Вашингтон Хайтс, Манхэттен
Вашингтон Хайтс | |
---|---|
![]() Мост Джорджа Вашингтона , самый оживленный автомобильный автомобильный мост в мире, пересекающий реку Гудзон с Вашингтон -Хайтс на заднем плане (апрель 1986 г.) | |
Прозвище: Высоты | |
![]() Расположение Вашингтон -Хайтс в Нью -Йорке | |
Координаты: 40 ° 50′N 73 ° 56′W / 40,84 ° N 73,94 ° W | |
Страна | ![]() |
Состояние | ![]() |
Город | Нью -Йорк |
Район | Манхэттен |
Общественный район | Манхэттен 12 [ 1 ] |
Область | |
• Общий | 1,655 кв. Миль (4,29 км 2 ) |
Население (2020) [ 3 ] | |
• Общий | 151,574 |
• Плотность | 92 000/кв. Миль (35 000/км 2 ) |
Этническая принадлежность | |
• Латиноамериканцы | 64.1% |
• Белый | 21.7 |
• Черный | 7.5 |
• Азиатский | 3.5 |
• Другие | 3.2 |
Экономика | |
• Средний доход домохозяйства | $58,373 |
Часовой пояс | UTC - 5 ( восточный ) |
• Лето ( DST ) | UTC - 4 ( Edt ) |
Почтовые индексы | 10032, 10033, 10040 |
Код района | 212, 332, 646 и 917 |
Вашингтон -Хайтс - район в северной части района Манхэттен -Йорке в Нью . Он назван в честь Форт -Вашингтона , укрепления, построенного в самой высокой естественной точке Манхэттена войсками континентальной армии , чтобы защитить район от британских сил во время американской войны за революцию . Вашингтон Хайтс граничит с Инвудом на севере вдоль улицы Дайкман , Гарлемем на юге вдоль 155 -й улицы , у реки Гарлем и блефом Кугана на востоке и у реки Гудзон на западе.
Вашингтонские высоты, которые до 20-го века были малонаселенными роскошными особняками и домами на одну семью, быстро развивались в начале 1900-х годов, поскольку он стал связан с остальной частью Манхэттена через Бродвей-Сент-Авеню и восьбную авеню Ньют . Метро . Начиная с района среднего класса со многими ирландскими и восточно-европейскими иммигрантами, район в разных точках был домом для общин немецких евреев , американцев греков , пуэрториканцев , американцев-кубинских и российских американцев .
В течение 1960 -х и 1970 -х годов многие белые жители покинули окрестности в соседних пригородах по мере увеличения популяций латиноамериканцев. Доминиканские американцы стали доминирующей группой к 1980 -м годам, несмотря на то, что столкнулись с экономическими трудностями, что привело к соседству к его статусу в 21 -м веке в качестве самой выдающейся доминиканской общины в Соединенных Штатах. В то время как преступность стала серьезной проблемой во время кризиса крэк -кокаина 1980 -х и 1990 -х годов, в 2000 -х годах Вашингтон -Хайтс стал гораздо более безопасным сообществом и начал испытывать некоторую восходящую мобильность, а также джентрификацию .
Washington Heights отличается среди районов Манхэттена из-за высокой плотности жилья, несмотря на отсутствие современного строительства, причем большинство из его немногих высотных зданий принадлежат к медицинскому центру Нью-Йорка и Пресвитериана / Колумбийского университета . Другие высшие учебные заведения включают Университет Иешивы и колледж Борикуа . В окрестностях есть щедрый доступ к зеленой зоне в Форт -Вашингтон -парке , парке Хайбридж и в парке Форт -Трион , где проживают исторические достопримечательности маленького красного маяка , водонапорная башня высокого моста и монастырь соответственно. Другие интересные моменты включают в себя Audubon Terrace , Morris -Jumel Mansion , United Palace , Ballroom Audubon и Оружейной палатой Форт -Вашингтон -авеню .
Вашингтон -Хайтс является частью Манхэттенского общественного округа 12 , и его основные почтовые индексы составляют 10032, 10033 и 10040. Он обслуживается 33 -й и 34 -й частью полицейского управления Нью -Йорка и компаний двигателя 67, 84 и 93 из Нью -Йорк Пожарная служба . Политически это является частью Нью -Йорка округов городского совета 7 -го и 10 -го .
История
[ редактировать ]Ранняя история
[ редактировать ]


До прибытия европейцев этот район был пересечен американскими индейцами с раннего периода леса , [ 6 ] : 117 кто остался от моллюсков и керамики на месте современного маленького красного маяка . [ 7 ] : 79 Вашингтон-Хайтс является частью участка северного Манхэттена , который был урегулирован Wecquaesgeeks (первоначально название для области, означающая «страна березы»),), [ 8 ] : 3 группа Wappinger и народ Ленапе коренных американцев . [ 9 ] : 5 [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Обводной дорожки Бродвея к северу от 168 -й улицы и проспекта Святого Николаса к югу является живым свидетельством старой тропы Векваесеке, которая путешествовала по долине Гудзона из Нижнего Манхэттена до Олбани . [ 7 ] : 74 [ 6 ] : 442 На плато к западу от Бродвея между 175 -й и 181 -й улицами жители выращивали культуры в поле, известном голландским колонистам как «великое поле кукурузы ». [ 12 ] : 133 [ 13 ] : 2
17 век
[ редактировать ]Прибыв в 1623 году, голландцы изначально работали торговыми партнерами с американскими индейцами, но с течением времени стали все более и более враждебными, а туземцы часто отвечают взаимностью. [ 14 ] : 20 Голландцы называли возвышенную площадь северо -западных высот Вашингтона «Лонг -Хилл», в то время как в районе парка Форт Трион специально носила название «Forest Hill». [ 15 ] : 2
18 и 19 веков
[ редактировать ]Ни одна из землей в современных Вашингтон-Хайтс не находилась в частной собственности до 1712 года, когда она была размещена на участке различным землевладельцам из деревни Гарлем на юге. [ 16 ] : 745 Даже после неоднократных попыток голландца вытащить их, включая войну Кровавого Кифта (1643–1645), некоторым Wecquaesgeeks удалось поддерживать резиденцию в Вашингтон -Хайтсах вплоть до тех пор, пока голландцы не выплатят им урегулирование за их последние претензии на землю в 1715 году. [ 11 ] : 5 В течение большей части следующих двух столетий Вашингтон -Хайтс останется домом для богатых землевладельцев, ищущих тихое место для своих пригородных поместий. [ 6 ] : 3, 542
Во время кампании революционной войны нью- йоркской генерала Джорджа Вашингтона одержала континентальная армия небольшую, но столь необходимую победу над преследующей британской армией в битве при Гарлем-Хайтс после серии поражений в Манхэттене. [ 17 ] : 56 [ 18 ] : 102 Вскоре после их победы континентальная армия потерпела одно из своих худших поражений в битве при Форт -Вашингтоне , в которой было захвачено почти 2900 военнослужащих. [ 19 ] : 165 Форт Вашингтон был группой укреплений на высоких точках Вашингтон-Хайтс, с его центральным участком в современном Беннеттом парке (тогда известно как гора Вашингтон) [ 16 ] : 737 Построил несколько месяцев до напротив Форт -Ли, штат Нью -Джерси, чтобы защитить реку Гудзон от вражеских кораблей. [ 9 ] : 229 [ 15 ] : 2 [ 18 ] : 111
Под британским контролем позиция была переименована в Форт Книфаузен для Гессиан генерала Вильгельма фон Книфаузена , который сыграл важную роль в победе; [ 20 ] : 326 [ 5 ] Его меньшее укрепление в современном парке Форт-Трион было переименовано для сэра Уильяма Трайона , последнего губернатора Нью-Йорка до того, как она была возвращена Континентальной армией. [ 12 ] : 158 Парк владеет табличкой, посвященной в 1909 году Маргарет Корбин , американец, которая вступила во владение у пушки мужа после его смерти в битве при Форт -Вашингтоне; [ 21 ] Она также была удостоена чести именования Маргарет Корбин Драйв в 1977 году. [ 10 ]
В северо-западном углу 181-й улицы и Бродвея (затем Кингсбридж-роуд) была таверна Blue Bell, построенная в начале 18-го века как гостиница и место общественных собраний. [ 12 ] : 65 [ 20 ] : 331 Когда в провинциальном конгрессе Нью -Йорка огласил заявление о независимости 9 июля 1776 года, глава статуи Георга III оказалась на всплеске в таверне Blue Bell, разбитой «шумной» группой гражданских лиц и солдат в боулинге Зеленый . [ 9 ] : 232
Во время британской эвакуации Нью -Йорка в 1783 году Джордж Вашингтон и его сотрудники стояли перед таверной, наблюдая, как американские войска маршируют на юг, чтобы вернуть город. [ 22 ] : 17 После того, как в 1885 году таверна переехала в новое здание в 1885 году, таверна переехала в новое здание, после разрушения первоначальной структуры для расширения Бродвея. [ 12 ] : 65
20 -й век
[ редактировать ]
В 1915 году таверна была снова снесена, чтобы построить 3500-местный театр Колизея , который был снесен в 2021 году после отрицания его знакового статуса. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ]
До развития квартиры 20 -го века многие богатые граждане построили грандиозные особняки в Вашингтон -Хайтс. Самым известным землевладельцем в юго -западной части района был орнитолог Джон Джеймс Одюбон , поместье которого охватывало 20 акров (8,1 га) с 155 -го по 158 -й улицы к западу от Бродвея. [ 11 ] : 7 Тайна окружает его семейный дом от Riverside Drive , который был деконструирован и переехал на городской участок, чтобы освободить место для нового развития в 1931 году, только для его остатков, чтобы исчезнуть без следа. [ 26 ]
На восточной стороне, проспектом Эджкомб между 160 -й и 162 -й улицами, особняк Морриса -Джюмеля был успешно сохранен и по сей день. [ 27 ] Земля поместья была принадлежала Яна Кирсену и ее зять Якоб Дейкман до того, как он был куплен британским полковником Роджером Моррисом в 1765 году и завершился в том же году. [ 12 ] : 120 [ 28 ] : 1 году дом был командован в качестве штаб -квартиры, и после смены рук было куплено несколько раз В 1776 году в 1810 году в 1810 . [ 20 ] : 318 В 1903 году город купил особняк, и он стал музеем, старейшим выжившим домом на Манхэттене. [ 22 ] : 11 [ 28 ] : 1
С живописным видом на Палисады , возвышенный хребет северо -западных высот Вашингтона стал местом нескольких современных замков. Первым из них был замок Либби, построенный Августом Ричардсом после того, как он купил землю у Люциуса Читтенден в 1855 году. [ 12 ] : 160 Расположен недалеко от Маргарет Корбин Круг, [ 29 ] : 23 Это поместье когда -то принадлежало Уильяму «Босс» Твид, но получило свое нынешнее имя от Уильяма Либби, который приобрел его в 1880 году. [ 30 ] Еще более экстравагантный замок Патерно был расположен в поместье застройщика Чарльза Патерно рекой Гудзон на 181 -й улице. [ 31 ] Построенный в 1907 году, особняк был снесен тридцать лет спустя для комплекса Castle Village в Патерно , где все еще остаются кусочки оригинальной структуры. [ 22 ] : 12 [ 32 ]
Крупнейшим поместьем района была собственность промышленного магната CKG Billings , занимая 25 акров (10 га) в южной части парка Форт -Трион. [ 22 ] : 20 [ 29 ] Хотя особняк в стиле Людовика XIV на современной террасе Линден сгорел до земли в 1925 году, Billings Terrace остается поддержанной элегантной каменной аркой, которая первоначально привела к особняку Биллингса. [ 15 ] : 10 [ 30 ]
Первоначальное жилое развитие в Вашингтон-Хайтсе началось в конце 19-го века с строительства домов с рядовыми и деревянными рамы в южной части района, особенно недалеко от Амстердам-авеню . [ 28 ] : 2 [ 33 ] В 1886 году железная дорога Третья авеню была продлена с 125 -й улицы до 155 -й улицы вдоль Амстердам -авеню. [ 34 ] : 7 Тем не менее, более высокая плотность проживания не будет поддерживаться до продолжения Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) первой линии метро (в настоящее время является частью линии Бродвей -Седьмой авеню ). [ 35 ] : 76 IRT построил 157 -й улицу , 168 -я улица , 181 -я улица , и станции Dyckman Street между 1904 и 1906 годами ( станция 191 -й улицы открылась в качестве станции Infill в 1911 году). [ 11 ] : 12 [ 36 ] : 1026 [ 37 ] : 60
Хотя стремительные ценности земли вызвали ранние прогнозы, что жилые дома высшего класса будут доминировать в окрестностях, такое развитие было ограничено в период Первой мировой войны в районе парка Одюбон к западу от Бродвея и к югу от 158-й улицы. [ 38 ] : 14 [ 35 ] : 75 Такие здания, как 13-этажный Ривьера, включали в себя сложный декор и щедрые удобства, чтобы привлечь арендаторов с более высокой оплатой. [ 11 ] : 15
В южные и восточные районы Вашингтон -Хайтс пережили строительный бум в годы, предшествовавшие Первой мировой войне . [ 35 ] : 77 Доступ в центре города, предоставленный IRT, вызвал быстрое увеличение плотности за счет пролиферации пяти- и шестиэтажных новых юридических домов , подавляющее большинство из которых осталось. [ 39 ] Многие из новых жителей пришли из переполненных иммигрантских районов, таких как Нижний Ист -Сайд , [ 38 ] : 15 которые увидели его плотность вдвое с 1910 по 1930 год. [ 40 ] : 73 В результате развития нового жилья общая численность населения Манхэттена к северу от 155 -й улицы выросла с 8 000 в 1900 году до 110 000 к 1920 году. [ 40 ] : 53 Поступающие жители Вашингтон -Хайтс были разнообразной группой людей европейского происхождения. В 1920 году почти половина была протестантской , большинство из которых родили родителей в Соединенных Штатах; Остальная часть была разделена между евреями и католиками , обычно иммигрантами или рождена от родителей -иммигрантов. [ 40 ] : 292
Следующая волна урбанизации для Вашингтон -Хайтс произошла в 1920 -х годах, что совпадает со строительным бумом, происходящим по всему городу. [ 35 ] : 79 Население значительно увеличилось в центральном районе к западу от Бродвея и резко в районе к северу от 181 -й улицы, заполняя последние из неразвитых районов к югу и западу от парка Форт -Трион. [ 40 ] : 93 Транзит для новых жителей был улучшен со строительством независимой системы метро (IND) восьмой линии проспекта в 1932 году с остановками на 175 -й улице , 181 -й улице и 190 -й улице вдоль Форт -Вашингтон -авеню . [ 41 ]
Демография района претерпела значительные изменения. В то время как протестантское население оставалось на прежнем уровне, ирландские и восточно-европейские евреи первого и второго поколения продолжали двигаться. [ 35 ] : 79 К 1930 году почти четверть еврейских жителей Манхэттена жили к северу от 155 -й улицы. [ 42 ] : 152 В окрестностях также был приток немецких евреев , избегающих нацизма в 1930-х и 1940-х годах, историю, задокументированную книгой Стивена М. Лоуэнштейна Франкфурта-на-Гудзоном (прозвище, ссылаясь на городской город многих в диаспоре). [ 39 ] : 25 Одним из привлекательных аспектов Вашингтонских высот для немецких евреев, вероятно, был его восточно -европейский еврейский присутствие, но экономическое притяжение было его обилием жилищного фонда от строительного бума 1920 -х годов. [ 38 ] : 16 Хотя арендная плата была выше средней, многие арендодатели предложили бесплатную арендную плату, чтобы привлечь новых арендаторов, а квартиры, тем не менее, были просторными за их стоимость. [ 39 ] : 45
В первой половине 20 -го века разразилась напряженность между католиками и евреями, которые не были очень сегрегированными, но оставались в отдельных социальных сферах. [ 43 ] : 439 В начале ирландских групп Второй мировой войны, таких как христианский фронт , привлекая большие толпы на их антисемитские митинги, в сочетании с вандализмом синагог и избиением еврейской молодежи ирландской молодежью в бандах, таких как Амстердамы. [ 44 ] : 236 [ 42 ] : 155 После постоянных обвинений в полицейской халатности был создан комитет, чтобы бороться с насилием, и многие члены ирландских бандов были арестованы. К 1944 году на местном католическом духовенстве было давление выступить против предрассудков, и евреи, католики и протестанты начали работать вместе над решениями, чтобы облегчить напряженность. [ 42 ] : 157
Примерно в это же время Вашингтон -Хайтс также получила свою первую значительную популяцию чернокожих жителей, к 1943 году насчитывая около 3000 человек и сосредоточилась в основном в юго -восточной части района. [ 45 ] Однако чернокожие популяции Вашингтон -Хайтс были затмечены населением Гамильтон -Хайтс , где в 1943 году белые жители составляли 63% населения. [ 46 ] Именно в этот период популярная граница Вашингтон -Хайтс перешла с 135 -й улицы на 155 -й улицы, так как многие жители европейского происхождения отказались включать афроамериканцев в их концепцию окрестностей. [ 6 ] : 4585 Такое отношение было выражено в фразе, услышанной в период времени: «Вашингтон Хайтс начинается, где заканчивается Гарлем». [ 38 ] : 33 [ 35 ] : 125 Фактически, многие из новых еврейских приходов в окрестностях уехали из Гарлема, поскольку он становился все более населенным чернокожим с юга во время Великой миграции . [ 42 ] : 152 [ 6 ] : 1890
