1970 -х годах. Некоторые изготовленные до дома после землетрясения можно увидеть на переднем плане.

Skopje - это этнически разнообразный город, и его городская социология в первую очередь зависит от этнической и религиозной принадлежности. Македонцы образуют 66% городского населения, в то время как албанцы и цыгане составляют соответственно на 20% и 6%. ^{[ 48 ]} Каждая этническая группа, как правило, ограничивается определенными районами города. Македонцы живут к югу от Вардара , в районах, массово перестроенных после 1963 года, а мусульмане живут на северной стороне, в самых старых районах города. Эти районы считаются более традиционными, тогда как южная сторона вызывает современность македонцев и разрыва из сельской жизни. ^{[ 49 ]}

Северные районы самые бедные. Это особенно верно для топоаны , в муниципалитете čair , и для муниципалитета Шуто Оризари , которые являются двумя главными районами рома. Они сделаны из многих незаконных конструкций, не связанных с электроэнергией и водоснабжением, которые передаются из одного поколения в другое. Топаана, недалеко от старого базара , является очень старой областью: в начале 14 -го века она была упомянута как Рома. В нем есть от 3000 до 5000 жителей. Шуто Оризари, на северном краю города, является собственным муниципалитетом, с Романи в качестве местного официального языка. Он был разработан после землетрясения 1963 года , чтобы разместить Рома, потерявшие свой дом. ^{[ 50 ]}

Плотность населения сильно варьируется от одной области к другой. Так же как и размер жилой зоны на человека. Среднее значение по городу было на уровне 19,41 м. ² (208,93 кв. Фута) на человека по состоянию на 2002 год ^[update], но на 24 м ² (258 кв. Футов) в Центре на южном берегу и всего 14 м. ² (151 кв. Фут) в čair на северном берегу. В Шуто Оризари среднее значение было на 13 м ² (140 кв. Футов). ^{[ 48 ]}

Места и деревни

За пределами городского района город Скопье охватывает множество небольших поселений. Некоторые из них становятся внешними пригородами, такими как Ченто , на пути к Белграду, в котором более 23 000 жителей, и Драчево , в котором почти 20 000 жителей. ^{[ 51 ]} Другие крупные поселения находятся к северу от города, такие как Радишани, с 9 000 жителей, ^{[ 51 ]} в то время как небольшие деревни можно найти на горе Водно или в муниципалитете Сараджа , который является самым сельским из десяти муниципалитетов, которые образуют город Скопье. ^{[ 52 ]}

Некоторые населенные пункты за пределами города также становятся внешними пригородами, особенно в муниципалитете Илинден и Петвек . Они извлекают выгоду из присутствия крупных дорог, железных дорог и аэропорта в Петровеке. ^{[ 52 ]}

Загрязнение

Загрязнение воздуха является серьезной проблемой в Skopje, особенно зимой. ^{[ 53 ]} Концентрации определенных типов частиц (PM2 и PM10) регулярно более двенадцать раз превышают ВОЗ рекомендованные максимальные уровни . Зимой дым регулярно скрывает зрение и может привести к проблемам для водителей. Вместе с Косово , Боснией и Герцеговиной , Северная Македония имеет самые загрязненные городские районы в Европе. ^{[ 54 ]}

Высокий уровень загрязнения Скопье вызвана сочетанием дыма из домов, выбросов из отрасли, автобусов и других видов общественного транспорта, а также от автомобилей, а также отсутствие интереса к уходу за окружающей средой. Центральное отопление часто не является доступным, и поэтому домохозяйства часто сжигают дрова, а также использованные автомобильные шины, различные пластиковые мусоры, нефть и другие возможные огнеоплачиваемые отходы, которые излучает токсичные химические вещества, вредные для населения, особенно для детей и пожилых людей. ^{[ 53 ]}

Городской смог снизил качество воздуха и повлияло на здоровье многих его граждан, многие из которых погибли от заболеваний, связанных с загрязнением.

Приложение чтобы под названием Aircare («Mojvozduh») было запущено местным эко-активистом Горджаном Йовановски, помочь гражданам отслеживать уровень загрязнения. Он использует систему светофора , с фиолетовым для сильно загрязненного воздуха, красным для обнаружения высокого уровня, янтарь для обнаруженных умеренных уровней и зеленый для того, когда воздух безопасен для вдыхания. ^{[ 55 ]} Заявление опирается как на правительственные, так и волонтерские датчики для отслеживания почасового загрязнения воздуха. К сожалению, правительственные датчики часто являются неработоспособными и неисправными, что вызывает необходимость в более недорогих, но менее точных, добровольных датчиках, которые будут созданы гражданами. Разломы на государственных датчиках особенно часты, когда измерение загрязнения чрезвычайно высоки, согласно AQILHC (уровни индекса качества воздуха, забота о здоровье). ^{[ 56 ]}

Скопье возглавил ряды в декабре 2017 года как один из самых загрязненных городов мира. ^{[ 57 ]} В 2017 году, в рамках усилий города по сокращению загрязнения, был установлен CityTree , и поощряется немецкой послом Кристиной Альтэузер. ^{[ 58 ]}

29 ноября 2019 года, марш, организованный Сообществом активистов Skopje Smog Amargity , ^{[ 59 ]} Привлекла тысячи людей, которые выступали против отсутствия действий правительства в борьбе с загрязнением города, которое ухудшилось с 2017 года, что способствует примерно 1300 смерти ежегодно. ^{[ 60 ]}^{[ 59 ]}

Панорамный вид на смог в центральной области Skopje

История

Временная шкала Скопье
Историческая принадлежность

Дарданское королевство , 230–28 до н.э.
Римская империя , 28 г. до н.э. - 395
Византийская империя , 395–836
Первая болгарская империя , 836–1004
Византийская империя , 1004–1093
Великое княжество Сербии , 1093–1097
Византийская империя , 1098–1203
Вторая болгарская империя , 1203–1246
Империя Никей , 1246–1255
Вторая болгарская империя , 1255–1256
Империя Никей , 1256–1261
Византийская империя , 1261–1282
Королевство Сербия , 1282–1346
Сербская империя , 1346–1371
Район Бранкович , 1371-1392
Османская империя , 1392–1912
Королевство Сербия 1912–1915
Цардом Болгарии 1915–1918 гг.
Королевство Югославия ^{[ Примечание 1 ]} 1918–1941
Цардом Болгарии 1941–1944 гг.
Демократическая федеральная югославия ( демократическая федеральная македония ) 1944–1946 гг.
Социалистическая Федеративная Республика Югославия ( Социалистическая Республика Македония ) 1946–1992 гг.
Северная Македония ^{[ Примечание 2 ]} 1992 -Present

Происхождение

Скалистые выступления, на котором стоит Крепость Скопье, был первым местом, который пройдет в Skopje. Самые ранние остатки человеческой оккупации, найденные на этом месте, датируются халколитом ( 4 -е тысячелетие до н.э. ). ^{[ 61 ]}

Хотя халколитическое поселение должно было иметь какое -то значение, оно снизилось во время бронзового века . Археологические исследования показывают, что поселение всегда принадлежало одной и той же культуре, которая постепенно развивалась из -за контактов с Балкан и Дунай культурами , а затем с Эгейским мощным . Местность в конечном итоге исчезла во время железного века ^{[ 62 ]} Когда Скупи появился на Хилле Зайчева, около 5 км (3,1 мили) к западу от мыса крепости. В центре Балканского полуострова и на дороге между Дуной и Эгейским морем , ^{[ 63 ]} Это была процветающая местность, хотя его история не очень известна. ^{[ 63 ]}

Во время железного века область Скопье была заселена Дардани . Иллирийские племена жили в большинстве районов к западу от Skopje и фракийских групп ( Maedi ) на востоке, в то время как паонеанцы жили на юге Скопье. ^{[ 64 ]} Дарданцы оставались независимыми после римского завоевания Македона , и, скорее всего, Дардания потеряла независимость в 28 г. до н.э. ^{[ 65 ]}

Роман Скупи

Римская экспансия Востока принесла Скапи под римским правлением в качестве колонии легионеров, в основном ветеранов легио VII Клаудии во времена Домитиана (81–96 г. н.э.). Тем не менее, несколько легионов из римской провинции Македония армии Красса, возможно , уже были размещены там около 29–28 г. до н.э. до того, как было учреждено официальное имперское командование. ^{[ 67 ]}^{[ 68 ]} Первое упоминание о городе было сделано в тот период Ливи , который умер в 17 году нашей эры. ^{[ 17 ]} Скупи впервые служил военной базой для поддержания мира в регионе ^{[ 63 ]} и был официально назван «Colonia Flavia Scupinorum», и Флавия является названием династии Императора . ^{[ 69 ]} Вскоре после этого он стал частью провинции Мозии во время . правила Августа После подразделения провинции Домитиан в 86 году нашей эры, Скапи был повышен до колониального статуса и стал местом правительства в новой провинции Moesia Superior . Район под названием Дардания (в пределах Моизии Верхнем) был сформирован в специальную провинцию Диоклетином , с столицей в Найссусе . В римские времена восточная часть Дардании, от Скупи до Найсса, оставалась населенной в основном местным населением, в основном из фракийского происхождения. ^{[ 70 ]}

Городское население было очень разнообразным. Гравюры на надгробиях предполагают, что только меньшинство населения прибыло из Италии, в то время как многие ветераны были из Далматии , Южной Галлии и Сирии . Из -за этнического разнообразия населения латынь выдерживалась как основной язык в городе за счет греческого , который говорил в большинстве городов Мозья и Македонского. ^{[ 71 ]} В течение следующих веков Скапи испытал процветание. Период с конца 3 -го века до конца 4 -го века был особенно процветающим. ^{[ 69 ]} Первая церковь была основана под правлением Константина Великого , и Скупи стал местом епархии. В 395 году, после разделения Римской империи в двух, Скапи стал частью восточной Римской империи . ^{[ 17 ]}

