Сан-Хосе, Калифорния

Сан-Хосе
Сан-Хосе
Город
	Город Сан-Хосе
	центра города Горизонт Отель Де Анза Банк Италии ратуша Сантана Роу 200 Парк Авеню Ликская обсерватория на горе Гамильтон
	Флаг Тюлень
	Девиз: Столица Кремниевой долины
	Показать Сан-Хосе Show Santa Clara CountyShow CaliforniaShow the United StatesShow all
	Координаты: 37 ° 20'10 "N 121 ° 53'26" W / 37,33611 ° N 121,89056 ° W
Страна	Соединенные Штаты
Состояние	Калифорния
Графство	Сент-Клер
Область	Район залива Сан-Франциско
Метро	Сан-Хосе-Саннивейл-Санта-Клара
CSA	Сент-Джозеф-Сент-Окленд
Пуэбло основан	29 ноября 1777 г. (246 лет назад)
Основан как	Город Сан-Хосе-де-Гуадалупе
Инкорпорейтед	27 марта 1850 г. (174 года назад)
Назван в честь	Святой Иосиф
Правительство
• Тип	Совет-менеджер
• Тело	Городской совет Сан-Хосе
• Мэр	Мэтт Махан ( Д )
• Вице-майор	Розмари Камей ( З )
• Городской совет	Серхио Хименес ( R ) ; Омар Торрес ( З ) ; Дэвид Коэн ( З ) ; Питер Ортис ( З ) ; Dev Davis ( I ) ; Ну, Доан ( я ) ; Воскресные свечи ( D ) ; Пэм Фоли ( з ) ; Арджун Батра ( З )
• Городской менеджер	Дженнифер Магуайр
• Члены Ассамблеи	show Список
Область
• Город	181,36 квадратных миль (469,72 км ) 2 )
• Земля	178,24 квадратных миль (461,63 км 2 ) 2 )
• Вода	3,12 квадратных миль (8,09 км 2 ) 2 ) 1.91%
• Городской	285,48 квадратных миль (739,4 км 2 2 )
• Метро	2694,61 квадратных миль (6979 км²) 2 )
Высота	82 фута (25 м)
Самая низкая высота	0 футов (0 м)
Население ( 2020 )
• Город	1,013,240
• Оценивать (2022)	971,233
• Классифицировать	32-е место в Северной Америке ; 12-е место в США ; 3-е место в Калифорнии
• Плотность	5684,69/кв. миль (2194,92/км) 2 )
• Городской	1 837 446 ( США: 28-е место )
• Плотность города	6436,4/кв. миль (2485,1/км) 2 )
• Метро	2 000 468 ( США: 35-е место )
Демон(ы)	Сан-Хосе (а) ; Сан-Хосеан (а) ; Жозефина
Часовой пояс	UTC-08:00 ( тихоокеанское стандартное время )
• Лето ( летнее время )	UTC−07:00 ( тихоокеанское время )
Почтовые индексы	show Список
Код(ы) города	408/669
ФИПС Код	06-68000
GNIS Идентификаторы функций	1654952 , 2411790
Веб-сайт	sanjoseca.gov

Сан-Хосе , официально город Сан-Хосе ( по-испански « Святой Иосиф »). ^{[ 14 ]} / ˌ s æ n h oʊ ˈ z eɪ , - ˈ s eɪ / SAN hoh- ZAY , -⁠ SAY ; Испанский: [saŋ xose] ), ^{[ 15 ]} — крупнейший город Северной Калифорнии как по численности населения, так и по площади. При численности населения в 2022 году 971 233 человека, ^{[ 9 ]} это самый густонаселенный город как в районе залива , так и в объединенной статистической зоне Сан-Хосе-Сан-Франциско-Окленд , население которого в 2022 году составляло 7,5 миллионов и 9,0 миллионов человек соответственно. ^{[ 16 ]}^{[ 17 ]}— третий по численности населения город Калифорнии после Лос-Анджелеса и Сан-Диего и 13-й по численности населения в США . ^{[ 18 ]}^{[ 19 ]} Расположенный в центре долины Санта-Клара на южном берегу залива Сан-Франциско , Сан-Хосе занимает площадь 179,97 квадратных миль (466,1 км2). ²). Сан-Хосе является административным центром округа Санта-Клара и основным компонентом столичного статистического района Сан-Хосе-Саннивейл-Санта-Клара с предполагаемым населением около двух миллионов жителей в 2018 году. ^{[ 20 ]}

Сан-Хосе известен своими инновациями , культурным разнообразием, ^{[ 21 ]} изобилие , ^{[ 22 ]} и солнечный и мягкий средиземноморский климат . ^{[ 23 ]} Его связь с бурно развивающейся высоких технологий, индустрией известной как Силиконовая долина. ^{[ 24 ]} побудил мэра Тома МакЭнери принять девиз города «Столица Кремниевой долины» в 1988 году для популяризации города. ^{[ 25 ]} Крупнейшие мировые технологические компании, включая Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Inc. , PayPal , Broadcom и Zoom, имеют свои штаб-квартиры в Сан-Хосе. Сан-Хосе, один из самых богатых крупных городов мира, имеет третий по величине ВВП на душу населения (после Цюриха и Осло ). ^{[ 26 ]} и пятый по дороговизне рынок жилья. ^{[ 27 ]} Здесь проживает одна из крупнейших в мире вьетнамских популяций за рубежом. ^{[ 28 ]} латиноамериканское сообщество, составляющее более 40% жителей города, ^{[ 29 ]} и исторические этнические анклавы, такие как Джапантаун и Маленькая Португалия .

До прихода испанцев территория вокруг Сан-Хосе долгое время была заселена народом тамиен из народа олоне в Калифорнии . Сан-Хосе был основан 29 ноября 1777 года как Пуэбло - де-Сан-Хосе-де -Гуадалупе , первый город, основанный в Калифорнии . ^{[ 30 ]} Он стал частью Мексики в 1821 году после мексиканской войны за независимость .

американцами После завоевания Калифорнии во время американо-мексиканской войны территория была передана Соединенным Штатам в 1848 году. После того, как два года спустя Калифорния получила статус штата, Сан-Хосе был назначен первой столицей штата. ^{[ 31 ]} После Второй мировой войны Сан-Хосе пережил экономический бум с быстрым ростом населения и агрессивной аннексией близлежащих городов и населенных пунктов, осуществленной в 1950-х и 1960-х годах. Бурный рост высоких технологий и электроники промышленность еще больше ускорила переход от сельскохозяйственного центра к урбанизированному мегаполису. Результаты переписи населения США 1990 года показали, что Сан-Хосе официально превзошел Сан-Франциско как самый густонаселенный город Северной Калифорнии. ^{[ 32 ]} К 1990-м годам Сан-Хосе стал мировым центром высоких технологий и интернет-индустрии и стал самой быстрорастущей экономикой Калифорнии в 2015–2016 годах. ^{[ 33 ]} В период с апреля 2020 года по июль 2022 года Сан-Хосе потерял 42 000 человек, или 4,1% своего населения, опустившись на 12-е место в рейтинге крупнейших городов. ^{[ 34 ]}

Имя

Хосе назван в честь Эль-Пуэбло-де-Сан-Хосе-де-Гуадалупе ( по-испански «Город Святого Иосифа Гваделупского Сан - »), предшественника города, который в конечном итоге располагался в районе нынешней площади Сезара Чавеса . В 19 веке в печатных изданиях использовалось написание «Сан-Хосе» как для города, так и для его одноименного поселка . ^{[ 35 ]}^{[ 36 ]} 11 декабря 1943 года Совет США по географическим названиям постановил, что название города следует писать «Сан-Хосе», исходя из местного использования и официального включенного названия. ^{[ 37 ]}

В 1960-х и 1970-х годах некоторые жители и официальные лица выступали за возвращение к первоначальному написанию слова «Сан-Хосе» с острым ударением на букву «е», чтобы признать мексиканское происхождение города и мексиканско-американское население. 2 июня 1969 года город принял флаг, разработанный историком Клайдом Арбаклом, на котором заметно была надпись «САН-ХОСЕ, КАЛИФОРНИЯ». ^{[ 38 ]} 16 июня 1970 года Государственный колледж Сан-Хосе официально принял «Сан-Хосе» в качестве названия города, в том числе в собственном названии колледжа. ^{[ 39 ]} 20 августа 1974 года городской совет Сан-Хосе одобрил предложение Кэтрин Линквист переименовать город в Сан-Хосе. ^{[ 40 ]}^{[ 41 ]} но неделю спустя он изменился под давлением жителей, обеспокоенных стоимостью замены пишущих машинок, документов и вывесок. ^{[ 42 ]} 3 апреля 1979 года городской совет снова принял «Сан-Хосе» в качестве написания названия города на городской печати, официальных бланках, названиях должностей и названиях отделов. ^{[ 43 ]} Еще в 2010 году в городском уставе 1965 года название муниципальной корпорации было указано как «Город Сан-Хосе» без знака ударения. ^{[ 44 ]}^{[ 45 ]} но в более поздних изданиях был добавлен знак ударения. ^{[ 14 ]}

По соглашению, написание Сан-Хосе используется только тогда, когда имя пишется смешанными прописными и строчными буквами, но не тогда, когда имя пишется только заглавными буквами, как на логотипе города. Акцент отражает испанскую версию имени, а удаление акцентов при написании заглавными буквами когда-то было типичным для испанского языка. Хотя Сан-Хосе обычно пишется как с острым ударением над буквой «е», так и без него, официальные правила города указывают, что большую часть времени его следует писать с акцентом, и устанавливают узкие исключения, например, когда написание используется в URL-адресах. , когда имя написано заглавными буквами, когда имя используется на сайтах социальных сетей, где диакритический знак не отображается должным образом, и где Сан-Хосе является частью собственного имени другой организации или предприятия, например San Jose Chamber. торговли , который решил не использовать имя с акцентом. ^{[ 46 ]}^{[ 47 ]}^{[ 48 ]}

История

Доколониальный период

Сан-Хосе, как и большая часть долины Санта-Клара , был домом для группы Тамиен (также пишется как Тамиен, Тамиен) народа Олоне примерно с 4000 н.э. г. до ^{[ 49 ]}^{[ 50 ]}^{[ 51 ]} Тамиен говорил на тамьенском языке языковой семьи олоне .

