Джорджия (штат США)

«Штат Джорджия» перенаправляется сюда. Чтобы узнать о стране в Восточной Европе и Западной Азии, см. Грузию (страну) . Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Штат Джорджия (значения) .

Грузия
Состояние
штат Джорджия
Флаг Тюлень
Псевдоним(а) : Персиковый штат; Имперский штат Юга
Девиз(ы) : «Мудрость, справедливость и умеренность»
Гимн: « В моих мыслях Грузия ».
Map of the United States with Georgia highlighted
Country	United States
Before statehood	Province of Georgia
Admitted to the Union	January 2, 1788 (1788-01-02) (4th)
Capital (and largest city)	Atlanta
Largest county or equivalent	Fulton
Largest metro and urban areas	Atlanta
Government
• Governor	Brian Kemp (R)
• Lieutenant Governor	Burt Jones (R)
Legislature	Georgia General Assembly
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Judiciary	Supreme Court of Georgia
U.S. senators	Jon Ossoff (D) Raphael Warnock (D)
U.S. House delegation	9 Republicans 5 Democrats (list)
Area
• Total	59,424.64 sq mi (153,909.12 km2)
• Land	57,906 sq mi (149,976 km2)
• Water	1,519 sq mi (3,933 km2)  2.6%
• Rank	24th
Dimensions
• Length	298 mi (480 km)
• Width	230 mi (370 km)
Elevation	600 ft (180 m)
Highest elevation (Brasstown Bald)	4,784 ft (1,458 m)
Lowest elevation (Atlantic Ocean)	0 ft (0 m)
Population  (2023)
• Total	11,029,227
• Rank	8th
• Density	185.2/sq mi (71.5/km2)
• Rank	18th
• Median household income	$61,200
• Income rank	29th
Demonym	Georgian
Language
• Official language	English
Time zone	UTC– 05:00 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC– 04:00 (EDT)
USPS abbreviation	GA
ISO 3166 code	US-GA
Traditional abbreviation	Ga.
Latitude	30.356–34.985° N
Longitude	80.840–85.605° W
Website	georgia.gov
Symbols of Georgia
Song	"Georgia on My Mind" by Ray Charles
Amphibian	American green tree frog Dryophytes cinereus
Bird	Brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum
Butterfly	Eastern tiger swallowtail Papilio glaucus
Fish	Largemouth bass Micropterus nigricans
Flower	Cherokee rose Rosa laevigata
Fruit	Peach Prunus persica
Insect	Western honey bee Apis mellifera
Reptile	Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus
Tree	Southern live oak Quercus virginiana
Vegetable	Vidalia onion Allium cepa 'Granex'

Джорджия , официально штат Джорджия , — штат в юго-восточном регионе США . Он граничит с Теннесси на северо-западе, Северной Каролиной на севере, Южной Каролиной на северо-востоке, Атлантическим океаном на юго-востоке, Флоридой на юге и Алабамой на западе. Из 50 штатов США Джорджия занимает 24-е место по площади и 8-е место по численности населения . По данным Бюро переписи населения США , численность населения на 2023 год составила 11 029 227 человек. Атланта , глобальный город штата , является одновременно столицей и его крупнейшим городом. Агломерация Атланты с населением более 6,3 миллиона человек в 2023 году является 6-й по численности населения агломерацией в США и содержит около 57% всего населения Джорджии. Другие крупные мегаполисы штата включают Огасту , Саванну , Колумбус и Мейкон .

The Province of Georgia was created in 1732 and first settled in 1733 with the founding of Savannah. Georgia became a British royal colony in 1752. It was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established. Named after King George II of Great Britain, the Georgia Colony covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River. On January 2, 1788, Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution. From 1802 to 1804, western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory, which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi. Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate States. Following the Civil War, it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. In the post-Reconstruction era of the late 19th century, Georgia's economy was transformed as a group of prominent politicians, businessmen, and journalists, led by Henry W. Grady, espoused the "New South" philosophy of sectional reconciliation and industrialization. During the mid-20th century, several people from Georgia, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., were prominent leaders during the civil rights movement. Atlanta was selected as host of the 1996 Summer Olympics, which marked the 100th anniversary of the modern Olympic Games. Since 1945, Georgia has seen substantial population and economic growth as part of the broader Sun Belt phenomenon. From 2007 to 2008, 14 of Georgia's counties ranked among the nation's 100 fastest-growing.

Georgia is defined by a diversity of landscapes, flora, and fauna. The state's northernmost regions include the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the larger Appalachian Mountain system. The Piedmont plateau extends from the foothills of the Blue Ridge south to the Fall Line, an escarpment to the Coastal Plain defining the state's southern region. Georgia's highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet (1,458 m) above sea level; the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean. With the exception of some high-altitude areas in the Blue Ridge, the entirety of the state has a humid subtropical climate. Of the states entirely east of the Mississippi River, Georgia is the largest in land area.

History

Main article: History of Georgia (U.S. state)

Before settlement by Europeans colonists, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures. The Province of Georgia was founded by British General James Oglethorpe at Savannah on February 12, 1733, a year after its creation as a new British colony. It was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by (and named for) King George II. The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the colony's settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan, which envisioned an agrarian society of yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery. The colony was invaded by the Spanish in 1742, during the War of Jenkins' Ear. In 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a crown colony, with a governor appointed by the king of Great Britain.

The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence. The State of Georgia's first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24, 1778, and was the 4th state to ratify the United States Constitution on January 2, 1788.

Slaves with the cotton they had picked. Georgia, c. 1850

After the Creek War (1813–1814), General Andrew Jackson forced the Muscogee (Creek) tribes to surrender land to the state of Georgia, including in the Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814), surrendering 21 million acres in what is now southern Georgia and central Alabama, and the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825). In 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains leading to the Georgia Gold Rush and establishment of a federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued in operation until 1861. The resulting influx of American settlers put pressure on the federal U.S. government to take land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Indian Removal Act, sending many eastern Indian nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgia's tribes. Despite the Supreme Court's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (1832) that U.S. states were not permitted to redraw Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched federal troops to gather the tribes and deport them west of the Mississippi. This forced relocation, known as the Trail of Tears, led to the death of more than four thousand Cherokees.

The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, 1864

In early 1861, Georgia joined the Confederacy (with secessionists having a slight majority of delegates) and became a major theater of the Civil War. Major battles took place at Chickamauga, Kennesaw Mountain, and Atlanta. In December 1864, a large swath of the state from Atlanta to Savannah was destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea. 18,253 Georgian soldiers died in service, roughly one of every five who served. In 1870, following the Reconstruction era, Georgia became the last Confederate state to be restored to the Union.

"Colored" waiting room sign in 1943 for a bus terminal in Rome, Georgia, where Jim Crow laws created "de jure" legally required segregation

With white Democrats having regained power in the state legislature, they passed a poll tax in 1877, which disenfranchised many poor black (and some white) people, preventing them from registering. In 1908, the state established a white primary; with the only competitive contests within the Democratic Party, it was another way to exclude black people from politics. They constituted 46.7% of the state's population in 1900, but the proportion of Georgia's population that was African American dropped thereafter to 28%, primarily due to tens of thousands leaving the state during the Great Migration. According to the Equal Justice Initiative's 2015 report on lynching in the United States (1877–1950), Georgia had 531 deaths, the second-highest total of these extralegal executions of any state in the South. The overwhelming number of victims were black and male. Political disfranchisement persisted through the mid-1960s, until after Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s tomb, on the grounds of Atlanta's urban Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park

An Atlanta-born Baptist minister who was part of the educated middle class that had developed in Atlanta's African-American community, Martin Luther King Jr., emerged as a national leader in the civil rights movement. King joined with others to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in Atlanta in 1957 to provide political leadership for the Civil Rights Movement across the South. The civil rights riots of the 1956 Sugar Bowl would also take place in Atlanta after a clash between Georgia Tech's president Blake R. Van Leer and Governor Marvin Griffin.

On February 5, 1958, during a training mission flown by a B-47, a Mark 15 nuclear bomb, also known as the Tybee Bomb, was lost off the coast of Tybee Island near Savannah. The bomb was thought by the Department of Energy to lie buried in silt at the bottom of Wassaw Sound.