Древняя похоронная надпись иллирийского племени Албаной была найдена в Скупи . ^{[ 72 ]}

В период расцвета Scupi покрыл 40 гектаров и был закрыт шириной 3,5 м (11 футов). ^{[ 73 ]} У него было много памятников, в том числе четыре некрополя, театр, термир, ^{[ 69 ]} и большая христианская базилика. ^{[ 74 ]}

Средний возраст

В 518 году Скупи был разрушен насильственным землетрясением, ^{[ 30 ]} Возможно, самый разрушительный город когда -либо испытывал. ^{[ 75 ]} В то время региону угрожали варварские вторжения , и жители города уже бежали в леса и горы до того, как произошла катастрофа. ^{[ 76 ]} Город был в конечном итоге восстановлен I. Юстинианом Во время его правления многие византийские города были перемещены на холмах, а другие легко защищаемые места, чтобы столкнуться с вторжениями. Таким образом, он был перенесен на другой сайт: выпуск, на котором стоит крепость . ^{[ 77 ]} Тем не менее, Scupi был уволен славянами в конце 6 -го века, и город, похоже, упал под славянским правлением в 595 году. ^{[ 78 ]} Славянское племя, которое увололо Скупи, вероятно, Берзити , ^{[ 17 ]} кто вторгся всю долину Вардар . ^{[ 79 ]} Однако славяне не поселились навсегда в регионе, который уже был разграблен и депопулирован, но продолжался на юге до побережья Средиземного моря. ^{[ 80 ]} После славянского вторжения он был пустын в течение некоторого времени и не упоминается в течение следующих веков. ^{[ 17 ]} Возможно, в конце 7 или начале 8 -го века византийцы снова обосновались в этом стратегическом месте. Наряду с остальной частью Верхней долины Вардара она стала частью расширяющейся первой болгарской империи в 830 -х годах. ^{[ 81 ]}^{[ 82 ]}

Начиная с конца 10 -го века Скопье пережил период войн и политических проблем. Он служил болгарской столицей с 972 по 992 год, и Самуил постановил ее с 976 ^{[ 83 ]} до 1004 года, когда его губернатор сдал его византийскому императору Базилику, убийцу Болгара в 1004 году в обмен на названия патриции и стратегии. ^{[ 84 ]} Это стало центром новой византийской провинции под названием Болгария . ^{[ 85 ]} Позже Скопье был ненадолго захвачен славянскими повстанцами, которые хотели восстановить болгарское государство. Сначала в 1040 году под Питера Дилана , командованием ^{[ 86 ]} и в 1072 году по приказу Георги -Вемте . ^{[ 87 ]} В 1081 году Скопье был захвачен нормандскими войсками во главе с Робертом Гискардом , а город оставался в их руках до 1088 года. Скопье впоследствии был завоеван сербским великим принцем Вуканом в 1093 году, и снова норманнами четыре года спустя. Однако из -за эпидемий и нехватки пищи норманны быстро сдались византийцам. ^{[ 88 ]}

В течение 12 и 13 веков болгары и сербы воспользовались византийским снижением, чтобы создать большие королевства, простирающиеся от Дуная до Эгейского моря . Калоян вернул Скопье в восстановленную Болгарию в 1203 году ^{[ 89 ]}^{[ 90 ]} До тех пор, пока его племянник Стрез не объявил автономию вдоль верхнего Вардара с помощью сербской помощи только пять лет спустя. ^{[ 91 ]} В 1209 году Стрез переключился на верность и признал Борила Болгарии , с которой он руководил успешной совместной кампанией против первой международно признанного короля Стефана Неманджича . ^{[ 90 ]} С 1214 по 1230 год Скопье был частью византийского преемника Государственного Государственного Эпира, а затем был восстановлен Иваном Асеном II и удерживался Болгарией до 1246 года, когда верхняя долина Вардар была включена еще раз в византийское государство - Империю Никей . ^{[ 92 ]} Византийское завоевание было кратко изменено в 1255 году регентами молодого Майкла Асена I из Болгарии . ^{[ 93 ]} Тем временем в параллельной гражданской войне за корону в Тарново Скопье Бойар и внука Стефану Неманью Константин Тих одержал победу и вынесли его в действие, пока единственный успешный крестьянин в Европе не свергнул его.

В 1282 году Скопье был захвачен сербским королем Стефаном Милутина . ^{[ 94 ]} Согласно политической стабильности правления Неманджича , поселение распространилось за стены крепости, в сторону Гази Баба -Хилл. ^{[ 83 ]} Церкви, монастыри и рынки были построены, и торговцы из Венеции и Дубровник открыл магазины. Город очень выиграл от своего расположения недалеко от европейских, ближневосточных и африканских рынков. В 14 веке Скопье стал таким важным городом, что король Стефан Душан сделал его столицей Сербской империи . В 1346 году он был коронован «Императором сербов и греков» в Skopje. ^{[ 17 ]} После его смерти сербская империя развалилась на несколько княжеств, которые не смогли защитить себя от турок. Скопье был сначала унаследован Господом Прилепа и, наконец, взят Вуком Бранковичем после битвы при Маритсе (1371) ^{[ 95 ]} Прежде чем стать частью Османской империи в 1392 году. ^{[ 17 ]}

В 1330 году сербский король Стефан Дечански упомянул албанцев как в районе Скопье и регулярно ходил на ярмарку Святого Георгия, которая собралась недалеко от города. ^{[ 96 ]}

Османский период

Османы оставались в Скопье более 520 лет , и экономическая жизнь города значительно выиграла от его позиции в центре Румелии , европейской провинции османов. Каменный мост , «один из самых внушительных каменных мостов, которые можно найти в Югославии», был реконструирован под покровительством султана Мехмеда II, завоевателя между 1451 и 1469 годами. ^{[ 97 ]} Османы резко изменили внешний вид города. Они организовали базар с его каравансэрайсом , мечетями и ваннами . ^{[ 98 ]}

В кадастровом реестре 1451-52 годы упоминается район Скопье Гджин-Ко- (Gjinaj), названный в честь средневековой семьи Албанской Гжини . Соседство демонстрировало смешанную христианскую албанскую антропономию с случаями славицизации (например, Palić ; PAL + Slavic Suffix Ić ). ^{[ 99 ]} В течение этого периода времени несколько тимариотов города зарегистрированы как название Arnauti (албанский) наряду с мусульманским именем, то есть Hamza Arnauti, Shahin Arnauti, Jusuf Arnauti . имена, а также ношение фамилии Арбанас/Арнаут , то есть Богослав Арбан, Милош Арбан, Божхайдар Арнаут и т. Д. Другая группа носила христианские/ славянские Богдан Арбан , дано османскими властями новым поселенцам данного региона, вероятно, указывая на то, что они местные жители. ^{[ 100 ]} В 1451/53 был зарегистрирован окрестности с ароматным именем, Махалле-и Тодором Владжа-Влаха . Среди 45 руководителей семьи этого района были записаны христианские и албанские антропоним ( Gjon-эй, сын Норич , Колджко Бибани , Тушо , сын Рады и т. Д. Также зарегистрировано, например: Петко , сын Влла ( Ифлак ), Петру , сын Давида , Андрея, Кожухар , Никул Чикун и т. Д. ^{[ 101 ]}

В 1451/53 году в Махалле Ахриджане Хасан в 1451/53 году глава семьи из благородной албанской семьи Музака , которая обратилась в ислам, был перерегистрирован среди мусульманских руководителей семьи. В другом реестре 1467/68 года, в настоящее время в христианском Махаллах, названном Светко Самарси , среди 29 главы семей со славянскими христианскими антропонимами, ряд также несет албанские антропоним. ^{[ 102 ]} В окрестностях Джазикси Шахин , среди жителей с мусульманскими именами, глава семьи был зарегистрирован только с фамилией Зенебиши , не упоминая его социальную позицию или свою профессию, что указывает на более высокий социальный статус. отношение к Хасан Бей Зенебиши Адестандию из Зенебиши и субаши Нахии Калкандлен . Это может указывать на семьи Люди, имеющие антропоним албанцев, будь то в сочетании с восточными/исламскими, славянскими или христианскими, также появляются в окрестностях Касима Факиха , Дурсан Сарач , Куджумсхи Минтешели , Череп, Джандро, Станимира, Вллах Данча и Рели . ^{[ 101 ]} Ряд сипахи также имели албанское происхождение, и эти люди держали тимары в районах, которые имели христианский албанский симбиоз со славянскими антропонимами в окрестностях Скопье. Дефтеры отметили, что они были старыми, были старыми сипахи, вероятно, были землевладельцами. Эти индивидуальные сипахи были тесно связаны с происхождением и кровью, и учитывали связи родства, хотя у них были гетерогенные, христианские, славянские и восточные имена, они, похоже, были албанцами. У некоторых есть имена, указывающие на их происхождение, такие как Shimerd Vardarli из Skopje, что делает вероятность того, что эти тимариоты были местными жителями. ^{[ 103 ]}

Около 1529 года христиане Скопье были в основном неконвертированными славянами и албанцами , а также рагусан и армянскими торговцами. ^{[ 104 ]} Мечеть Mustafa Pasha , построенная в 1492 году, считается «одним из самых великолепных сакральных исламских зданий на Балканах». ^{[ 105 ]} В 1535 году все церкви были снесены по указу (османскому) губернатору. ^{[ 106 ]}^{[ сомнительно - обсудить ]} В 1555 году город пострадал от еще одного сурового землетрясения, разрушив большую часть города. Старый базар Скопье , колонны Каменного моста и фрески в верхних частях церкви Святого Пантелемона, Горно Нерези, были сильно повреждены. ^{[ 107 ]} Некоторые современные источники считают, что это землетрясение было категорией XII (экстремальным) по модифицированной шкале интенсивности Меркули , хотя другие считают, что это переоценивает. ^{[ 30 ]}