В эпоху испанской колонизации и последующего строительства испанских миссий в Калифорнии жизнь народа Тамиен кардинально изменилась. Начиная с 1777 года, большая часть жителей Тамиена была насильственно порабощена в Миссии Санта-Клара-де-Асис или Миссии Сан-Хосе , где их крестили и обучали как католических неофитов , также известных как индейцы-миссионеры . Это продолжалось до тех пор, пока миссия не была секуляризована правительством Мексики в 1833 году. Подавляющее большинство тамиенов умерло либо от болезней в миссиях, либо в результате геноцида, спонсируемого государством . Некоторые выжившие семьи остались нетронутыми и мигрировали в Санта-Крус после того, как земли их предков были переданы испанским и мексиканским иммигрантам. ^{[ 52 ]}

Испанский период

Калифорния была объявлена частью Испанской империи в 1542 году, когда исследователь Хуан Родригес Кабрильо нанес на карту калифорнийское побережье . В это время Альта-Калифорния и полуостров Нижняя Калифорния управлялись вместе как провинция Калифорния (исп. Provincia de las Californias ). В течение почти 200 лет Калифорния оставалась отдаленным пограничным регионом, в значительной степени контролируемым многочисленными коренными народами и в значительной степени игнорируемым правительством вице-королевства Новая Испания в Мехико . Изменение расстановки сил в Северной Америке, в том числе британско-американская победа и приобретение Северной Америки к востоку от Миссисипи после Парижского договора 1763 года , а также начало русской колонизации северо-запада Северной Америки , побудило испанские и мексиканские власти спонсировать по Экспедиция Портолы обследованию Северной Калифорнии в 1769 году. ^{[ 53 ]}

В 1776 году Калифорния была включена в состав Главного капитанства внутренних провинций , большого административного подразделения, созданного Хосе де Гальвесом , испанским министром Индии , чтобы обеспечить большую автономию приграничных земель Испанской империи . В том же году король Испании Карлос III одобрил экспедицию Хуана Баутисты де Анса для исследования района залива Сан-Франциско , чтобы выбрать места для двух будущих поселений и сопровождающей их миссии . Де Анса первоначально выбрал это место для военного поселения в Сан-Франциско, для Королевского президиума Сан-Франциско и миссии Сан-Франциско-де-Асис . На обратном пути в Мексику из Сан-Франциско де Анса выбрал места в долине Санта-Клара для гражданского поселения Сан-Хосе на восточном берегу реки Гуадалупе и миссии на ее западном берегу — Миссии Санта-Клара-де-Асис . ^{[ 54 ]}

Сан-Хосе был официально основан 29 ноября 1777 года как пуэбло Сан-Хосе-де-Гуадалупе Хосе Хоакином Морагой по приказу Антонио Марии де Букарели и Урсуа , вице-короля Новой Испании . ^{[ 55 ]} Сан-Хосе служил стратегическим поселением вдоль Эль-Камино-Реаль , соединяя военные укрепления в Президио Монтерея и Президио Сан-Франциско , а также сеть миссий Калифорнии . ^{[ 56 ]} В 1791 году из-за сильного наводнения, характерного для пуэбло, поселение Сан-Хосе было перенесено примерно на милю к югу, с центром на площади Пуэбло (современная площадь Сезара Чавеса ). ^{[ 57 ]}

В 1800 году из-за роста населения в северной части Калифорнии Диего де Борика , губернатор Калифорнии, официально разделил провинцию на две части: Альта-Калифорния ( Верхняя Калифорния ), которая в конечном итоге стала несколькими западными штатами США , и Нижняя Калифорния ( Нижняя Калифорния ), которая со временем станет двумя мексиканскими штатами .

Мексиканский период

Сан-Хосе стал частью Первой Мексиканской империи в 1821 году, после Мексики в войне за независимость победы против испанской короны , а в 1824 году — частью Первой Мексиканской республики . Обладая вновь обретенной независимостью и триумфом республиканского движения, Мексика намеревалась уменьшить власть католической церкви в Альта-Калифорнии путем секуляризации калифорнийских миссий в 1833 году. ^{[ нужна ссылка ]}

В 1824 году, чтобы способствовать заселению и экономической деятельности в малонаселенной Калифорнии, мексиканское правительство начало инициативу, как для мексиканских, так и для иностранных граждан, по заселению незанятых земель в Калифорнии. тридцать восемь грантов на землю ранчо было выдано Между 1833 и 1845 годами в долине Санта-Клара , 15 из которых располагались в пределах границ современного Сан-Хосе. Среди тех, кому были предоставлены земли ранчо в долине Санта-Валле, были многочисленные выдающиеся исторические личности, в том числе Джеймс А. Форбс , основатель Лос-Гатос, Калифорния (предоставлено ранчо Потреро де Санта-Клара ), Антонио Суноль , Алькальде Сан-Хосе (предоставлено ранчо Лос-Кочес ), и Хосе Мария Альвисо , алькальде Сан-Хосе (предоставлено ранчо Милпитас ). ^{[ нужна ссылка ]}

В 1835 году население Сан-Хосе, насчитывавшее около 700 человек, включало 40 иностранцев, преимущественно американцев и англичан . К 1845 году население пуэбло увеличилось до 900 человек, в первую очередь за счет американской иммиграции. Иностранные поселения в Сан-Хосе и Калифорнии быстро меняли калифорнийское общество, принося с собой расширение экономических возможностей и иностранной культуры. ^{[ 58 ]}

К 1846 году коренные жители Калифорнии уже давно выражали свою обеспокоенность по поводу наводнения калифорнийского общества его растущей и богатой англо-американской общиной. ^{[ 59 ]} Во время восстания «Медвежьего флага» в 1846 году капитан Томас Фэллон повел девятнадцать добровольцев из Санта-Крус в поселок Сан-Хосе, который его войска легко захватили. Поднятие флага Калифорнийской Республики положило конец мексиканскому правлению в Альта-Калифорнии 14 июля 1846 года. ^{[ 60 ]}^{[ 61 ]}

Американский период

Вид на город с высоты птичьего полета в 1875 году, когда долина Санта-Клара была одним из самых продуктивных сельскохозяйственных районов в мире.

Первоначальный кампус средней школы Нотр-Дам в 1876 году. Это была первая школа, аккредитованная в Калифорнии, которая давала ученые степени женщинам.

К концу 1847 года завоевание Калифорнии Соединенными Штатами было завершено, поскольку американо-мексиканская война подошла к концу. ^{[ 50 ]} В 1848 году по Договору Гуадалупе-Идальго Калифорния официально уступила Калифорнию Соединенным Штатам в рамках Мексиканской уступки . Хосе стал столицей неорганизованной территории Калифорнии 15 декабря 1849 года Сан - . С принятием Калифорнии в Союз 9 сентября 1850 года Сан-Хосе стал первой столицей штата. ^{[ 62 ]}

27 марта 1850 года был зарегистрирован Сан-Хосе . Он был зарегистрирован в тот же день, что и Сан-Диего и Бенисия ; вместе эти три города последовали за Сакраменто как первые объединенные города Калифорнии. ^{[ 63 ]} Джозайя Белден , который поселился в Калифорнии в 1842 году после прохождения Калифорнийской тропы в составе партии Бартлсона и позже приобрел состояние, был первым мэром города. ^{[ 64 ]} Сан-Хосе на короткое время был первой столицей штата Калифорния, и законодатели собирались в городе с 1849 по 1851 год ( Монтеррей был столицей в период Испанской Калифорнии и Мексиканской Калифорнии ). ^{[ 65 ]} Первой столицы больше не существует; исторических указателя Сейчас на этом месте находится Пласа-де-Сезар Чавес, на котором есть два , указывающих, где впервые встретилось законодательное собрание штата Калифорния. ^{[ 66 ]}

В период с 1900 по 1910 год Сан-Хосе служил центром новаторских изобретений, инноваций и достижений в полетах как легче воздуха, так и тяжелее воздуха. Эту деятельность возглавляли главным образом Джон Монтгомери и его коллеги. В его честь город Сан-Хосе установил парк Монтгомери, памятник на дорогах Сан-Фелипе и Йерба-Буэна, а также начальную школу Джона Дж. Монтгомери. В этот период Сан-Хосе также стал центром инноваций в области механизации и индустриализации сельскохозяйственного и пищевого оборудования. ^{[ 67 ]}

Хотя Сан-Хосе не пострадал так сильно, как Сан-Франциско, он также понес значительный ущерб от землетрясения в Сан-Франциско 1906 года . Более 100 человек погибли в приюте Агньюс (позже государственная больница Агньюс) после обрушения стен и крыши. ^{[ 68 ]} и трехэтажное каменно-кирпичное здание средней школы Сан-Хосе также было разрушено. Период Второй мировой войны был бурным; Американцы японского происхождения, в основном из Джапантауна, были отправлены в лагеря для интернированных , в том числе будущий мэр Норман Минета . , произошедших в Лос-Анджелесе После беспорядков , летом 1943 года произошло антимексиканское насилие. В 1940 году Бюро переписи населения сообщило, что население Сан-Хосе составляет 98% белых. ^{[ 69 ]}

С началом Второй мировой войны экономика города перешла от сельского хозяйства ( консервный завод Дель Монте был крупнейшим работодателем и закрылся в 1999 году). ^{[ 70 ]}) промышленному производству с заключением контракта с Food Machinery Corporation (позже известной как FMC Corporation ) военным министерством США на постройку 1000 гусеничных десантных машин . ^{[ 71 ]} После Второй мировой войны компания FMC (позже United Defense , а в настоящее время BAE Systems ) продолжала работать в качестве оборонного подрядчика , а предприятия в Сан-Хосе занимались проектированием и производством военных платформ, таких как бронетранспортер M113 , боевая машина Брэдли и различные подсистемы вооруженных сил. М1 «Абрамс» . Боевой танк ^{[ 72 ]}

IBM открыла свои первые предприятия на Западном побережье в Сан-Хосе в 1943 году, открыв завод по производству перфокарт открыла исследовательскую лабораторию IBM. в центре города, а в 1952 году Рейнольд Б. Джонсон и его команда разработали систему хранения данных с прямым доступом для компьютеров. ^{[ 73 ]} изобретение RAMAC 305 и жесткого диска ; технологическая сторона экономики Сан-Хосе выросла. ^{[ 74 ]}

В 1950-х и 1960-х годах городской менеджер AP «Dutch» Хаманн руководил крупной кампанией роста города. Город аннексировал прилегающие территории, такие как Альвисо и Кембрийский парк , предоставив большие территории для пригородов. Реакция против экономического роста на последствия быстрого развития возникла в 1970-х годах, ее отстаивали мэры Норман Минета и Джанет Грей Хейс . Несмотря на установление границ роста городов , плату за строительство и объединение Кэмпбелла и Купертино , развитие не замедлилось, а, скорее, было направлено в уже включенные районы. ^{[ 71 ]}