By the 1960s, the proportion of African Americans in Georgia had declined to 28% of the state's population, after waves of migration to the North and some immigration by whites. With their voting power diminished, it took some years for African Americans to win a state-wide office. Julian Bond, a noted civil rights leader, was elected to the state House in 1965, and served multiple terms there and in the state senate.

Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. testified before Congress in support of the Civil Rights Act, and Governor Carl Sanders worked with the Kennedy administration to ensure the state's compliance. Ralph McGill, editor and syndicated columnist at the Atlanta Constitution, earned admiration by writing in support of the Civil Rights Movement. In 1970, newly elected Governor Jimmy Carter declared in his inaugural address that the era of racial segregation had ended. In 1972, Georgians elected Andrew Young to Congress as the first African American Congressman since the Reconstruction era.

In 1980, construction was completed on an expansion of what is now named Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL). The busiest and most efficient airport in the world, it accommodates more than a hundred million passengers annually. Employing more than 60,000 people, the airport became a major engine for economic growth. With the advantages of cheap real estate, low taxes, right-to-work laws and a regulatory environment limiting government interference, the Atlanta metropolitan area became a national center of finance, insurance, technology, manufacturing, real estate, logistics, and transportation companies, as well as the film, convention, and trade show businesses. As a testament to the city's growing international profile, in 1990 the International Olympic Committee selected Atlanta as the site of the 1996 Summer Olympics. Taking advantage of Atlanta's status as a transportation hub, in 1991 UPS established its headquarters in the suburb of Sandy Springs. In 1992, construction finished on Bank of America Plaza, the tallest building in the U.S. outside of New York or Chicago.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Georgia (U.S. state)

Road to Brasstown Bald

Jekyll Island

Okefenokee Swamp

Boundaries

Beginning from the Atlantic Ocean, the state's eastern border with South Carolina runs up the Savannah River, northwest to its origin at the confluence of the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers. It then continues up the Tugaloo (originally Tugalo) and into the Chattooga River, its most significant tributary. These bounds were decided in the 1797 Treaty of Beaufort, and tested in the U.S. Supreme Court in the two Georgia v. South Carolina cases in 1923 and 1989.

The border then takes a sharp turn around the tip of Rabun County, at latitude 35°N, though from this point it diverges slightly south (due to inaccuracies in the original survey, conducted in 1818). This northern border was originally the Georgia and North Carolina border all the way to the Mississippi River, until Tennessee was divided from North Carolina, and the Yazoo companies induced the legislature of Georgia to pass an act, approved by the governor in 1795, to sell the greater part of Georgia's territory presently comprising Alabama and Mississippi.

The state's western border runs in a straight line south-southeastward from a point southwest of Chattanooga, to meet the Chattahoochee River near West Point. It continues downriver to the point where it joins the Flint River (the confluence of the two forming Florida's Apalachicola River); the southern border goes almost due east and very slightly south, in a straight line to the St. Mary's River, which then forms the remainder of the boundary back to the ocean.

The water boundaries are still set to be the original thalweg of the rivers. Since then, several have been inundated by lakes created by dams, including the Apalachicola/Chattahoochee/Flint point now under Lake Seminole.

An 1818 survey erroneously placed Georgia's border with Tennessee one mile (1.6 km) south of the intended location of the 35th parallel north. State legislators still dispute this placement, as correction of this inaccuracy would allow Georgia access to water from the Tennessee River.

Geology and terrain

Main article: Geology of Georgia (U.S. state)

USGS map of Georgia elevations

Georgia consists of five principal physiographic regions: The Cumberland Plateau, Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, Blue Ridge Mountains, Piedmont, and the Atlantic coastal plain. Each region has its own distinctive characteristics. For instance, the region, which lies in the northwest corner of the state, includes limestone, sandstone, shale, and other sedimentary rocks, which have yielded construction-grade limestone, barite, ocher, and small amounts of coal.

Ecology

Main article: Ecology of Georgia

The state of Georgia has approximately 250 tree species and 58 protected plants. Georgia's native trees include red cedar, a variety of pines, oaks, hollies, cypress, sweetgum, scaly-bark and white hickories, and sabal palmetto. East Georgia is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and conifer species as other broadleaf evergreen flora make up the majority of the southern and coastal regions. Yellow jasmine and mountain laurel make up just a few of the flowering shrubs in the state.

White-tailed deer are found in nearly all counties of Georgia. The northern mockingbird and brown thrasher are among the 160 bird species that live in the state.

Reptiles include the eastern diamondback, copperhead, and cottonmouth snakes as well as alligators; amphibians include salamanders, frogs and toads. There are about 79 species of reptile and 63 amphibians known to live in Georgia. The Argentine black and white tegu is currently an invasive species in Georgia. It poses a problem to local wildlife by chasing down and killing many native species and dominating habitats.

The most popular freshwater game fish are trout, bream, bass, and catfish, all but the last of which are produced in state hatcheries for restocking. Popular saltwater game fish include red drum, spotted seatrout, flounder, and tarpon. Porpoises, whales, shrimp, oysters, and blue crabs are found inshore and offshore of the Georgia coast.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Georgia (U.S. state)

Further information: Climate change in Georgia (U.S. state)

Köppen climate classification types of Georgia

Image of March 1993 Storm of the Century covering the length of the east coast; the outline of Georgia is discernible in the center of the image

The majority of the state is primarily a humid subtropical climate. Hot and humid summers are typical, except at the highest elevations. The entire state, including the North Georgia mountains, receives moderate to heavy precipitation, which varies from 45 inches (1,100 mm) in central Georgia to approximately 75 inches (1,900 mm) around the northeast part of the state. The degree to which the weather of a certain region of Georgia is subtropical depends on the latitude, its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico, and the elevation. The latter factor is felt chiefly in the mountainous areas of the northern part of the state, which are farther away from the ocean and can be 4,500 feet (1,400 m) above sea level. The USDA plant hardiness zones for Georgia range from zone 6b (no colder than −5 °F (−21 °C)) in the Blue Ridge Mountains to zone 8b (no colder than 15 °F (−9 °C) ) along the Atlantic coast and Florida border.

The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44 °C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is −17 °F (−27 °C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940. Georgia is one of the leading states in frequency of tornadoes, though they are rarely stronger than EF1. Although tornadoes striking the city are very rare, an EF2 tornado hit downtown Atlanta on March 14, 2008, causing moderate to severe damage to various buildings. With a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean, Georgia is also vulnerable to hurricanes, although direct hurricane strikes were rare during the 20th century. Georgia often is affected by hurricanes that strike the Florida Panhandle, weaken over land, and bring strong tropical storm winds and heavy rain to the interior, a recent example being Hurricane Michael, as well as hurricanes that come close to the Georgia coastline, brushing the coast on their way north without ever making landfall. Hurricane Matthew of 2016 and Hurricane Dorian of 2019 did just that.

Monthly average daily high and low temperatures for major Georgia cities

City	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Athens	51/11 33/1	56/13 35/2	65/18 42/6	73/23 49/9	80/27 58/14	87/31 65/18	90/32 69/21	88/31 68/20	82/28 63/17	73/23 51/11	63/17 42/6	54/12 35/2
Atlanta	52/11 34/1	57/14 36/2	65/18 44/7	73/23 50/10	80/27 60/16	86/30 67/19	89/32 71/22	88/31 70/21	82/28 64/18	73/23 53/12	63/17 44/7	55/13 36/2
Augusta	56/13 33/1	61/16 36/4	69/21 42/6	77/25 48/9	84/29 57/14	90/32 65/18	92/33 70/21	90/32 68/20	85/29 62/17	76/24 50/10	68/20 41/5	59/15 35/2
Columbus	57/14 37/3	62/17 39/4	69/21 46/8	76/24 52/11	83/28 61/16	90/32 69/21	92/33 72/22	91/32 72/22	86/30 66/19	77/25 54/12	68/20 46/8	59/15 39/4
Macon	57/14 34/1	61/16 37/3	68/20 44/7	76/24 50/10	83/28 59/15	90/32 67/19	92/33 70/21	90/32 70/21	85/29 64/18	77/25 51/11	68/20 42/6	59/15 36/2
Savannah	60/16 38/3	64/18 41/5	71/22 48/9	78/26 53/12	84/29 61/16	90/32 68/20	92/33 72/22	90/32 71/22	86/30 67/19	78/26 56/13	70/21 47/8	63/17 40/4
Temperatures are given in °F/°C format, with highs on top of lows.