В 1623-1624 гг. Католический пидтер Мазреку сообщил, что город был заселен «турками (мусульманами), большинство из которых были албанцами, остальные-азиатского происхождения», пишет Мазреку; «Есть также евреи, сербы и некоторые греки в городе». ^{[ 108 ]}^{[ 109 ]} В Османский период «Терк» использовался в христианских трудах в качестве имени для мусульманина или для исламизированных албанцев. ^{[ 110 ]}^{[ 111 ]}

До 17 -го века Скопье испытал длинный золотой век. Около 1650 года число жителей в Скопье составляло от 30 000 до 60 000 человек, а в городе находилось более 10 000 домов. Тогда это был один из немногих крупных городов на территории будущей Югославии вместе с Белградом и Сараево . В то время Дубровник , который был оживленной гавани, не имел даже 7000 жителей. ^{[ 112 ]} Город серьезно пострадал от великой турецкой войны в конце 17 -го века и, следовательно, пережил рецессию до 19 -го века. В 1689 году Гапсбурги захватили Skopje, который уже был ослаблен эпидемией холеры . ^{[ 113 ]} В тот же день генерал Сильвио Пикколомини поджег город , чтобы положить конец эпидемии. ^{[ 17 ]} Однако возможно, что он хотел отомстить за ущерб, которые османы вызвали в Вене в 1683 году . ^{[ 114 ]} Скопье горел в течение двух дней, но сам генерал погиб от чумы, и его армия без лидера была разгромлена. ^{[ 115 ]}^{[ 116 ]} Австрийское присутствие в Македонии мотивировало восстания славян. Тем не менее, австрийцы покинули страну в течение года, и хадждуки , лидеры восстаний, должны были следовать за ними в их отступлении к северу от Балкан. ^{[ 17 ]} Некоторые были арестованы османами, такими как Петар Карпош Скопье , который был пронзен на каменном мосту . ^{[ 117 ]}

После войны Скопье был в руинах. Большинство официальных зданий были восстановлены или восстановлены, но город пережил новую эпидемии чумы и холеры , и многие жители эмигрировали. ^{[ 104 ]} Османская империя в целом вступила в рецессию и политическое спад. В 18 -м веке в Македонии произошло много восстаний и грабежек, во главе с Османскими преступниками, янзанами или хадждуками . ^{[ 118 ]} Оценка, проведенная французскими офицерами около 1836 года, показала, что в то время у Скопье было всего около 10 000 жителей. Он был превзойден два других города современной Северной Македонии: Битиола (40 000) и Штип (15–20 000). ^{[ 119 ]}

Скопье начал восстанавливаться после десятилетий упадка после 1850 года. В то время город пережил медленный, но устойчивый демографический рост, главным образом из -за сельского исхода славянских македонцев. Это также подпитывалось исходом мусульман из Сербии и Болгарии , которые в то время получали автономию и независимость от империи. ^{[ 17 ]}^{[ 104 ]} Во время Танзимата реформ национализм возник в империи, и в 1870 году была создана новая болгарская церковь , и ее отдельная епархия была создана на основе этнической идентичности , а не религиозных принципов. ^{[ 120 ]} Славянское население епископства Скопье проголосовало в 1874 году в подавляющем большинстве, на 91% в пользу присоединения к экзархату и стало частью болгарского проса . ^{[ 121 ]} Экономический рост был разрешен строительством железной дороги Скопье- Салоники в 1873 году. ^{[ 17 ]} Железнодорожная станция была построена к югу от Вардара , и это способствовало переселению экономической деятельности на этой стороне реки, которая никогда не была урбанизирована раньше. ^{[ 42 ]} Из -за сельского исхода возникла доля христиан в городском населении. Некоторые из новичков стали частью местной элиты и помогли распространять националистические идеи ^{[ 104 ]} В 1877 году Скопье был выбран в качестве столицы нового Kosovo Vilayet , который включал современный Косово , Северо-Западная Македония и Санджак Нови Пазар .

В статистике, собранной болгарским этнографом Василом Канчовым в 1900 году, в городе Скопье было заселено 31 900 человек, из которых 15 000 человек были турками, 13 000 христианских болгар, 1920 Романи, 800 евреев, 450 Влаха, 150 христианских албанцев, 50 христианских греков, 30 циксов. и 500 жителей различных других этнических групп. ^{[ 122 ]} Канчав писал в том же году, что многие албанцы объявили себя турками. В Skopje население, которое объявило себя турецким, «была албанской крови», но оно «было туркировано после османского вторжения, включая Скандербег», ссылаясь на исламизацию. Болгарский литературный историк Йордан Иванов писал в 1915 году, что албанцы, поскольку у них не было своего собственного алфавита из -за отсутствия консолидированного национального сознания и под влиянием иностранной пропаганды, объявили себя турками, греками и болгарцами, в зависимости от того Полем Албанцы теряли свой родной язык в Скопье. ^{[ 123 ]} Немецкий лингвист Густав Вейганд описал, что мусульманское население Скопье «турок» или османов (Османли) в течение позднего османского периода был в основном албанцы, которые говорили турецкого на публике и албанцах дома. ^{[ 124 ]} В 1905 году в городе было 32 000 жителей, что делает его крупнейшим из Вилайета, хотя он пристально сопровождал Призрен с его 30 000 жителей. ^{[ 18 ]} В начале 20 -го века местная экономика была сосредоточена на окраске , ткани , загар , железной желудке и обработке вина и муки. ^{[ 18 ]}

Скопье был одним из пяти основных центров внутренней македонской революционной организации, когда она организовала восстание в Илиндене 1903 года . Его революционная сеть в регионе , возглавляемая Николой Пушкаров, не была хорошо развита, а отсутствие оружия было серьезной проблемой. В начале восстания повстанческие силы сорвали военный поезд. ^{[ 125 ]} 3 и 5 августа соответственно они напали на османское подразделение, охраняющее мост на реке Вардар, и дали битву в монастыре «Сент -Йован». В ближайшие несколько дней группу преследовали многочисленные башибозозы и переехали в Болгарию.

После революции Young Turk в 1908 году была создана Османская империя и несколько политических партий. ^{[ 17 ]} Однако некоторые политики, осуществляемая молодыми турками , такими как рост налогов и запрет этнических политических партий, недоволенных меньшинств. Албанцы выступили против националистического характера движения и возглавляли местные восстания в 1910 и 1912 годах. Во время последних им удалось захватить большую часть Косово и взяли Скопье 11 августа. 18 августа повстанцы подписали соглашение üsküb, которое предусматривает создание автономной албанской провинции, и они были амнизированы на следующий день. ^{[ 126 ]}

Болгарское проявление в поддержку революции Young Turk
Церковь Рождества Теотоков , место болгарской православной епархии Скопье, построенное в 19 веке
Cutlers на старом базаре около 1900 года

Balkan Wars to present day

Skopje after being captured by Albanian revolutionaries in August 1912 after defeating the Ottoman forces holding the city

Peter I of Serbia visiting Skopje in 1914

Following an alliance contracted in 1912, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Their goal was to definitively expel the Ottomans from Europe. The First Balkan War started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October. Ottoman forces had left the city the day before.^[17] During the conflict, Chetniks, a Serb irregular force razed the Albanian quarter of Skopje and killed numerous Albanian inhabitants from the city.^[127] The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of 725 Muslim families which left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities.^[104]

In 1915, during the First World War, Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria, which captured Skopje on 22 October 1915. Serbia, allied to the Triple Entente, was helped by France, Britain, Greece, and Italy, which formed the Macedonian front. Following a great Allied offensive in 1918, the Armée française d'Orient reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise.^[128] After the end of the World War, Vardar Macedonia became part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" in 1929.^[17] A mostly foreign ethnic Serb ruling class gained control, imposing large-scale repression.^[129] The policies of de-Bulgarization and assimilation were pursued.^[130] At that time part of the young locals, repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development.^[131] In 1931, in a move to formally decentralize the country, Skopje was named the capital of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Until the Second World War, Skopje experienced strong economic growth, and its population increased. The city had 41,066 inhabitants in 1921, 64,807 in 1931, and 80,000 in 1941.^[104] Although in an underdeveloped region, it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernization of the city.^[132] In 1941, Skopje had 45 factories, half of the industry in the whole of Socialist Macedonia.^[133]

In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany. Germans seized Skopje on 8 April^[17] and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941.^[134] To ensure the bulgarization of the society, authorities closed Serbian schools and churches, opening new schools and a higher education institute, the King Boris University.^[135] The 4,000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to the Treblinka extermination camp where almost all of them were killed.^[136]

Skopje was liberated on 13 November 1944 by units of the Bulgarian People's Army (Bulgaria having switched sides in the war in September) aided by Yugoslav Partisans of the Macedonian National Liberation Army.^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140] Skopje became the capital city of the newly proclaimed Democratic Federal Macedonia as set up by the ASNOM on 2 August 1944 in the Bulgarian occupation zone in Yugoslavia.