Сегрегация и расизм
[ редактировать ]

Несмотря на рост чернокожих населения, расовая сегрегация оставалась очень жесткой. В то время как в подавляющем большинстве кварталов менее 2% жилищных единиц были заняты небелыми жителями, почти в каждом квартале к востоку от Амстердам-авеню и к югу от 165-й улицы к 1950 году были более 90%. [ 47 ] : 38
Процесс, лежащий в основе этой сегрегации, иллюстрируется в истории одного из самых известных жилых зданий Вашингтон -Хайтс: 555 Эджкомб -авеню . Построенное в 1914 году, здание с четырьмя этажами арендовано различным относительно богатым белым людям до 1939 года, когда владелец отменил аренду всех арендаторов и начал арендовать исключительно чернокожим. [ 48 ] : 5 В то время как такие организации, как Ассоциация защиты соседства Вашингтон-Хайтс [ 49 ] : 248 Переполненные условия Гарлема привели к росту спроса на квартиры за пределами района. [ 50 ] : 35
В течение 1940 -х годов в здании было несколько известных чернокожих жителей, таких как Пол Робсон , Кеннет Кларк и граф Баси . [ 48 ] : 6 Присутствие чернокожих людей из среднего класса в 555 Edgecombe и других зданиях высшего класса на юго-востоке Вашингтон-Хайтс привело к тому, что многие связали его с Sugar Hill , Harlem Sub-Mangyborhood, охватывающим проспект Эджкомб и Амстердам-авеню на юг. [ 48 ] : 4
В дополнение к сегрегации расизм также проявлялся в бандитской культуре, где молодежь часто определяла себя расой или этнической принадлежностью и насильственно защищала свои территории. Эта напряженность была доведена до кульминации в 1957 году с нападением двух подростков европейского происхождения, Майкла Фармера и Роджера МакШейна, членов большинства ирландских «шуток». [ 51 ] : 1043 [ 52 ] Инцидент произошел в бассейне Highbridge , пуле, финансируемом администрацией работ, построенный в 1936 году, который не имел расовых ограничений, но, тем не менее, была среда расовой враждебности в изменяющейся ландшафте района. [ 38 ] : 48
Нападение, которое закончилось смертью Майкла Фармера, было совершено альянсом афроамериканских египетских королей и пуэрториканскими драконами, базирующимися в Западном Гарлеме к югу от высот. Предполагаемым мотивом для атаки было противодействие восприятию, что бассейн Highbridge был «принадлежал» шутками, а черные и латиноамериканские молодые люди часто называют расовыми осколками и преследовали от окружающих блоков. [ 50 ] : 79 Как анализирует Эрик Шнайдер в вампирах, драконах и египетских царях: молодежных бандах в послевоенной Нью -Йорке, инцидент иллюстрировал последствия демографического сдвига соседства: шутки определили себя как борьба с чернокожими и латиноамериканскими местами, даже если они включали новые Прибыл чернокожие люди в их рядах (подобное разнообразие было замечено во членстве драконов и египетских королей). [ 50 ] : 88
Белый полет и латиноамериканская иммиграция
[ редактировать ]В то время как знаки медленно появлялись в первой половине 20 -го века, что Вашингтон -Хайтс не навсегда станет районом европейских американцев, в 1960 -х и 1970 -х годах демографические сдвиги полной силы. Вверх-мобильные жители Washington Heights начали уходить в большом количестве, а популяция латиноамериканцев с низким доходом наблюдала значительное увеличение. [ 38 ] : 138 Помимо очарования пригородных домов и их экономических возможностей для их покупки, белые жители были побуждены к самим демографическим изменениям, повышению халатности жилых зданий и ростом преступности (более чем удвоение в период между 1969 и 1982 годами). [ 38 ] : 128 [ 39 ] : 224 По сравнению с белым полетом, происходящим в других кварталах, таких как Западный Бронкс, процесс был намного медленнее и менее разрушительным, так как мало зданий было откровенно заброшено или сожжено. [ 38 ] : 156 [ 39 ] : 216
В то время как пуэрториканцы были доминирующей латиноамериканской группой в 1950-х годах, к 1965 году кубинцы и доминиканцы охватили их, и к 1970 году коренные носители испанского языка были большинством в группе в центральной части переписи. [ 39 ] : 215 Несмотря на то, что это небольшая группа, кубинские иммигранты на высотах играли огромную роль в бизнесе, согласно оценке 1976 года, владеющего большинством латиноамериканских магазинов. [ 53 ] Черное население района также увеличилось, к 1980 году насчитывая более 25 000 и проживание во всех районах соседства, оставаясь при этом множества в юго -восточной части. [ 39 ] : 215
В то время как общая тенденция была исхода среди белых жителей, скорость этой тенденции варьировалась среди разных групп. Одно из наиболее выраженных изменений произошло с греческими иммигрантами, которые достигли своего пика в 1950 -х годах с созданием греческой православной церкви Святого Спиридона и сопровождающей школу, только чтобы увидеть, что за два десятилетия почти все собрание осталось для пригороды. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] С другой стороны, немецкий еврейский исход был характеризуется уменьшением общего населения, но растущим присутствием в северо -западном углу соседства. [ 39 ] : 216 К 1970 -м годам свидетельство исхода более широкой еврейской общины присутствовало в изменяющейся ландшафте района, где кошерные магазины и еврейские пекарни. новыми малыми предприятиями были постепенно заменены [ 39 ] : 218
В то время как некоторые доминиканские иммигранты прибывали в Вашингтон -Хайтс в течение 1950 -х и 1960 -х годов, темпы резко возросли во время режима Хоакина Балагюра , который принял власть в 1966 году после гражданской войны в Доминиканском . [ 56 ] : 12 Сочетание недавнего принятия Закона об иммиграции и национальности 1965 года , политика Балагуэра по свободному предоставлению паспортов, а высокий уровень безработицы в стране создал условия для растущей эмиграции из Доминиканской Республики. [ 57 ] : 58 Некоторые из первоначальных мигрантов были левыми революционерами, изгнанными режимом Балагуэра, теоретизированными, чтобы получить визы через неписаное соглашение с Соединенными Штатами, но большинство прибывающих пришли для лучших экономических возможностей. [ 57 ] : 58 [ 58 ]
В Quisqueya на Гудзоне: транснациональная идентичность доминиканцев в Вашингтон -Хайтс Хорхе Дуани описывает, как Вашингтон -Хайтс развивался как «транснациональное сообщество», постоянно определяемое своей связью с Доминиканской Республикой . [ 59 ] Большинство доминиканских иммигрантов рассматривали свое пребывание в Соединенных Штатах как чисто экономически мотивированные, в то время как они оставались культурно привязанными к DR; Многие также отправили денежные переводы домой, представляя возможное уход на остров. [ 60 ] : 823
Школьные конфликты
[ редактировать ]
В течение 1970 -х годов школьный округ Вашингтон -Хайтс 6 (включая Inwood и Hamilton Heights) стал местом многочисленных конфликтов по поводу фактической расовой сегрегации и неравного распределения ресурсов в школах округа. [ 35 ] : 156 Закон о децентрализации школы, принятый законодательным органом штата Нью -Йорк в 1969 году, создал избранные советы в школьных округах Нью -Йорка с ограниченной властью найма и контролем над I Раздела I. фондами [ 61 ] : 271 [ 62 ] В то время демография округа 6 быстро менялась из -за выхода белых учеников из системы государственных школ и более широкой тенденции белого полета, в то время как численность чернокожих и латиноамериканцев быстро увеличилось. [ 35 ] : 157
Это привело к резкому разрыву между немногими расово интегрированными школами округа, которые пользовались лучшей академической репутацией и доступом к ресурсам, а также оставшимися школами с очень небольшим количеством белых учеников и серьезными проблемами переполненности. [ 35 ] : 162 [ 38 ] : 94 Сжиговая конкуренция между различными фракциями за финансирование образования и новыми школами была усугублена непропорциональным представлением большинства-белых северо-западных высот на совете директоров, создавая среду, в которой публичные собрания страдают от нечетности и порой даже насилия. [ 35 ] : 153
Средняя школа Джорджа Вашингтона, расположенная на 193 -й улице и авеню Аудубон, недалеко от парка Хайбридж , столкнулась с многочисленными вопросами, представляющими изменения и конфликты государственных школ района, которые пересекались в 1970 году, чтобы создать ситуацию в экстремальном хаосе. [ 38 ] : 99 Расположен в великом здании с администрации работ по прогрессам фреской ЛЮДЕРН БЛОК , [ 63 ] Школа была относительно престижной в те десятилетия после его основателя 1925 года, выпускников, таких как Алан Гринспен , Генри Киссинджер и Мюррей Джарвик . [ 64 ] : 24 [ 65 ] : 37 [ 66 ] Хотя Джордж Вашингтон оставался расово смешанным в начале 1970 -х годов, в школе была система отслеживания, в которой белые ученики покинули школу, подготовленную для колледжа, и насилие часто разбивалось среди бандов, идентифицирующих гонку. [ 38 ] : 100
Недовольство учеными и школьной политикой привело к волне демонстраций учащихся, поддерживаемой группой родителей, которые стремились установить информационный стол в лобби школы, чтобы ответить на вопросы и услышать жалобы в отношении школы. [ 38 ] : 102 Тем не менее, Объединенная федерация учителей , которая также столкнулась со студентами и родителями в школьном бойкоте 1964 года [ 67 ] и удар учителей 1968 года [ 35 ] : 156 - воспринимал это как попытку подорвать авторитет учителей, что заставило их начать местную забастовку после того, как администрация достигла компромисса с родителями за столом. [ 68 ]
К концу 1970 года в старшей школе наблюдалась отставка трех директоров и многочисленных случаев насилия в отношении учащихся, учителей и охранников; [ 69 ] В то время как многие улучшения безопасности были сделаны в течение 1970 -х годов, его успеваемость продолжала снижаться. [ 38 ] : 109 [ 70 ] [ 71 ] В 1999 году школа приняла свою нынешнюю форму в качестве образовательного кампуса Джорджа Вашингтона, состоящего из четырех небольших школ. [ 72 ]
Конец 20 -го и начала 21 -го веков
[ редактировать ]Иммиграционные тенденции
[ редактировать ]В течение оставшейся части 20 -го века доминиканская община Вашингтон -Хайтс продолжала значительно увеличиваться, особенно в середине -конце 1980 -х годов, когда более 40 000 доминиканцев поселились в Вашингтон -Хайтс, Гамильтон -Хайтс и Инвуд . [ 59 ] : 30 Примерно в 2000 году доминиканская община достигла своего пика и стала тонким большинством Вашингтон -Хайтс и Инвуд, [ 73 ] : 10 Выдвигая объединенное население окрестностей до 208 000 человек, что является самым высоким уровнем с 1950 года. [ 74 ] [ 75 ]
Несмотря на то, что они прибыли в большом количестве, доминиканцы, которые приехали в окрестности, столкнулись с трудной экономической ситуацией, со многими из производственных работ, которые они непропорционально заняли, исчезли в течение 1970 -х и 1980 -х годов. [ 56 ] Это было ясно к 1990 году, когда доля доминиканских жителей Нью -Йорка, проживающих в домохозяйствах за линией бедности, составила 36%, что более чем вдвое превышает показатель по всему городу. [ 56 ] : 19 В дополнение к обслуживанию, многие жители нашли местные рабочие места в небольшом секторе одежды и заводской работы в Нью-Джерси . [ 38 ] : 140 [ 59 ] : 37 [ 76 ] [ 77 ]
В конце 20 -го века другие группы иммигрантов также начали садиться по соседству. В конце 1970 -х и начале 1980 -х годов произошел умеренный приток советских евреев после ослабления эмиграционной политики страны, [ 78 ] : 17 Преимущественно профессионалы и художники, выдвинутые антисемитизмом и привлекают экономические возможности. [ 38 ] : 138 Макияж населения латиноамериканца соседства также начал диверсифицироваться за пределами исключительно карибского происхождения, что наиболее заметно благодаря прибытию мексиканцев и эквадоров , которые вместе насчитывали более 6000 к 2000 году и более 10 000 спустя десятилетие. [ 79 ] : 70 [ 80 ] : 49
небольшие общины центральной американцев , колумбийцев и китайских иммигрантов. Также развились [ 4 ] Население афроамериканцев в окрестностях начало уменьшаться с его роста в 1970-х годах, к 2000 году составляла менее одной десятой от района. [ 38 ] : 138 [ 81 ] В настоящее время в Вашингтон -Хайтс также есть православная еврейская община, обслуживаемая многочисленными синагогами , многие из которых заметили, что больше молодых еврейских семей переезжают в окрестности в течение 2000 -х годов. [ 82 ] [ 83 ]
Кризис преступности и наркотиков 1980 -х годов
[ редактировать ]
В 1980 -х и начале 1990 -х годов Вашингтон -Хайтс подвергался серьезному влиянию эпидемии крэк -кокаина , как и остальная часть Нью -Йорка. [ 38 ] : 158 Вашингтонские высоты стали одним из крупнейших центров распределения наркотиков на северо -востоке Соединенных Штатов , [ 84 ] [ 85 ] принести негативную репутацию доминиканским американцам в качестве группы. [ 86 ] Тогдашний адвокат США Руди Джулиани и сенатор Альфонс Д'Амато выбрали угол 160-й улицы и Бродвей для их широко публичной покупки трещин под прикрытием, [ 87 ] А в 1989 году «Нью -Йорк Таймс» назвала окрестности «Крэг Столица Америки». [ 88 ] К 1990 году влияние Крэка на преступность было очевидным: в 34 -м участке в 34 -м участке было совершено 103 убийства, а также 1130 нападений на уголовное преступление, 1 919 грабежей и 2647 краж со взломом. [ 89 ]
Однако причины тяжести кризиса для Вашингтонских высот были более сложными. Одним из них было местонахождение района: мост Джорджа Вашингтона и его многочисленные шоссе, созданные для легкого доступа из пригородов Нью -Джерси . [ 38 ] : 162 Другим фактором, способствующим, заключался в том, что, поскольку доминиканские дилеры, такие как Сантьяго Луис Поланко Родригес, привели группу более высокий статус в операциях с кокаином. [ 88 ] [ 90 ] Вашингтон -Хайтс также имел высокий уровень безработицы и бедности в 1980 -х и 1990 -х годах, что обеспечило достаточную экономическую мотивацию для молодых людей в торговле наркотиками. [ 73 ]
Влияние торговли трещин превысило физическую опасность до распада доверия и широко распространенного страха, вызванного насилием в общественных местах, а также убийства людей, не вовлеченных в наркотики. [ 38 ] : 178 Полиция и детективы обычно отмечали невосприимчивость от жителей во время расследований убийства. [ 91 ] Общее недоверие к полиции, возможно, связано с восприятием коррупции, в которой было предположительно много раз в отношении 34 -го участка с видом на преступления на наркотиках за взятки. [ 92 ]
Напряженность между жителями и полицией полиции Нью -Йорка пришла в голову 4 июля 1992 года, когда Хосе "Кико" Гарсия был застрелен 34 -м офицером участка Майкла О'Кифа на углу 162 -й улицы и проспекта Святого Николас . Хотя впоследствии доказательства подтверждают, что убийство было реакцией на насилие, инициированное Гарсией, многие жители быстро подозревали бессмысленную жестокость полиции . [ 38 ] : 180 Подозрение не было необоснованным, так как у О'Кифа уже было несколько гражданских жалоб на ненужную агрессию в арестах. [ 93 ] : 320 То, что началось как мирная демонстрация смерти Гарсии, превратилось в жестокий бунт, вызывая множественные пожары, пятнадцать травм и одну смерть. [ 38 ] : 181 [ 94 ] Тогдашний майор Дэвид Динкинс , который встретился с семьей Гарсии после убийства, умолял о беспорядках: «В сообществе много гнева о смерти Хосе Гарсии и других инцидентов, [но] вы не строите Лучший город, уничтожив его ". [ 95 ]
Падение преступности и улучшение сообщества
[ редактировать ]
В середине до конца 1990 -х годов Вашингтон -Хайтс испытал резкое снижение преступности, которое продолжалось до 21 -го века. С 1990 по 2023 год сообщалось, что кражи автомобилей, убийства и краж со взломом упали более чем на 85%, нападениях, изнасилования и грабежи более чем на 65%, а также грандиозные воротники примерно на 45%. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] 30 -й и 32 -й участки к югу от Вашингтон -Хайтс, которые охватывают большую часть Гарлема к северу от 133 -й улицы, испытывали такие же радикальные падения преступления в течение последних десятилетий. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ]