Due to anthropogenic climate change, the climate of Georgia is warming. This is already causing major disruption, for example, from sea level rise (Georgia is more vulnerable to it than many other states because its land is sinking) and further warming will increase it.

Major cities

See also: Georgia census statistical areas and List of metropolitan areas in Georgia (U.S. state)

Atlanta, located in north-central Georgia at the Eastern Continental Divide, has been Georgia's capital city since 1868. It is the most populous city in Georgia, with a 2020 U.S. census population of just over 498,000. The state has seventeen cities with populations over 50,000, based on official 2020 U.S. census data.

Along with the rest of the Southeast, Georgia's population continues to grow rapidly, with primary gains concentrated in urban areas. The U.S. Census Bureau lists fourteen metropolitan areas in the state. The population of the Atlanta metropolitan area added 1.23 million people (24%) between 2000 and 2010, and Atlanta rose in rank from the eleventh-largest metropolitan area in the United States to the ninth-largest. The Atlanta metropolitan area is the cultural and economic center of the Southeast; its official population in 2020 was over 6 million, or 57% of Georgia's total population.

Largest cities or towns in Georgia 2020 U.S. census populations
	Rank	Name	County	Pop.
Atlanta Columbus	1	Atlanta	Fulton, DeKalb	498,715	Augusta Macon
	2	Columbus	Muscogee	206,922
	3	Augusta	Richmond	202,081
	4	Macon	Bibb	157,346
	5	Savannah	Chatham	147,780
	6	Athens	Clarke	127,315
	7	Sandy Springs	Fulton	108,080
	8	South Fulton	Fulton	107,436
	9	Roswell	Cobb, Fulton	92,833
	10	Johns Creek	Fulton	82,453

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Georgia (U.S. state)

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1790	82,548		—
1800	162,686		97.1%
1810	251,407		54.5%
1820	340,989		35.6%
1830	516,823		51.6%
1840	691,392		33.8%
1850	906,185		31.1%
1860	1,057,286		16.7%
1870	1,184,109		12.0%
1880	1,542,181		30.2%
1890	1,837,353		19.1%
1900	2,216,331		20.6%
1910	2,609,121		17.7%
1920	2,895,832		11.0%
1930	2,908,506		0.4%
1940	3,123,723		7.4%
1950	3,444,578		10.3%
1960	3,943,116		14.5%
1970	4,589,575		16.4%
1980	5,463,105		19.0%
1990	6,478,216		18.6%
2000	8,186,453		26.4%
2010	9,687,653		18.3%
2020	10,711,908		10.6%
2023 (est.)	11,029,227		3.0%
1910–2022

Packed circles diagram showing estimates of the ethnic origins of people in Georgia in 2021

Map of counties in Georgia by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census

show

Legend

• Non-Hispanic White

    30–40%

    40–50%

    50–60%

    60–70%

    70–80%

    80–90%

    90%+

  Black or African American

    40–50%

    50–60%

    60–70%

    70–80%

Population density by census tract in the state of Georgia, 2018

The United States Census Bureau reported Georgia's official population to be 10,711,908 as of the 2020 United States census. This was an increase of 1,024,255, or 10.57% over the 2010 figure of 9,687,653 residents.

As of 2010, the number of illegal immigrants living in Georgia more than doubled to 480,000 from January 2000 to January 2009, according to a federal report. That gave Georgia the greatest percentage increase among the 10 states with the biggest undocumented immigrant populations during those years. Georgia has banned sanctuary cities.

In 2018, The top countries of origin for Georgia's immigrants were Mexico, India, Jamaica, Korea, and Guatemala.

There were 743,000 veterans in 2009.

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 10,689 homeless people in Georgia.

Race and ethnicity

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census

Race and ethnicity	Alone		Total
White (non-Hispanic)	50.1%	50.1	53.2%	53.2
African American (non-Hispanic)	30.6%	30.6	32.3%	32.3
Hispanic or Latino	—		10.5%	10.5
Asian	4.4%	4.4	5.2%	5.2
Native American	0.2%	0.2	1.5%	1.5
Pacific Islander	0.1%	0.1	0.1%	0.1
Other	0.5%	0.5	1.2%	1.2

Historical racial demographicshide

Racial composition	1990	2000	2010	2020
White	71.0%	65.1%	59.7%	51.9%
Black	27.0%	28.7%	30.5%	31.0%
Asian	1.2%	2.1%	3.3%	4.5%
Native	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.5%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	—	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%
Other race	0.6%	2.4%	4.0%	5.2%
Two or more races	—	1.4%	2.1%	6.9%

In the 1980 census, 1,584,303 people from Georgia claimed English ancestry out of a total state population of 3,994,817, making them 40% of the state, and the largest ethnic group at the time. Today, many of these same people claiming they are of "American" ancestry are actually of English descent, and some are of Scots-Irish descent; however, their families have lived in the state for so long, in many cases since the colonial period, that they choose to identify simply as having "American" ancestry or do not in fact know their own ancestry. Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim "American" ancestry, though they are of predominantly English ancestry.

Historically, about half of Georgia's population was composed of African Americans who, before the American Civil War, were almost exclusively enslaved. The Great Migration of hundreds of thousands of blacks from the rural South to the industrial North from 1914 to 1970 reduced the African American population.

Georgia had the second-fastest-growing Asian population growth in the U.S. from 1990 to 2000, more than doubling in size during the ten-year period. Indian people and Chinese people are the largest Asian groups in Georgia. In addition, according to census estimates, Georgia ranks third among the states in terms of the percent of the total population that is African American (after Mississippi and Louisiana) and third in numeric Black population after New York and Florida. Georgia also has a sizeable Latino population. Many are of Mexican descent.

Georgia is the state with the third-lowest percentage of older people (65 or older), at 12.8 percent (as of 2015).

The colonial settlement of large numbers of Scottish American, English American and Scotch-Irish Americans in the mountains and Piedmont, and coastal settlement by some English Americans and African Americans, have strongly influenced the state's culture in food, language and music. The concentration of African slaves repeatedly "imported" to coastal areas in the 18th century from rice-growing regions of West Africa led to the development of Gullah-Geechee language and culture in the Low Country among African Americans. They share a unique heritage in which many African traditions of food, religion and culture were retained. In the creolization of Southern culture, their foodways became an integral part of Low Country cooking. Sephardic Jews, French-speaking Swiss people, Moravians, Irish convicts, Piedmont Italians and Russian people immigrated to the state during the colonial era.

As of 2011, 58.8% of Georgia's population younger than 1 were minorities (meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white) compared to other states like California with 75.1%, Texas with 69.8%, and New York with 55.6%.

The largest European ancestry groups as of 2011 were: English 8.1%, Irish 8.1%, and German 7.2%.

Languages

Top 10 languages spoken in Georgia

Language	Speakers (as of 2021)	% of total
English	8,711,102	85.62%
Spanish	795,646	7.82%
Vietnamese	57,795	0.57%
Chinese	55,024	0.54%
Korean	52,742	0.52%
French	33,248	0.33%
Hindi	31,531	0.31%
German	25,881	0.25%
Haitian	25,032	0.25%
Arabic	21,795	0.21%

As of 2021, 85.62% (8,711,102) of Georgia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 7.82% (795,646) spoke Spanish, and 6.55% (666,849) spoke languages other than English or Spanish at home, with the most common of which were Vietnamese, Chinese, and Korean. In total, 14.38% (1,462,495) of Georgia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.

Religion

Further information: Demographics of Georgia (U.S. state) § Religion, and Culture of Georgia (U.S. state) § Religion

St. Mark's United Methodist Church in Atlanta

The BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Lilburn is the second-largest Hindu temple in the United States.