Положение Сан-Хосе в Кремниевой долине спровоцировало дальнейший экономический рост и рост населения. Результаты переписи населения США 1990 года показали, что Сан-Хосе впервые обогнал Сан-Франциско как самый густонаселенный город в районе залива. ^{[ 32 ]} Этот рост привел к самому высокому увеличению стоимости жилья в стране - 936% в период с 1976 по 2001 год. ^{[ 75 ]} Усилия по увеличению плотности населения продолжались и в 1990-е годы, когда в обновленном городском плане 1974 года границы роста городов остались нетронутыми, а избиратели отклонили избирательную меру по смягчению ограничений на застройку в предгорьях. По состоянию на 2006 год шестьдесят процентов жилья, построенного в Сан-Хосе с 1980 года, и более трех четвертей жилья, построенного с 2000 года, представляли собой многоквартирные структуры, что отражает политическую склонность к принципам планирования разумного роста . ^{[ 76 ]}

География

Сан-Хосе находится по адресу 37 ° 20'10 "N 121 ° 53'26" W / 37,33611 ° N 121,89056 ° W / 37,33611; -121,89056 . Сан-Хосе расположен в долине Санта-Клара , в южной части залива Северной Калифорнии. Самая северная часть Сан-Хосе касается залива Сан-Франциско в Альвизо , хотя большая часть города находится вдали от берега залива. По данным Бюро переписи населения США , город имеет общую площадь 180,0 квадратных миль (466 км²). ²), что делает его четвертым по величине городом Калифорнии по площади (после Лос-Анджелеса, Сан-Диего и Калифорния-Сити ). ^{[ 18 ]}

Сан-Хосе расположен между разломом Сан-Андреас , источником землетрясения Лома-Приета в 1989 году , и разломом Калаверас . Сан-Хосе сотрясают умеренные землетрясения в среднем один или два раза в год. Эти землетрясения происходят к востоку от города, на ползучем участке разлома Калаверас, который является основным источником сейсмической активности в Северной Калифорнии. 14 апреля 1984 года в 13:15 по местному времени землетрясение магнитудой 6,2 произошло в разломе Калаверас недалеко от горы Гамильтон в Сан-Хосе. ^{[ 77 ]} Как описано ранее, самое серьезное землетрясение 1906 года повредило многие здания в Сан-Хосе. Ранее значительные землетрясения сотрясали город в 1839, 1851, 1858, 1864, 1865, 1868 и 1891 годах. Землетрясение в Дейли-Сити 1957 года нанесло некоторый ущерб. Землетрясение в Лома-Приете в 1989 году также нанесло некоторый ущерб некоторым частям города.

Городской пейзаж

Расширение Сан-Хосе было осуществлено по проекту «голландца» Хамана , городского менеджера с 1950 по 1969 год. За время его правления, когда его сотрудники назывались «голландской танковой дивизией», город аннексировал собственность 1389 раз. ^{[ 78 ]} рост города с 17 до 149 квадратных миль (от 44 до 386 км²). ²), ^{[ 79 ]} поглотив названные выше сообщества, изменив их статус на «кварталы».

Говорят, Сан-Хосе станет вторым Лос-Анджелесом. Поверьте, я сделаю все, что в моих силах, чтобы это осуществилось.
— «Голландец» Хаманн, 1965 г. ^{[ 80 ]}

Налоги с продаж были основным источником дохода. Хаманн должен был определить, где будут располагаться основные торговые районы, а затем аннексировать узкие полосы земли вдоль основных дорог, ведущих к этим местам, проталкивая щупальца через долину Санта-Клары и, в свою очередь, блокируя расширение прилегающих населенных пунктов. ^{[ 81 ]}

Вид на центра Сан-Хосе горизонт из мемориального парка Оук-Хилл .

Говорили, что во время его правления городской совет будет голосовать по решению Хаманна. В 1963 году штат Калифорния ввел комиссии по формированию местных агентств по всему штату, но в основном для того, чтобы попытаться поддерживать порядок в условиях агрессивного роста Сан-Хосе. В конце концов, политические силы, выступающие против экономического роста, выросли, поскольку местные районы объединились, чтобы избрать своих собственных кандидатов, что положило конец влиянию Хаманна и привело к его отставке. ^{[ 82 ]} Хотя работа не была завершена, тенденция была задана. Город определил свою сферу влияния во всех направлениях, иногда хаотично оставляя некорпоративные карманы, которые будут поглощены чудовищем, иногда даже вопреки возражениям жителей. ^{[ 78 ]}

Основные магистрали города включают Монтерей-роуд , коридор бульвара Стивенс-Крик / Сан-Карлос-стрит , коридор Санта-Клара-стрит / Алум-Рок-авеню , скоростную автомагистраль Альмаден , скоростную автомагистраль Капитолия и 1-ю улицу (Сан-Хосе) .

Топография

течет Река Гуадалупе от гор Санта-Крус , течет на север через Сан-Хосе и заканчивается в заливе Сан-Франциско в Альвисо . Вдоль южной части реки расположен район долины Альмаден , первоначально названный в честь ртутных рудников, которые производили ртуть, необходимую для извлечения золота из кварца во время Калифорнийской золотой лихорадки , а также гремучие ртутные капсюли-детонаторы и детонаторы для армии США с 1870 по 1870 годы. 1945 год. ^{[ 83 ]} К востоку от реки Гуадалупе Койот-Крик также течет на юг залива Сан-Франциско и берет начало на горе Сайзер возле государственного парка Генри У. Коу и окружающих холмов в хребте Диабло , к северо-востоку от Морган-Хилл, Калифорния .

Самая низкая точка Сан-Хосе находится на высоте 13 футов (4,0 м) ниже уровня моря в заливе Сан-Франциско в Альвизо; ^{[ 84 ]} самая высокая - 2125 футов (648 м). ^{[ 85 ]} Из-за близости к Ликской обсерватории на вершине горы Гамильтон в Сан-Хосе предприняли несколько шагов по снижению светового загрязнения , включая замену всех уличных фонарей и наружного освещения в частных застройках натриевыми лампами низкого давления . ^{[ 86 ]} В знак признания усилий города астероид 6216 Сан-Хосе . в честь города был назван ^{[ 87 ]}

В городе Сан-Хосе есть четыре отдельные долины: долина Альмаден, расположенная на юго-западной окраине города; Вечнозеленая долина на юго-востоке, вся внутренняя часть которой холмистая; Долина Санта-Клара, которая включает в себя плоскую основную городскую территорию Южного залива; и сельская Долина Койотов на крайней южной окраине города. ^{[ 88 ]}

Обширная засуха в Калифорнии в сочетании с осушением водохранилища на озере Андерсон для сейсмического города ремонта ухудшили водную безопасность . ^{[ 89 ]}^{[ 90 ]} Сан-Хосе страдает от отсутствия осадков и нехватки воды до такой степени, что к лету 2022 года у некоторых жителей может закончиться вода в домах. ^{[ 91 ]}

Климат

Сан-Хосе, как и большая часть территории залива, имеет средиземноморский климат ( Köppen : Csb ), ^{[ 92 ]}^{[ 93 ]} с теплым и жарким сухим летом и прохладной влажной зимой. В Сан-Хосе в среднем 298 солнечных дней и средняя годовая температура 61,4 ° F (16,3 ° C). Он расположен внутри страны, с трех сторон окружен горами и не выходит к Тихому океану, как Сан-Франциско. В результате город несколько более защищен от дождя, едва избегая холодного полузасушливого ( BSk ) климата. ^{[ 92 ]}

Как и большая часть района залива, Сан-Хосе состоит из десятков микроклиматов . Из-за более заметной дождевой тени от гор Санта-Крус в центре Сан-Хосе выпадает самый слабый дождь в городе, а в южном Сан-Хосе, находящемся всего в 10 милях (16 км), выпадает больше осадков и несколько более экстремальные температуры.

Среднемесячная дневная температура колеблется от примерно 50 ° F (10 ° C) в декабре и январе до примерно 70 ° F (21 ° C) в июле и августе. ^{[ 94 ]} Самая высокая температура, когда-либо зарегистрированная в Сан-Хосе, составила 109 ° F (43 ° C) 6 сентября 2022 года; самая низкая была 18 ° F (-7,8 ° C) 6 января 1894 года. В среднем 2,7 утра в году температура падает до точки замерзания или ниже нее; и шестнадцать дней после полудня, когда максимальная температура достигает или превышает 90 ° F или 32,2 ° C. Суточные колебания температуры гораздо шире, чем вдоль побережья или в Сан-Франциско, но все же они меньше того, что наблюдается в Центральной долине .

Осадки «года дождя» колебались от 4,83 дюйма (122,7 мм) с июля 1876 по июнь 1877 года до 30,30 дюйма (769,6 мм) с июля 1889 по июнь 1890 года, хотя на нынешнем месте с 1893 года диапазон составляет от 5,33 дюйма (135,4 мм). ) в «год дождей» 2020–21 гг. 30,25 дюйма (768,3 мм) в «дождливый год» 1982–83. 2020-2021 год был годом с самым низким количеством осадков за всю историю за 127 лет регистрации осадков в Сан-Хосе. Наибольшее количество осадков за месяц составило 12,38 дюйма (314,5 мм) в январе 1911 года. Максимальное количество осадков за 24 часа составило 3,60 дюйма (91,4 мм) 30 января 1968 года. 16 августа 2020 года произошла одна из самых распространенных и сильных гроз. События в недавней истории Залива произошли, когда нестабильная влажная воздушная масса поднялась с юга и вызвала множественные сухие грозы. ^{[ 95 ]} что привело к возгоранию множества пожаров из-за более чем 300 ударов молний на окружающих холмах. На полную ликвидацию пожаров молниеотводного комплекса CZU потребовалось почти 5 месяцев. Было сожжено более 86 000 акров и разрушено почти 1500 зданий. ^{[ 96 ]}^{[ 97 ]}

Уровень снега падает до 4000 футов (1220 м) над уровнем моря или ниже, иногда покрывая близлежащую гору Гамильтон и, реже, горы Санта-Крус , снегом, который обычно держится несколько дней. Снег затруднит движение транспорта по шоссе № 17 в направлении Санта-Крус . Снег в Сан-Хосе выпадает редко; последний раз снег, оставшийся на земле, был 5 февраля 1976 года, когда многие жители города видели снег на крышах автомобилей и крыш до 3 дюймов (0,076 м). Официальная наблюдательная станция измерила всего 0,5 дюйма (0,013 м) снега. ^{[ 98 ]}