Преступное падение, которое ощущалось во всех крупных городах США, в основном обязано снижать новых пользователей и дилеров кэк -кокаина, а также к движению существующих дилеров от обретения на улицах к обмену изнутри квартир. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] В Вашингтон -Хайтс это означало переход к установленной культуре, имеющей дело с кокаином, которая существовала до введения трещины. Как отмечает Терри Уильямс в кокаиновых детях: внутренняя история об подростковом кольце-наркотике , многие дилеры из предварительного срока . кто будет работать открыто и сильно сражаться в соревнованиях за высокую прибыль препарата. [ 90 ]
Многие также кредитные действия, предпринятые на уровне соседства в повышении безопасности в Вашингтон -Хайтс. После многих лет пропаганды жителей, в 1994 году Нью -Йорк разделил 34 -й участок, чтобы создать 33 -й участок для Вашингтон -Хайтс к югу от 179 -й улицы, чтобы посвятить больше ресурсов предотвращению преступности. [ 38 ] : 170 [ 104 ] Другой локальной стратегией полицейской деятельности была инициатива «Model Block», впервые предпринятая в 1997 году на 163 -й улице между Бродвейским и Амстердамским проспектом , место, примечательное для дилеров, которые установили «укрепленный комплекс» в комплекте с ловушками и электрифицированными проводами, чтобы предотвратить полицейские рейды на их квартира. [ 38 ] : 192 В попытке нарушить наркоманию в блоке, сотрудники полиции установили баррикады на обоих концах блока, потребовали доказательства проживания от любого, кто проходил, патрулировал строительные коридоры и оказывал давление арендодателей для улучшения своих зданий. [ 105 ] Программа была спорной, сталкиваясь с критикой со стороны Союза гражданских свобод в Нью -Йорке и сопротивления жителей за его вторжение в конфиденциальность. [ 38 ] : 193 Инициатива была позже расширена по всему городу. [ 106 ]
По мере уменьшения преступности в Вашингтон -Хайтс также наблюдалось выздоровление многих своих общественных учреждений, включая парки. [ 38 ] Форт -Трион Парк упал в период снижения после фискального кризиса в Нью -Йорке 1975 года , когда из испарения средств департамента парков оставили свои проходы и игровые площадки в состоянии разрушения, [ 107 ] и несколько трупов были найдены в парке. [ 108 ] [ 109 ]
21 век
[ редактировать ]После работы от Fort Tryon Park Trust и Нью -Йоркского проекта восстановления в течение 1990 -х и 2000 -х годов, финансируемых городом с помощью щедрых частных пожертвований, [ 110 ] Парк и его репутация были восстановлены. [ 38 ] : 210 [ 107 ]
У Highbridge Park , однако, были те же проблемы, что и парк Форт-Трион, но некоторое время без какого-либо крупного реставрационного финансирования, вероятно, из-за его расположения в районе с низким уровнем дохода и отсутствием часто туристической ориентир, такой как монастыря . [ 111 ] В 1997 году проект реставрации в Нью -Йорке начал работать над поддержанием парка, но без необходимого финансирования большая часть разрушения парка продолжалась. [ 112 ] В 2016 году, однако, парк получил 30 миллионов долларов США в виде финансирования реставрации в рамках инициативы городских парков, с полным восстановлением, установленным к 2021 году. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ 115 ]
В течение 2010 -х годов жители Вашингтон -Хайтс добились скромных экономических успехов. Согласно данным обследования американского сообщества, уровень бедности в соседстве снизился с 27% до 18% в ближайший период 2008–2018 годов. [ 4 ] За тот же период уровень безработицы снизился с 14% до 9%, а доля жителей со степенью бакалавра увеличилась с 29% до 35%. [ 4 ]
Washington Heights сталкивался с джентрификацией в течение 2000 -х годов, поскольку данные Нью -Йоркского университета Центра Фурмана обнаружили, что в период с 1990 по 2014 год средняя аренда в жилых помещениях Вашингтон и средняя аренда Инвуда увеличилась на 29,3%. [ 116 ] Кроме того, было несколько предприятий, столкнувшихся с резким увеличением арендной платы, такими как Coogan's, известный ресторан и бар, которому удалось пересмотреть с его арендодателем Newyork-Presbyterian, после протеста многих местных жителей, включая Лин-Мануэль Миранда . [ 117 ] [ 118 ]
Жители Вашингтон -Хайтс сталкиваются с множеством трудностей с рынком аренды жилья; Более четверти домохозяйств платят большую часть своего дохода в аренду. [ 4 ] По состоянию на 2014 год, Вашингтон -Хайтс и Инвуд имеют самый высокий уровень тяжелой толпы на Манхэттене. [ 116 ] : 121 Вашингтон-Хайтс также имеет второй по величине уровень серьезных нарушений жилищного кодекса и самый низкий уровень аренды. [ 116 ] : 174
Многие выразили оппозицию джентрификации соседства как на коммерческих, так и на жилых фронтах. Луис Миранда и Роберт Рамирес из « Манхэттена Таймс» написали в 2005 году: «Как печально и иронично, что многие из тех же людей, которые боролись, чтобы спасти наши районы перед лицом головорезов и наркотиков, в конечном итоге были вынуждены сдать свои общины на всеобщий доллар. " [ 38 ] : 206 Повторяя это мнение, пересекая автора Бродвея Роберт У. Снайдер, сказал: «Люди, которые спасли Вашингтон -Хайтс во времена преступности и трещины, заслуживают большего за их боли, чем увеличение жесткой арендной платы». [ 38 ] : 237 Опасения по поводу перемещения в Верхнем Манхэттене в последнее время проявились в спорах, связанном с планом переозования Инвана в 2018 году, который, несмотря на предложения об общественных льготах и доступном жилье, обвинялось в ускорении спекуляций по недвижимости. [ 119 ]
В 2018 году в 2018 году Ground была сломана на Амстердам -авеню и 180 -й улице застройщиком Youngwoo & Associates для Radio Tower & Hotel, разработанной MVRDV . [ 120 ] Башня, 22-этажная многофункциональная башня с офисными помещениями, розничная торговля и гостиница с 221 номером, и является первым крупным смешанным разработкой, которая будет построена в Вашингтон-Хайтс за почти пять десятилетий. [ 121 ] Отель открылся в июле 2022 года. [ 122 ] [ 123 ]
География
[ редактировать ]
Вашингтон -Хайтс расположен на высоком хребте Верхнего Манхэттена , который простирается к западу от проспекта Эджкомб с 133 -й улицы до чуть ниже Дейкман -стрит. [ 124 ] Он содержит самый высокий участок земли на Манхэттене: выходы из сланца 265 футов (81 м) над уровнем моря в парке Беннетт . [ 125 ]
Район был в начале 1900 -х годов, который пробежал до 135 -й улицы к западу от Центрального Гарлема , [ 12 ] [ 126 ] : 294 охватывая большую часть возвышенной области Верхнего Манхэттена. [ 124 ] В современный день Вашингтон -Хайтс обычно определяется как район между Гамильтон -Хайтс на 155 -й улице и Инвуд на Дейкман -стрит , [ 38 ] : 139 [ 127 ] [ 128 ] Хотя некоторые также считают южную границу Вашингтон -Хайтс 158 -я улица. [ 42 ] : 151 [ 45 ]
Суб-инициативы
[ редактировать ]Хадсон Хайтс
[ редактировать ]
Обычно считается, что субнигборство Гудзон -Хайтс покрывает район к западу от Бродвея и к северу от 181 -й улицы или 179 -й улицы, [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Хотя некоторые расширяют свою южную границу до 173 -й улицы. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Название было создано Коалицией владельцев Hudson Heights в 1992 году для продвижения продажи апартаментов кооператива в северо-западной части района. [ 130 ]
Название Хадсон -Хайтс было принято многочисленными газетами, обычно выделяя его от остальной части Вашингтон -Хайтс для его декора в ар -деко , жилого характера и близости к парку Форт -Трион и реке Гудзон . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Однако некоторые унижают имя; [ 138 ] Историк из Манхэттенского района Роберт В. Снайдер утверждал, что намерение названия было «концептуально отделить область от остальной части Вашингтон -Хайтс», уменьшив «общий интерес по обе стороны Бродвея». [ 38 ] : 205
В то время как название «Hudson Heights» может быть относительно новым, разрыв между северо -западными Вашингтон -Хайтами и остальной частью района существовал в той или иной форме в районе с начала 1900 -х годов. Данные о переписи 1950 года показывают, что арендная плата в западных районах района, как правило, была немного выше по сравнению с восточными районами, но самая высокая арендная плата была почти полностью в северо -западной части, с высокой концентрацией более современных зданий лифта и Одубона Паркский исторический район , в котором большинство из немногих зданий района с более чем шестью этажами. [ 47 ]
Этот экономический разрыв также стал расовым в течение 1970 -х и 80 -х годов, поскольку большинство белых жителей, которые не покинули район, поселились на северо -западе. [ 39 ] : 216 По состоянию на 2019 год [update]Рыночная арендная плата остается значительно выше к северу от 181 -й улицы и запада Бродвея, [ 139 ] Хотя наиболее заметным различием является расовое разделение; По состоянию на 2020 год [update], Переписные блоки Hudson Heights составляют 60% белых, а блоки переписи к востоку от Бродвея - 13% белых. [ 3 ]
Форт Джордж
[ редактировать ]
Названный в честь революционной войны в Форт-Джордж , менее признанный в Форт-Джордж подсказанность проходит к востоку от Бродвея с 181-й улицы до улицы Дайкман. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Образовательные учреждения включают колледж Йешива , расположенный к востоку от Амстердам -авеню недалеко от парка Хайбридж ,, [ 142 ] и средняя школа Джорджа Вашингтона , на соседнем месте оригинального форта Джорджа. [ 12 ] : 155 Форт-Джордж также держит одну из редких полуприватных улиц Манхэттена, Вашингтон-терраса, которая проходит на юг от Западной 186-й улицы, чтобы получить половину блока между проспектами Одюбона и Амстердама. [ 143 ]
Высота изменения
[ редактировать ]Из -за своей резкой, холмистой топографии пешеходная навигация в Верхнем Манхэттене облегчается многими шагами . [ 144 ] Самым длинным из них является набор из 130 лестниц, соединяющих Форт -Вашингтон -авеню и террасу с видом на 187 -я улица . [ 145 ]
Чтобы помочь с транзитом на восток-запад в Верхнем Вашингтон-Хайтсе, лифты доступны на станции IND на 181-й улице , с входами на Overlook Terrace и Fort Washington Avenue на 184-й улице и на станции 190-й улицы , с входами на Форт-Вашингтон-авеню и Беннетт-авеню. Полем [ 146 ] [ 147 ] У станции IRT на 191 -й улице также есть пешеходный туннель, с входом на Бродвей недалеко от 190 -й улицы и бесплатным лифтом. [ 148 ] Иллюстрируя резкие изменения в местности в этом районе, станции IRT 191 -й улицы и Dyckman Street находятся на аналогичных высотах по сравнению с уровнем моря, но первое - самая глубокая станция в городе под уровнем земли, [ 149 ] [ 150 ] в то время как последний, всего 0,4 мили (0,64 км) на север, находится над землей. [ 151 ] [ 152 ]
Демография
[ редактировать ]В целях переписи правительство Нью -Йорка классифицирует Вашингтон -Хайтс как часть двух местных табличных районов под названием Вашингтон -Хайтс Норт и Вашингтон -Хайтс Юг, разделенные на 177 -й улице к западу от Бродвея и 180 -й улицы к востоку от Бродвея. [ 3 ] Основываясь на данных переписи Соединенных Штатов 2020 года , население Вашингтон -Хайтс составило 143 879, снижение на 23 249 (13,9%) с 167 128 подсчетов в 2000 году . Охватывая площадь 1 058,91 акра (428,53 га), в районе была плотность населения 136,3 жителей на акр (87 200/кв. Миль; 33 700/км. 2 ). [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Расовый состав района составил 21,7% (31 155) белых , 7,5% (10 823) афроамериканцев , 3,5% (4976) азиатских , 0,9% (1348) от других рас и 2,3% (3298) из двух или более гонок. Латиноамериканцы или латиноамериканцы любой расы (ы) составляли 64,1% (92 279) населения. В период с 2000 по 2020 год белое и азиатское население увеличилось на 42% (9 157) и 39% (1385) соответственно, в то время как популяции чернокожих и латиноамериканцев/латиноамериканцев снизились на 26% (3766) и на 25% (31 439) соответственно. [ 3 ] [ 153 ]
Углубленная демографическая статистика собирается Американским обзором сообщества . Основываясь на данных 2016–2020 гг., По оценкам, 18% населения составляет менее 20 (по сравнению с 23% по всему городу), 30% составляют от 20 до 35 лет (24% по всему городу), 37% составляют от 35 до 65 лет (38% по всему городу) и 15% 65 и старше (15% по всему городу). 46% жителей являются иностранными (36% по всему городу), из которых 56% являются гражданами США (58% по всему городу). Из населения 5 лет и старше 70% говорят на языке, кроме английского дома (48% по всему городу), и 35% говорят по -английски меньше, чем «очень хорошо» (22% по всему городу). [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Уровень безработицы составляет 11% (7% по всему городу); 67% работников проходят по общественному транспорту (53% по всему городу) и 12% по автомобилю (27% по всему городу). Washington Heights имеет средний доход домохозяйства в размере 58 373 долл. США (67 046 долл. США по всему городу) и средний доход домохозяйств в размере 78 184 долл. США (107 000 долл. США по всему городу). 18% жителей считаются ниже бедности (17% по всему городу); Уровень среди детей и пожилых людей составляет 25% (24% по всему городу) и 28% (18% по всему городу) соответственно. С средней валовой арендной платой в размере 1405 долл. США (1489 долл. США по всему городу), 28% домохозяйств заплатили более половины своего дохода в аренду (28% по всему городу). [ 4 ]
Культура
[ редактировать ]Маленькая Доминиканская Республика
[ редактировать ]
Вашингтон -Хайтс была обозначена «Маленькая доминиканская республика » вместе с Инвудом и частью Хамильтон -Хайтс в 2018 году, [ 155 ] Район, где две трети жителей латиноамериканцев/латиноамериканцев идентифицируют себя как доминиканский по состоянию на 2017 год [update]. [ 4 ] Другое имя, которое иногда дается в этом районе, - «Quisqueya Heights», в связи с названием Taíno для Hispaniola, что означает «колыбель жизни». [ 59 ] : 30 [ 156 ] Как описывает Роберто Суро среди незнакомцев среди нас: латиноамериканцы живет в изменяющейся Америке , многие доминиканцы в Вашингтон -Хайтс ведут двойную жизнь между США и ДР, перемещаясь между странами и вкладывая деньги дома. [ 157 ] : 183 Хорхе Дуани поддерживает этот анализ в Quisqueya на Гудзоне , документируя, как иммигранты первого поколения чувствуют сильную культурную связь с DR, подкрепленную частыми рейсами на остров. [ 59 ] : 56 Владелец туристического агентства, опрошенное в New York Times, заявил: «Чтобы доминиканцы отправились в Санто Доминго во время Рождества и лета, похоже на мусульмане, отправляющиеся в Мекку ». [ 158 ]
Одним из самых популярных рейсов маршрута между Нью -Йорком и Санто Доминго был рейс American Airlines 587 , который в ноябре 2001 года получил случайную аварию в Белль -Харбор, Квинс вскоре после взлета из аэропорта Джона Ф. Кеннеди , убив всех 260 человек на борту самолет, а также пять жителей Белль -Харбора. [ 159 ] Полет имел долгую историю среди доминиканских жителей Нью -Йорка, даже когда он был ссылался в Кинито Мендес и Джонни Вентура песне Эль -Авион. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] В 2006 году был построен памятник аварию, недалеко от пляжа Роквей и дощатый настил , с надписью с именами жертв и цитатой Педро Мир « Después no Quiero más Que Paz » (что переводится на «потом я не хочу ничего, кроме мира»). [ 162 ]
Религия
[ редактировать ]

Религиозные учреждения Вашингтон -Хайтс в первую очередь еврейские , протестантские и католические . [ 163 ] Некоторые из самых ранних церквей Вашингтон-Хайтс и Инвуда были церковью Св. Елизаветы , Объединенной Пресвитерианской Церкви и пресвитерианской церковью на горе Вашингтон, которые построены в середине и конец 1800-х годов до урбанизированного района. [ 165 ] : 9 Большинство мест поклонения соседства возвращаются к началу 1900 -х годов, но многие изменились или перенесены, когда этническая композиция изменилась в конце 1900 -х годов.