Religion in Georgia (2014)
Religion			Percent
Protestant			67%
None			18%
Catholic			9%
Jehovah's Witness			2%
Jewish			1%
Mormon			1%
Other			2%
Don't know			1%

According to the Pew Research Center, the composition of religious affiliation in Georgia was 70% Protestant, 9% Catholic, 1% Mormon, 1% Jewish, 0.5% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, and 0.5% Hindu. Atheists, deists, agnostics, and other unaffiliated people make up 13% of the population. Overall, Christianity was the dominant religion in the state, as part of the Bible Belt.

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2010, the largest Christian denominations by number of adherents were the Southern Baptist Convention with 1,759,317; the United Methodist Church with 619,394; and the Roman Catholic Church with 596,384. Non-denominational Evangelical Protestant had 566,782 members, the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) has 175,184 members, and the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. has 172,982 members. The Presbyterian Church (USA) is the largest Presbyterian body in the state, with 300 congregations and 100,000 members. The other large body, Presbyterian Church in America, had at its founding date 14 congregations and 2,800 members; in 2010 it counted 139 congregations and 32,000 members. The Roman Catholic Church is noteworthy in Georgia's urban areas, and includes the Archdiocese of Atlanta and the Diocese of Savannah. Georgia is home to the second-largest Hindu temple in the United States, the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta, located in the suburb city of Lilburn. Georgia is home to large Sikh religion population with 4 gurudwaras (Sikh religious worship places). Georgia is home to several historic synagogues including The Temple (Atlanta), Congregation Beth Jacob (Atlanta), and Congregation Mickve Israel (Savannah). Chabad and the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute are also active in the state.

By the 2022 Public Religion Research Institute's study, 71% of the population were Christian; throughout its Christian population, 60% were Protestant and 8% were Catholic. Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons collectively made up 3% of other Christians according to the study. Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism collectively formed 4% of the state's non-Christian population; New Age spirituality was 2% of the religious population. Approximately 23% of the state was irreligious.

Population percentage of Georgia in the United States2010: 3.14%2020: 3.23%

Economy

See also: Georgia (U.S. state) locations by per capita income

Georgia's 2018 total gross state product was $602 billion. For years Georgia as a state has had the highest credit rating by Standard & Poor's (AAA) and is one of only 15 states with a AAA rating. If Georgia were a stand-alone country, it would be the 28th-largest economy in the world, based on data from 2005.

• Total employment 2021

4,034,309

• Total employer establishments 2021

253,729

There are 16 Fortune 500 companies and 26 Fortune 1000 companies with headquarters in Georgia, including Home Depot, UPS, Coca-Cola, TSYS, Delta Air Lines, Aflac, Southern Company, and Elevance Health

Atlanta boasts the world's busiest airport, as measured both by passenger traffic and by aircraft traffic. Also, the Port of Savannah is the fourth-largest seaport and fastest-growing container seaport in North America, importing and exporting a total of 2.3 million TEUs per year.

Atlanta has a significant effect on the state of Georgia, the Southeastern United States, and beyond. It has been the site of growth in finance, insurance, technology, manufacturing, real estate, service, logistics, transportation, film, communications, convention and trade show businesses and industries, while tourism is important to the economy. Atlanta is a global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, as a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system.

For the five years through November 2017, Georgia has been ranked the top state (number 1) in the nation to do business, and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation, number 1 in business climate in the nation, number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a "Best in Class" state economic development agency.

In 2016, Georgia had a median annual income per person of between $50,000 and $59,999, which is in inflation-adjusted dollars for 2016. The U.S. median annual income for the entire nation is $57,617. This lies within the range of Georgia's median annual income.

A 2024 study listed Georgia in the top 20 of states for an affordable cost of living.

Industries

While many textile jobs moved overseas, there is still a textile industry located around the cities of Rome, Columbus, Augusta, Macon and along the I-75 corridor between Atlanta and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Historically it started along the fall line in the Piedmont, where factories were powered by waterfalls and rivers. It includes the towns of Cartersville, Calhoun, Ringgold and Dalton

In November 2009, the South Korean automaker Kia Corporation began production in Georgia. The first Kia plant built in the U.S., Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia, is located in West Point. Rivian, an electric vehicle manufacturer, plans to begin production at a facility in Social Circle in 2024.

Industrial products include textiles and apparel, transportation equipment, food processing, paper products, chemicals and products, and electric equipment.

Agriculture

A cotton field in southern Georgia

Widespread farms produce peanuts, corn, and soybeans across middle and south Georgia. The state is the number one producer of pecans in the world, thanks to Naomi Chapman Woodroof regarding peanut breeding, with the region around Albany in southwest Georgia being the center of Georgia's pecan production. Gainesville in northeast Georgia touts itself as the Poultry Capital of the World. Georgia is in the top five blueberry producers in the United States.

Arts

Film

Main article: Film industry in Georgia (U.S. state)

Filming of Captain America: Civil War in Atlanta, 2015

The Georgia Film, Music and Digital Entertainment Office promotes filming in the state. Since 1972, over eight hundred films and 1,500 television shows have been filmed on location in Georgia. Georgia overtook California in 2016 as the state with the most feature films produced on location. In the fiscal year 2017, film and television production in Georgia had an economic impact of $9.5 billion. Atlanta has been called the "Hollywood of the South". Television shows like Stranger Things, The Walking Dead, and The Vampire Diaries are filmed in the state. Movies such as Passengers, Forrest Gump, Contagion, Hidden Figures, Sully, Baby Driver, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, Captain America: Civil War, Black Panther, Birds of Prey, and many more, were filmed around Georgia.

Films set in Georgia

Two movies, both set in Atlanta, won Oscars for Best Picture: Gone with the Wind (1939) and Driving Miss Daisy (1989). Other films set in Georgia include Deliverance (1972), Parental Guidance (2012), and Vacation (2015).

Literature

Authors have grappled with Georgia's complex history. Popular novels related to this include Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind, Olive Ann Burns' Cold Sassy Tree, and Alice Walker's The Color Purple.

A number of noted authors, poets and playwrights have lived in Georgia, such as James Dickey, Flannery O'Connor, Sidney Lanier, Frank Yerby and Lewis Grizzard.

Music

Main article: Music of Georgia (U.S. state)

See also: List of hip hop musicians from Atlanta

A number of notable musicians in various genres of popular music are from Georgia. Among them are Ray Charles (whose many hits include "Georgia on My Mind", now the official state song), and Gladys Knight (known for her Georgia-themed song, "Midnight Train to Georgia").

Rock groups from Georgia include the Atlanta Rhythm Section, The Black Crowes, and The Allman Brothers.

The city of Athens sparked an influential rock music scene in the 1980s and 1990s. Among the groups achieving their initial prominence there were R.E.M., Widespread Panic, and the B-52's.

Since the 1990s, various hip-hop and R&B musicians have included top-selling artists such as Outkast, Usher, Ludacris, TLC, B.o.B., and Ciara. Atlanta is mentioned in a number of these artists' tracks, such as Usher's "A-Town Down" reference in his 2004 hit "Yeah!" (which also features Atlanta artists Lil Jon and Ludacris), Ludacris' "Welcome to Atlanta", Outkast's album "ATLiens", and B.o.B.'s multiple references to Decatur, Georgia, as in his hit song "Strange Clouds".

Television

Well-known television shows set in Atlanta include, from Tyler Perry Studios, House of Payne and Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns, The Real Housewives of Atlanta, the CBS sitcom Designing Women, Matlock, the popular AMC series The Walking Dead, FX comedy drama Atlanta, Lifetime's Drop Dead Diva, Rectify and numerous HGTV original productions.

The Dukes of Hazzard, a 1980s TV show, was set in the fictional Hazzard County, Georgia. The first five episodes were shot on location in Conyers and Covington, Georgia as well as some locations in Atlanta. Production was then moved to Burbank, California.

Also filmed in Georgia was The Vampire Diaries, using Covington as the setting for the fictional Mystic Falls.