Климатические данные для международного аэропорта Сан-Хосе (KSJC), Калифорния (нормы 1991–2020 гг., Экстремальные значения с 1893 г. по настоящее время)
Месяц	Ян	февраль	Мар	апрель	Может	июнь	июль	август	Сентябрь	октябрь	ноябрь	декабрь	Год
Рекордно высокий °F (°C)	79 (26)	81 (27)	89 (32)	95 (35)	102 (39)	107 (42)	108 (42)	105 (41)	109 (43)	101 (38)	85 (29)	79 (26)	109 (43)
Среднее максимальное °F (°C)	68.2 (20.1)	73.2 (22.9)	79.1 (26.2)	85.7 (29.8)	89.8 (32.1)	96.9 (36.1)	95.0 (35.0)	95.7 (35.4)	95.7 (35.4)	89.4 (31.9)	77.5 (25.3)	68.0 (20.0)	99.8 (37.7)
Среднесуточный максимум °F (°C)	59.8 (15.4)	62.4 (16.9)	65.9 (18.8)	69.2 (20.7)	73.8 (23.2)	79.1 (26.2)	80.8 (27.1)	81.4 (27.4)	80.7 (27.1)	75.8 (24.3)	66.1 (18.9)	59.5 (15.3)	71.2 (21.8)
Среднесуточное значение °F (°C)	50.8 (10.4)	53.2 (11.8)	56.1 (13.4)	58.8 (14.9)	63.0 (17.2)	67.3 (19.6)	69.5 (20.8)	70.0 (21.1)	69.0 (20.6)	64.3 (17.9)	55.9 (13.3)	50.6 (10.3)	60.7 (15.9)
Среднесуточный минимум °F (°C)	41.8 (5.4)	43.9 (6.6)	46.3 (7.9)	48.4 (9.1)	52.1 (11.2)	55.5 (13.1)	58.1 (14.5)	58.6 (14.8)	57.2 (14.0)	52.7 (11.5)	45.7 (7.6)	41.7 (5.4)	50.2 (10.1)
Средний минимум °F (°C)	32.6 (0.3)	35.0 (1.7)	38.1 (3.4)	41.3 (5.2)	46.1 (7.8)	50.1 (10.1)	53.8 (12.1)	53.9 (12.2)	50.8 (10.4)	45.5 (7.5)	36.8 (2.7)	32.2 (0.1)	30.7 (−0.7)
Рекордно низкий °F (°C)	18 (−8)	24 (−4)	25 (−4)	26 (−3)	32 (0)	33 (1)	40 (4)	39 (4)	35 (2)	30 (−1)	22 (−6)	19 (−7)	18 (−8)
Среднее количество осадков в дюймах (мм)	2.97 (75)	3.24 (82)	2.64 (67)	1.24 (31)	0.54 (14)	0.17 (4.3)	0.01 (0.25)	0.03 (0.76)	0.07 (1.8)	0.80 (20)	1.36 (35)	3.07 (78)	16.14 (410)
Среднее количество дождливых дней (≥ 0,01 дюйма)	10.2	11.5	9.3	6.4	4.0	1.2	0.2	0.4	0.9	2.7	6.9	10.7	64.4
Источник: НОАА ^{[ 99 ]}^{[ 100 ]}

Районы и районы

Город обычно делится на следующие районы: Центральный Сан-Хосе (с центром в центре Сан-Хосе ), Западный Сан-Хосе , Северный Сан-Хосе , Восточный Сан-Хосе и Южный Сан-Хосе . Многие районы и кварталы Сан-Хосе ранее были некорпоративными сообществами или отдельными муниципалитетами, которые позже были присоединены к городу.

Помимо упомянутых выше, некоторые известные поселения в Сан-Хосе включают Джапантаун , Роуз Гарден , Мидтаун Сан-Хосе , Уиллоу-Глен , Нэгли-Парк , Бербанк , Винчестер , Алвизо , Ист-Футхиллс , Квасцы Рок , Коммуникейшн-Хилл , Маленькая Португалия , Долина цветения , Кембрийский период , долина Альмаден , Литл-Сайгон , долина Силвер-Крик , долина Эвергрин , Мейфэр , Эденвейл , Санта-Тереза , Семь Деревьев , Долина Койотов и Берриесса . Особым этническим анклавом в Сан-Хосе является район Вашингтон-Гуадалупе , расположенный непосредственно к югу от округа Софа ; В этом районе проживает сообщество выходцев из Латинской Америки , сосредоточенное на Уиллоу-стрит.

Парки

Парк Ривер-Оукс в Норт-СДже

Сан-Хосе владеет около 15 950 акров (6 455 га) парковой зоны в черте города, включая часть обширного национального заповедника дикой природы Дона Эдвардса в заливе Сан-Франциско . Старейшим парком города является Alum Rock Park , основанный в 1872 году. ^{[ 101 ]} В своем рейтинге ParkScore за 2013 год The Trust for Public Land национальная организация по охране земель сообщила, что Сан-Хосе делит с Альбукерке и Омахой 11-е место среди лучших парковых систем среди 50 самых густонаселенных городов США. ^{[ 102 ]}

Парк округа Альмаден Ртуть , 4147 акров (16,78 км 2). ²) бывших ртутных рудников в Южном Сан-Хосе (управляемых и обслуживаемых Департаментом парков и отдыха округа Санта-Клара ).
Парк Алум Рок , 718 акров (2,91 км 2). ²) в Восточном Сан-Хосе, старейшем муниципальном парке Калифорнии и одном из крупнейших муниципальных парков США.
Детский музей открытий представляет собой открытый парк, где представлена крупнейшая в мире постоянная игра «Монополия», согласно Книге рекордов Гиннеса. ^{[ 103 ]} В число смотрителей этого аттракциона входит некоммерческая группа 501 (c) 3 «Монополия в парке».
Circle of Palms Plaza , кольцо пальм, окружающих печать штата Калифорния, и историческая достопримечательность на месте первой столицы штата.
Фермерский парк Эммы Пруш , 43,5 акра (17,6 га) в Восточном Сан-Хосе. Подаренный Эммой Пруш для демонстрации сельскохозяйственного прошлого долины, он включает в себя 4-х амбар (самый большой в Сан-Хосе), общественные сады, фруктовый сад с редкими плодами, демонстрационные сады, места для пикников и просторы лужайки. ^{[ 104 ]} По парку свободно гуляют куры, утки и павлины.
Field Sports Park, единственный государственный полигон округа Санта-Клара, расположенный на юге Сан-Хосе. ^{[ 105 ]}
Парк Ирис Чанг, расположенный в Северном Сан-Хосе, посвящен памяти Ирис Шун-Ру Чанг , автора книги «Похищение Нанкина» и жительницы Сан-Хосе.
Парк Келли , в том числе разнообразные объекты, такие как парк и зоопарк Хэппи Холлоу (парк развлечений, ориентированный на детей), Сад японской дружбы (Парк Келли) , Исторический парк в парке Келли и Португальский исторический музей на территории исторического парка.
Парк Марсьяль Коттл , бывшая сельскохозяйственная ферма, в Южном Сан-Хосе. Управляется Департаментом парков и отдыха округа Санта-Клара.
Мемориальный парк Оук-Хилл , старейшее светское кладбище Калифорнии.
Оверфельдские сады , в том числе Китайский культурный сад
На площади Сезара Чавеса , небольшом парке в центре города, проводятся концерты на открытом воздухе и «Рождество в парке». выставка
Raging Waters , аквапарк с водными горками и другими водными аттракционами. Он находится в озера Каннингем. парке
Парк Розенкрейцеров , почти целый городской квартал в районе Розового сада; Парк представляет собой комплекс египетской и мавританской архитектуры, окруженный лужайками, розариями, скульптурами и фонтанами, и включает в себя Египетский музей розенкрейцеров , планетарий, исследовательскую библиотеку, Сад мира и Центр посетителей.
Муниципальный розарий Сан-Хосе , 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 акра (22 000 м²) ²) парк в районе Розового сада с более чем 4000 кустами роз.

Тропы

По данным исследования Walk Score, проведенного в 2011 году , Сан-Хосе занял девятнадцатое место среди 50 крупнейших городов США по пешеходной доступности. ^{[ 106 ]}

Сеть троп Сан-Хосе, состоящая из 60 миль (100 км) маршрутов для отдыха и активного транспорта по всему городу. ^{[ 107 ]} Основные маршруты сети включают в себя:

Эта большая городская сеть троп, признанная журналом Prevention Magazine крупнейшей в стране, связана с тропами в соседних юрисдикциях и многими сельскими тропами на окружающих открытых пространствах и в предгорьях. Несколько систем троп в сети обозначены как часть Национальной рекреационной тропы, а также региональных троп, таких как тропа залива Сан-Франциско и тропа хребта района залива.

Дикая природа

Ранние письменные документы фиксируют местное присутствие мигрирующего лосося в Рио-Гуадалупе еще в 18 веке. ^{[ 108 ]} И стальной лосось ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), и королевский лосось сохранились в реке Гуадалупе , что делает Сан-Хосе самым южным крупным городом США с известными нерестилищами лосося, а другими городами являются Анкоридж ; Сиэтл ; Портленд и Сакраменто . ^{[ 109 ]} ) в количестве до 1000 особей Каждую осень 1990-х годов стаи чавычи или королевского лосося ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha плавали вверх по реке Гуадалупе, но в нынешнее десятилетие почти исчезли, по-видимому, доступ к местам размножения был заблокирован непроходимыми водопропускными трубами, плотинами и широкими, открытыми и плоские каналы с бетонным покрытием, установленные водным районом долины Санта-Клара . ^{[ 110 ]} В 2011 году было снято на видео нерест небольшого количества чавычи под мостом на Джулиан-стрит. ^{[ 111 ]}

Защитник природы Роджер Кастильо, обнаруживший останки мамонта на берегу реки Гуадалупе в 2005 году, обнаружил, что стадо лосей туле ( Cervus canadensis ) повторно заселило холмы южного Сан-Хосе к востоку от шоссе 101 в начале 2019 года. ^{[ 112 ]}

На южной окраине Сан-Хосе Долина Койотов представляет собой коридор миграции диких животных между горами Санта-Крус и хребтом Диабло . ^{[ 113 ]}^{[ 114 ]}

Демография

Историческое население
Перепись	Поп.	Примечание	%±
1870	9,089		—
1880	12,567		38.3%
1890	18,060		43.7%
1900	21,500		19.0%
1910	28,946		34.6%
1920	39,642		37.0%
1930	57,651		45.4%
1940	68,457		18.7%
1950	95,280		39.2%
1960	204,196		114.3%
1970	459,913		125.2%
1980	629,400		36.9%
1990	782,248		24.3%
2000	894,943		14.4%
2010	945,942		5.7%
2020	1,013,240		7.1%
2023 г. (оценка)	969,655	^{[ 115 ]}	−4.3%
Десятилетняя перепись населения США ^{[ 116 ]} 2010–2020 ^{[ 9 ]}