, Пресвитерианская церковь в Форт-Вашингтоне построенная в 1914 году в неогеоргианском стиле в соответствии с планами Томаса Гастингса , [ 8 ] является примером того, как религиозные институты Вашингтона Хайтс отражали демографические изменения в окрестностях. Церковь была построена после слияния между двумя пресвитерианскими церквями дальше на юг, чтобы иметь место в центре города, где двигались многие члены предыдущих общин. [ 165 ] : 10 В 1982 году первоначальная община передала церковь в La Primera Iglesia Española de Washington Heights , собрание, организованное в 1942 году Пуэрториканскими пресвитерианами на 172 -й улице и Аудубон -авеню. [ 8 ] : 11 Другие протестантские церкви, которые изменились с европейского американца на в основном карибское американское собрание в более поздней части 20-го века, включают в себя вечернюю епископальную церковь Холируд и Иглесию Адвентиста дель Септимо Диа ( церковь адвентистов седьмого дня ). [ 163 ] : 80 [ 165 ]
За исключением церкви Богоматери Эсперанса , которая была построена в Одюбон-террасе как вторая католическая церковь на испанском языке в Нью-Йорке, [ 163 ] : 163 Католические церкви соседства служили крупному ирландскому населению в начале 1900 -х годов. [ 38 ] : 27 Церковь воплощения и церковь Святой Елизаветы начали католические школы , которые начали служить все больше доминиканцам, когда ирландцы переехали в пригороды. [ 38 ] : 130, 170 [ 163 ] : 111, 201
Другие христианские конфессии имеют меньшее, но значительное присутствие в Вашингтонских высотах, таких как баптистские церкви и греческие православные церкви (в частности Святой Спиридон ). [ 163 ] Также следует отметить, что Армянская апостольская церковь Святого Креста , где в 1933 году члены Армянской революционной федерации убили Восточного епархию -архиепископа Левона Туриана , когда он шел по его залам, после чего церковь нужно было пересмотреть. [ 163 ] : 99
Многие еврейские институты Вашингтона Хайтса претерпели значительные изменения в течение 20 -го века, причем многие из их мест в южной части района были проданы христианским общинам, когда они закрылись или переезжали в более северные районы, где значительное население еврейского народа оставалось после Белый полет 1960 -х и 1970 -х годов. [ 39 ] : 220 Некоторые еврейские общины были основаны немецкими еврейскими иммигрантами во время полета из нацистских преследований в 1930 -х и 1940 -х годах, таких как еврейский центр консервативного Форт -Трион , в то время как другие предшествуют ему, таким как Православный еврейский центр на горе Синай . [ 163 ] : 79, 153 Хал Адат Джешурун - это православная община, созданная раввином Джозефом Брейером в Нью -Йорке, продолжение еврейской общины его отца во Франкфурте А.М. Мейн , которая включает в себя раввина икивы Самсона Рафаэля Хирша в качестве парионной школы. [ 39 ] [ 163 ] : 123
Искусство
[ редактировать ]

Вашингтон -Хайтс, наряду с другими частями города, такими как Бронкс , играл важную роль в ранней истории граффити в Нью -Йорке . [ 167 ] В 1971 году Таки 183 (родился на 183 -й улице) был первым граффити -таггером, который подвергся воздействию более широкой общественности через профиль в New York Times ; [ 168 ] 188th Street и Audubon Avenue также были названы как место, где в 1970 -х годах писатели граффити обменялись именами и идеями. [ 167 ]
Северный Манхэттенский художественный альянс, основанный в 2007 году для поддержки местных художников, [ 169 ] Организует ежегодную Uptown Arts Troll, в которой участвуют художники из Верхнего Манхэттена в общественных местах в течение нескольких недель каждого лета. [ 170 ] United Palace , театр, построенный в 1930 году, построен в 1930 году, [ 171 ] Продолжается в качестве места для кино и живого выступления в настоящее время, в которых участвовали такие музыканты, как Джон Легенд , Боб Дилан , Ленни Кравитц и Лорин Хилл . [ 172 ] Also noteworthy is UP Theater Company, a Washington Heights and Inwood-based company established in 2010 which performs original plays in the neighborhood.[173][174][175]
Washington Heights has also become the setting for creative works such as Lin-Manuel Miranda's Broadway musical and film In the Heights, Angie Cruz's novels Soledad and Dominicana, and the Amazon show The Horror of Dolores Roach.[176][177][178]
Sports
[edit]Historic
[edit]
Five clubs in American professional sports have played in the Washington Heights area: the New York Giants, New York Mets, and New York Yankees baseball teams, and the New York Giants and New York Jets football teams.[179] Situated on Coogan's Hollow where the present-day Polo Grounds Towers are located,[180] the Polo Grounds have been the home field of three professional baseball teams, the baseball Giants (from 1911 to 1957), the Yankees (from 1912 to 1923), the Mets (from 1962 to 1963), and two professional football teams, the New York Giants (from 1925 to 1955) and the New York Jets (from 1960 to 1963).[181] The Mets and Jets both began play at the Polo Grounds while their future home, Shea Stadium in Queens, was under construction.[182] The Polo Grounds were the site of two baseball-related deaths: the first of Ray Chapman in 1920 after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays, and the second of spectator Bernard Doyle in 1950,[183] accidentally killed by a 14-year-old boy who had fired his .45 caliber pistol into the air from his apartment on Edgecombe Avenue.[184][185]
Before the Yankees played at the Polo Grounds, they played at Hilltop Park on Broadway between 165th Street and 168th Street from 1903 to 1912; at the time they were known as the New York Highlanders.[186] On May 15, 1912, after being heckled for several innings, then-Detroit Tigers player Ty Cobb leaped the fence and attacked his tormentor. He was suspended indefinitely by league president Ban Johnson, but his suspension was eventually reduced to 10 days and $50.[187] A historically outstanding pitching performance took place at Hilltop Park, when on September 4, 1908, 20-year-old Washington Senators-player Walter Johnson shut out the Highlanders for three consecutive games.[188] In 1928 the park became the Columbia University Medical Center, a major hospital complex.[189]
Washington Heights has been the childhood residence of many baseball stars, including former Yankee star Alex Rodriguez, who was born in the neighborhood to Dominican parents.[190] Rod Carew and Manny Ramírez were two famous players who immigrated to the neighborhood as teenagers and attended George Washington High School (Carew during the 1960s and Ramírez during the 1980s).[191] The New York Yankees' Lou Gehrig grew up in the neighborhood after moving out of Yorkville with his family,[192] attending PS 132 during the 1910s.[193][194] Legendary baseball broadcaster Vin Scully also grew up in the Washington Heights.[195]
Modern
[edit]
The New Balance Track and Field Center, located in the Fort Washington Avenue Armory, maintains an Olympic-caliber track that is one of the fastest in the world.[196] Starting in January 2012, the Millrose Games have been held there, after having been held at the second, third, and current Madison Square Gardens from 1914 to 2011.[197] To encourage physical activity and healthy eating, a partnership of local politicians, schools, and community organizers have organized the annual "Uptown Games" for children grades 1 to 8 at the Armory.[198][199] Also at the Armory is the National Track and Field Hall of Fame, along with the Charles B. Rangel Technology & Learning Center for middle and high school students; the facility is operated by the Armory Foundation, which was created in 1993.[200][201] The Armory is the starting point for the annual Washington Heights Salsa, Blues, and Shamrocks 5K, founded in 1999 by Peter M. Walsh of Coogan's Restaurant but is now run by the New York Road Runners.[202][203]
Parks and recreation
[edit]Washington Heights and Inwood collectively have over 500 acres (200 ha) of parkland,[204] representing over a third of the neighborhoods' total area.[2]
Fort Washington Park
[edit]
Washington Heights' Fort Washington Park runs from 155th Street to Dyckman Street along the Hudson River, meeting the George Washington Bridge at Jeffrey's Hook (around 178th Street).[206] The 184-acre park was originally designed in 1873 by Fredrick Law Olmsted along with Riverside Park and Morningside Park,[207]: 4 and most of the park was acquired via eminent domain between 1896 and 1927.[208] Although it was initially connected with Fort Tryon Park to the east (a condition for John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s donation of the Fort Tryon parkland),[15] the 1937 construction of the Henry Hudson Parkway separated the two parks.[208]
Sitting just underneath the George Washington Bridge is the Little Red Lighthouse, which was originally built in 1917 in Sandy Hook, New Jersey before being moved to aid with navigation in the Hudson River during the 1920s.[209] After the George Washington Bridge opened in 1931, the lighthouse became obsolete, and the United States Coast Guard began planning to dismantle and auction it.[210] After a public outcry, contributed to by Hildegarde Swift's popular children's book The Little Red Lighthouse and the Great Gray Bridge, the lighthouse was instead given to the city government in 1951.[211] Having undergone renovation in 1986 and again in 2000, the lighthouse is available for tours as of 2021[update] and is honored in the annual Little Red Lighthouse Festival.[210][212]
Fort Tryon Park
[edit]
Occupying a 67-acre area south of Inwood Hill Park between Broadway and the Henry Hudson Parkway,[213] Fort Tryon Park's history began with John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s purchase of the Hays, Shaefer, Libbey, and Billings estates in 1917 for $2 million (equivalent to $47.6 million in 2023).[16]: 777 [214] Rockefeller hired Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. (the son of Fort Washington Park's planner) to design the park in 1927, and in 1931 Mayor James Walker accepted his donation of the parkland, to be developed primarily at Rockefeller's expense.[15] Opening in 1935, the park's picturesque views of the Palisades across the Hudson River were maintained by another Rockefeller purchase there with the aim of preventing construction, preserved as part of Palisades Interstate Park.[213]
As part of his Fort Tryon donation, Rockefeller reserved 4 acres (1.6 ha) in the center of the park for the Metropolitan Museum of Art to develop the Cloisters. The original Cloisters museum, a collection of medieval art owned by George Grey Barnard and located on upper Fort Washington Avenue,[15] was purchased by the Metropolitan with Rockefeller funds in 1925.[29]: 18 After Fort Tryon Park's opening in 1935, construction began for the new Cloisters building using elements shipped from abbeys in southern France and Catalonia, based on designs by Charles Collens.[215] Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, the museum has a vast collection of Romanesque and Gothic art, including the Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries, purchased by Rockefeller for $1 million in 1922.[216]: 19 [217]: 7
One of Fort Tryon Park's biggest annual events is the Medieval Festival, a collaboration between the Parks Department and the Washington Heights and Inwood Development Corporation that has taken place at the park since 1983.[218][219] The event is free, relying on a mix of private and public sponsors as well as donations, and draws an average of 60,000 people for an afternoon of medieval-themed arts, activities, and food.[220][221]
Highbridge Park
[edit]
Highbridge Park, a 160-acre park with heavily wooded areas and views of the Harlem River, lies on Washington Heights' western cliffside from 155th Street to Dyckman Street, cut off from the waterfront by the Harlem River Drive.[222] Unlike Washington Heights' other major parks, Highbridge had no prior design but was assembled piecemeal by the city through condemnation, the majority being acquired from 1895 to 1901.[223] In the park's southern extreme lies Coogan's Bluff, which in the time of the Polo Grounds offered a vantage point for watching baseball games without paying for tickets.[224] The park's northernmost Fort George Hill section was gained through the condemnation of Fort George Amusement Park, a trolley park built in 1895 that was burned twice by 1913.[225] In 2007, the Parks Department collaborated with the New York City Mountain Bike Association to open a network of mountain bike trails in this section of the park.[226][227]
Highbridge Park is home to three New York City landmarks: its namesake the High Bridge, the High Bridge Water Tower, and the Highbridge Play Center.[223][228][229] The High Bridge, New York City's oldest remaining bridge, was built in 1848 as part of the Croton Aqueduct system connecting the Bronx to Manhattan at 174th Street and, since 2015, has been active as a bridge for pedestrians and cyclists.[230] The bridge's accompanying water tower was also an integral part of New York City's water system until 1949.[228] Built on a former reservoir in front of the High Bridge Water Tower, the Highbridge Play Center is best known for its pool, one of many Works Progress Administration-funded outdoor pools opened in the summer of 1936.[223]
Other parks
[edit]
Washington Heights is also home to the following smaller parks:
- Bennett Park – location of the highest natural point in Manhattan[125]
- J. Hood Wright Park[231]
- Mitchel Square Park – site of the Washington Heights and Inwood World War I memorial by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney[232]
- Amelia Gorman Park[233] – closed for retaining wall repairs since 2017 and abandoned except upper plaza (as of January 2024)[234]
- McKenna Square[235]
Landmarks and attractions
[edit]


The current NewYork–Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center occupies the former site of Hilltop Park, the home of the New York Highlanders – later the New York Yankees – from 1903 to 1912.[236] Across the street is the Fort Washington Avenue Armory's New Balance Track and Field Center, an indoor track home to the National Track & Field Hall of Fame.[237]
Audubon Terrace, a cluster of eight distinguished Beaux Arts and Renaissance Revival buildings constructed between 1904 and 1930, is located on Broadway between 155th and 156th streets.[238] Named for John James Audubon due to his land holdings in the Audubon Park Historic District, the complex was envisioned as a cultural center by its founder Archer Milton Huntington and almost entirely designed by his cousin Charles Pratt Huntington.[238] A National Historic Landmark,[239] the Audubon Terrace is home to the Hispanic Society of America, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Our Lady of Esperanza Church, and Boricua College.[240] Despite their unique decor and expansive collections, its museums have long struggled with attracting visitors due to their non-central location;[241] the American Geographical Society,[242]: 527 the Heye Collection of the National Museum of the American Indian,[243] and the American Numismatic Society[244] all previously occupied Audubon Terrace but have since moved their collections elsewhere.