Energy

Georgia electricity production by type

Georgia's electricity generation and consumption are among the highest in the United States, with natural gas being the primary electrical generation fuel, followed by coal. The state also has two nuclear power facilities, Plant Hatch and Plant Vogtle, which contribute almost one fourth of Georgia's electricity generation, and two additional nuclear reactors are being built at Vogtle as of 2022. In 2013, the generation mix was 39% gas, 35% coal, 23% nuclear, 3% hydro and other renewable sources. The leading area of energy consumption is the industrial sector because Georgia "is a leader in the energy-intensive wood and paper products industry". Solar generated energy is becoming more in use with solar energy generators currently installed ranking Georgia 15th in the country in installed solar capacity. In 2013, $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home, business and utility use representing a 795% increase over the previous year.

Logistics

Georgia was ranked the number 2 state for infrastructure and global access by Area Development magazine.

The Georgia Ports Authority owns and operates four ports in the state: Port of Savannah, Port of Brunswick, Port Bainbridge, and Port Columbus. The Port of Savannah is the third-busiest seaport in the United States, importing and exporting a total of 4.9 million TEUs for 2023. The Port of Savannah's Garden City Terminal is the largest single container terminal in North America. Several major companies including Target, IKEA, and Heineken operate distribution centers in close proximity to the Port of Savannah.

Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport moves over 650,000 tons of cargo annually through three cargo complexes (2 million square feet or 200,000 square meters of floor space). It has nearby cold storage for perishables; it is the only airport in the Southeast with USDA-approved cold-treatment capabilities. Delta Air Lines also offers an on-airport refrigeration facility for perishable cargo, and a 250-acre Foreign Trade Zone is located at the airport.

Georgia is a major railway hub, has the most extensive rail system in the Southeast, and has the service of two Class I railroads, CSX and Norfolk Southern, plus 24 short-line railroads. Georgia is ranked the No. 3 state in the nation for rail accessibility. Rail shipments include intermodal, bulk, automotive and every other type of shipment.

Georgia has an extensive interstate highway system including 1,200 miles (1,900 kilometers) of interstate highway and 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometers) of federal and state highways that facilitate the efficient movement of more than $620 billion of cargo by truck each year. Georgia's six interstates connect to 80 percent of the U.S. population within a two-day truck drive. More than $14 billion in funding has been approved for new roadway infrastructure.

Military

Fort Stewart

Southern Congressmen have attracted major investment by the U.S. military in the state. The several installations include Moody Air Force Base, Fort Stewart, Hunter Army Airfield, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Fort Moore, Robins Air Force Base, Fort Eisenhower, Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Coast Guard Air Station Savannah and Coast Guard Station Brunswick. These installations command numerous jobs and business for related contractors.

Mining

See also: List of gold mines in Georgia, Georgia Gold Belt, and Georgia Gold Rush

Reverse of the U.S. State Quarter for Georgia

Major products in the mineral industry include a variety of clays, stones, sands and the clay palygorskite, known as attapulgite.

Tourism

Savannah's River Street is a popular tourist destination

In the Atlanta area, World of Coke, Georgia Aquarium, Zoo Atlanta and Stone Mountain are important tourist attractions. Stone Mountain is Georgia's "most popular attraction"; receiving more than four million tourists per year. The Georgia Aquarium, in Atlanta, was the largest aquarium in the world in 2010 according to Guinness World Records.

Callaway Gardens, in western Georgia, is a family resort. The area is also popular with golfers.

The Savannah Historic District attracts more than eleven million tourists each year.

The Golden Isles is a string of barrier islands off the Atlantic coast of Georgia near Brunswick that includes beaches, golf courses and the Cumberland Island National Seashore.

Several sites honor the lives and careers of noted American leaders: the Little White House in Warm Springs, which served as the summer residence of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt while he was being treated for polio; President Jimmy Carter's hometown of Plains and the Carter Presidential Center in Atlanta; the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park in Atlanta, which is the final resting place of Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King; and Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church, where King preached.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Georgia (U.S. state)

Kickoff, Sanford Stadium, Athens

Sports in Georgia include professional teams in nearly all major sports, Olympic Games contenders and medalists, collegiate teams in major and small-school conferences and associations, and active amateur teams and individual sports. The state of Georgia has teams in four major professional leagues—the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League, the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association, and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer.

The Georgia Bulldogs (Southeastern Conference), Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Atlantic Coast Conference), Georgia State Panthers and Georgia Southern Eagles (Sun Belt Conference) are Georgia's NCAA Division I FBS football teams, having won multiple national championships between them. The Georgia Bulldogs and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets have a historical rivalry in college football known as Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate, and the Georgia State Panthers and the Georgia Southern Eagles have recently developed their own rivalry.

The 1996 Summer Olympics took place in Atlanta. The stadium that was built to host various Olympic events was converted to Turner Field, home of the Atlanta Braves through 2016. Atlanta will serve as a host city for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

The Masters golf tournament, the first of the PGA Tour's four "majors", is held annually the second weekend of April at the Augusta National Golf Club.

The RSM Classic is a golf tournament on the PGA Tour, played in the autumn in Saint Simons Island, Georgia.

The Atlanta Motor Speedway hosts the Dixie 500 NASCAR Cup Series stock car race and Road Atlanta the Petit Le Mans endurance sports car race.

Atlanta's Georgia Dome hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000. The dome has hosted the NCAA Final Four Men's Basketball National Championship in 2002, 2007, and 2013. It hosted WWE's WrestleMania XXVII in 2011, an event which set an attendance record of 71,617. The venue was also the site of the annual Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl post-season college football games. Since 2017, they have been held at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium along with the FIRST World Championships.

Professional baseball's Ty Cobb was the first player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. He was from Narrows, Georgia and was nicknamed the "Georgia Peach".

The Mercedes-Benz Stadium hosted Super Bowl LIII in 2018 and the CFP National Championship in the same year, the SEC Championship Game in 2017, the MLS All-Star Game in 2018, the MLS Cup in 2018, and the record-setting friendly fixture between Mexico Men's National Football Team and Honduras Men's National Football Team.

Taxes

Georgia has a progressive income tax structure with six brackets of state income tax rates that range from 1% to 6%. In 2009, Georgians paid 9% of their income in state and local taxes, compared to the U.S. average of 9.8% of income. This ranks Georgia 25th among the states for total state and local tax burden. The state sales tax in Georgia is 4% with additional percentages added through local options (e.g. special-purpose local-option sales tax or SPLOST), but there is no sales tax on prescription drugs, certain medical devices, or food items for home consumption.

The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 2% SPLOST tax and the 1% sales tax for MARTA serviced counties. Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. Owners of real property in Georgia pay property tax to their county. All taxes are collected by the Georgia Department of Revenue and then properly distributed according to any agreements that each county has with its cities.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Georgia (U.S. state)

The people of Georgia have been named 'Peaches' after the amount of peaches grown and distributed from Georgia.

Fine and performing arts

The Fox Theatre in Midtown Atlanta, centerpiece of the Historic District

Georgia's major fine art museums include the High Museum of Art and the Michael C. Carlos Museum, both in Atlanta; the Georgia Museum of Art on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens; Telfair Museum of Art and the SCAD Museum of Art in Savannah; and the Morris Museum of Art in Augusta.

The state theatre of Georgia is the Springer Opera House located in Columbus.

The Atlanta Opera brings opera to Georgia stages. The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra is the most widely recognized orchestra and largest arts organization in the southeastern United States.

There are a number of performing arts venues in the state, among the largest are the Fox Theatre, and the Alliance Theatre at the Woodruff Arts Center, both on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta as well as the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre, located in Northwest Atlanta.

Education

Main article: Education in Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia Tech's Tech Tower

Georgia county and city public school systems are administered by school boards with members elected at the local level. As of 2013, all but 19 of 181 boards are elected from single-member districts. Residents and activist groups in Fayette County sued the board of commissioners and school board for maintaining an election system based on at-large voting, which tended to increase the power of the majority and effectively prevented minority participation on elected local boards for nearly 200 years. A change to single-member districts has resulted in the African-American minority being able to elect representatives of its choice.