В 2022 году Бюро переписи населения США опубликовало новые оценки численности населения. При общей численности населения 971 233 человека, ^{[ 117 ]} В Сан-Хосе наблюдалось сокращение населения на 4,1% после переписи 2020 года. Некоторые причины этого снижения заключаются в том, что люди покидают этот район в более доступные города и имеют более удаленные возможности для работы. ^{[ 118 ]}

Исторический расовый состав	2020 ^{[ 9 ]}	2010 ^{[ 119 ]}	1990 ^{[ 69 ]}	1970 ^{[ 69 ]}	1940 ^{[ 69 ]}
Asian	37.2%	31.7%	19.5%	2.7%	1.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	31.0%	33.2%	26.6%	19.1%	n/a
White (Non-Hispanic)	25.1%	28.7%	49.6%	75.7%	98.5%
Mixed	7.9%	2.7%	n/a	n/a	n/a
Black or African American	2.9%	2.9%	4.7%	2.5%	0.4%

2020

**Сан-Хосе, Калифорния – Расовый и этнический состав**
Примечание: перепись населения США рассматривает латиноамериканцев/латиноамериканцев как этническую категорию. Эта таблица исключает латиноамериканцев из расовых категорий и выделяет их в отдельную категорию. Выходцы из Латинской Америки/латиноамериканцы могут принадлежать к любой расе.
Раса/этническая принадлежность ( NH = неиспаноязычный )	Поп 2000 ^{[ 120 ]}	Поп 2010 ^{[ 121 ]}	Поп 2020 ^{[ 122 ]}	% 2000	% 2010	% 2020
Только белый (Нью-Хэмпшир)	322,534	271,382	236,095	36.04%	28.69%	23.30%
Только черный или афроамериканец (Нью-Хэмпшир)	29,495	27,508	27,422	3.30%	2.91%	2.71%
Только коренные американцы или коренные жители Аляски (Нью-Хэмпшир)	2,959	2,255	1,921	0.33%	0.24%	0.19%
Только азиаты (Нью-Хэмпшир)	238,378	300,022	386,993	26.64%	31.72%	38.19%
Один житель островов Тихого океана (Нью-Хэмпшир)	3,093	3,492	3,460	0.35%	0.37%	0.34%
Только другая раса (Нью-Хэмпшир)	1,699	1,820	4,808	0.19%	0.19%	0.47%
Смешанная раса или многорасовая принадлежность (НГ)	26,796	25,827	36,275	2.99%	2.73%	3.58%
Латиноамериканец или латиноамериканец (любая раса)	269,989	313,636	316,266	30.17%	33.16%	31.21%
Общий	894,943	945,942	1,013,240	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

2010

Карта расового распределения в Сан-Хосе, перепись населения США 2010 года. Каждая точка представляет 25 человек: ⬤ Белый ⬤ Черный ⬤ Азиатский ⬤ латиноамериканец ⬤ Другое

Тематическая карта, показывающая средний доход домохозяйств в центральной части округа Санта-Клара по состоянию на 2014 год. ; чем темнее цвет, тем более богатый район.

Перепись населения США 2010 года ^{[ 123 ]} сообщил, что в Сан-Хосе проживает 945 942 человека. Плотность населения составила 5256,2 человека на квадратную милю (2029,4/км2). ²). Расовый состав жителей Сан-Хосе был 404 437 (42,8%) белых , 303 138 (32,0%) азиатов (10,4% вьетнамцев , 6,7% китайцев , 5,6% филиппинцев , 4,6% индийцев , 1,2% корейцев , 1,2% японцев , 0,3% камбоджийцев , 0,2 %). % Тайский , 0,2% Пакистанцы , 0,2% лаосцы ), 30 242 (3,2%) афроамериканцы , 8 297 (0,9%) коренные американцы , 4017 (0,4%) жители островов Тихого океана , 148 749 (15,7%) представители других рас и 47 062 (5,0%) представители двух и более рас. гонки. Было 313 636 жителей латиноамериканского или латиноамериканского происхождения (33,2%). 28,2% населения города имели мексиканское происхождение; Следующими по величине латиноамериканскими группами были группы сальвадорского (0,7%) и пуэрториканского (0,5%) происхождения. В 2010 году белые неиспаноязычные составляли 28,7% населения. ^{[ 119 ]} по сравнению с 75,7% в 1970 году. ^{[ 69 ]}

Перепись показала, что 932 620 человек (98,6% населения) жили в домашних хозяйствах, 9 542 (1,0%) проживали в неинституционализированных групповых кварталах, а 3780 (0,4%) были институционализированы. Насчитывалось 301 366 домохозяйств, из которых в 122 958 (40,8%) проживали дети в возрасте до 18 лет, 162 819 (54,0%) составляли разнополые супружеские пары , живущие вместе, 37 988 (12,6%) имели домохозяйку без мужа. В настоящее время у 18 702 (6,2%) домохозяином был мужчина без жены. Было 16 900 (5,6%) не состоящих в браке партнерств противоположного пола и 2 458 (0,8%) однополых супружеских пар или партнерств . 59 385 домохозяйств (19,7%) состояли из отдельных лиц, а в 18 305 (6,1%) проживали одни люди в возрасте 65 лет и старше. Средний размер домохозяйства составил 3,09. Насчитывалось 219 509 семей (72,8% всех домохозяйств); средний размер семьи составлял 3,54 человека.

Возрастное распределение города было следующим: 234 678 человек (24,8%) были в возрасте до 18 лет, 89 457 человек (9,5%) в возрасте от 18 до 24 лет, 294 399 человек (31,1%) в возрасте от 25 до 44 лет, 232 166 человек (24,5% ) в возрасте от 45 до 64 лет и 95 242 человека (10,1%) в возрасте 65 лет и старше. Средний возраст составил 35,2 года. На каждые 100 женщин приходилось 101,1 мужчин. На каждые 100 женщин в возрасте 18 лет и старше приходилось 99,8 мужчин.

Было 314 038 единиц жилья со средней плотностью 1745,0 на квадратную милю (673,7/км²). ²), из них 176 216 (58,5%) были заняты собственниками, а 125 150 (41,5%) — арендаторами. Доля вакантных домовладельцев составила 1,6%; доля вакантных арендных площадей составила 4,3%. 553 436 человек (58,5% населения) проживали в собственном жилье и 379 184 человека (40,1%) - в арендном жилье.

2000

По часовой стрелке: Португальская национальная церковь пяти ран , Тот Парад , Японско-американский музей Сан-Хосе , сикхская гурдвара Сан-Хосе.

Согласно переписи населения США 2000 года , в городе проживало 894 943 человека, 276 598 домашних хозяйств и 203 576 семей. ^{[ 124 ]}

Плотность населения составила 5117,9 человек на квадратную милю (1976,0/км2). ²). Было 281 841 единиц жилья со средней плотностью 1611,8 на квадратную милю (622,3/км2). ²). Из 276 598 домохозяйств 38,3% имели детей в возрасте до 18 лет, проживающих с ними, 56,0% составляли супружеские пары, живущие вместе, 11,7% имели домохозяйку без мужа и 26,4% не были семейными. 18,4% всех домохозяйств состояли из отдельных лиц, а в 4,9% проживали одни люди в возрасте 65 лет и старше. Средний размер домохозяйства составлял 3,20, а средний размер семьи - 3,62.

В городе возрастное распределение населения показывает 26,4% моложе 18 лет, 9,9% от 18 до 24 лет, 35,4% от 25 до 44 лет, 20,0% от 45 до 64 лет и 8,3% людей в возрасте 65 лет и старше. старше. Средний возраст составил 33 года. На каждые 100 женщин приходилось 103,3 мужчины. На каждые 100 женщин в возрасте 18 лет и старше приходилось 102,5 мужчин.

По оценкам 2007 года, средний доход семьи в городе был самым высоким в США среди городов с населением более четверти миллиона человек и составлял 76 963 доллара в год. Средний доход семьи составлял 86 822 доллара. ^{[ 125 ]} Средний доход мужчин составлял 49 347 долларов против 36 936 долларов у женщин. Доход на душу населения в городе составил 26 697 долларов. Около 6,0% семей и 8,8% населения находились за чертой бедности, в том числе 10,3% лиц в возрасте до 18 лет и 7,4% лиц в возрасте 65 лет и старше.

Экономика

Adobe World Headquarters in Downtown San Jose

Samsung headquarters in Rincon/Golden Triangle

Zoom Video Communications HQ in Downtown San Jose

eBay headquarters in Willow Glen

PayPal headquarters in Rincon/Golden Triangle

Доли CSA Сан-Хосе и Сан-Франциско были третьей по величине городской экономикой страны по состоянию на 2018 год с ВВП в 1,03 триллиона долларов. ^{[ 126 ]} Из более чем 500 основных статистических областей США этот CSA имел один из самых высоких показателей ВВП на душу населения в 2018 году — 106 757 долларов США. ^{[ 126 ]}

San Jose is a United States Foreign-Trade Zone. The city received its Foreign Trade Zone grant from the U.S. Federal Government in 1974, making it the 18th foreign-trade zone established in the United States. Under its grant, the City of San Jose is granted jurisdiction to oversee and administer foreign trade in Santa Clara County, Monterey County, San Benito County, Santa Cruz County, and in the southern parts of San Mateo County and Alameda County.^[127]

San Jose hosts many companies with more than 1,000 employees, including the headquarters of:

San Jose also hosts major facilities for Becton Dickinson, Ericsson, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Hitachi, IBM, Kaiser Permanente, KLA Tencor, Lockheed Martin, Nippon Sheet Glass, and Qualcomm. The North American headquarters of Samsung Semiconductor are located in San Jose.^[128]^[129] Approximately 2000 employees will work at the new Samsung campus which opened in 2015.

Other large companies based in San Jose include:

Sizable government employers include the city government, Santa Clara County, and San Jose State University.^[130] Acer's United States division has its offices in San Jose.^[131] Prior to its closing, Netcom had its headquarters in San Jose.^[132]^[133]

On July 31, 2015, Cupertino-based Apple Inc. purchased a 40-acre site in San Jose.^[134] The site, which is bare land, will be the site of an office and research campus where it is estimated that up to 16,000 employees will be located. Apple paid $138.2 million for the site.^[134] The seller, Connecticut-based Five Mile Capital Partners, paid $40 million for the site in 2010.^[135]

Wealth

It is situated in the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States.^[136]^[137]^[138]

With a median home price of $1,085,000^[139] and the highest percentage of million-dollar (or more) homes in the United States,^[140] San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the United States and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world.^[141]^[142]^[143]

The cost of living in San Jose and the surrounding areas is among the highest in California and the nation, according to 2004 data.^[144] Housing costs are the primary reason for the high cost of living, although the costs in all areas tracked by the ACCRA Cost of Living Index are above the national average. Households in the city limits have the highest disposable income of any city in the U.S. with over 500,000 residents.^[145]^[146]

Silicon Valley

The large concentration of high-technology engineering, computer, and microprocessor companies around San Jose has led the area to be known as Silicon Valley. Area schools such as the University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Santa Cruz, San Jose State University, San Francisco State University, California State University, East Bay, Santa Clara University, and Stanford University pump thousands of engineering and computer science graduates into the local economy every year.