After World War II, Skopje greatly benefited from Socialist Yugoslav policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions. Consequently, Skopje became home to a national library, a philharmonic orchestra, a university, and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. However, its post-war development was altered by the 1963 earthquake which occurred on 26 July. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the 1960 Agadir earthquake.^[141] The disaster killed 1,070 people, injuring 3,300 others. 16,000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70% of the population lost their home.^[41] Many educational facilities, factories and historical buildings were destroyed.^[42]

After the earthquake, reconstruction was quick. It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with.^[41] Many Albanians, some from Kosovo participated in the reconstruction effort.^[142] Reconstruction was finished by 1980, even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted.^[42] Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of modernist architecture. Demographic growth was very important after 1963, and Skopje had 408,100 inhabitants in 1981.^[143] After 1963, rural youth migrated to Skopje and were involved in the reconstruction process resulting in a large growth of the urban Macedonian population.^[144]^[145]^[146] The Albanian population of Skopje also increased as people from the northern villages migrated to the city and others came from Kosovo either to provide manpower for reconstruction or fled the deteriorating political situation, especially during the 1990s.^[142] However, during the 1980s and the 1990s, the country experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered. The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments. Many landmarks were restored and the "Skopje 2014" project renewed the appearance of the city centre.

Emblems

The Flag of Skopje^[147] is a red banner in proportions 1:2 with a gold-coloured coat of arms of the city positioned in the upper-left corner. It is either vertical or horizontal, but the vertical version was the first to be used.

The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s. It depicts the Stone Bridge with the Vardar river, the Kale Fortress and the snow-capped peaks of the Šar mountains.^[148]

Administration

Status

Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law. The last revision of its status was made in 2004. Since then, the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor, like all of the country's municipalities. Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory, and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them, or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities.^[149]

The City of Skopje is part of the Skopje Statistical Region, which has no political or administrative power.^[149]

City Council

The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four-year term. It primarily deals with budget, global orientations and relations between the city and the government. Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics, such as urbanism, finances, environment of local development.^[150] The President of the council is elected by the Council Members. Since 2021 the president has been Trajko Slaveski, member of VMRO-DPMNE.^[151]^[150]

Following the 2021 local elections, the City Council is constituted as follows:^[150]^[152]

Party / List	Seats
SDSM	12
VMRO-DPMNE	18
DUI	5
AA/A	2
DOM	2
Levica	4
Total	45

Mayor

The Mayor of Skopje is elected every four years. The mayor represents the City of Skopje and can submit ideas to the council, manages the administrative bodies and their officials.^[153]

Municipalities

Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945, but the first municipalities were created in 1976. They were five: Centar, Čair, Karpoš, Gazi Baba and Kisela Voda. After the 1991 independence of the country, power was centralized and municipalities lost much of their competences. A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities: Ǵorče Petrov and Šuto Orizari. After the insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces in 2001, a new law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate Saraj Municipality into the City of Skopje. Saraj is mostly populated by Albanians and, since then, Albanians represent more than 20% of the city population. Thus Albanian became the second official language of the city administration, something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels. The same year, Aerodrom Municipality separated itself from Kisela Voda, and Butel Municipality from Čair.^[149]

Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years. They also have a mayor and several departments (education, culture, finances...). The mayor primarily deals with these departments.^[154]

Name	Size (km²)^[23]	Population 2002^[48]	Population 2021^[2]
Aerodrom	20	72,009	77,735
Butel	54.79	36,144	37,968
Centar	7.52	45,412	43,893
Čair	3.52	64,773	62,586
Gazi Baba	110.86	72,617	69,626
Ǵorče Petrov	66.93	41,634	44,844
Karpoš	35.21	59,666	63,760
Kisela Voda	34.24	57,236	61,965
Saraj	229.06	35,408	38,399
Šuto Orizari	7.48	22,017	25,726
City of Skopje	571.46	506,926	526,502

Centar (Центар)
Gazi Baba (Гази Баба)
Aerodrom (Аеродром)
Čair (Чаир)
Kisela Voda (Кисела Вода)
Butel (Бутел)
Šuto Orizari (Шуто Оризари)
Karpoš (Карпош)
Ǵorče Petrov (Ѓорче Петров)
Saraj (Сарај)

Economy

Economic weight

Skopje is a medium city at the European level. Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy. The Skopje Statistical Region, which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities, produces 45.5% of the Macedonian GDP.^[155] In 2009, the regional GDP per capita amounted to US$6,565, or 155% of the Macedonian GDP per capita.^[156] This figure is, however, smaller than the one of neighboring Sofia (US$10,106),^[157] Sarajevo (US$10,048)^[158] or Belgrade (US$7,983),^[159] but higher than the one of Tirana (US$4,126).^[160]

Because there are no other large cities in the country, and because of political and economic centralization, a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city. The dynamism of the city also encourages rural exodus, not only from North Macedonia, but also from Kosovo, Albania and Southern Serbia.^[161]

Firms and activities

In 2009, Skopje had 26,056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size. The large majority of them are either small (12,017) or very small (13,625).^[162] A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods (9,758), 3,839 are specialized in business and real estate, and 2,849 are manufacturers.^[163] Although few in number, large firms account for 51% of the local production outside finance.^[52]

The city industry is dominated by food processing, textile, printing and metal processing. In 2012, it accounted for 30% of the city's GDP.^[52] Most of the industrial areas are in Gazi Baba municipality, on the major routes and rail lines to Belgrade and Thessaloniki.^[164] Notably, the ArcelorMittal, Makstil steel plants and the Skopje Brewery are there. Other zones are between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda, along the railway to Greece. These zones comprise Alkaloid Skopje (pharmaceuticals), Rade Končar (electrical supplies), Imperial Tobacco, and Ohis (fertilizers). Two special economic zones also exist, around the airport and the Okta refinery. They have attracted several foreign companies, such as Johnson Controls, Johnson Matthey and Van Hool.^[165]

As the country's financial capital, Skopje is the seat of the Macedonian Stock Exchange, of the National Bank, and of most of the country's banking, insurance, and telecommunication companies, such as Makedonski Telekom, Komercijalna banka Skopje and Stopanska Banka. The services sector produces 60% of the city GDP.^[52]

Besides many small traditional shops, Skopje has two large markets, the "Zelen Pazar" (green market) and the "Bit Pazar" (flea market). They are both considered local institutions.^[49] However, since the 1970s, retailing has largely been modernized and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping centres. The largest, Skopje City Mall, opened in 2012. It comprises a Carrefour hypermarket, 130 shops and a cinema, and employs 2,000 people.^[166]

Employment

51% of the Skopje active population is employed in small firms. 52% of the population work in the services sector, 34% in industry, and the remaining is mainly employed in administration.^[52]

The unemployment rate for the Skopje Statistical Region was at 27% in 2009, three points under the national rate (30%). The neighbouring Polog Region had a similar rate, but the less affected region was the South-West, with 22%.^[167] Unemployment in Skopje mainly affects men, who represent 56% of job-seekers, people between 25 and 44 years old (45% of job-seekers), and non-qualified people (43%).^[52] Unemployment also concerns Roma people, who represent 4.63% of the city population but affects 70% of the active population in the community.^[50]

The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at €400 in October 2010, which represented 120% of the national figure.^[168] The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in Sarajevo (€522),^[169] Sofia (€436),^[170] and in Belgrade (€440).^[171]

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1921	41,000	—
1931	68,880	+5.32%
1948	88,355	+1.48%
1953	120,130	+6.34%
1961	166,870	+4.19%
1971	314,552	+6.54%
1981	448,200	+3.60%
1991	444,760	−0.08%
2002	506,926	+1.20%
2021	526,502	+0.20%
Source: ^[48]^[172]^[173]

Population

According to the results of the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants.^[2] Skopje's employment area covers a large part of the country, including Veles, Kumanovo and Tetovo, and totaling more than one million inhabitants.^[174]

Skopje contains roughly a quarter of North Macedonia's population. The second most populous municipality, Kumanovo, had 107,632 inhabitants in 2011,^[175] and an urban unit of 76,272 inhabitants in 2002.^[48]

Before the Austro-Turkish war and the 1689 Great Fire, Skopje was one of the biggest cities in the Balkans, with a population estimated between 30,000 and 60,000 inhabitants.^[17] After the fire set by the retreating Austrian forces, it experienced a long period of decline and only had 10,000 inhabitants in 1836.^[119] However, the population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32,000 inhabitants in 1905.^[18] In the 20th century, Skopje was one of the fastest-growing cities in Yugoslavia, and it had 448,200 inhabitants in 1981. Since then, the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace.^[172]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in the Greater Skopje include:

Ethnic group	2002		2021
Ethnic group	Number	%	Number	%
Macedonians	338,358	66.75	309,107	58.71
Albanians	103,891	20.49	120,293	22.85
Turks	8,595	1.70	8,524	1.62
Roma	23,475	4.63	18,498	3.51
Vlachs	2,557	0.50	2,778	0.53
Serbs	14,298	2.82	9,478	1.80
Bosniaks	7,585	1.50	7,365	1.50
Others	8,167	1.61	6,284	1.19
Administrative sources	n/a	n/a	44,175	8.39
Total	506,926	100	526,502	100

Skopje, just like North Macedonia as a whole, is characterized by a large ethnic diversity. The city is in a region where Macedonians and Albanians meet, and it has had populations of Bulgarians, Romani, Turks, Jews, and Serbs through its history. Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th century when large numbers of Christians started to settle there. According to the 2021 census, Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje, with 309,107 inhabitants, or 58.71% of the population. Then came Albanians with 120,293 inhabitants (22.85%), Roma people with 18,498 (3.51%), Serbs (9,478 inhabitants), Turks (8,524), Bosniaks (7,365) and Aromanians (also known as "Vlachs", 2,778). 6,284 people did not belong to any of these groups.^[2]

Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of Aerodrom, Centar, Ǵorče Petrov, Karpoš and Kisela Voda, which are all south of the Vardar.^[176] They also form a majority in Butel^[177] and Gazi Baba which are north of the river. Albanians form a majority in Čair which roughly corresponds to the Old Bazaar, and in Saraj.^[178] They form a large minority in Butel^[177] and Gazi Baba. Šuto Orizari, on the northern edge of the city, is predominantly Roma.^[48] When an ethnic minority forms at least 20% of the population in a municipality, its language can become official on the local level. Thus, in Čair and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian, and Romani in Šuto Orizari.^[179] The latter is the only municipality in the world where Romani is an official language.^[50]

Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerates the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds.^[180] Both Macedonians and Albanians view themselves each as the original population of Skopje and the other as newcomers.^[181]^[142]^[144] The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.^[50]

Religion

Religious affiliation is diverse: Macedonians, Serbs, and Aromanians are mainly Orthodox, with the majority affiliated to the Macedonian Orthodox Church; Turks are almost entirely Muslim; those of Albanian ethnicity are largely Muslim, although Skopje also has a sizeable Roman Catholic Albanian minority, into which Mother Teresa was born; the Roma (Gypsies) represent a mixture (in almost equal numbers) of Muslim and Orthodox religious heritage.^[182]

According to the 2002 census, 68.5% of the population of Skopje belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church, while 28.6% belonged to Islam. The city also had Catholic (0.5%) and Protestant (0.04%) minorities.^[183] The Catholics are served by the Latin bishopric of Skopje, in which is also vested the Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia.