Overlooking Coogan's Bluff between 160th and 162nd streets in the Jumel Terrace Historic District, the Morris–Jumel Mansion has the distinction of being Manhattan's oldest surviving house.[22]: 11 Headquartered by George Washington in 1776 before being taken by the British and Hessians,[27] the mansion was built in 1765 by British colonel Roger Morris and in 1810 became property of Eliza Jumel.[28] Jumel became one of the wealthiest women in the city after the death of her husband Stephen in 1832, and was later wife of Aaron Burr until his death in 1836.[20]: 318
Designated a landmark by the National Register of Historic Places,[245] the house is owned and maintained as a museum by the Department of Parks and Recreation.[27][246] At the time of its purchase by the Jumels in 1810, there were rumors that the mansion was haunted by a Hessian ghost.[247] After Eliza Jumel's death she became the main focus of paranormal suspicions, partly due to rumors that she caused her first husband Stephen to die by falling from a carriage onto a pitchfork.[247][248] In the modern day, it has been investigated as a haunted house on the Today Show, Haunted USA, and Ghost Adventures.[249][250] Hamilton playwright Lin-Manuel Miranda sat in Aaron Burr's room to write of many of the hit musical's songs.[251][252]
The Paul Robeson Home, located on the corner of Edgecombe Avenue and 160th Street, is a National Historic Landmark building.[253] Part of Washington Heights' historically Black southeastern area,[47]: 38 the building is known for its famous African American residents including actor Paul Robeson, musician Count Basie, and boxer Joe Louis.[48]: 6
The Audubon Ballroom was originally a vaudeville and movie theater, built by William Fox of the Fox Film Corporation on the corner of Broadway and 165th Street.[254] Since the 1930s the theater had been used as a meeting space for unions and other organizations, and in the 1950s hosted the annual New York Mardi Gras festival.[255] The building acquired its greatest historical significance on February 21, 1965, when Malcolm X was assassinated there during a rally of the Organization of Afro-American Unity.[256][6] The theater was seized by the city for unpaid back taxes in 1967 and, in the late 1980s, was planned for demolition in order to build a medical research center for Columbia University.[257]: 109 After pushback by community members and Columbia students, the university reached a compromise in 1990 to restore part of the original facade and ballroom.[254][255] As of 2021[update], the building houses Columbia's Mary Woodard Lasker Biomedical Research Building in addition to the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center, which houses documents related to the life and work of the two civil rights activists.[258]
The United Palace was built in 1930 as the Loew's 175th Street Theater, designed primarily by Thomas W. Lamb (the same architect of the Audubon Ballroom)[255] and featuring interior design work by Harold Rambusch.[171] Originally a theater, it was bought in 1969 by televangelist Reverend Ike and became a church for the United Church Science of Living Institute.[259][260] Made a New York City landmark in 2016, the United Palace also acts as a cultural center, hosting films and live performances as of 2021[update].[172]
In 2022, the City University of New York's Dominican Studies Institute proposed adding the Washington Heights-Dominican Cultural Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places; if designated, the district would run between 155th and 200th streets.[261] The New York State Board for Historic Preservation voted in September 2024 to recommend that the district be added to the NRHP, though many local residents opposed the designation because it excluded other ethnic groups.[262]
Local newspaper
[edit]Manhattan Times is a free English/Spanish bilingual community newspaper serving Spanish-speaking areas of Upper Manhattan, including Washington Heights.[263] It was founded in 1999[264][265] by Luís A. Miranda Jr., Roberto Ramírez Sr., and David Keisman.[38]: 205 [265] The newspaper features stories about news and events of interest to residents on the city and neighborhood level, and is funded in part by private advertisements in addition to public service announcements.[266]
Police and crime
[edit]Washington Heights is served by two precincts of the NYPD.[267] The area south of 179th Street is served by the 33rd Precinct, located at 2207 Amsterdam Avenue,[268] while the 34th Precinct, located at 4295 Broadway, serves the north side of the neighborhood along with Inwood.[89]
The precinct was split in 1994 to increase police presence in Washington Heights at a time of very high crime rates,[104] but crime has fallen drastically since then.[97][98] As of 2018[update], the neighborhood has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 43 per 100,000 people (compared to 59 per 100,000 citywide) and an incarceration rate of 482 per 100,000 adults (425 per 100,000 citywide).[127]: 8
In 2023, the 34th Precinct reported 4 murders, 14 rapes, 215 robberies, 349 felony assaults, 151 burglaries, 575 grand larcenies, and 231 grand larcenies auto.[99] The number of crimes committed in these categories fell by 30.2% between 1998 and 2023.[98] In the same year, the 33rd Precinct reported 8 murders, 8 rapes, 177 robberies, 243 felony assaults, 115 burglaries, 359 grand larcenies, and 142 grand larcenies auto.[97] The number of crimes committed in these categories fell by 36.8% between 1998 and 2023.[97]
Fire safety
[edit]
Washington Heights is served by three New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:[269]
- Engine Company 67 – 518 West 170th Street (a New York City landmark)[270][271]
- Engine Company 84/Ladder Company 34 – 513 West 161st Street (a New York City landmark)[272][273]
- Engine Company 93/Ladder Company 45/Battalion 13 – 515 West 181st Street[274]
In addition, FDNY EMS Station 13 is located at 501 West 172nd Street.[275]
Health
[edit]
Data on health indicators is compiled for each community district in the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Community Health Profiles, the most recent of which was released in 2018.[127] In Manhattan Community District 12 (Washington Heights and Inwood), there are 73 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 23.3 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[127]: 11 The population of uninsured residents is estimated to be 14% (12% citywide).[127]: 14
The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Community District 12 is 0.0078 milligrams per cubic metre (7.8×10−9 oz/cu ft) (0.0075 milligrams per cubic metre (7.5×10−9 oz/cu ft) citywide).[127]: 9 13% of residents are smokers (14% citywide), 26% are obese (24% citywide), 13% are diabetic (11% citywide), and 28% have high blood pressure (28% citywide).[127]: 16 Additionally, 24% of children are obese (20% citywide).[127]: 12 81% of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day (87% citywide). In 2018, 68% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent" (78% citywide).[127]: 13 For every supermarket, there are an estimated 13 bodegas.[127]: 10
As of 2018[update], the overall life expectancy of Community District 12 is 84, 2.8 years greater than the citywide average and 5.3 years greater than the nationwide average.[127]: 20 [276] Its rates of premature death from cancer (39.1 per 100,000) and heart disease (26.1 per 100,000) are significantly lower than the citywide rates, although its drug-related death rate (9.6 per 100,000) is similar and suicide death rate (7.2 per 100,000) is higher.[127]: 18
NewYork–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center opened in 1928 as Columbia–Presbyterian, one of the first academic medical centers in the United States.[277][278] It was known as the Columbia–Presbyterian Medical Center until 1998.[278] The complex, located between 165th and 168th streets west of Broadway, contains the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons the medical school of Columbia University.[236] The campus also contains the Mailman School of Public Health,[279] as well as Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York City's only stand-alone children's hospital. In addition, NewYork–Presbyterian's Allen Hospital is located in Inwood.[280][281]
Politics
[edit]Politically, Washington Heights is in New York's 13th congressional district, represented by Democrat Adriano Espaillat as of 2017[update].[282] It is also part of the 31st State Senate District,[283][284] represented by Democrat Robert Jackson,[285] and the 71st and 72nd State Assembly districts,[286][287][288] represented respectively by Democrats Al Taylor and Manny De Los Santos.[289] In the City Council, the neighborhood is part of the 7th and 10th districts,[290] represented respectively by Democrats Shaun Abreu[291] and Carmen De La Rosa.[292]
Post offices and ZIP Codes
[edit]
Washington Heights is located in three ZIP Codes. From south to north, they are 10032 (between 155th and 173rd streets), 10033 (between 173rd and 187th streets) and 10040 (between 187th and Dyckman streets).[293]
The United States Postal Service operates four post offices in Washington Heights:
- Audubon Station – 511 West 165th Street[294]
- Fort George Station – 4558 Broadway[295]
- Fort Washington Station – 556 West 158th Street[296]
- Washington Bridge Station – 518 West 181st Street[297]
Education
[edit]Community District 12 has fewer college graduates and more high school dropouts compared to the borough and city as a whole. 38% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher (compared to 43% citywide), and 29% did not finish high school (19% citywide).[127]: 6 As of 2018[update], 19% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year (20% citywide).[298]: 24 (PDF p. 55)
Washington Heights is part of District 6, along with Inwood and Hamilton Heights.[299] Of the district's 19,939 students as of 2019[update], 85% are Hispanic/Latino, 7% are Black, 5% are White, and 3% are any other race; in addition, 29% are English Language Learners, and 22% are Students with Disabilities.[300] Of all students in the cohort set to graduate in 2019, 74% in District 6 did so by August 2019 (77% citywide).[301] The district rate was significantly lower for males (69%), English Language Learners (52%), and Students with Disabilities (49%).[302] As of 2019[update], one-quarter of District 6 students are English Language Learners (defined as students who require support to learn English as a second language),[303] of whom 96% are Hispanic or Latino.[302][304]
Schools
[edit]Public schools
[edit]The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in Washington Heights as part of Community School District 6.[305] As with most other school districts in New York City, District 6 has both zoned schools, which take students mainly from a small area in the neighborhood, and unzoned schools, which admit students from anywhere in the district.[306] Zoned public elementary and elementary/middle schools include:[300]
- PS 28 Wright Brothers (grades 3K–5)[307]
- PS 189 (grades 3K–5)[308]
- PS 48 PO Michael J Buczek (grades 3K–5)[309]
- PS 128 Audubon (grades 3K–5)[310]
- PS 173 (grades 3K–5)[311]
- PS 4 Duke Ellington (grades 3K–5)[312]
- PS 8 Luis Belliard (grades 3K–5)[313]
- PS 115 Alexander Humboldt (grades PK–5)[314]
- PS 152 Dyckman Valley (grades PK–5)[315]
- Dos Puentes Elementary School (grades K–5)[316]
- PS 132 Juan Pablo Duarte (grades K–5)[317]
- PS/IS 187 Hudson Cliffs (grades PK–8)[318]
Unzoned elementary and elementary/middle schools include:
Zoned middle schools include:
- JHS 143 Eleanor Roosevelt (grades 6–8)[321]
- MS 319 Maria Teresa (grades 6–8)[322]
- MS 322 (grades 6–8)[323]
- MS 324 Patria Mirabal (grades 6–8)[324]
Unzoned middle and middle/high schools include:

- Harbor Heights (grades 6–8)[325]
- Community Math and Science Prep (grades 6–8)[326]
- IS 528 Bea Fuller Rodgers (grades 6–8)[327]
- City College Academy of the Arts (grades 6–12)[328]
- Community Health Academy of the Heights (grades 6–12)[329]
The former George Washington High School, built in 1923, is located between 192nd and 193rd streets directly west of Highbridge Park.[38]: 72 It became the George Washington Educational Campus in 1999 when it was split into four smaller schools:[330]
- The College Academy (grades 9–12)[331]
- High School for Media and Communications (grades 9–12)[332]
- High School for Law and Public Service (grades 9–12)[333]
- High School for Health Careers and Sciences (grades 9–12)[334]
The Gregorio Luperón High School for Science and Mathematics was founded in 1994 and serves a student body of newly arrived Spanish-speakers.[335][336] Washington Heights also has the unzoned Washington Heights Expeditionary Learning School, serving grades PK to 12.[337][338]
Charter and parochial schools
[edit]Charter schools include:
- WHIN Community Charter School (grades K–3)[339]
- Success Academy Washington Heights (grades K–4)[340]
- KIPP Washington Heights (grades K–8)[341]
- School in the Square (grade 6–8)[342]
Catholic schools under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York include:
- Incarnation School (grades 3K–8)[343]
- St. Elizabeth School (grades 3K–8)[344]
Jewish schools include:
- Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (grades 3K, PK, and 1–12)[345]
- Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy (grades 9–12)[346]
Higher education
[edit]University education in Washington Heights includes Yeshiva University[347] and Boricua College.[348] Located between 184th and 186th streets east of Broadway, Yeshiva University's Wilf Campus was founded in 1928 and is the Jewish institution's main campus;[349][350] it was originally envisioned with Moorish Revival aesthetic, although most of its buildings ended up with a modern design.[351] Schools within the campus include Yeshiva College, the Syms School of Business, and the Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy high school.[352] Boricua College, whose Manhattan campus is located on 156th and Broadway in the Audubon Terrace complex,[348] is a small private college founded in 1975 to serve the city's Puerto Rican population.[353]
The medical campus of Columbia University hosts the College of Physicians and Surgeons, the College of Dental Medicine, the Mailman School of Public Health, the School of Nursing, and the biomedical programs of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, which offer Masters and Doctorate degrees in several fields.[354] These schools are among the departments that compose the Columbia University Irving Medical Center.[279]
CUNY in the Heights, a higher education program of the Borough of Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York, is actually located in Inwood on the corner of 213th Street and Broadway, despite its name.[355] In the same building, the CUNY XPress Immigration Center is a branch of their Citizenship Now! program, which offers immigrants free legal services to help in attaining citizenship.[356][357]
Libraries
[edit]The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches in Washington Heights:
- The Fort Washington branch is located at 535 West 179th Street. The three-story Carnegie library opened in 1979.[358]
- The Washington Heights branch is located at 1000 St. Nicholas Avenue. It was founded in 1868 as a subscription-based library and moved twice before it relocated to its current four-story structure in 1914, owing to generous donations from James Hood Wright.[359][360]: 189
Transportation
[edit]Bridges and highways
[edit]
Washington Heights is connected to Fort Lee, New Jersey across the Hudson River via the Othmar Ammann-designed George Washington Bridge, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[361][362]: 42 Upon completion in 1931, it was also the world's longest suspension bridge.[208] The Pier Luigi Nervi-designed George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is located at the Manhattan end between 178th and 179th streets, extending between Fort Washington and Wadsworth avenues.[363] After its construction in 1963, Nervi won an award for the terminal's unique use of concrete,[364] including its huge butterfly-like ventilation ducts.[365]: 570 The station provides service to North Jersey via NJ Transit Bus Operations; Paterson and Jersey City via Spanish Transportation; the Northeastern Corridor via Greyhound; and upstate New York via Rockland Coaches and OurBus.[366]