San Jose residents produce more U.S. patents than any other city.^[147] On October 15, 2015, the United States Patent and Trademark Office opened a satellite office in San Jose to serve Silicon Valley and the Western United States.^[148]^[149] By April 2018, Google was in the process of planning the "biggest tech campus in Silicon Valley" in San Jose.^[150] However, in April 2023, it was reported that Google paused on Google West San Jose Campus constructions due to slowing economic conditions and a decreased requirement for physical office space by tech companies,^[151] although the tech ecosystem has also recently become more geographically dispersed.^[152]

High economic growth during the tech bubble caused employment, housing prices, and traffic congestion to peak in the late 1990s. As the economy slowed in the early 2000s, employment and traffic congestion was somewhat diminished.^[153] In the mid-2000s, traffic along major highways again began to worsen as the economy improved. San Jose had 405,000 jobs within its city limits in 2006, and an unemployment rate of 4.6%. San Jose has the highest median income of any U.S. city with over 280,000 people.

On March 14, 2013, San Jose implemented a public wireless connection in its downtown area. Wireless access points have been placed on outdoor light posts throughout the city.^[154]

Media

San Jose is served by Greater Bay Area media. Print media outlets in San Jose include The Mercury News, the weekly Metro Silicon Valley, El Observador and the Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal. The Bay Area's NBC O&O, KNTV 11, is licensed to San Jose. In total, broadcasters in the Bay Area include 34 television stations, 25 AM radio stations, and 55 FM radio stations.^[155]

In April 1909, Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, constructed a radio station to broadcast the human voice. The station, "San Jose Calling" (call letters FN, later FQW), was the world's first radio station with scheduled programming targeted at a general audience.^{[citation needed]} The station became the first to broadcast music in 1910. Herrold's wife Sybil became the first female "disk jockey" in 1912. The station changed hands a number of times before becoming today's^[when?] KCBS in San Francisco.^[156]

Top employers

As of June 30, 2023, the top employers in the city were:^[157]

No.	San Jose's Top Employers	Employees
1	County of Santa Clara	20,000
2	City of San Jose	8,044
3	Cisco Systems	7,500
4	Kaiser Permanente	4,400
5	San Jose State University	4,095
6	Adobe Systems, Inc.	4,000
7	Western Digital	2,891
8	Broadcom	2,805
9	PayPal	2,801
10	San Jose Unified School District	2,516
11	ByteDance	2,500
12	Target Stores	2,437
13	eBay	2,351
14	Super Micro Computer, Inc.	2,219
15	IBM	2,070

Culture

Architecture

Because the downtown area is in the flight path to nearby Mineta San Jose International Airport (also evidenced in the above panoramic), there is a height limit for buildings in the downtown area, which is underneath the final approach corridor to the airport. The height limit is dictated by local ordinances, driven by the distance from the runway and a slope defined by Federal Aviation Administration regulations. Core downtown buildings are limited to approximately 300 ft (91 m) but can get taller farther from the airport.^[158]

There has been broad criticism over the past few decades of the city's architecture.^[159] Citizens have complained that San Jose is lacking in aesthetically pleasing architectural styles. Blame for this lack of architectural "beauty" can be assigned to the re-development of the downtown area from the 1950s onward, in which whole blocks of historic commercial and residential structures were demolished.^[160] Exceptions to this include the Downtown Historic District, the Hotel De Anza, and the Hotel Sainte Claire, both of which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places for their architectural and historical significance.

Municipal building projects have experimented more with architectural styles than have most private enterprises.^[161] The Children's Discovery Museum, Tech Museum of Innovation, and the San Jose Repertory Theater building have experimented with bold colors and unusual exteriors. The new City Hall, designed by Richard Meier & Partners, opened in 2005 and is a notable addition to the growing collection of municipal building projects.^[162]

San Jose has many examples of houses with fine architecture. Late 19th century and early 20th century styles exist in neighborhoods such as Hanchett Park, Naglee Park, Rose Garden, and Willow Glen (including Palm Haven).

Styles include Mediterranean Revival architecture, Spanish Colonial architecture, Neoclassical architecture, Craftsman, Mission Revival, Prairie style, and Queen Anne style Victorian.

Notable architects include Frank Delos Wolfe, Theodore Lenzen, Charles McKenzie,^[163] and Julia Morgan.^[164]

Visual arts

Public art is an evolving attraction in the city. The city was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets,^[165] and as a result of this commitment, a considerable number of public art projects exist in the downtown area, and a growing collection in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. In particular, the Mineta Airport expansion incorporated art and technology into its development. Early public art included a statue of Quetzalcoatl (the plumed serpent) downtown, controversial in its planning because some called it pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by Robert Graham did not look like a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. Locals joked that the statue resembles a pile of feces.^[166]

A statue of Thomas Fallon also met strong resistance from those who called him largely responsible for the decimation of early native populations. Chicano/Latino activists protested because he had captured San Jose by military force in the Mexican–American War (1846). They also protested the perceived "repression" of historic documents detailing Fallon's orders expelling many of the city's Californio (early Spanish/Mexican/Mestizo) residents. In October 1991 protests at Columbus Day and Dia de la Raza celebrations stalled than plan, and the statue was stored in a warehouse in Oakland for more than a decade. The statue returned in 2002 to a less conspicuous location: Pellier Park, a small triangular patch at the merge of West Julian and West St. James streets.^[167]

In 2001, the city-sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated sharks based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after Chicago's display of decorated cows.^[168] Large models of sharks decorated in clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists were displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off for charity.

In 2006, Adobe Systems commissioned an art installation titled San Jose Semaphore by Ben Rubin,^[169] at the top of its headquarters building. Semaphore is composed of four LED discs which "rotate" to transmit a message. The content remained a mystery until it was deciphered in August 2007.^[170]^[171] The visual art installation is supplemented with an audio track, transmitted from the building on a low-power AM station. The audio track provides clues to decode the message being transmitted.

San Jose retains a number of murals in the Chicano history tradition of Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco of murals as public textbooks.^[172]

Although intended to be permanent monuments to the city's heritage as a mission town founded in 1777, a number of murals have been painted over, notably Mural de la Raza, on the side of a Story Rd shoe store, and Mexicatlan at the corner of Sunset and Alum Rock. In addition, two of three murals by Mexican artist Gustavo Bernal Navarro have disappeared.^[172] The third mural, La Medicina y la Comunidad at the Gardner clinic on East Virginia Street, depicts both modern and traditional healers.^[172]

Surviving Chicano history murals include Nuestra Senora de Guadelupe at Our Lady of Guadalupe church and the 1970s or 1980s Virgen de Guadelupe Huelga Bird at Cal Foods east of downtown. The Guadalajara restaurant has the 1986 Guadalajara Market No. 2 by Edward Earl Tarver III and a 2013 work by Jesus Rodriguez and Empire 7, La Gran Culture Resonance.^[172]

An unknown artist painted the Huelga Bird and Aztec City mural in the 1970s or 1980s on the Clyde L. Fisher Middle School. In 1995 Antonio Nava Torres painted The Aztec Calendar Handball Court at Biebrach Park, and the unknown artist of Chaco's Pachuco painted it on the former Chaco's Restaurant in the 1990s. The Jerry Hernandez mural by Frank Torres at Pop's Mini Mart on King Road dates to 2009, and another recent mural by Carlos Rodriguez on the Sidhu Market at Locust and West Virginia depicts a stern-looking warrior.^[172]

Performing arts

San Jose Civic (top) and the Center for the Performing Arts (bottom).

The city is home to many performing arts companies, including Opera San Jose, Symphony Silicon Valley, Ballet San Jose Silicon Valley, sjDANCEco, The San Jose Symphonic Choir, Children's Musical Theater San Jose,^[173] the San Jose Youth Symphony, the San Jose Repertory Theatre, City Lights Theatre Company, The Tabard Theatre Company, San Jose Stage Company, and the now-defunct American Musical Theatre of San Jose which was replaced by Broadway San Jose in partnership with Team San Jose. San Jose is also home to the San Jose Museum of Art,^[174] one of the nation's premiere Modern Art museums.

The SAP Center at San Jose is one of the most active venues for events in the world. According to Billboard Magazine and Pollstar, the arena sold the most tickets to non-sporting events of any venue in the United States, and third in the world after the Manchester Evening News Arena in Manchester, England, and the Bell Centre in Montreal, Canada, for the period from January 1 – September 30, 2004.^[175]

The annual Cinequest Film Festival in downtown has grown to over 60,000 attendees per year, becoming an important festival for independent films. The San Francisco Asian American Film Festival is an annual event, which is hosted in San Francisco, Berkeley, and Downtown San Jose. Approximately 30 to 40 films are screened in San Jose each year at the Camera 12 Downtown Cinemas. The San Jose Jazz Festival is another of many events hosted throughout the year.

The Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies houses the largest collection of Ludwig van Beethoven in the world, outside of Europe, and is the only institution of its kind in North America.

Sports

Club	Sport	Founded	League	Venue (capacity)
San Jose Sharks	Hockey	1991	National Hockey League	SAP Center (17,562)
San Jose Earthquakes	Soccer	1995	Major League Soccer	PayPal Park (18,000)
San Jose Barracuda	Hockey	2015	American Hockey League	Tech CU Arena (4,200)
San Jose Giants	Baseball	1988	California League	Excite Ballpark (4,200)
San Jose State Spartans	NCAA Football	1893	Mountain West Conference	CEFCU Stadium (21,520)

San Jose is home to the San Jose Sharks of the NHL, the San Jose Barracuda of the AHL, and the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer. The Sharks and the Barracuda play in the SAP Center at San Jose. The Earthquakes built an 18,000 seat new stadium that opened in March 2015. San Jose was a founding member of both the California League and Pacific Coast League in minor league baseball. San Jose currently fields the San Jose Giants, a Low-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants.