	2002		2021
	Number	%	Number	%
TOTAL	506,926	100	526,502	100
Orthodox	348,837	68.8	264,872	60.3
Christians	216	0.49	50,624
Catholics	2,506	0.04	2,044
Islam	143,770	28.4	155,245	29.5
others	11,597	1.81	9,542	1.81
Administrative sources			44,175	8.39

Until World War II, Skopje had a significant Jewish minority which mainly descended from Spanish Sephardis who had escaped the Inquisition. The community comprised 2,424 members in 1939 (representing about 3% of the city population), but most of them were deported and killed by Nazis. After the war, most of the survivors settled in Israel.^[115]^[184] Today the city has around 200 Jewish inhabitants (about 0.04% of the population).

Because of its 520-year Ottoman past, and the fact that many of its inhabitants today are Muslims, Skopje has more mosques than churches. Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built.^[185] Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious organizations, such as the Macedonian Orthodox Church and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia. It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary, several madrasahs, a Roman Catholic cathedral and a synagogue.^[186]

Health

Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialized medical institutions, such as the Filip II Hospital, a psychiatric hospital, two obstetric hospitals, a gerontology hospital, and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases.^[187] In 2012, Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251.6 inhabitants, a figure higher than the national ratio (one per 370.9). The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country. However, the ratio of hospital beds, pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje.^[188] The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians. In 2010, the mortality rate was at 8.6‰ in Skopje and 9.3‰ on the national level. The infant mortality rate was at 6.8‰ in Skopje and 7.6‰ in North Macedonia.^[188]

Education

Skopje's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country. 16% of Skopjans have graduated from university in contrast to 10% for the rest of the country. The number of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9% compared to the provincial average of 17%. 80% of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up residence in Skopje.^[189]

Skopje has 21 secondary schools; 5 of which serve as general high-school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools.^[190] The city is also host to several higher education institutions, the most notable of which is Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, founded in 1949. The university has 23 departments, 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50,000 students.^[191] After the country's independence in 1991, several private universities were brought into existence. The largest private universities in Skopje are European University Skopje with 7 departments^[192] and FON University with 9 departments respectively.^[193]

Media

Skopje is the largest media centre in North Macedonia. Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information, over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje. The daily Dnevnik, founded in 1996, with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country. Also based in Skopje, Večer is pulled 50,000 copies and the state owns one-third of its capital, as well as Nova Makedonija, reprinted 20,000 copies. Other major newspapers in Skopje, totally private, are Utrinski Vesnik (30,000 copies), Vest (25,000 copies), and Vreme (15,000 copies). Magazines Fokus (12,000 copies), Start (10,000 copies), and Denes (7,500 copies) also have their headquarters in Skopje.^[194]^[195]

The city is home of the studios of Macedonian Radio-Television (MRT), the country's public radio and television. Founded in 1966, it operates with three national broadcast channels, twenty-four hours a day. The most popular private television stations are Sitel, Kanal 5, Telma, Alfa TV, and AlsatM.^[196] MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage, the private station Skopje's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span. Radio Antenna 5 and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje.^[197]

Also, the city boasts big news agencies in the country, both public, such as the Media Information Agency, and private, such as the Makfax.^[194]

Sports

As the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje has many major sporting facilities. The city has three large swimming pools, two of which feature Olympic pools. These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams. Skopje also boasts many football stadiums, like Ilinden in Čair and Železarnica, which can accommodate between 4,000 and 4,500 spectators. The basketball court Kale can accommodate 2,200 people and the court of Jane Sandanski has a 6,000 seat capacity.^[198]

The largest stadium remains Toše Proeski Arena. The stadium, built in 1947 and named until 2008, City Stadium Skopje^[199] experienced a total renovation, begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA. Fully renovated the stadium contains 33,460 seats,^[200] and a health spa and fitness area. The Boris Trajkovski Sports Center is the largest sports complex in the country with 6,250 seats. It was opened in 2008 and named after former president Boris Trajkovski, who died in 2004. It includes rooms dedicated to handball, basketball, and volleyball, a bowling alley, a fitness area, and an ice hockey court. Its main hall, which regularly hosts concerts, holds around 10,000 people.^[201]

FK Vardar and FK Rabotnički are the two most popular football teams in the city. Vardar plays in the second division, while Rabotnicki plays in the first division. Their games are held at Toše Proeski Arena, like those of the national team. The city is also home to many smaller football clubs, such as: FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov, FK Gorno Lisiče, FK Lokomotiva Skopje, FK Metalurg Skopje, FK Madžari Solidarnost and FK Skopje, who play in first, second or third national league. Another popular sport in North Macedonia is basketball, represented in particular by the teams MZT Skopje and Rabotnički. Handball is illustrated by RK Vardar PRO and RK Metalurg Skopje, also the women's team ŽRK Metalurg and ŽRK Vardar. The city co-hosted the 2008 European Women's Handball Championship together with Ohrid,^[202] and hosted the 2017 UEFA Super Cup, the match between the two giants of the European football Real Madrid and Manchester United

Transport

Main connections

Skopje is near three other capital cities, Prishtina (87 km (54 mi) away), Tirana (291 km) and Sofia (245 km). Thessaloniki is 233 km (145 mi) south and Belgrade is 433 km (269 mi) north.^[203] Skopje is also at the crossroad of two Pan-European corridors: Corridor X, which runs between Austria and Greece, and Corridor VIII, which runs from the Adriatic in Albania to the Black Sea in Bulgaria. Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki, Belgrade, and Western Europe, while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia.

Corridor X locally corresponds to the M-1 motorway (E75), which is the longest highway in North Macedonia. It also corresponds to the Tabanovce-Gevgelija railway. Corridor VIII, less developed, corresponds to the M-4 motorway and the Kičevo-Beljakovce railway. Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Thus the junction between the M-1 and M-4 is some 20 km (12 mi) east, close to the airport. Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities, movement of people and goods is not optimized, especially with Albania. This is mainly due to poor infrastructure. As a result, 61.8% of Skopjans have never been to Tirana, while only 6.7% have never been to Thessaloniki and 0% to Sofia. Furthermore, 26% of Thessalonians, 33% of Sofians and 37% of Tiranans have never been to Skopje.^[203]

The first highways were built during the Yugoslav period, when Skopje was linked through the Brotherhood and Unity Highway to, what was then, the Yugoslav capital Belgrade to the North, and the Greek border to the South.

Rail and coach stations

The main railway station in Skopje is serviced by the Belgrade-Thessaloniki and Skopje-Prishtina international lines.^[204] After the completion of the Corridor VIII railway project, currently scheduled for 2030, the city will also be linked to Tirana and Sofia.^[205]^[206]^[207] Daily trains also link Skopje with other towns of North Macedonia, such as Kumanovo, Kičevo, Štip, Bitola or Veles.^[204]

Skopje has several minor railway stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines. On the railway linking the main station to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations, and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje-North, Ǵorče Petrov and Saraj stations. Several other stations are freight-only.^[208]

Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main railway station. It can host 450 coaches in a day.^[209] Coach connections reach more destinations than train connections, connecting Skopje to many domestic and foreign destinations including Istanbul, Sofia, Prague, Hamburg and Stockholm.^[210]

Public transport

Skopje has a bus network managed by the city and operated by three companies. The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje, a public company founded in 1948. JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies, Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres, obtained several lines. However, most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines out of 80. Only 24 lines are urban, the others serving localities around the city.^[211] Many of the JSP vehicles are red Yutong City Master double-decker buses built by Chinese bus manufacturer Yutong and designed to resemble the classic British AEC Routemaster.^[212]

A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s. The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies. His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019.^[213]

A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014, not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city centre.

Airport

The airport was built in 1928. The first commercial flights in Skopje were introduced in 1929 when the Yugoslav carrier Aeroput introduced a route linking the city with the capital, Belgrade.^[214] A year later the route was extended to Thessaloniki in Greece, and further extended to Greek capital Athens in 1933.^[214] In 1935 Aeroput linked Skopje with Bitola and Niš, and also operated a longer international route linking Vienna and Thessaloniki through Zagreb, Belgrade and Skopje.^[214] After the Second World War, Aeroput was replaced by JAT Yugoslav Airlines, which linked Skopje to a number of domestic and international destinations until the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s.