The Trans-Manhattan Expressway, part of Interstate 95, runs for 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from the George Washington Bridge in a trench between 178th and 179th streets.[367] The construction of the George Washington Bridge and the Trans-Manhattan Expressway required the demolition of all apartment buildings between 178th and 179th streets, in addition to many west of Cabrini Boulevard between 177th and 181st streets, evicting over 1,000 families.[368][369][370] To the east, the highway leads to the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, completed in 1963, which crosses the Harlem River and connects to the Bronx via the Cross Bronx Expressway.[371] The Washington Bridge, built in 1888, crosses the river just north of the Alexander Hamilton Bridge and connects to both the Trans-Manhattan and Cross Bronx expressways.[372]: 4
Crossing the river at 175th Street in Manhattan, the High Bridge is the oldest bridge in New York City still in existence.[373] The bridge was completed in 1848 to carry the Croton Aqueduct as part of the city's water system;[230] a promenade was added in 1864 that stayed in use up until the 1970s, although the aqueduct function was discontinued in 1949.[374] In the late 1920s, several of its stone piers were replaced with a steel arch that spanned the river to allow ships to more easily navigate under the bridge.[375] In June 2015, the High Bridge reopened as a pedestrian and bicycle bridge after a three-year rehabilitation project.[230]
For transport northward and southward across Manhattan, Washington Heights is connected with two other significant highways: the Harlem River Drive by the Harlem River and the Henry Hudson Parkway (part of New York State Route 9A) by the Hudson River.[376] The Harlem River Drive began as a horse carriage roadway in 1898 and was converted into a highway exclusively for cars during the 1950s.[377][378] The road has since blocked access to the waterfront from Highbridge Park,[230] although the Harlem River Greenway (planned for renovation as of 2019[update])[379] can still be accessed from 155th Street and Dyckman Street.[380] The Henry Hudson Parkway, built in 1936,[381] is also surrounded by parkland but leaves Fort Washington Park with a large amount of waterfront space on its western side,[205] while the Hudson River Greenway lies on its eastern side.[380] Running above-ground between the highway and the greenway is the Empire Service Amtrak line, whose closest stops are at Yonkers and Penn Station.[382]
Subway
[edit]Washington Heights is well served by the New York City Subway. On the IND Eighth Avenue Line, service is available at the 155th Street and 163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue stations (C train), the 168th Street station (1, A, and C trains), and the 175th Street, 181st Street, and 190th Street stations (A train). The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (1 train) has stops at 157th Street, 168th Street, 181st Street, and 191st Street.[383]
Out of these stations, only 175th Street is fully accessible, although the tunnel to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station at its 177th Street exit is not. The 168th Street station is accessible only for the entrance to the A and C trains.[384] To help residents navigate the steep hills of the neighborhood's northwestern area, the 181st Street and 190th Street IND stations provide free elevator service between Fort Washington Avenue and the Broadway valley below.[385] On the northeastern side, the 191st Street station also has an elevator to St. Nicholas Avenue and a tunnel running to Broadway.[386]
The 181st Street and 190th Street IND stations have several unique entrances and exits, many featuring a stone brick design inspired by the Overlook Terrace cliffside.[22][387] The 168th Street, 190th Street, and both 181st Street stations are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[239] The 191st Street and 190th Street stations have the distinction of being the deepest in the entire subway system by distance to ground level, at 180 and 140 feet respectively.[388] In 1951, researchers from New York University found that the 190th Street station would provide shelter from nuclear fallout.[389]
-
The 168th Street station's IRT platform
-
Entrance to the 175th Street station in front of J. Hood Wright Park
-
Entrance to the 181st Street IND station on Overlook Terrace at 184th Street
-
Entrance to the 190th Street station on Bennett Avenue
-
Entrance to the 191st Street station on Broadway
Bus
[edit]Several MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Washington Heights:[390][391]
- Bx3: to 238th Street station (1 train) via 181st Street and University Avenue
- Bx6 and Bx6 Select Bus Service: to Hunts Point Cooperative Market via Riverside Drive, 155th, 161st and 163rd Streets and Hunts Point Avenue
- Bx7: to College of Mount Saint Vincent via Broadway and Riverdale Avenue
- Bx11: to Parkchester station via 181st, 170th, and 174th Streets
- Bx13: to Bronx Terminal Market or George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal via 181st Street and Ogden Avenue
- Bx35: to Crotona Park East, Bronx via 181st Street, 167th, and 169th Streets
- Bx36: to Castle Hill, Bronx via 181st Street, Tremont Avenue, and White Plains Road
- M2: to Greenwich Village via Fifth/Madison Avenues, Edgecombe Avenue, and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard
- M3: to Greenwich Village or Fort George via Fifth/Madison Avenues and St. Nicholas Avenue
- M4: to Midtown South or Fort Tryon Park/The Cloisters via Fifth/Madison Avenues, Fort Washington Avenue, and Broadway
- M5: to Midtown South via Broadway and Riverside Drive
- M10: to Columbus Circle via Frederick Douglass Boulevard
- M98: to Lenox Hill or Fort Tryon Park via Third/Lexington Avenues, Harlem River Drive, 178th/179th Streets, and Fort Washington Avenue
- M100: to Manhattanville or Inwood via Broadway, St. Nicholas Avenue, and Amsterdam Avenue
- M101: to East Village or Fort George via Third/Lexington Avenues and Amsterdam Avenue
Notable people
[edit]Notable residents of Washington Heights include:
- Pedro Alvarez (born 1987), baseball player who was drafted second overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft.[392]
- Alex Arias (born 1967), Dominican-American former Major League Baseball player.[393]
- George Grey Barnard (1863–1938), sculptor.[394]
- Harry Belafonte (1927–2023), calypso singer and Grammy winner.[395]
- Ward Bennett (1917–2003), designer, artist and sculptor.[396]
- Dellin Betances (born 1988), MLB pitcher for the New York Mets.[397]
- Jocelyn Bioh, Ghanaian-American writer, playwright and actor.[398]
- Stanley Bosworth (1927–2011), founding headmaster of Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn, which he headed from 1965 to 2004.[399]
- Tally Brown (1934–1989), singer and actress in films by Andy Warhol and other underground filmmakers.[400]
- Robert John Burke (born 1960), actor.[401]
- Maria Callas (1923–1977), Greek-American opera singer.[402]: 57
- Cardi B (born 1992), rapper, songwriter, actress and television personality.[403]
- Jerry Craft (born 1963), children's book author and illustrator / syndicated cartoonist and creator of the Mama's Boyz comic strip.[404]
- Rod Carew (born 1945), former professional baseball player.[405]
- Frances Conroy (born 1953), actress.[130]
- Nelson Antonio Denis (born 1954), former member of the New York State Assembly.[406]
- Morton Deutsch (1920–2017), social psychologist who was one of the founding fathers of the field of conflict resolution.[407]
- David Dinkins (1927–2020), Mayor of New York City 1990–1994.[408]
- Jim Dwyer (1957–2020), columnist and reporter at The New York Times.[409]
- Laurence Fishburne (born 1961), Academy Award-nominated actor.[410]
- Luis Flores (born 1981), former NBA point guard.[411]
- Hillel Furstenberg (born 1935), mathematician known for his application of probability theory and ergodic theory methods to other areas of mathematics.[412]
- Lou Gehrig (1903–1941), professional baseball player for the New York Yankees.[413]
- Elias Goldberg (1886–1978), New York painter, most of his city paintings focus on the area of Washington Heights. Mr. Goldberg exhibited at the legendary Charles Egan Gallery.[414]
- Leo Gorcey (1917–1969), member of the original cast of "Dead End", and memorably outspoken member of the Dead End Kids / East Side Kids / The Bowery Boys.[415]
- Alan Greenspan (born 1926), 13th Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve.[416]
- Hex Hector (born 1965), Grammy Award-winning remixer and producer.[417]
- Jacob K. Javits (1904–1986), United States Senator from 1957 to 1981.[418]
- Henry Kissinger (1923–2023), former National Security Advisor and United States Secretary of State.[419]
- Paul Kolton (1923–2010), chairman of the American Stock Exchange.[420]
- Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008), geneticist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work in bacterial genetics, was born in Montclair.[421][422]
- Stan Lee (1922–2018), creator of Spider-Man, X-Men, The Incredible Hulk.[423]
- Frankie Lymon (1942–1968), lead singer of The Teenagers, best known for their hit "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"[424][425]
- Lin-Manuel Miranda (born 1980), actor, and Tony Award-winning composer, and lyricist, best known for writing and acting in the Broadway musicals In the Heights and Hamilton.[426]
- Theodore Edgar McCarrick (born 1930), Cardinal who served as Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington (2001–2006).[427]
- Daniel D. McCracken (1930–2011), early computer pioneer and author.[428]
- Knox Martin (born 1923), painter, sculptor and muralist.[429]
- Mims (born 1981), Jamaican-American rapper.[430]
- Andy Mineo (born 1988), rapper, singer, producer, director, and minister signed to Reach Records.[431]
- Karina Pasian (born 1991), recording R&B singer from Def Jam Records.[432]
- Manny Pérez (born 1969), Dominican actor, appeared in Third Watch.[433]
- Jim Powers (born 1958), retired professional wrestler best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation from 1987 to 1994.[434]
- Freddie Prinze (1954–1977), Hungarian-Puerto Rican stand-up comedian, best known for his 1970s TV series Chico and the Man co-starring Jack Albertson.[435]
- Manny Ramírez (born 1972), Dominican baseball player for the Los Angeles Dodgers.[436]
- Kenny Rankin (1940–2009), musician, singer and songwriter.[437]
- Alex Rodriguez (born 1975), Dominican-American baseball player for the New York Yankees.[438]
- James R. Russell (born 1953), scholar and Harvard University professor.[439]
- Merlin Santana (1976–2002), Dominican-American actor.[440]
- Vin Scully (born 1927), sportscaster for the Los Angeles Dodgers.[441]
- William "Bill" Shea (1907–1991), lawyer, instrumental in the founding of the New York Mets and New York Islanders, namesake of Shea Stadium[442]
- Scott Stringer (born 1960), New York City Comptroller and Borough President of Manhattan.[443]
- Allen Swift (1924–2010), actor, writer and magician, best known as a voiceover artist who voiced characters Simon Bar Sinister and Riff-Raff on the Underdog cartoon show[444]
- TAKI 183, New York City graffitist.[445]
- Tiny Tim (1932–1996), singer and ukulele player, a novelty act of the 1960s best known for his rendition of "Tiptoe Through the Tulips".[446]
- Leslie Uggams, actress and singer best known for her appearances in Roots and Hallelujah, Baby![447]
- George Weinberg (1929–2017), psychologist and author, who coined the term "homophobia" in 1965.[448]
- Joel Westheimer, professor of citizenship education at the University of Ottawa
- Ruth Westheimer (1928–2024, born Karola Siegel; known as "Dr. Ruth") German-American sex therapist, talk show host, author, professor, Holocaust survivor, and former Haganah sniper.[449]
- Jerry Wexler (1917–2008), music producer who coined the term "Rhythm and blues".[450]
- Guy Williams (1924–1989), Italian American actor.[451]
- Rafael Yglesias (born 1954), novelist and screenwriter.[452]
In popular culture
[edit]- The musical In the Heights, which ran on Broadway from 2008 to 2011, is set in Washington Heights.[176] Its 2021 film adaptation was shot in many Washington Heights locations, including the 191st Street station tunnel.[453]
- The HBO series The Deuce chose Amsterdam Avenue between 164th and 166th streets to recreate Times Square.[454]
- The 2002 film Washington Heights starring Manny Pérez is the story of a young man trying to escape the cultural barriers of Washington Heights to make it as an illustrator.[455]
- The 2005 documentary Mad Hot Ballroom features students from PS 115 in Washington Heights.[456]
- The MTV series Washington Heights, which did not continue beyond 2013, is set in the neighborhood.[457]
- The soap opera Ryan's Hope was set in Washington Heights and aired on ABC from 1975 to 1989.[458]
- Parts of the 2010 film Salt were filmed in the neighborhood, in particular at the 13-story Riviera, a 1910 Beaux-Arts style co-op on 157th Street and Riverside Drive.[11]: 32 [459]
- The 2008 film Pride and Glory centers on police corruption in a fictional precinct of Washington Heights.[460]
- The 1993 film The Saint of Fort Washington is not entirely geographically accurate, but is set in the neighborhood, with the Fort Washington Avenue Armory playing a large role in the plot.[461]
- The 1968 film Coogan's Bluff features a scene in which Clint Eastwood chases the criminal he is to bring back to Arizona through the Cloisters.[462]
- The 2007 film The Brave One was filmed in some sections of Washington Heights; she and her boyfriend are attacked in a scene filmed in Fort Tryon Park, and the final scene with Terrence Howard was filmed on Elwood Street between Broadway and Nagle Avenue.[463]
- The 2013 film Frances Ha ends with the main character moving to Washington Heights.[464]
References
[edit]Citations
- ^ "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "NYC Population FactFinder (Census)". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "NYC Population FactFinder (American Community Survey)". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Valentine, David Thomas; Hayward, George (1777). "Principal Map of the North Part of New – York Island, exhibiting the Plan of Fort Washington, now Fort Knyphausen". Museum of the City of New York. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Pelham Bolton, Reginald (1909). Indian Paths in the Great Metropolis. Museum of the American Indian. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Fort Washington Presbyterian Church (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199741205.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Fort Tryon Park Highlights". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Audubon Park Historic District" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 12, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bolton, Reginald Pelham (1924). Washington Heights, Manhattan: Its Eventful Past. Dyckman Institute. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ "Jeffrey's Hook Lighthouse" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 14, 1991. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of Nearly 400 Years of New York City's History. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9780805078428.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Fort Tryon Park" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 20, 1983. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Hall, Edward Hagaman (1917). Fort Tryon and Vicinity: A Landmark History. American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ Johnston, Henry P. (1897). The Battle of Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776: With a Review of the Events of the Campaign. Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Fischer, David Hackett (2006). Washington's Crossing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518121-2.