Georgia high schools (grades nine through twelve) are required to administer a standardized, multiple choice End of Course Test, or EOCT, in each of eight core subjects: algebra, geometry, U.S. history, economics, biology, physical science, ninth grade literature and composition, and American literature. The official purpose of the tests is to assess "specific content knowledge and skills". Although a minimum test score is not required for the student to receive credit in the course, completion of the test is mandatory. The EOCT score accounts for 15% of a student's grade in the course. The Georgia Milestone evaluation is taken by public school students in the state. In 2020, because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Georgia State BOE agreed to state superintendent Richard Woods' proposal to change the weight of the EOCT test to only count for 0.01% of the Student's course grade. This change is currently only in effect for the 2020–21 school year.

The Arch at the entrance to the University of Georgia's North Campus

Georgia has 85 public colleges, universities, and technical colleges in addition to more than 45 private institutes of higher learning. Among Georgia's public universities is the flagship research university, the University of Georgia, founded in 1785 as the country's oldest state-chartered university and the birthplace of the American system of public higher education. The University System of Georgia is the presiding body over public post-secondary education in the state. The System includes 29 institutions of higher learning and is governed by the Georgia Board of Regents. Georgia's workforce of more than 6.3 million is constantly refreshed by the growing number of people who move there along with the 90,000 graduates from the universities, colleges and technical colleges across the state, including the highly ranked University of Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University and Emory University.

The HOPE Scholarship, funded by the state lottery, is available to all Georgia residents who have graduated from high school or earned a General Educational Development certificate. The student must maintain a 3.0 or higher grade point average and attend a public college or university in the state.

The Georgia Historical Society, an independent educational and research institution, has a research center located in Savannah. The research center's library and archives hold the oldest collection of materials related to Georgia history in the nation.

Media

See also: List of newspapers in Georgia (U.S. state)

The former CNN Center in Atlanta

The Atlanta metropolitan area is the ninth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state's other top markets are Savannah (95th largest), Augusta (115th largest), and Columbus (127th largest).

There are 48 television broadcast stations in Georgia including TBS, TNT, TCM, Cartoon Network, CNN and Headline News, all founded by notable Georgia resident Ted Turner. The Weather Channel also has its headquarters in Atlanta.

By far, the largest daily newspaper in Georgia is the Atlanta Journal-Constitution with a daily readership of 195,592 and a Sunday readership of 397,925. Other large dailies include The Augusta Chronicle, the Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, The Telegraph (formerly The Macon Telegraph) and the Savannah Morning News.

WSB-AM in Atlanta was the first licensed radio station in the southeastern United States, signing on in 1922. Georgia Public Radio has been in service since 1984 and, with the exception of Atlanta, it broadcasts daily on several FM (and one AM) stations across the state. Georgia Public Radio reaches nearly all of Georgia (with the exception of the Atlanta area, which is served by WABE).

WSB-TV in Atlanta is the state's oldest television station, having begun operations in 1948. WSB the first television service in Georgia, and the South.

Government

Main article: Government of Georgia (U.S. state)

State government

See also: List of governors of Georgia and Georgia elected officials

The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, with the distinctive gold dome

Savannah City Hall

As with all other U.S. states and the federal government, Georgia's government is based on the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial power. Executive authority in the state rests with the governor, currently Brian Kemp (Republican). Both the Governor of Georgia and lieutenant governor are elected on separate ballots to four-year terms of office. Unlike the federal government, but like many other U.S. States, most of the executive officials who comprise the governor's cabinet are elected by the citizens of Georgia rather than appointed by the governor.

Legislative authority resides in the General Assembly, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate, while members of the House of Representatives select their own Speaker. The Georgia Constitution mandates a maximum of 56 senators, elected from single-member districts, and a minimum of 180 representatives, apportioned among representative districts (which sometimes results in more than one representative per district); there are currently 56 senators and 180 representatives. The term of office for senators and representatives is two years. The laws enacted by the General Assembly are codified in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated.

State judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, which have statewide authority. In addition, there are smaller courts which have more limited geographical jurisdiction, including Superior Courts, State Courts, Juvenile Courts, Magistrate Courts and Probate Courts. Justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court of Appeals are elected statewide by the citizens in non-partisan elections to six-year terms. Judges for the smaller courts are elected to four-year terms by the state's citizens who live within that court's jurisdiction.

Local government

Further information: List of counties in Georgia and List of municipalities in Georgia

Georgia consists of 159 counties, second only to Texas, with 254. Georgia had 161 counties until the end of 1931, when Milton and Campbell were merged into the existing Fulton. Some counties have been named for prominent figures in both American and Georgian history, and many bear names with Native American origin. Counties in Georgia have their own elected legislative branch, usually called the Board of Commissioners, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Several counties have a sole Commissioner form of government, with legislative and executive authority vested in a single person. Georgia is the only state with current Sole Commissioner counties. Georgia's Constitution provides all counties and cities with "home rule" authority. The county commissions have considerable power to pass legislation within their county, as a municipality would.

Georgia recognizes all local units of government as cities, so every incorporated town is legally a city. Georgia does not provide for townships or independent cities, though there have been bills proposed in the Legislature to provide for townships; it does allow consolidated city-county governments by local referendum. All of Georgia's second-tier cities except Savannah have now formed consolidated city-county governments by referendum: Columbus (in 1970), Athens (1990), Augusta (1995), and Macon (2012). (Augusta and Athens have excluded one or more small, incorporated towns within their consolidated boundaries; Columbus and Macon eventually absorbed all smaller incorporated entities within their consolidated boundaries.) The small town of Cusseta adopted a consolidated city-county government after it merged with unincorporated Chattahoochee County in 2003. Three years later, in 2006, the town of Georgetown consolidated with the rest of Quitman County.

There is no true metropolitan government in Georgia, though the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) and Georgia Regional Transportation Authority do provide some services, and the ARC must review all major land development projects in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

Elections

Main article: Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)

See also: Political party strength in Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia voted Republican in six consecutive presidential elections from 1996 to 2016, a streak that was broken when the state went for Democratic candidate Joe Biden in 2020.

До 1964 года правительство штата Джорджия имело самый длинный непрерывный рекорд однопартийного доминирования Демократической партии среди всех штатов Союза. Этот рекорд был установлен во многом из-за лишения избирательных прав большинства чернокожих и многих белых бедняков государством в его конституции и законах в начале 20 века. Некоторые элементы, такие как требование уплаты подушного налога и прохождение тестов на грамотность, не позволяли чернокожим зарегистрироваться для голосования; их исключение из политической системы продолжалось до 1960-х годов и в начале 20 века привело Республиканскую партию к неконкурентоспособному статусу.

Белые демократы вернули себе власть после Реконструкции, отчасти благодаря попыткам некоторых использовать запугивание и насилие, но этот метод приобрел дурную славу. В 1900 году, незадолго до принятия в 1908 году поправки к конституции, лишающей избирательных прав, чернокожие составляли 47% населения штата.

Белые решили эту проблему потенциальной политической власти с помощью поправки 1908 года, которая на практике лишила избирательных прав чернокожих и белых бедняков, почти половину населения штата. Он требовал, чтобы любой мужчина в возрасте не менее 21 года, желающий зарегистрироваться для голосования, также должен был иметь хорошую репутацию и быть способным пройти тест на гражданство, уметь читать и писать положения конституций США и Джорджии или иметь не менее сорока акров земли или 500 долларов в собственности. Любой грузин, участвовавший в любой войне, от Американской революции до Испано-американской войны, был освобожден от этих дополнительных требований. Что еще более важно, любой грузин, являющийся потомком ветерана любой из этих войн, также был освобожден от уплаты налога. Поскольку к 1908 году многие белые мужчины Джорджии были внуками ветеранов или владели необходимой собственностью, освобождение от налога и требование о собственности в основном позволяли голосовать только зажиточным белым. Хорошие качества, гражданские знания, грамотность (все они определяются субъективно белыми регистраторами) и владение собственностью использовались для дисквалификации большинства чернокожих и белых бедняков, не позволяя им зарегистрироваться для голосования. Списки избирателей резко сократились. В начале 20-го века прогрессисты продвигали избирательную реформу и ограничение полномочий руководителей округов по наведению порядка в политике. Их дополнительные правила, такие как закон о восьми ящиках, продолжали эффективно исключать неграмотных людей. Однопартийное правление белых укрепилось.