Skopje International Airport is in Petrovec, 20 km (12 mi) east of the city. Since 2008, it has been managed by the Turkish TAV Airports Holding and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year.^[215] The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008, reaching one million passengers in 2014.^[216]

Skopje's airport has connections to several European cities, including Athens, Vienna, Bratislava, Zürich, Brussels, Oslo, Istanbul, London and Rome. It also maintains a direct connection with Dubai and Doha, Qatar.

Culture

Cultural institutions

Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid", the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Theatre, the National Philharmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents, the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals, exhibitions and concerts, and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to contemporary art and young talents.^[217]

Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres, such as a Goethe-Institut,^[218] a British Council,^[219] an Alliance française,^[220] an American Corner.^[221]

The city has several theatres and concert halls. The Univerzalna Sala, seating 1,570, was built in 1966 and is used for concerts, fashion shows, and congresses. The Metropolis Arena, designed for large concerts, has 3,546 seats. Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet (800 seats), the National Theatre (724), and the Drama Theatre (333).^[222] Other smaller venues exist, such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre. A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction.^[223]^[224]

Museums

The largest museum in Skopje is the Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia which details the history of the country. Its icons and lapidary collections are particularly rich.^[225] The Macedonian Archeological Museum, opened in 2014, keeps some of the best archeological finds in North Macedonia, dating from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. The National Gallery of Macedonia exhibits paintings dating from the 14th to the 20th century in two former hammams of the Old Bazaar. The Contemporary Art Museum was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to international assistance. Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art, with works by Fernand Léger, André Masson, Pablo Picasso, Hans Hartung, Victor Vasarely, Alexander Calder, Pierre Soulages, Alberto Burri and Christo.^[226]

The Skopje City Museum is inside the remains of the old railway station, destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. It is dedicated to local history and it has four departments: archeology, ethnology, history, and art history.^[227] The Memorial House of Mother Teresa was built in 2009 on the original site of the church in which the saint had been baptized.^[228] The Museum of the Macedonian Struggle is dedicated to the modern national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence. Nearby is the Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia. The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4,000 items^[229] while the 12-ha Skopje Zoo is home to 300 animals.^[230]

Architecture

Although Skopje has been destroyed many times throughout its history, it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city. Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe, with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose. It was also a ground for modernist experiments in the 20th century, following the 1963 earthquake. At the beginning of the 21st century, it is again the subject of massive building campaigns, thanks to the "Skopje 2014" project. Skopje is thus an environment where old, new, progressist, reactionary, eastern and western perspectives coexist.^[132]

Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the Tumba Madžari Neolithic site.^[231] On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient Scupi, with ruins of a theatre, thermae and a basilica.^[69] The Skopje Aqueduct, between Scupi and the city centre, is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown. It seems to have been built by the Byzantines or the Turks, but it was already out of use in the 16th century.^[232] It consists of 50 arches, worked in cloisonné masonry.^[233]

Skopje Fortress was rebuilt several times before it was destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. Since then, it has been restored to its medieval appearance. It is the only medieval monument in Skopje, but several churches around the city illustrate the Vardar architectural school which flourished around 1300. Among these churches are the ones around Matka Canyon (St Nicholas, St Andrew and Matka churches). The church of Saint Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi dates from the 12th century. Its expressive frescoes anticipate the Italian primitives.^[234]

Examples of Ottoman architecture are in the Old Bazaar. Mosques in Skopje are usually simple in design, with a square base and a single dome and minaret. Their entrance is usually emphasized by a portico, as on Mustafa Pasha Mosque, dating from the 15th century. Some mosques show some originality in their appearance: Sultan Murad and Yahya Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof, while Isa Bey mosque has a rectangular base, two domes and two side wings. The Aladža Mosque was originally covered with blue faience, but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire. However, some tiles are still visible on the adjoining türbe. Other Ottoman public monuments include the 16th-century clock tower, a bedesten, three caravanserais, two hammams and the Stone Bridge, first mentioned in 1469.^[98]^[235]

The oldest churches in the city centre, the Ascension and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques.^[236] In the 19th century, several new churches were built, including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, which is a large three-nave building designed by Andrey Damyanov.^[237]

After 1912, when Skopje was annexed by Serbia, the city was drastically westernized. Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926 Ristiḱ Palace. The architecture of that time is very similar to the one of Central Europe, but some buildings are more creative, such as the Neo-Moorish Arab House and the Neo-Byzantine train station, both built in 1938.^[132] Modernism appeared as early as 1933 with the former Ethnographic Museum (today the City Gallery), designed by Milan Zloković.^[132] However, modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake. The reconstruction of the city centre was partially planned by Japanese Kenzo Tange who designed the new train station.^[132] Macedonian architects also took part in the reconstruction: Georgi Konstantinovski designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce Delčev in 1975, while Janko Konstantinov designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main post office (1974–1989). Slavko Brezovski designed the Church of St. Clement of Ohrid.^[238] These two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by brutalism.^[132]

The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city, with large blocks of flats, austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces. The city centre was considered as a grey and unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the "Skopje 2014" project in 2010.^[239]^[240] It made plans to erect a large number of statues, fountains, bridges, and museums at a cost of about €500 million.^[241]

The project has generated controversy: critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary historicist aesthetics.^[242] Also, the government has been criticized for its cost and the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and memorials.^[242] However, representations of minorities have since been included among the monuments. The scheme is accused of turning Skopje to a theme park,^[243] which is viewed as nationalistic kitsch,^[244] and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space.^[245]

Fresco in the church of Saint Panteleimon
Interior of Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Daut Pasha Hammam
The historic clock tower
The Arab House
Macedonian National Theater
Art Bridge

Festivals

The Skopje Jazz Festival has been held annually in October since 1981. It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals. The artists' profiles include fusion, acid jazz, Latin jazz, smooth jazz, and avant-garde jazz. Ray Charles, Tito Puente, Gotan Project, Al Di Meola, Youssou N'Dour, among others, have performed at the festival. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival. It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July.^[246] Past guests include Larry Coryell, Mick Taylor & the All-Stars Blues Band, Candy Dulfer & Funky Stuff, João Bosco, the Temptations, Tolo Marton Trio, Blues Wire, and Phil Guy.

The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer. The festival is a member of the International Festivals and Events Association (IFEA) and it includes musical concerts, operas, ballets, plays, art and photograph exhibitions, movies, and multimedia projects that gather 2,000 participants from around the world each year including the St Petersburg Theatre, the Chamber Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre, Irina Arkhipova, Viktor Tretiakov, The Theatre of Shadows, Michel Dalberto, and David Burgess.

May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public. Over the years, it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed. There is one other major international theatre festival that takes place each year at the end of September, the Young Open Theater Festival (MOT), which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center – Skopje.^[247] More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far, most of them being alternative, experimental theatre groups engaging young writers and actors. The MOT International Theatre Festival is also a member of the International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM.^[248] Within the framework of the MOT Festival, the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute (ITI) was established, and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993, it became a regular member of this theatre association. The festival has an international character, always representing theatres from all over the world that present and enhance the exchange and circulation of young-fresh-experimental-avant-garde theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other.

The Skopje Film Festival is an annual event held in the city every March. Over 50 films are shown at this five-day festival, mostly from North Macedonia and Europe, but also including some non-commercial film productions from all over the world.

Nightlife

Skopje has a diverse nightlife. There is a large emphasis on casinos, many of which are associated with hotels. In 2010, the Colosseum club was named fifth on a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe. Armin van Buuren, Above and Beyond, The Shapeshifters are just some of the many musicians that have visited the club.^[249] Nighttime concerts in local, regional and global music are often held at the Toše Proeski Arena and Boris Trajkovski Sports Center.^[250] For middle-aged people, places for having fun are also the kafeanas where traditional Macedonian food is served and traditional Macedonian music (Starogradska muzika) is played, but music from all the Balkans, particularly Serbian folk music is also popular. Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants, there are restaurants featuring international cuisines.^[250] The Old Bazaar was a popular nightlife destination in the past. The national government has created a project to revive nightlife in the Old Bazaar. The closing time in shops, cafés and restaurants was extended due to the high attendances recorded. In the bazaar's restaurants, along with the traditional Macedonian wine and food, dishes of the Ottoman cuisine are also served.^[251]

People from Skopje

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Skopje is twinned with:^[252]

Bradford, United Kingdom (since 1961)
Dijon, France (since 1961)
Dresden, Germany (since 1967)
Tempe, United States (since 1971)
Roubaix, France (since 1973)
Waremme, Belgium (since 1974)
Nuremberg, Germany (since 1982)
Chlef, Algeria (since 1983)
Nanchang, China (since 1985)
Manisa, Turkey (since 1985)
Suez, Egypt (since 1985)
Pittsburgh, United States (since 2002)
Istanbul, Turkey (since 2003)
Ljubljana, Slovenia (since 2007)
Podgorica, Montenegro (since 2007)
Zaragoza, Spain (since 2008)
Zagreb, Croatia (since 2011)
Tirana, Albania (since 2016)
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2017)

Partnerships

Ankara, Turkey (since 1995)^[253]
Belgrade, Serbia (since 2012)^[254]

Notes

^ This name was also in use in English for a time.
^ By Alfons Mucha, 1926

^ Officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929
^ See Macedonia naming dispute