- ^ Lengel, Edward G. (2005). General George Washington. Random House. ISBN 9781588364807.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Jenkins, Stephen (1911). The Greatest Street in the World: The Story of Broadway, Old and New, from Bowling Green to Albany. G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 9783849676384. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ "Fort Tryon Park Monuments – Fort Tryon Memorial". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Renner, James (2007). Images of America: Washington Heights, Inwood, and Marble Hill. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738554785.
- ^ Megraw, Jeremy (January 13, 2012). "Ghost Light: Illuminating Our City's Theatres: RKO Coliseum". New York Public Library. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Krisel, Brendan (August 9, 2018). "Washington Heights Theater Could Be Demolished Soon, Report Says". Patch. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ "See it: the 100-year-old Coliseum theater in Washington Heights is now mostly rubble". The Curious Uptowner. November 10, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (November 27, 2005). "Audubon's Home, and Columbus Circle's Past". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "History – Morris-Jumel Mansion". www.morrisjumel.org. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jumel Terrace Historic District" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 18, 1970. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Husband, Timothy (2013). Creating the Cloisters. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588394880.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Oteri, Danielle (November 15, 2013). "A Neighborhood of Castles in the Sky: Washington Heights before The Cloisters". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ "Postcards From the Edge of Town". Forgotten NY. December 22, 2000. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ "Paterno Castle To Be Demolished – $6,000,000 Apartment Project Planned by Dr. Paterno Overlooking Hudson – Five Houses To Be Built – Occupy Seven-Acre Tract on Washington Heights South of Tryon Park Project to Cost $6,000,000 Large Landscape Area". The New York Times. August 7, 1938. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ Robinson, E. (1885). "Atlas of the City of New York – Plate 30: Bounded by W. 166th Street, Croton Aqueduct, Edgecomb Road, W. 155th Street, Exterior Street (Harlem River), W. 147th Street and (Hudson River) Eleventh Avenue". New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ Ballard, Charles L. (2005). Metropolitan New York's Third Avenue Railway System. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738538105.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Katznelson, Ira (1981). City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780307833402.
- ^ Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. F. W. Dodge Corporation. November 12, 1904. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ 1910–1911 Annual Report of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company For The Year Ended June 30, 1911. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1911. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Snyder, Robert W. (2015). Crossing Broadway: Washington Heights and the Promise of New York City. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801449611.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Lowenstein, Steven M. (1989). Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German-Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933–1983, Its Structure and Culture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0814323854.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Laidlaw, Walter (1932). Population of the City of New York, 1890–1930. Cities Census Committee.
- ^ Crowell, Paul (September 10, 1932). "Gay Midnight Crowd Rides First Trains in the Subway; Throngs at Stations an Hour Before Time, Rush Turnstiles When Chains Are Dropped. No Official Ceremonies But West Side Business Group Celebrates Midnight Event With Ride and Dinner. Last Rehearsals Smooth Delaney, Fullen and Aides Check First Hour of Pay Traffic From Big Times Square Station. New Subway Opens; Trains Crowded". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bayor, Ronald H. (1978). Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421431024.
- ^ Bayor, Ronald H.; Meager, Timothy, eds. (1997). The New York Irish. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801857645.
- ^ Norwood, Stephen H. (June 2003). "Marauding Youth and the Christian Front: Antisemitic Violence in Boston and New York During World War II". American Jewish History. 91 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 233–267. doi:10.1353/ajh.2004.0055. JSTOR 23887201. S2CID 162237834. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "1943 Profile of the Washington Heights, Manhattan area" (PDF). Graduate Center, CUNY. 1943. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ "1943 Profile of the City College, Manhattan area" (PDF). Graduate Center, CUNY. 1943. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c United States Census Bureau (1952). 1950 United States Census of Housing: Manhattan Borough Block Statistics (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "555 Edgecombe Avenue Apartments" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 15, 1993. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ^ Osofsky, Gilbert (1971). Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto. HarperCollins. ISBN 9781566631044.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Schneider, Eric C. (1999). Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Youth Gangs in Postwar New York. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691074542. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Hamlett Bremner, Robert (1970). Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History, Volumes 2-3. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674116139.
- ^ Bovsun, Mara (July 9, 2017). "Two victims of early gang violence pummeled, stabbed by warring factions at NYC pool". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Severo, Richard (August 12, 1976). "Spanish Influx Felt in Washington Heights". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ Mindlin, Alex (June 25, 2006). "Its Flock Dwindling, a Greek Parish Reaches Out and Spruces Up". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ "History of Our Parish". St. Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Hernández, Ramona; Rivera-Batiz, Francisco; Agodini, Roberto (1995). Dominican New Yorkers: A Socioeconomic Profile, 1990. CUNY Dominican Studies Institute.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Hernández, Ramona (2002). The Mobility of Workers Under Advanced Capitalism: Dominican Migration to the United States. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231505185.
- ^ Reynoso, Julissa. Dominican Immigrants and Social Capital in New York City: A Case Study. Dartmouth College. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Duany, Jorge (2008). Quisqueya on the Hudson: The Transnational Identity of Dominicans in Washington Heights (2nd ed.). CUNY Dominican Studies Institute.
- ^ Morrison, Thomas K.; Sinkin, Richard (1982). "International Migration in the Dominican Republic: Implications for Development Planning". The International Migration Review. 16 (4): 819–836. doi:10.2307/2546161. JSTOR 2546161. PMID 12265312. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ McGrail, Kenneth R. (1977). "New York City School Decentralization: The Respective Powers of the City Board of Education and the Community School Boards" (PDF). Fordham Urban Law Journal. 5 (2). Retrieved April 24, 2021.
- ^ "A History of Decentralization". The New York Times. December 11, 1971. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Aloff, Mindy (November 10, 1991). "Music and Art". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Greenspan, Alan (2007). The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-131-8. OCLC 122973403.
- ^ Isaacson, Walter (1992). Kissinger: A Biography. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-66323-0.
- ^ Weber, Bruce (May 13, 2008). "Murray Jarvik, 84, Whose Research Helped Lead to Nicotine Patch, Dies". The New York Times.
- ^ "Boycott Cripples City Schools; Absences 360,000 Above Normal; Negroes and Puerto Ricans Unite; School Boycott Keeps Hundreds of Thousands of City Pupils Away; Picketing is Calm in Racial Protest; 2,600 Marchers Show Up at Buildings – Donovan Is Critical of Leaders". The New York Times. February 4, 1964. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Arnold, Martin (March 7, 1970). "Head of George Washington High School Resigns". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Frase, C. Gerald (December 3, 1970). "Washington High Gets Fourth Principal This Year". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Stevens, William K. (June 1, 1971). "Washington High: From riot to Hope". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Verhovek, Sam Howe (December 19, 1989). "Albany Issues List of Schools In Trouble". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Newcomer, Eric P. (June 25, 2012). "Education Dept. Retracts School Coach's Suspension". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Bergad, Laird (2008). Washington Heights/Inwood Demographic, Economic, and Social Transformations 1990 – 2005 with a Special Focus on the Dominican Population. Center for Latin American, Caribbean, and Latino Studies, CUNY Graduate Center. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ "Table PL-P1 CD: Total Population New York City Community Districts 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. July 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ "1950 to 2010 Population Density by Census Tract" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ Salmans, Sandra (February 26, 1981). "Resurgence of Sweatshops Reported in New York". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
- ^ Kugel, Seth (September 5, 1999). "Neighborhood Report: Washington Heights – Buzz; For Dominicans, Minimum Wage, Maximum Uncertainty". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
- ^ Gold, Steven J. (1994). "Soviet Jews in the United States" (PDF). American Jewish Year Book. 94. American Jewish Committee: 3–57. doi:10.2307/2547125. JSTOR 2547125. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ "The Newest New Yorkers 2000" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. 2004. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ "The Newest New Yorkers, 2013 Edition" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
- ^ Armstrong, Lindsay (November 4, 2013). "Washington Heights' Jewish Population Thriving After Lean Years". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ Oppenheim, Rivka (August 11, 2010). "Washington Heights Jews Caught In A Growth Bind". New York Jewish Week. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ Kerr, Peter (April 1, 1986). "WASHINGTON HEIGHTS: COCAINE TRADE THRIVES". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ^ Halbfinger, David M. (May 18, 1998). "In Washington Heights, Drug War Survivors Reclaim Their Stoops". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ^ Newman, Maria (June 22, 1992). "Talk in Washington Heights: Fear, Drugs, and Now Corruption". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Anderson, Susan; Dunlap, David (July 10, 1986). "NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; Answer". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Massing, Michael (October 1, 1989). "Crack's Destructive Sprint Across America". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "34th Precinct". New York City Police Department. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Terry (1990). Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring. Hachette Books. ISBN 9780306820861.
- ^ Kennedy, Dana (January 9, 1994). "Hispaniola to New York Streets: Immigrant Dreams Gone Awry". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Wolff, Craig (June 19, 1992). "U.S. is Investigating Reports of Corrupt New York Police". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Jackall, Robert (2005). Wild Cowboys: Urban Marauders & the Forces of Order. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674018389.
- ^ Dao, James (July 7, 1992). "Angered by Police Killing, a Neighborhood Erupts". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Goldman, John J. (July 8, 1992). "Dinkins Appeals for Calm After N.Y. Disturbances : Inner city: Police pour into neighborhood to quell violence. Democratic chairman predicts that tensions will ease before convention". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ^ "Heather Garden and Alpine Garden". Fort Tryon Park Trust. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "33rd Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). New York City Police Department. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "34th Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). New York City Police Department. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NYC Crime Map". New York City Police Department. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
- ^ "30th Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). New York City Police Department. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ "32nd Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). New York City Police Department. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Rohde, David (August 17, 1997). "Where Has Your Neighborhood Drug Dealer Gone?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Egan, Timothy (September 19, 1999). "Crack's Legacy: A special report; A Drug Ran Its Course, Then Hid With Its Users". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kennedy, Randy (October 9, 1994). "Neighborhood Report: Washington Heights – Police Hit Streets In a New Precinct". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Police Practices and Civil Rights in New York City – Chapter 3". United States Commission on Civil Rights. August 2000. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Gorner, Jeremy; Sweeney, Annie (September 18, 2018). "A tale of 3 cities: LA and NYC outpace Chicago in curbing violence". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Historical Timeline Listing". Fort Tryon Park Trust. October 12, 1935. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
- ^ "Body of Young Woman Is Discovered in a Park". The New York Times. May 1, 1989. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
- ^ "Body of Girl, 9, Is Found". The New York Times. March 27, 1986. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
- ^ Anderson, Susan Heller; Rimer, Sara (October 14, 1985). "New York Day by Day; Fort Tryon Park Turns 50. . ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Martin, Douglas (May 1, 1994). "A Critical Tour of the Empire: Battery Park to High Bridge . . ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Kensinger, Nathan (June 25, 2015). "As High Bridge Reopens, a Neglected Park Remains in Its Shadow". Curbed. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
- ^ Krisel, Brendan (July 15, 2019). "Work Begins On Second Phase Of $30M Highbridge Park Renovation". Washington Heights-Inwood, NY Patch. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- ^ Neuman, William (August 18, 2016). "5 Neglected New York City Parks to Get $150 Million for Upgrades". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
- ^ "Highbridge Anchor Park Reconstruction Phase I". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c State of New York City's Housing and Neighborhoods in 2015 (PDF). Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "About Us". Coogan's. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Dwyer, Jim (January 12, 2018). "To New Yorkers' Delight, Coogan's Says It Isn't Closing After All". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Mays, Jeffrey C.; Robertson, Aaron (August 7, 2018). "Fighting Over the Future of Inwood, Manhattan's Last Affordable Neighborhood". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Morris, Sebastian (December 2, 2020). "Radio Tower & Hotel Tops Out At 2420 Amsterdam Avenue In Washington Heights". New York YIMBY. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ Warerkar, Tanay (November 15, 2018). "First look at MVRDV's colorful Washington Heights mixed-use development". Curbed. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Rahmanan, Anna (July 25, 2022). "This colorful new hotel just opened in Washington Heights". Time Out New York. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
- ^ "Washington Heights gets 1st full-service boutique hotel called 'Radio Hotel'". ABC7 New York. July 25, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Beers, F. W. (1874). "Topographical atlas of the city of New York, including the annexed territory showing original water courses and made land". The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Bennett Park Highlights". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Community Health Profiles 2018: Washington Heights and Inwood" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ "New York City: A City of Neighborhoods" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "Board of Inquiry Report – Castle Village Retaining Wall Collapse" (PDF). New York City Department of Buildings. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Garb, Maggie. "If You're Thinking of Living In Hudson Heights: High Above Hudson, a Crowd of Co-ops,", The New York Times, November 8, 1998. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "The neighborhood is called Hudson Heights by local real estate brokers and advocates for the area, to distinguish it from the sprawling blocks of Washington Heights to the south and east. It is situated west of Broadway between the George Washington Bridge and Fort Tryon Park and is set on rocky cliffs above the Hudson River."
- ^ Helmreich, William B. (October 20, 2013). The New York Nobody Knows: Walking 6,000 Miles in the City. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400848317. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Home Page, Hudson Heights Owners Coalition. Retrieved April 27, 2016. "We are an association of owner occupied residential properties located in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Hudson Heights. Our boundaries are between J. Hood Wright Park (173rd Street) and Fort Tryon Park (Margaret Corbin Circle at 192nd Street), west of Broadway."
- ^ Alex Luis Castex-Porter (August 16, 2012). "Alex Luis Castex-Porter" (PDF). nyc.gov. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Calabi, Marcella; and Ritter, Elizabeth Lorris. "How Hudson Heights Got Its Name" Hudson Heights Guide, October 29, 2010, backed up by the Internet Archive as if August 18, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ Mokha, Kavita Mokha. "Hudson Heights Pumps More-for-Less Theme" Wall Street Journal (April 8, 2011). Retrieved April 13, 2011.
- ^ Jacobson, Aileen (March 28, 2018). "Hudson Heights: A Hidden Gem, Gaining Popularity". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ Hendrickson, Leslie (October 18, 2007). "Hudson Heights Climbing to the Next Level". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ Black, Led (April 6, 2018). "Op-Led: Hudson Heights Doesn't Exist". Uptown Collective. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Wu, Nancy (November 4, 2019). "Manhattan Rent Score: Every Building Ranked by Price Level". StreetEasy. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ "Highbridge Park Highlights – Fort George Playground". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ Hughes, C. J. (April 19, 2017). "Fort George, Manhattan: Nosebleed Heights and Down-to-Earth Prices". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ "Campuses". Yeshiva University. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ "Washington Terrace, Washington Heights". Forgotten NY. December 28, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
- ^ "These uptown step streets have all the cinematic drama of the 'Joker' stairs–and none of the crowds". The Curious Uptowner. April 15, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ Feiden, Douglas (July 8, 2015). "Step by Step, Rebuilding New York City's Open-Air Staircases". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ "Replacing the elevators at uptown A and 1 stations". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "New York MPS 181st Street Subway Station (IND)". Records of the National Park Service, 1785 – 2006, Series: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records, 2013 – 2017, Box: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, ID: 75313903. National Archives.