На протяжении более 130 лет, с 1872 по 2003 год, грузины выдвигали и избирали только белых губернаторов-демократов, а белые демократы занимали большинство мест в Генеральной Ассамблее. Большинство демократов, избранных в эти годы, были южными демократами , которые были консервативными в финансовом и социальном отношении по национальным стандартам. Такая модель голосования сохранилась и после периода сегрегации.

Юридическая сегрегация была прекращена принятием федерального законодательства в 1960-х годах. По данным переписи 1960 года, доля афроамериканцев в населении Грузии составляла 28%; сотни тысяч чернокожих покинули штат в результате Великой миграции на Север и Средний Запад. Новые белые жители прибыли в результате миграции и иммиграции. После поддержки со стороны Национальной Демократической партии движения за гражданские права и особенно законодательства о гражданских правах 1964 и 1965 годов большинство афроамериканских избирателей, а также избирателей из других меньшинств, в значительной степени поддержали Демократическую партию в Грузии.

В 2002 году действующий умеренный губернатор-демократ Рой Барнс потерпел поражение от республиканца Сонни Пердью , законодателя штата и бывшего демократа. Хотя демократы сохранили контроль над Государственной палатой, они потеряли большинство в Сенате, когда четыре демократа сменили партии. Они проиграли Палату представителей на выборах 2004 года. Республиканцы тогда контролировали все три партийных элемента правительства штата.

Еще до 2002 года штат стал все больше поддерживать республиканцев на президентских выборах. С 1960 года она поддерживала демократа на посту президента только четыре раза. В 1976 и 1980 годах родной сын Джимми Картер штат возглавлял его ; в 1992 году бывший губернатор Арканзаса Билл Клинтон с небольшим перевесом одержал победу в штате; а в 2020 году Джо Байден с небольшим перевесом лидировал в штате. В целом республиканцы были самыми сильными в преимущественно белых пригородах (особенно пригородах Атланты) и сельских частях штата. Многие из этих областей были представлены консервативными демократами в законодательном собрании штата вплоть до 21 века. Одним из наиболее консервативных из них был американский конгрессмен Ларри Макдональд , бывший глава Общества Джона Бёрча , который погиб, когда Советский Союз сбил KAL 007 вблизи острова Сахалин . Кандидаты от Демократической партии, как правило, набирают более высокий процент голосов в районах, где чернокожие избиратели наиболее многочисленны. а также в городах среди либерального городского населения (особенно в Атланте и Афинах), а также в центральной и юго-западной части штата.

Возвышение Республиканской партии в Джорджии и на Юге в целом привело к тому, что Палаты представителей США от член Джорджии Ньют Гингрич был избран спикером Палаты после выборов республиканского большинства в Палате в 1994 году. Гингрич занимал пост спикера до 1999 года. , когда он ушел в отставку после потери мест в Палате представителей, принадлежащих членам Республиканской партии. Гингрич безуспешно пытался баллотироваться на пост президента на выборах 2012 года, но снял свою кандидатуру после победы только на праймериз в Южной Каролине и Джорджии.

В 2008 году демократ Джим Мартин баллотировался против действующего сенатора-республиканца Саксби Чемблисса . Чамблиссу не удалось набрать необходимые 50 процентов голосов из-за того, что кандидат от Либертарианской партии получил остальные голоса. Во втором туре выборов, состоявшемся 2 декабря 2008 года, Чемблисс стал вторым республиканцем от Джорджии, переизбранным в Сенат США.

На выборах 2018 года пост губернатора остался под контролем республиканца (54 723 голоса против демократа Стейси Абрамс ), республиканцы потеряли восемь мест в Палате представителей Джорджии (выиграв 106), а демократы получили десять (выиграв 74), республиканцы потеряли два места в Сенате Джорджии (35 мест), в то время как демократы получили два места (21 место), и пять представителей Демократической партии США были избраны, причем республиканцы получили девять мест (одно выиграло всего с 419 голосами над претендентом от Демократической партии, и одно место быть потерянным).

На трех президентских выборах, вплоть до 2016 года включительно, кандидат от Республиканской партии одержал победу над кандидатом от Демократической партии примерно на пять-восемь пунктов, по крайней мере, один раз, поскольку на каждых выборах разница была уже, чем разница, зарегистрированная в некоторых штатах, которые изменились в течение этого периода времени, например как Мичиган , Огайо и Висконсин . Эта тенденция привела к тому, что штат с небольшим перевесом избрал демократа Джо Байдена президентом в 2020 году, и его стали рассматривать как колеблющийся штат .

В исследовании 2020 года Джорджия заняла 49-е место в «Индексе стоимости голосования», выше только Техас. В 2022 году Джорджия существенно качнулась вправо в сторону республиканцев: действующий губернатор-республиканец Брайан Кемп переизбрался на 7,5% над демократом Стейси Абрамс с общим перевесом более 300 000 голосов на губернаторских выборах в Джорджии в 2022 году . Самая большая сумма с начала 2000-х годов, и каждый второй республиканец по всему штату избирается с перевесом в 5–10%.

Политика

Основная статья: Политика Джорджии (штат США)

В течение 1960-х и 1970-х годов Грузия внесла существенные изменения в гражданские права и управление. Как и во многих других штатах, его законодательный орган не проводил перераспределения избирательных округов по численности населения с 1931 года по период после переписи 1960 года. Проблемы неравномерного распределения полномочий в законодательном собрании штата, где сельские округа обладали чрезмерными полномочиями по сравнению с городскими округами, например, в Атланте, были исправлены после решения Верховного суда США по делу Уэсберри против Сандерса (1964 г.). Суд постановил, что округа Конгресса необходимо перераспределить, чтобы в них было практически равное население.

Связанное с этим дело, Рейнольдс против Симса (1964 г.), потребовало от законодательных собраний штатов прекратить использование географических округов или округов в пользу принципа «один человек - один голос»; то есть округа, основанные на примерно равном населении, которые должны пересматриваться и изменяться по мере необходимости после каждой переписи. Эти изменения привели к тому, что жители Атланты и других городских районов получили политическую власть в Джорджии пропорционально их населению. С середины 1960-х годов число голосующих избирателей увеличилось после того, как избирательное право афроамериканцев было закреплено в соответствии с законом о гражданских правах.

В экономическом росте в этот период доминировала Атланта и ее регион. Это было основой зарождающегося « Нового Юга ». С конца 20 века Атланта привлекала штаб-квартиры и переселяла работников национальных компаний, став более разнообразной, либеральной и космополитичной, чем многие районы штата.

В 21 веке многие консервативные демократы, в том числе бывший сенатор и губернатор США Зелл Миллер , решили поддержать республиканцев. Тогдашняя социально-консервативная направленность государства привела к широкой поддержке таких мер, как ограничение абортов. В 2004 году поправка к конституции штата, запрещающая однополые браки, была одобрена 76% избирателей. Однако после того, как Верховный суд США вынес решение по делу Обергефелл против Ходжеса , все округа Джорджии полностью его выполнили, признав право однополых пар на вступление в брак в штате.

На президентских выборах Грузия голосовала исключительно за демократов на всех выборах с 1900 по 1960 годы . В 1964 году это был один из немногих штатов, проголосовавших за республиканца Барри Голдуотера , а не за демократа Линдона Б. Джонсона . В 1968 году оно голосовало не за одну из двух партий, а за Американскую независимую партию и ее кандидата, Алабамы губернатора Джорджа Уоллеса . В 1972 году штат вернулся к республиканцам в результате убедительной победы Ричарда Никсона . В 1976 и 1980 годах она голосовала за демократа и бывшего губернатора Джорджии Джимми Картера . Штат вернулся к республиканцам в 1984 и 1988 годах , а затем снова стал демократом в 1992 году . На всех выборах в период с этого года по 2020 год Грузия голосовала в основном за республиканцев, как и многие ее соседи на Глубоком Юге . В 2020 году она проголосовала за демократов впервые за 28 лет, помогая Джо Байдену победить действующего республиканца Дональда Трампа .