Citations

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^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në defterin kadastral të vitit 1451-52 për Rumelinë, në Shkup ishte regjistruar lagjeja Gjin-ko –(Gjinaj), me emrin e familjes fisnike mesjetare albane, ku në dokumente sllave të shek.XIV, por edhe në defterët osmanë të shek.XV-XIV, permenden 5 vendbanime me emrin Gjinofc në rrthinat e Shtipt, të Kriva Pallankes, të Gostivarit, Tetovës dhe të Dibres si dhe 2 tjera me emrin Gjinofc janë regjitruar në hapësirën në mes Radomirit dhe të Qystendilit në Bullgari, vendbanime këto qe në mesjetë i themeluan vëllezritë e Gjinajve. Në lagjen e sipërpërmendur Gjinko, në radhë të parë ishte regjistruar kryefamiljari Gjin-ko, me profesion (këpuctarë), dhe Todori, i vëllai i tij (Gjinit), siç shihet themelues i kësaj lagje, ndersa më vonë, në këtë lagjë, në vitin 1467 ishte regjistruar djali i tij Marko, i biri i Gjinit, pastaj në mesin e banorëve të tjerë, ishin regjistruar edhe banorë me antroponimi simbiotike krishtere tradicionale arbane: Milesh-a, bostanxhi, Dimitri, i biri i Prençes, Dragati, i biri i Male-s (Malja), Nikolla, i biri i Naneçit (Nano), Jovan i vëllai i tij, Jako i biri i Dodanit (Doda), Stepan, i biri i Andreas, Paliq (Pali) i biri i Stepanit, Nikolla i biri i Drralla, Roza, e vejë.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Si dëshmi tjetër për praninë e albanëve në territorrin e Maqedonisë së sotme ishin edhe spahinjtë vendas, me prejardhje albane e jo të ardhur nga Arbanoni politik mesjetar, që më parë kishin kaluar në fenë islame dhe ishin inkuadruar në sistemin e timarit të spahinjve osmanë. Sipas defterëve të shek. XV (1451/53 dhe 1467/68) ata i kishin timaret e veta në territorin e Maqedonisë dhe të Kosovës, kësaj radhe po i përmendim vetëm disa prej tyre: Hamza Arnauti,59 nga mëhalla Mentesheli e Shku-pit e kishte timarin e vet në fshatin Gumaleva. Hamza Arnauti, (tjetër) nga vendbanimi Niçevo (Nokova) e Shkupit kishte timarin e tij në fshatin Pa-garusha. Jusuf Arnauti, nga fshati Topçe Is’akli afër Draçevës së Shkupit. Shahin Arnauti59/a dizdar i kalasë së Shkupit i kishte timarin në tri fshatra të Shkupit... pranë individit me etno-nimin Arbanas ose Arnaut, apelativi sllav: doshlac prishlac, uselica, emigrant, që do thotë se kryefamiljarët shqiptarëme këtë etnonim si:Petro Arbanas, Dimitri Arbanas, Nikolla Arbanas, Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut, Gjuro Arba-nas, Mihajl Arbanas, Todor Arnaut, AndrejaArnaut, Lzar Arnaut apo Jusuf Arnaut, ose Hamza Arnavut etj., nuk janë shënuar me cilë-sorin sllav doselic ose prishlec, çka dëshmon se ata ishin vendës në vendbanimet e tyre{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218.
^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në lagjenAhrijan Hasantë Shkupit të vitit 1451/53 ishte re-gjistruar në mesin e kryefamiljarëve myslimanë edhe kryefamiljari me partonimin e familjes fisnike albane Muzak, që kishte kaluar në islam, duke mos e përmendur emrin e tij të mëhershëm të krishterë dhe pa e theksuar pozitën shoqërore apo profesionin e tij.77 Në defterin tjetër të vitit 1467/68, tani në lagjen e krishterë me emrin Svetko Samarxhi tëShkupit, në mesin e 29 kryefamiljarëve me antroponimi krishtere sllave janë regjistruar: Nikolla, i biri Muzak-es, Todor, i biri Shendre-es (Shen Andre-it), Gjuro, i biri Marin-it, Jovan, i biri Suteç-it ( Suta). Nga këto të dhëna të këtyre dy defterëve shihet qartë, se këta dy kryefamiljarë me mbiemrin Muzaka, njëri i krishterë e tjetri mysliman ishin farefis dhe banorë të vjetër të Shkupit, ngase të parët e familjeve të tyre që nga mesjeta e hershme banonin në hapësirat e rajoneve të Nishit, Kosovës dhe të Maqedonisë sotme, pra para depërtimit osman në Ballkan{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në vijim po japim edhe disa të dhëna për spahinjtë e krishterë me prejardhje albane, që i kishin timaret e veta së bashku me individë të tjerë, në simbiozë me antroponimi sllave në rrethinën e Shkupit, ku shihet se edhe këta ishin vendas, meqë në defterë, posaçërisht theksohet se këta individë ishin spahinj të vjetër, çka kuptohet se edhe para viteve 1467-68, në regjistrimet e mëhershme, që nuk janë ruajtur, i kanë pasur timaret e tyre. Timari i Mirashit të birit të Todorit, i Dobroslavit, i të birit të Jaroslavit, i Kojçinit i të birit të Gjonit ,..... (dhe 4 individë të tjerë ). Timari i Gjurës i biri i Todorit, Petko i vëllai i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Petkos (Ibrahimit), Gjura i biri i Petko ( Ibrahimit ) dhe Lazori i biri Petko ( Ibrahimit ).Timari Hamzajt i vëlla i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit, Nikolla i vëlla i tij Gjonit, Pavli i biri i Mihos, Pejo i biri i Pavlit, Petko i biri i Gjonit i vëllai i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit...Kemi edhe shumë spahinj tjerë me prejardhje albane si: Ali dhe Hamza Kërçovali, nga Kër-çova, Shimerd Vardarli i Shkupit, Mahmud Manastirli, Ali Arnauti etj. shihet qartazi se këta posedues të timareve ishin nga trojet e sotme të Maqedonisë e jo të ardhur nga Shqipëria e Qendrore e sotme.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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^ Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve^{[permanent dead link]} p. 488-489
^ Dokumente për historinë e Shqipërisë (1623-1653) - Documenti per la storia dell'Albania (1623-1653). Injac Zamputti. Parafjala Albert Ramaj
^ Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve^{[permanent dead link]} p. 489
^ Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians "Some elements of a conversionist approach can also be found in the text of the Cuneus prophetarum. At one point, for example, Bogdani declares: ‘It is better to be a Christian, the son of a Muslim, than to be a Muslim, the son of a Christian:”” (As always in Christian writings of this period, the word “Turk here is used to mean ‘Muslim:) " p. 116
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External links

Discover Skopje (archived 24 May 2013)
City of Skopje Official Portal
Skopje at night, picture gallery (archived 26 April 2011)
Online tourist guide for Skopje

[10] This name was also in use in English for a time.

[86] By Alfons Mucha, 1926

[62] Officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929

[63] See Macedonia naming dispute

[1] "Local Elections 2021 – Mayor of Skopje State Election Commission". Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

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[3] "Skopjan dictionary definition | skopjan defined". YourDictionary.

[GlobalDataLab-4] "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.

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[7] Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, p. 747, ISBN 9781405881180

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[9] Mócsy, András (1 January 1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 9780710077141 – via Google Books.

[FOOTNOTERamet2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFTw3lEqi2-oCdqserbiaannexed1912pgPA40_40]-11] Ramet 2006, p. 40.

[12] John B., Bell, Martin, Conflict in the former Yugoslavia: an Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 1998, p. 270, ISBN 0874369355.

[FOOTNOTEDuridanov197518–19-13] Duridanov 1975, pp. 18–19.

[14] Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence (Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 45. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023. Again the evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in Macedonian territories relies on the phonological development of particular locations. In Macedonia the names of Ohrid (Alb Ohër) < Lychnidus, Skopje (Mk Skopje, Sr Skoplje, Alb Shkup) < Skupi, and Štip < Astibos are best explained by the phonological developments of Albanian (Stanišić 1995: 10–11 and references therein).

[15] Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Academy of Sciences of Albania. p. 139. ISBN 9789994381715. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. The place-name Shkup is evidenced as Scupi- in ancient records, as for ex. in Itineraria Romana 1916 (of the III-IV centuries A.D.)77. ln the Balkan Slavic languages this place-name sounds with the initial /Sko-/: Skopie, whereas in Albanian the initial /Shku-/ in Shkup-i is a direct reflection of the ancient /Scu-/, and this excludes a Slavic intermediation. The regular evolution of Scupi > Shkup has also been admitted by Barić ( 1955, p. 49) and Skok78 (before him).

[16] Origins: Serbs, Albanians and Vlachs Chapter 2 in Noel Malcolm's Kosovo, a short history (Macmillan, London, 1998, pp. 22-40) - The evidence is in fact very mixed; some of the Albanian forms (of both urban and rural names) suggest transmission via Slav, but others -including the towns of Shkodra, Drisht, Lezha, Shkup (Skopje) and perhaps Shtip (Stip, south-east of Skopje) - follow the pattern of continuous Albanian development from the Latin. [48] (One common objection to this argument, claiming that 'sc-' in Latin should have turned into 'h-', not 'shk-' in Albanian, rests on a chronological error, and can be disregarded.) [49] There are also some fairly convincing derivations of Slav names for rivers in northern Albania - particularly the Bojana (Alb.: Buena) and the Drim (Alb.: Drin) - which suggest that the Slavs must have acquired their names from the Albanian forms. [50

[FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler201029-17] Herold, Langer & Lechler 2010, p. 29.