San Jose has been host to several U.S. Olympic team trials over the years. In 2004, the San Jose Sports Authority held the trials for judo, taekwondo, trampolining and rhythmic gymnastics at the San Jose State Event Center. SAP Center hosted the Gymnastic trials in 2012^[176] and 2016 (women's only).^[177] and the U.S. Figure Skating Championships (used in Olympic years to select the Olympians) in 1996, 2012, and 2018. It was due to host the 2021 Championship, but that was moved to Las Vegas and it will instead host 2023.^[178] In 2008, around 90 percent of the members of the United States Olympic team were processed at San Jose State University prior to traveling to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.^[179] The 2009 Junior Olympics for trampoline were also held here.

In August 2004, the San Jose Seahawk Rugby Football Club hosted the USA All-Star Rugby Sevens Championships at Watson Bowl, east of Downtown. San Jose State hosted the 2011 American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) national tournament.^[180] The NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament is also frequently held in San Jose.

From 2005 to 2007, the San Jose Grand Prix, an annual street circuit race in the Champ Car World Series, was held in the downtown area. Other races included the Trans-Am Series, the Toyota Atlantic Championship, the United States Touring Car Championship, the Historic Stock Car Racing Series, and the Formula D Drift racing competition.

In the 2010s, San Jose "aggressively wooed" the Oakland Athletics to relocate to San Jose from nearby Oakland, but the San Francisco Giants exercised a veto against this proposal.^[181] In 2013, the city of San Jose sued Major League Baseball for not allowing the Athletics to relocate to San Jose.^[182] On October 5, 2015, the United States Supreme Court rejected San Jose's bid on the Athletics, who in 2023 announced they would relocate to Las Vegas.^[183]

Landmarks

Notable landmarks in San Jose include Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose, History Park at Kelley Park, Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph, Plaza de César Chávez, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library, Mexican Heritage Plaza, Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, Lick Observatory, Hayes Mansion, SAP Center at San Jose, Hotel De Anza, San Jose Improv, Sikh Gurdwara of San Jose, Peralta Adobe, Excite Ballpark, Spartan Stadium, Japantown San Jose, Winchester Mystery House, Raging Waters, Circle of Palms Plaza, San Jose City Hall, San Jose Flea Market, Oak Hill Memorial Park, San Jose electric light tower, and The Tech Museum of Innovation.

Hotel De Anza
Hayes Mansion
Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph
San Pedro Square
The Chinese Cultural Garden
The San Jose Museum of Art
The Bank of Italy Building
Winchester Mystery House
Five Wounds Portuguese National Church
San José State University
The historic Sainte Claire Hotel, today The Westin San Jose
California Theatre

Museums and institutions

The Trianon Theatre, in Downtown San Jose (top), and Rosicrucian Park, in Rose Garden (bottom).

The Tech Museum of Innovation
Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies, which houses the largest collection of Ludwig van Beethoven in the world outside of Europe
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library, the largest U.S. public library west of the Mississippi River
San Jose Museum of Art, contemporary art museum with a collection of West Coast artists
Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose
History Park at Kelley Park
Mexican Heritage Plaza, a Chicano museum and cultural center
Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana, is an inclusive contemporary arts museum grounded in the Chicano/Latino experience
Portuguese Historical Museum
Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, the largest collection of Egyptian artifacts on display in the western United States, located at Rosicrucian Park
San Jose East Carnegie Branch Library is notable as it is the last Carnegie library still operating in San Jose, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.
San Jose Steam Railroad Museum, proposed, artifacts and rolling stock are kept at the fairgrounds and Kelley Park
History San José
Japanese American Museum of San Jose, a museum of Japanese-American history
Old Bank of America Building, a historic landmark
San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles, the first museum in America dedicated solely to quilts and textiles as an art form
Viet Museum, a museum of Vietnamese-American history

Law and government

San Jose City Hall was designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Richard Meier; c. 2005.

Local

San Jose is a charter city under California law, giving it the power to enact local ordinances that may conflict with state law, within the limits provided by the charter.^[184] The city has a council-manager government with a city manager nominated by the mayor and elected by the city council.

The San Jose City Council is made up of ten council members elected by district, and a mayor elected by the entire city. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four-year terms; the even-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd-numbered district council members beginning in 1996.^[185] Each council member represents approximately 100,000 constituents.

Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy.^[185]

The City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual budget for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a recall election. Other city officers directly appointed by the council include the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor.^[185] Like all cities and counties in the state, San Jose has representation in the state legislature.

Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls are determined by the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO).^[186] The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled urban sprawl. The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's "Sphere of Influence" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists.

San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County.^[187] Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.^[188]

San Jose is protected by the San Jose Police Department and San Jose Fire Department. Drinking water is supplied by the San José Municipal Water System (Muni Water) along with the privately owned San Jose Water Company and Great Oaks Water Company. The San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility provides advanced wastewater treatment and reclaimed water.

State and federal

In the California State Senate, San Jose is split between the 10th, 15th, and 17th districts,^[13] represented by Democrat Aisha Wahab, Democrat Dave Cortese, and Democrat John Laird respectively.

In the California State Assembly, San Jose is split between the 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 28th districts,^[5] represented by Democrat Marc Berman, Democrat Alex Lee, Democrat Ash Kalra, Democrat Evan Low, and Democrat Gail Pellerin, respectively.

Federally, San Jose is split between California's 17th, 18th, and 19th congressional districts,^[189] represented by Democrat Ro Khanna, Democrat Zoe Lofgren, and Democrat Jimmy Panetta, respectively.^[190]

Several state and federal agencies maintain offices in San Jose. The city is the location of the Sixth District of the California Courts of Appeal.^[191] It is also home to one of three courthouses of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, the other two being in Oakland and San Francisco.^[192]

Crime

Like most large cities, crime levels had fallen significantly after rising in the 1980s.^[193] From 2002 to 2006, Morgan Quitno Press named San Jose the safest city in the United States with a population over 500,000 people.^[194] Crime in San Jose had been lower than in other large American cities until 2013, when crime rates in San Jose climbed above California and U.S. averages.^[195]

In 2021, SmartAsset ranked San Jose tied as the 10th safest city in the United States.^[196] In 2020, violent crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in 2017 while the homicide rate has been the highest since 2016; property crime per 100,000 people has been the lowest the city has seen in over ten years.^[197]

2021 mass shooting

On May 26, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) rail yard in San Jose. Ten people were killed, including the gunman, 57-year-old VTA employee Samuel James Cassidy, who shot and killed himself.^[198]^[199]^[200]^[201] The shooting led to a day-long suspension of light rail services in the area.^[202]^[203] It is the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the San Francisco Bay Area.^[204]

In June 2021, roughly a month following the shooting, San Jose became the first city in the United States to require gun owners to carry liability insurance after a unanimous vote by the city council.^[205]

Education

Higher education

Stanford University, 20 mi (30 km) outside of San Jose, is one of the top universities in the world.

San Jose is home to several colleges and universities. The largest is San José State University, which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the California State University (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 35,000 students in over 250 different bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs.^[206]

The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, computer science, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States.^[207] San Jose State is one of only three Bay Area schools that fields a Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Division I college football team; Stanford University and U.C. Berkeley are the other two.

California University of Management and Technology (CALMAT) offers many degree programs, including MBA, Computer Science, Information Technology. Most classes are offered both online and in the downtown campus. Many of the students are working professionals in the Silicon Valley.

The University of Silicon Valley is located in the Golden Triangle of North San Jose.

Lincoln Law School of San Jose and University of Silicon Valley Law School offer law degrees, catering to working professionals.

National University maintains a campus in San Jose.

The San Jose campus of Golden Gate University offers business bachelor and MBA degrees.

In the San Jose metropolitan area, Stanford University is in Stanford, California, Santa Clara University is in Santa Clara, California, and U.C. Santa Cruz is in Santa Cruz, California. Within the San Francisco Bay Area, other universities include U.C. Berkeley, U.C. San Francisco, U.C. Hastings College of Law, University of San Francisco, and California State University, East Bay.

The San Jose area's community colleges, San Jose City College, West Valley College, Mission College and Evergreen Valley College, offer associate degrees, general education units to transfer to CSU and UC schools, and adult and continuing education programs. The West campus of Palmer College of Chiropractic is also located in San Jose.

WestMed College is headquartered in San Jose and offers paramedic training, emergency medical technician training, and licensed vocational nursing programs.

The University of California operates Lick Observatory atop Mount Hamilton.

Western Seminary has one of its four campuses in San Jose, which opened on the campus of Calvary Church of Los Gatos in 1985. The campus relocated in 2010 to Santa Clara. Western is an evangelical, Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors, marriage and family therapists, educators, missionaries and lay leadership. The San Jose campus offers four master's degrees, and a variety of other graduate-level programs.^[208]

National Hispanic University offered associate and bachelor's degrees and teaching credentials to its students, focusing on Hispanic students, until its closing in 2015.^[209]

Primary and secondary education

Until the opening of Lincoln High School in 1943, San Jose students only attended San Jose High School. San Jose has 127 elementary, 47 middle, and 44 public high schools.

Public education in the city is provided by four high school districts, fourteen elementary districts, and three unified school districts (which provide both elementary and high schools).^[210]

Unified school districts include: San Jose USD (SJUSD), Morgan Hill USD, and Santa Clara USD
Secondary school districts include: Campbell UHSD, East Side UHSD, Fremont UHSD, and Los Gatos-Saratoga JUSD
Elementary school districts include: Alum Rock UESD, Berryessa UESD, Cambrian ESD, Campbell UESD, Cupertino UESD, Evergreen ESD, Franklin-McKinley ESD, Los Gatos UESD, Luther Burbank ESD, Moreland SD, Mount Pleasant ESD, Oak Grove ESD, Orchard ESD, and Union ESD.

SJUSD declared bankruptcy in 1983; at that time, it was the largest US school district to declare bankruptcy.^[211] Observers identified the reasons as a drop of 5,000 students in the preceding years, the difficulties imposed on school finances by Serrano v. Priest in 1968, the reduction of tax monies because of 1978 California Proposition 13, and the local teacher's union contract requiring a raise in pay.^[212]

Private schools in San Jose are primarily run by religious groups.^{[citation needed]} The Catholic Diocese of San Jose has the second-largest student population in Santa Clara County, behind only SJUSD;^{[citation needed]} the diocese and its parishes operate several schools in the city, including five high schools.^[213] Other private religious schools are Baptist,^[214] non-denominational Protestant, and Wisconsin Synod Lutheran.^[215] Secular private schools include Cambrian Academy and Harker School.

Libraries

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library is the single largest library building in the Western United States.