До 2020 года республиканцы в гонках на уровне штата, на федеральном уровне и в Конгрессе видели снижение перевеса в победе, и во многих прогнозах на выборах Джорджия оценивалась как штат с «жеребьевкой», а Байден - как очень узкий фаворит. Одновременно с президентскими выборами 2020 года прошли два выбора на оба места в Сенате США от Джорджии (одни из которых были внеочередными выборами в связи с отставкой сенатора Джонни Исаксона , а другие - регулярно запланированными). После того, как ни один кандидат ни в одной из гонок не получил большинства голосов, оба прошли во второй тур 5 января 2021 года, в котором демократы Джон Оссофф и Рафаэль Уорнок победили . Оссофф - первый еврейский сенатор штата, а Уорнок - первый чернокожий сенатор штата. Победы Байдена, Оссоффа и Уорнока объяснялись быстрой диверсификацией пригородов Атланты. и возросшая явка молодых афроамериканских избирателей, особенно в пригородах Атланты и в Саванне, штат Джорджия .

Парки и развлекательные мероприятия

Основная статья: Охраняемые территории Джорджии (штат США)

находится 48 государственных парков , 15 исторических мест и многочисленные заповедники Под контролем Министерства природных ресурсов Джорджии . Другие исторические места и парки находятся под контролем Службы национальных парков и включают Национальный исторический памятник Андерсонвилля в Андерсонвилле ; Аппалачская национальная живописная тропа ; Национальная зона отдыха на реке Чаттахучи недалеко от Атланты; Национальный военный парк Чикамауга и Чаттануга в форте Оглторп ; Национальный морской берег острова Камберленд недалеко от Сент-Мэрис ; Национальный памятник Форт Фредерика на острове Сент-Саймонс ; Национальный памятник Форт Пуласки в Саванне ; Национальный исторический памятник Джимми Картера недалеко от Плейнса ; Национальный парк поля битвы Кеннесо-Маунтин недалеко от Кеннесо ; Национальный исторический парк Мартина Лютера Кинга-младшего в Атланте; Национальный памятник Окмалджи в Мейконе ; Национальная историческая тропа «Тропа слез» ; и болото Окефеноки в Уэйкроссе, Джорджия.

Мероприятия на свежем воздухе включают походы по Аппалачской тропе ; Тропы наследия гражданской войны; скалолазание и каякинг по бурной воде . Другие виды активного отдыха включают охоту и рыбалку.

Инфраструктура

Транспорт

Основная статья: Транспорт в Джорджии (штат США)

Порт Брансуик и мост Сидни Ланье

Транспорт в Грузии контролируется Департаментом транспорта Джорджии , входящим в состав исполнительной власти правительства штата . штатами Джорджии Основные автомагистрали между — I-20 , I-75 , I-85 и I-95 . 18 марта 1998 года Палата представителей Джорджии приняла резолюцию, назвавшую часть межштатной автомагистрали 75, которая проходит от реки Чаттахучи на север до границы штата Теннесси, шоссе Мемориала Ларри Макдональда . Ларри Макдональд, член Палаты представителей от Демократической партии, находился на рейсе 007 Korean Air Lines , когда он был сбит Советским Союзом 1 сентября 1983 года.

Поезд МАРТА (скоростной транзит)

Основным коммерческим аэропортом Джорджии является международный аэропорт Хартсфилд-Джексон Атланта (ATL), самый загруженный аэропорт в мире. Помимо Хартсфилда-Джексона, в Джорджии есть еще восемь аэропортов, обслуживающих основные коммерческие перевозки. Международный аэропорт Саванна/Хилтон-Хед - второй по загруженности аэропорт в штате по количеству обслуживаемых пассажиров и единственный дополнительный международный аэропорт. Другие коммерческие аэропорты (ранжированы в порядке обслуживания пассажиров) расположены в Огасте , Колумбусе , Олбани , Мейконе , Брансуике , Валдосте и Афинах .

Управление портов Джорджии управляет двумя глубоководными морскими портами в Саванне и Брансуике и двумя речными портами в Бейнбридже и Колумбусе. Порт Саванны — крупный морской порт США на побережье Атлантического океана.

Управление скоростного транспорта столичной Атланты ( MARTA ) является основной системой скоростного транспорта в столичном регионе Атланты. Созданная в 1971 году как автобусная система, MARTA управляет сетью автобусных маршрутов , связанных с системой скоростного транспорта, состоящей из 48 миль (77 км) железнодорожных путей с 38 железнодорожными станциями . MARTA работает почти исключительно в округах Фултон и ДеКалб , обеспечивая автобусное сообщение с двумя пунктами назначения в округе Кобб и трансферным центром Камберленда рядом с торговым центром Cumberland Mall , а также с единственной железнодорожной станцией в округе Клейтон в международном аэропорту Хартсфилд-Джексон Атланта. MARTA также предоставляет отдельную услугу паратранзита для клиентов с ограниченными возможностями. По состоянию на 2009 год Средняя ежедневная посещаемость системы (автобусов и поездов) составила 482 500 пассажиров.

Здравоохранение

См. Также: Список больниц в Джорджии (штат США).

В штате 151 больница общего профиля, более 15 000 врачей и почти 6 000 стоматологов. Штат занимает сорок первое место по проценту жителей, регулярно занимающихся спортом.

Известные люди

Основная статья: Список людей из Джорджии (штат США)

Джимми Картер из Плейнса, штат Джорджия , был президентом Соединенных Штатов с 1977 по 1981 год. Мартин Лютер Кинг-младший родился в Атланте в 1929 году. Он был лидером движения за гражданские права , протестовавшим за равные права и против расовой дискриминации. Он получил Нобелевскую премию мира в 1964 году. Блейк Р. Ван Лир сыграл важную роль в движении за гражданские права, экономике Джорджии и был президентом Технологического института Джорджии . Мордехай Шефталл , самый высокопоставленный еврейский офицер Американской революции, родился и прожил свою жизнь в Джорджии. Наоми Чепмен Вудрафф , родом из Айдахо, отвечала за разработку программы селекции арахиса в Джорджии, которая позволила собрать урожай почти в пять раз больше обычного.

Государственные символы

Rosa laevigata ( роза чероки ), государственный цветок

Quercus Virginiana ( Живой дуб ), государственное дерево в Государственном университете Валдосты.

• Амфибия: американская зеленая древесная лягушка.
• Птица: коричневый трэшер
• Культура: арахис
• Рыба: большеротый окунь
• Цветок: роза Чероки.
• Фрукты: персик
• Камень: кварц
• Насекомое: медоносная пчела
• Млекопитающие: белохвостый олень.
• Морское млекопитающее: гладкий кит
• Минерал: ставролит
• Прозвища:
  • «Персиковый штат»
  • «Империя Юга»
• Рептилия: черепаха-суслик
• Песня: « Грузия в моих мыслях »
• Дерево: живой дуб
• Овощи: лук Видалия.

Ссылка: Символы Грузии

См. также

• Указатель статей по Джорджии (штат США)
• Очертание Джорджии (штат США)
• Военный корабль США « Джорджия» , 2 корабля

Библиография

• Бартли, Нуман В. Создание современной Грузии (1990). Охватывает период 1865–1990 годов. ISBN   0-8203-1183-9 .
• Коулман, Кеннет. ред. История Грузии (1991). ISBN   0-8203-1269-X .
• Лондон, Бонни Буллард. (2005) Джорджия и американский опыт Атланта, Джорджия: Clairmont Press ISBN   1-56733-100-9 . Учебник для средней школы.
• Пирс, Нил Р. Глубокие южные штаты Америки: люди, политика и власть в семи глубоких южных штатах (1974). Информация о политике и экономике 1960–72. ISBN   0-393-05496-9 .
• Уильямс, Дэвид и Кристофер К. Мейерс. Грузия: Краткая история Мейкон: издательство Mercer University Press, 2012.

Внешние ссылки

• Сайт правительства штата Джорджия
• Путеводитель по штату Джорджия из Библиотеки Конгресса.
• Географические данные, относящиеся к Джорджии (штат США), на OpenStreetMap.