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[103] Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në defterin kadastral të vitit 1451-52 për Rumelinë, në Shkup ishte regjistruar lagjeja Gjin-ko –(Gjinaj), me emrin e familjes fisnike mesjetare albane, ku në dokumente sllave të shek.XIV, por edhe në defterët osmanë të shek.XV-XIV, permenden 5 vendbanime me emrin Gjinofc në rrthinat e Shtipt, të Kriva Pallankes, të Gostivarit, Tetovës dhe të Dibres si dhe 2 tjera me emrin Gjinofc janë regjitruar në hapësirën në mes Radomirit dhe të Qystendilit në Bullgari, vendbanime këto qe në mesjetë i themeluan vëllezritë e Gjinajve. Në lagjen e sipërpërmendur Gjinko, në radhë të parë ishte regjistruar kryefamiljari Gjin-ko, me profesion (këpuctarë), dhe Todori, i vëllai i tij (Gjinit), siç shihet themelues i kësaj lagje, ndersa më vonë, në këtë lagjë, në vitin 1467 ishte regjistruar djali i tij Marko, i biri i Gjinit, pastaj në mesin e banorëve të tjerë, ishin regjistruar edhe banorë me antroponimi simbiotike krishtere tradicionale arbane: Milesh-a, bostanxhi, Dimitri, i biri i Prençes, Dragati, i biri i Male-s (Malja), Nikolla, i biri i Naneçit (Nano), Jovan i vëllai i tij, Jako i biri i Dodanit (Doda), Stepan, i biri i Andreas, Paliq (Pali) i biri i Stepanit, Nikolla i biri i Drralla, Roza, e vejë.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[104] Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Si dëshmi tjetër për praninë e albanëve në territorrin e Maqedonisë së sotme ishin edhe spahinjtë vendas, me prejardhje albane e jo të ardhur nga Arbanoni politik mesjetar, që më parë kishin kaluar në fenë islame dhe ishin inkuadruar në sistemin e timarit të spahinjve osmanë. Sipas defterëve të shek. XV (1451/53 dhe 1467/68) ata i kishin timaret e veta në territorin e Maqedonisë dhe të Kosovës, kësaj radhe po i përmendim vetëm disa prej tyre: Hamza Arnauti,59 nga mëhalla Mentesheli e Shku-pit e kishte timarin e vet në fshatin Gumaleva. Hamza Arnauti, (tjetër) nga vendbanimi Niçevo (Nokova) e Shkupit kishte timarin e tij në fshatin Pa-garusha. Jusuf Arnauti, nga fshati Topçe Is’akli afër Draçevës së Shkupit. Shahin Arnauti59/a dizdar i kalasë së Shkupit i kishte timarin në tri fshatra të Shkupit... pranë individit me etno-nimin Arbanas ose Arnaut, apelativi sllav: doshlac prishlac, uselica, emigrant, që do thotë se kryefamiljarët shqiptarëme këtë etnonim si:Petro Arbanas, Dimitri Arbanas, Nikolla Arbanas, Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut, Gjuro Arba-nas, Mihajl Arbanas, Todor Arnaut, AndrejaArnaut, Lzar Arnaut apo Jusuf Arnaut, ose Hamza Arnavut etj., nuk janë shënuar me cilë-sorin sllav doselic ose prishlec, çka dëshmon se ata ishin vendës në vendbanimet e tyre{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[Rexha_2011_167–218-105] Jump up to: ^a ^b Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218.

[106] Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në lagjenAhrijan Hasantë Shkupit të vitit 1451/53 ishte re-gjistruar në mesin e kryefamiljarëve myslimanë edhe kryefamiljari me partonimin e familjes fisnike albane Muzak, që kishte kaluar në islam, duke mos e përmendur emrin e tij të mëhershëm të krishterë dhe pa e theksuar pozitën shoqërore apo profesionin e tij.77 Në defterin tjetër të vitit 1467/68, tani në lagjen e krishterë me emrin Svetko Samarxhi tëShkupit, në mesin e 29 kryefamiljarëve me antroponimi krishtere sllave janë regjistruar: Nikolla, i biri Muzak-es, Todor, i biri Shendre-es (Shen Andre-it), Gjuro, i biri Marin-it, Jovan, i biri Suteç-it ( Suta). Nga këto të dhëna të këtyre dy defterëve shihet qartë, se këta dy kryefamiljarë me mbiemrin Muzaka, njëri i krishterë e tjetri mysliman ishin farefis dhe banorë të vjetër të Shkupit, ngase të parët e familjeve të tyre që nga mesjeta e hershme banonin në hapësirat e rajoneve të Nishit, Kosovës dhe të Maqedonisë sotme, pra para depërtimit osman në Ballkan{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[107] Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në vijim po japim edhe disa të dhëna për spahinjtë e krishterë me prejardhje albane, që i kishin timaret e veta së bashku me individë të tjerë, në simbiozë me antroponimi sllave në rrethinën e Shkupit, ku shihet se edhe këta ishin vendas, meqë në defterë, posaçërisht theksohet se këta individë ishin spahinj të vjetër, çka kuptohet se edhe para viteve 1467-68, në regjistrimet e mëhershme, që nuk janë ruajtur, i kanë pasur timaret e tyre. Timari i Mirashit të birit të Todorit, i Dobroslavit, i të birit të Jaroslavit, i Kojçinit i të birit të Gjonit ,..... (dhe 4 individë të tjerë ). Timari i Gjurës i biri i Todorit, Petko i vëllai i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Petkos (Ibrahimit), Gjura i biri i Petko ( Ibrahimit ) dhe Lazori i biri Petko ( Ibrahimit ).Timari Hamzajt i vëlla i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit, Nikolla i vëlla i tij Gjonit, Pavli i biri i Mihos, Pejo i biri i Pavlit, Petko i biri i Gjonit i vëllai i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit...Kemi edhe shumë spahinj tjerë me prejardhje albane si: Ali dhe Hamza Kërçovali, nga Kër-çova, Shimerd Vardarli i Shkupit, Mahmud Manastirli, Ali Arnauti etj. shihet qartazi se këta posedues të timareve ishin nga trojet e sotme të Maqedonisë e jo të ardhur nga Shqipëria e Qendrore e sotme.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

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v t e City of Skopje
Municipalities	Aerodrom Butel Čair Centar Gazi Baba Ǵorče Petrov Karpoš Kisela Voda Saraj Šuto Orizari
Geography	Matka Canyon Skopje Statistical Region Skopska Crna Gora Vardar River Vodno Mountain
History	Timeline of Skopje history 1555 Skopje earthquake Skopje fire of 1689 1963 Skopje earthquake Reconstruction of Skopje 1963
Landmarks	Cerje Čifte Hammam Kale Fortress Kapan Han Kuršumli An Macedonia Square Millennium Cross Old Bazaar Pella Square Porta Macedonia Ristiḱ Palace Scupi Skanderbeg Square Skopje Aqueduct Skopje Zoo Sobranie Palace Stone Bridge Suli Han Tauresium Tumba Madžari
Churches	Church of the Ascension of Jesus Church of St Clement of Ohrid Church of St Nicetas Church of St Panteleimon Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos Marko's Monastery
Mosques	Mustafa Pasha Mosque Sultan Murad Mosque
Museums & Archives	Cinematheque of Macedonia Museum of North Macedonia Museum of the Macedonian Struggle National Gallery Museum of Contemporary Art Skopje City Museum Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia Memorial House of Mother Teresa Historical Archive of Skopje
Sports venues	Avtokomanda Boris Trajkovski Sports Center Boris Trajkovski Stadium Čair Stadium Cementarnica Stadium Independent Macedonia sport hall Ǵorče Petrov Stadium Jane Sandanski Arena Lokomotiva Stadium Toše Proeski Arena Rasadnik Hall SRC Kale Training Centre Petar Miloševski Železarnica Stadium
Sports clubs	FK Aerodrom FK Alumina FK Balkan Skopje FK Butel FK Cementarnica 55 FK Goce Delčev Skopje FK Gorno Lisiče FK Ilinden Skopje KK Karpoš Sokoli FK Lokomotiva Skopje FK Madžari Solidarnost FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov FK Metalurg Skopje FK Rabotnički FK Shkupi FK Skopje FK Sloboden FK Sloga Jugomagnat FK Vardar MZT Skopje KK Rabotnički KK Torus KK Vardar ŽKK Badel 1862 RK Metalurg Skopje RK Tineks Prolet RK Vardar ŽRK Metalurg ŽRK Vardar
Education	FON University European University Ss. Cyril and Methodius University University American College Skopje Yahya Kemal College Nova International Schools Georgi Dimitrov High School Rade Jovčevski-Korčagin High School Orce Nikolov High School Josip Broz Tito High School Nikola Karev High School Kočo Racin High School Panče Arsovski High School Lazar Ličenoski Art School Dr. Panče Karagjozov Medical High School Vasil Antevski-Dren Economical/Legal High School Ilija Nikolovski-Luj Musical High School Mihailo Pupin Electrotechnical High School
Events	Basker Fest Dance Fest Skopje Oro Bez Granici Kota 2023 Skopje Book Fair Skopje Fest Skopje Film Festival Skopje Jazz Festival Skopje Summer Festival Super Dzvezda Theatre Fest
Transportation	Skopje Airport Transportation Center Skopje
People	List of people from Skopje

v t e Cities of North Macedonia by population
50,000+	Bitola Kumanovo Prilep Skopje Tetovo	Coat of arms of North Macedonia
10,000+	Debar Delčevo Gevgelija Gostivar Kavadarci Kičevo Kočani Kriva Palanka Negotino Ohrid Probištip Radoviš Struga Strumica Sveti Nikole Štip Veles Vinica
2,000+	Berovo Bogdanci Demir Hisar Demir Kapija Kratovo Kruševo Makedonska Kamenica Makedonski Brod Pehčevo Resen Valandovo

Базы данных управления авторитетом
Международный	Виаф БЫСТРЫЙ WorldCat
Национальный	Германия Соединенные Штаты Франция BNF Данные Австралия Чешская Республика Латвия Израиль
Географический	Musicbrainz Area
Другой	Idref Нара

Имя