The San José Public Library system is unique in that the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library combines the collections of the city's system with the San Jose State University main library. In 2003, construction of the library, which now holds more than 1.6 million items, was the largest single library construction project west of the Mississippi, with eight floors that result in more than 475,000 sq ft (44,100 m²) of space with a capacity for 2 million volumes.^[216]

The city has 23 neighborhood branches including the Biblioteca Latinoamericana ('Latin American Library') which specializes in Spanish language works.^[217] The East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library, a Carnegie library opened in 1908, is the last Carnegie library in Santa Clara County still operating as a public library and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. As the result of a bond measure passed in November 2000, a number of brand new or completely reconstructed branches have been completed and opened. The yet-to-be-named brand new Southeast Branch is also planned, bringing the bond library project to its completion.^[218]

The San Jose system (along with the university system) were jointly named as "Library of the Year" by Library Journal in 2004.^[219]

Transportation

Like other American cities built mostly after World War II, San Jose is highly automobile-dependent, with 76 percent of residents driving alone to work and 12 percent carpooling in 2017.^[220] The city set an ambitious goal to shift motorized trips to walking, bicycling, and public transit in 2009 with the adoption of its Envision San Jose 2040 General Plan. In 2018, the city extended these goals to 2050 with its San Jose Climate Smart plan.^[221]

Public transit

The VTA light rail system serves 11 million people annually in Santa Clara Valley.

Rail service to and from San Jose is provided by Amtrak (the Sacramento–San-Jose Capitol Corridor and the Seattle–Los-Angeles Coast Starlight), Caltrain (commuter rail service between San Francisco and Gilroy), ACE (commuter rail service to Pleasanton and Stockton), and the local VTA light rail system connecting downtown to Mountain View, Milpitas, Campbell, and Almaden Valley, operated by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA). Historic streetcars from History Park operate on the light rail lines in downtown during holidays.

Long-term plans call for BART to be expanded to Santa Clara from the Berryessa/North San José station. Originally, the extension was to be built all at once, but due to the recession, sales tax revenue has dramatically decreased. Because of this, the extension will be built in two phases. Phase 1 extended service to San Jose with the completion of the Milpitas and Berryessa BART stations on June 13, 2020. In addition, San Jose will be a major stop on the future California High-Speed Rail route between Los Angeles and San Francisco.^[222] Diridon Station (formerly Cahill Depot, 65 Cahill Street) is the meeting point of all regional commuter rail service in the area.^[223] It was built in 1935 by the Southern Pacific Railroad, and was refurbished in 1994.

VTA also operates many bus routes in San Jose and the surrounding communities, as well as offering paratransit services to local residents. Additionally, the Highway 17 Express bus line connects central San Jose with Santa Cruz. Intercity bus providers include Greyhound, BoltBus, Megabus, California Shuttle Bus, TUFESA, Intercalifornias, Hoang, and USAsia.^[224] FlixBus also services the city with a stop at 129 W San Carlos.

Air

San Jose is served by Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport two mi (3.2 km) northwest of downtown, and by Reid-Hillview Airport of Santa Clara County, general aviation airport located in the eastern part of San Jose. San Jose residents also use San Francisco International Airport, a major international hub located 35 mi (56 km) to the northwest, and San Francisco Bay Oakland International Airport, another major international airport located 35 mi (56 km) to the north. The airport is also near the intersections of three major freeways, US 101, I-880, and SR 87.

Highways

The San Jose area is served by a freeway system that includes three Interstate freeways and one U.S. Route. It is, however, the largest city in the country not served by a primary (one- or two-digit route number) Interstate; most of the Interstate Highway Network was planned by the early 1950s well before San Jose's rapid growth decades later.

US 101 runs south to the California Central Coast and Los Angeles, and then runs north up near the eastern shore of the San Francisco Peninsula to San Francisco. I-280 also heads to San Francisco, but goes along just to the west of the cities of the San Francisco Peninsula. I-880 heads north to Oakland, running parallel to the southeastern shore of San Francisco Bay. I-680 parallels I-880 to Fremont, but then cuts northeast to the eastern cities of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Several state highways also serve San Jose: SR 17, SR 85, SR 87 and SR 237. Additionally, San Jose is served by a system of county-wide expressways, which includes the Almaden Expressway, Capitol Expressway, San Tomas Expressway, and Lawrence Expressway.

Several regional transportation projects have been undertaken in recent years to manage congestion on San Jose freeways. This includes expanding State Route 87 to add more lanes near the downtown San Jose area.

The interchange for I-280 connecting with I-680 and U.S. 101 was named the Joe Colla Interchange.^[226]

Major highways:

Bicycling

Central San Jose has seen a gradual expansion of bike lanes over the past decade, which now comprise a network of car-traffic-separated and buffered bike lanes. San Jose Bike Party is a volunteer-run monthly social cycling event that attracts up to 1,000 participants during summer months to "build community through bicycling". Fewer than one percent of city residents ride bicycles to work^[227] as their primary mode of transportation, a statistic unchanged in the past ten years. Typically, between 3 and 5 residents are struck and killed by car drivers while bicycling on San Jose streets each year.^[228]

Notable people

Sister cities

San Jose has one of the oldest Sister City programs in the nation. In 1957, when the city established a relationship with Okayama, Japan, it was only the third Sister City relationship in the nation, which had begun the prior year. The Office of Economic Development coordinates the San Jose Sister City Program which is part of Sister Cities International. As of 2014^[update], there are eight sister cities:^[229]^[230]

Okayama, Japan (established on May 26, 1957)^[231]
San José, Costa Rica (1961)
Veracruz, Mexico (1975)
Tainan, Taiwan (1977)
Dublin, Ireland (1986)^[232]
Yekaterinburg, Russia (1992)
Pune, India (1992)
Guadalajara, Mexico (2014)^[233]^[234]

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External links

Official website
Visit San Jose, official tourism website
San Jose Chamber of Commerce
San Jose at Curlie
Santa Clara County: California's Historic Silicon Valley, National Park Service
Up-to-the-minute view of San Jose from the Mount Hamilton web camera

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[15] In isolation, San is pronounced Spanish pronunciation: [san].

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[64] George R. Stewart, The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes (University of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 28.

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v т и Парки и общественные места Сан -Хосе, Калифорния
Parks & Gardens	Almaden Lake Park Alviso Marina County Park Alum Rock Park Backesto Park Balermino Park Bernal Park Bestor Art Park Biebrach Park Cahill Park Cannery Park Charlotte Commons Chinese Cultural Garden Del Monte Park Edenvale Gardens Emma Prusch Farm Park Elaine Richardson Park Gran Paradiso Park Guadalupe River Park Hellyer Park Kelley Park (Happy Hollow Zoo • History Park • Japanese Friendship Garden) Lake Cunningham Park Martial Cottle Park Metcalf Park Moitozo Park Montgomery Hill Park O'Connor Park Overfelt Gardens Parque de los Pobladores Parque de la Raza de Paz Parque de la Amistad Parque de Padre Mateo Sheedy Palmia Park Pellier Park Plata Arroyo Park Ramac Park Riverview Park River Oaks Park Ryland Park San Jose Municipal Rose Garden Santa Teresa County Park Santana Park St. James Park Valencia Park Vieira Park Vista Montaña Park
Plazas & Squares	Plaza de César Chávez San Pedro Square Evergreen Village Square Circle of Palms Plaza Plaza Brenda López San José Civic Plaza
Paseos	Paseo de San Antonio Paseo de San Carlos Paseo de César Chávez 9th Street Paseo Fountain Alley
Trails	Guadalupe River Trail Coyote Creek Trail Los Gatos Creek Trail Los Alamitos Creek Trail Penitencia Creek Trail Three Creeks Trail
Municipal Golf Courses	Los Lagos Municipal Golf Course Rancho del Pueblo Municipal Golf Course San Jose Municipal Golf Course
Other	Communications Hill Grand Staircase

v t e Neighborhoods of San Jose, California
North San Jose	Alviso Berryessa Rincon de los Esteros / Golden Triangle Rincon South
Central San Jose	The Alameda College Park St. Leo's Buena Vista Downtown San Jose Historic District SoFA District San Pedro Square North San Pedro Qmunity District Hensley Japantown Midtown San Jose Naglee Park Northside Luna Park Rose Garden Shasta Hanchett Park Spartan Keyes Tamien Washington-Guadalupe West San Carlos Willow Glen Palm Haven
West San Jose	Fruitdale Santana Row Winchester
East San Jose	Alum Rock Little Portugal Mayfair King & Story East Foothills Little Saigon Evergreen Meadowfair Silver Creek Valley
South San Jose	Almaden Valley New Almaden Calero Blossom Valley Cambrian Coyote Valley Santa Teresa Communications Hill Edenvale Seven Trees
Former	Chinatowns Market Street Chinatown Heinlenville

v t e Silicon Valley
Cities	Belmont Campbell Cupertino East Palo Alto Fremont Los Altos Los Altos Hills Los Gatos Menlo Park Milpitas Morgan Hill Mountain View Newark Palo Alto Redwood City San Carlos San Jose San Mateo Santa Clara Saratoga Sunnyvale Woodside
Higher education	Cañada Carnegie Mellon De Anza Evergreen Valley Foothill International Technological Menlo Mission Hispanic Northwestern Poly Ohlone San José City San José State Santa Clara Silicon Valley University Stanford University of Silicon Valley
Companies (including subsidiaries and defunct companies)	3Com Access Systems Americas Actuate Adaptec Adobe AMD Agilent Technologies Altera Amdahl Ampex Apple Applied Materials Aricent Asus Atari Atmel Autodesk Avaya BEA Systems Box Brocade BusinessObjects Capcom Cisco Computer Literacy Bookshops Cypress Semiconductor eBay Electronic Arts Facebook Foundry Networks Fry's Electronics Fujitsu Gaia Online Geeknet Google Hewlett-Packard HGST IETF Intel Internet Systems Consortium Intuit Juniper Networks Knight Ridder LinkedIn Logitech LSI Corporation Magellan Navigation Marvell Technology Group Maxtor McAfee Memorex Microsoft Mozilla Corporation National Semiconductor Netscape NetApp Netflix NeXT Nintendo of America Nortel Nvidia Opera Software Oppo Digital Oracle Corporation Palm Palo Alto Networks PayPal Pinterest Playdom Rambus Redback Networks Reputation.com Roku SAP SanDisk Silicon Graphics Silicon Image Solectron Sony Interactive Entertainment SRI International Sun Microsystems Symyx Synopsys Taligent Tesla TiVo Corporation Uber Verisign Veritas Technologies VMware Webex WhatsApp Xilinx Yahoo!

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Международный	ЯВЛЯЮТСЯ ВИАФ БЫСТРЫЙ WorldCat
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Другой	ИдРеф НАРА

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