- ^ "191st Street Neighborhood Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "MTA to Replace Deepest Elevator in System at 191 St. on 1 Line". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Solis, Julia (2005). New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-415-95013-8. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ IRT Interborough Rapid Transit / the New York City Subway: Its Design and Construction. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. June 2007. ISBN 9781430325505.
- ^ "IRT Subway: Map and Profile of the IRT Subway (New York Subway Souvenir, 1904)". nycsubway.org. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ "Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood" (Excel file). Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY. May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Keogh, Elizabeth (February 22, 2020). "Thousands of protesters fill Washington Heights streets over bungled Dominican Republic elections". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Krisel, Brendan (September 7, 2018). "Upper Manhattan Designated First 'Little Dominican Republic'". Patch. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ "Highbridge Park Highlights – Quisqueya Playground". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ Suro, Roberto (1999). Strangers Among Us: Latino Lives in a Changing America. Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679744566. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Kugel, Seth (November 18, 2001). "Now Boarding, Dreams". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ Ranter, Harro (November 12, 2001). "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-605R N14053 Belle Harbor, NY". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ Boston Globe (November 18, 2001). "Plane crash changes meaning of a joyful song". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ Younge, Gary (November 10, 2006). "Flight to the death". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "Families dedicate Flight 587 memorial on 5-year anniversary". The International Herald Tribune. IHT. The Associated Press. November 12, 2006. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Dunlap, David W. (2004). From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231500722.
- ^ "Hebrew Tabernacle Marking 75th Anniversary". The New York Times. May 2, 1982. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Holyrood Episcopal Church – Iglesia Santa Cruz (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 18, 2021.
- ^ Garcia, Sandra E. (May 31, 2015). "Bringing a Little Color to a Passage at the 191st Street Station". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ehrlich, Dimitri; Ehrlich, Gregor (June 22, 2006). "Graffiti in Its Own Words". New York. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ "'Taki 183' Spawns Pen Pals" (PDF). The New York Times. July 21, 1971. p. 37.
- ^ Marsh, Julia. "Manhattan Times Profile: Sandra García Betancourt: Creating a Masterpiece". Manhattan Times, October 4, 2007, backed up by the Internet Archive as of July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ Welcome, Uptown Arts Stroll. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b United Palace (Formerly Loew's 175th Street Theater) (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 13, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "About". United Palace. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
- ^ "The Company". UP Theater Company. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ Colangelo, Lisa L. (May 11, 2014). "Broad Channel is the setting for a new play about an old problem". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ Armstrong, Lindsay (April 16, 2015). "Uptown Play Features 'Feminist Epic Journey' Through Post-Apocalyptic NYC". DNAInfo. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Isherwood, Charles. "The View From Uptown: American Dreaming to a Latin Beat", The New York Times, March 10, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "Mr. Miranda, as the owner of a corner bodega who dispenses good cheer along with café con leche by the gallon, is not just the brightly glowing star of In the Heights. He also wrote all the ebullient songs for this panoramic portrait of a New York neighborhood – Washington Heights – filled with Spanish-speaking dreamers of American dreams, nervously eyeing their futures from a city block on the cusp of change."
- ^ "DOMINICANA". Kirkus Reviews. June 17, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ "SOLEDAD". Kirkus Reviews. June 15, 2001. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ "NYC Parks Cuts the Ribbon on Restored Historic John T. Brush Stairway, Last Remnant of the Old Polo Grounds", New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, July 10, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2016. "Opened in 1890, five major New York sports teams called the Polo Grounds home – the (now) San Francisco Giants, the Yankees, the Mets, the football Giants and the Jets."
- ^ "Polo Grounds Towers" (PDF). New York City Housing Authority. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ "History of New York City: Polo Grounds". History of New York City. November 14, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Thornley, Stew. "Polo Grounds (New York)". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Withers, Tom (March 29, 2007). "Indians uncover lost Chapman plaque". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ^ Dillon, Edward; Patterson, Neal (July 8, 1950). "Fatal Ball Park Shot Confessed by Boy, 14". New York Daily News. p. 3. Retrieved August 22, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mystery Bullet Kills Baseball Fan In Midst of Crowd at Polo Grounds". The New York Times. July 5, 1950. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ^ Landlord to the New York Yankees Archived November 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New York Institute for Special Education. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Reisler, Jim. "A Beating in the Stands, Followed by One on the Field", The New York Times, April 28, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Hogan, Lawrence. "Hilltop Park was Home to Great Pitching Feats" Archived August 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The National Pastime Museum, October 29, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2016. "In September of 1908, in one of his most brilliant accomplishments, 20-year-old Washington ace Walter Johnson shut out the New York Highlanders in three consecutive games."
- ^ About Us, Columbia University Medical Center. Retrieved April 27, 2016. "In 1928, Columbia University created the country's first academic medical center (CUMC) at its current location in Washington Heights in an alliance with Presbyterian Hospital.... CUMC was built in the 1920s on the former site of Hilltop Park, the one-time home stadium of the New York Yankees."
- ^ Kugel, Seth (January 29, 2004). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: WASHINGTON HEIGHTS; Better Hide That Red Sox Cap Now That A-Rod Is Back in Town". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
- ^ Wancho, Joseph. "Rod Carew". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ Robinson, Ray (July 3, 2005). "Gehrig Remains a Presence in His Former Neighborhood". The New York Times.
- ^ "P.S. 132 Historical Perspective". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
- ^ Baxter, Kevin. "Dodgers' Manny Ramirez always has home-field advantage here; The Dodgers' star is still beloved in New York's Washington Heights, the neighborhood where he grew up, and where today's residents forgive him his trespasses.", Los Angeles Times, July 7, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016. "This, after all, is where Alex Rodriguez was born, where Vin Scully grew up, where Rod Carew lived and where Lou Gehrig went to school. Three of those four are in the Hall of Fame. And Rodriguez could be, too, one day."
- ^ Sandomir, Richard. "Daffy Days of Brooklyn Return for Vin Scully"
- ^ About, The Armory Foundation. Retrieved April 27, 2016
- ^ Coffey, Wayne. "Millrose Games, after almost 100 years at Madison Square Garden, will be held at The Armory in 2012", New York Daily News, May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2016. "After nearly a 100-year run at Madison Square Garden, the Millrose Games will be contested next year at The Armory on 168th St., according to a source close to the Armory Foundation Board of Directors."
- ^ Walters, Jheanel. "500 students expected to take part in second Uptown Games at New Balance Track & Field Center at the Armory", New York Daily News, March 21, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ "Uptown Games". The Armory Foundation. June 6, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "National Track & Field Hall of Fame". ny.milesplit.us. MileSplit US. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ "Charles Rangel Technology & Learning Center". Armory Track. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Grooving in the Heights". New York Road Runners. March 5, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Feeney, Michael J. (February 28, 2014). "Annual Washington Heights 5K race goes on without Coogan's and picks up a new name". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Northern Manhattan Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Gray, Christopher (January 9, 2009). "Flickering Views of an Earlier Era". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Fort Washington Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Grimm, E.; Schroeder, E.P. (2007). Riverside Park: The Splendid Sliver. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51219-0.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Fort Washington Park Highlights". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ The Little Red Lighthouse, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ "Little Red Lighthouse". Historic House Trust. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ "Little Red Lighthouse Festival". Riverside Park Conservancy. March 3, 2019. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Fort Tryon Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ "John D., Jr., Offers City A River Park: Tenders Billings, Sheafer and Hay Properties, Worth $2,000,000 Asks New York to Buy Adjoining Property Natural Gateway to Palisades Would Be Formed; Mayor Urges Acceptance". New-York Tribune. June 16, 1917. p. 14. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Nomination Form – Fort Tryon Park and the Cloisters (PDF). National Register of Historic Places. October 12, 1978. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Torrey, Raymond H. (May 1936). "Fort Tryon Park". Scenic and Historic America. New York: American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ Rorimer, James J. (1942). "The Unicorn Tapestries Were Made for Anne of Brittany". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 1 (1). Metropolitan Museum of Art: 7–20. doi:10.2307/3257087. JSTOR 3257087. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ "The Medieval Festival at Fort Tryon Park". Washington Heights and Inwood Development Corporation. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Speers, Landon; Leland, John (October 5, 2018). "Taking the A Train to the Middle Ages". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
- ^ Krisel, Brendan (August 16, 2018). "Medieval Festival Will Draw Tens of Thousands Uptown". Patch. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ "Medieval Festival Program (2019)" (PDF). Washington Heights and Inwood Development Corporation. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Highbridge Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Highbridge Play Center (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 14, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Williams, Timothy (February 19, 2008). "A Stairway to Sports History From the Polo Grounds". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Martens, Victoria (August 1, 2019). "Fort George Amusement Park". Museum of the City of New York. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ Chung, Jen (May 15, 2007). "Highbridge Trails, NYC's First Mountain Bike Trail". Gothamist. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ "First Mountain Bike Trail In NYC Opens At Highbridge Park". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. May 24, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b High Bridge Water Tower (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 12, 1967. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ High Bridge, Aqueduct and Pedestrian Walk (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 10, 1970. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "History of the High Bridge: NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ J. Hood Wright Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ Dunlap, David W. (October 4, 1998). "A Medical Center Works on Its Health". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ "Amelia Gorman Park Highlights". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ "Amelia Gorman Park Retaining Wall Reconstruction". New York City Dept. of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
- ^ McKenna Square, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Boland Jr., Ed. "F.Y.I.", The New York Times, December 8, 2002. Retrieved November 16, 2017. "On April 30, 1903, Hilltop Park opened in what is now Washington Heights on a hill over looking the Hudson River. It stretched from 165th Street to 168th Street between Broadway and Fort Washington Avenue.... Hilltop Park was demolished in 1914, and Columbia Presbyterian was built on the site in the 1920s."
- ^ "What We Do". The Armory Foundation. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Audubon Terrace Historic District Designation Report (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 1979. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "National Register of Historic Places – NEW YORK (NY), New York County". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ "Audubon Terrace". Hispanic Society of America. December 4, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (May 17, 1987). "Streetscapes: Audubon Terrace; Attrition Taking Its Toll At a Cultural Complex". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Flad, Harvey K. (October 2004). "Audubon Terrace, the American Geographical Society, and the Sense of Place". Geographical Review. 94 (4). Taylor & Francis: 519–529. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2004.tb00186.x. JSTOR 30034294. S2CID 159698938. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "History of the Collections". National Museum of the American Indian. Smithsonian. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "History of the American Numismatic Society". American Numismatic Society. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Greenwood, Richard (August 11, 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Morris-Jumel Mansion". National Park Service. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "Roger Morris Park Highlights". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "About New York; Belief in Ghost Haunts a Historic Mansion". The New York Times. October 31, 1981. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ Laskow, Sarah (July 30, 2018). "The Haunting of a Heights House". Lapham's Quarterly. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "Paranormal Investigations". www.morrisjumel.org. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "Is New York City's oldest mansion haunted?". Today Show. October 30, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ Mead, Rebecca (February 2, 2015). "All About the Hamiltons". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "Welcome". www.morrisjumel.org. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "New York: Paul Robeson Home". National Park Service. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Wolfe Scheffler, Robin (September 8, 2020). "Biotechnology, Race, And Memory In Washington Heights". Gotham Center for New York City History. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Audubon Ballroom". New York Preservation Archive Project. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ Kihss, Peter (February 22, 1965). "Malcolm X Shot to Death at Rally Here". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
- ^ Alanen, Arnold R.; Melnick, Robert (2000). Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801862632.
- ^ "About the Shabazz Center". Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
- ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (July 30, 2009). "Reverend Ike, Who Preached Riches, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
- ^ Diamond, Bruce (May 11, 2012). "United Palace Cathedral may see new life as community arts center". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
- ^ Saltonstall, Gus (March 8, 2022). "Dominican Historic District Proposed For Washington Heights". Washington Heights-Inwood, NY Patch. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
- ^ Kahn, Rachel (September 17, 2024). "Dominican Historic District Designation Divides Washington Heights". THE CITY - NYC News. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
- ^ Hicks, Jonathan P. (August 25, 2005). "Don't Look Back. A Phantom May Be Gaining". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ Barrett, Wayne (August 12, 2003). "Ferrer's Campaign Scandal". The Village Voice. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "About Us – Manhattan Times News". Manhattan Times. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Miranda, Luís A.; Ramírez, Roberto (April 29, 2020). "Half a Million Deaths in the USA / Medio Millón de Muertes en Estados Unidos" (PDF). Manhattan Times. Vol. 22, no. 9. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ "Find Your Precinct and Sector – NYPD". New York City Police Department. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ "33rd Precinct". New York City Police Department. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ "FDNY Firehouse Listing – Location of Firehouses and companies". NYC Open Data; Socrata. New York City Fire Department. September 10, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ "Engine Company 67". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Fire Engine Company No. 67 (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 27, 2001. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ "Engine Company 84/Ladder Company 34". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Fire Engine Company No. 84 and Hook & Ladder Company No. 34 (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 17, 1997. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
- ^ "Engine Company 93/Ladder Company 45/Battalion 13". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ "FDNY EMS Station 13 – New York, New York". Facebook. New York City Fire Department. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ "Mortality in the United States, 2018". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 2020.
- ^ Tanne, Janice Hopkins. Washington to New York: Drop Dead, New York (magazine), July 18, 1994. Retrieved November 16, 2017. "1928: Columbia-Presbyterian opens its doors as the nation's first academic medical center."
- ^ Jump up to: a b "The Hospitals: Overview". Columbia University Department of Surgery. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Columbia University Irving Medical Center". Columbia University. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Manhattan Hospital Listings". New York Hospitals. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ "Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y." U.S. News & World Report. July 26, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. House Election Results 2018". The New York Times. January 28, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
- ^ Senate District 31, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
- ^ 2012 Senate District Maps: New York City, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
- ^ "NY Senate District 31". New York State Senate. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
- ^ Assembly District 71, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
- ^ Assembly District 72, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
- ^ 2012 Assembly District Maps: New York City, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
- ^ "New York State Assembly Member Directory". Assembly Member Directory. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ NYC Districting Commission: NYC Council Districts, Final Plan: Manhattan (as of October 6, 2022). Retrieved March 18, 2023.
- ^ "District 7 – New York City Council". New York City Council. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ "District 10 – New York City Council". New York City Council. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ "Washington Heights, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY)". United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA). Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
- ^ "Location Details: Audubon". United States Postal Service. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "Location Details: Fort George". United States Postal Service. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "Location Details: Fort Washington". United States Postal Service. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "Location Details: Washington Bridge". United States Postal Service. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "2016–2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
- ^ "School Districts". NYC Open Data; Socrata. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NYC Geog Dist #6 – Manhattan Enrollment (2018–19)". New York State Department of Education. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "2019-graduation_rates_public_citywide.xlsx". New York City Department of Education. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "NYC Geog Dist #6 – Manhattan Graduation Rate Data 4 Year Outcome As of August 2019". New York State Department of Education. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "English Language Learners Glossary". New York State Department of Education. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "NYC Geog Dist #6 – English Language Learners Enrollment (2018–2019)". New York State Department of Education. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "InsideSchools: District 6". InsideSchools. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ Etherington, Cait (April 27, 2016). "Stuff You Should Know: How NYC School Zones and Districts Work". 6sqft. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ "P.S. 028 Wright Brothers". New York City Department of Education. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 189". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 048 P.O. Michael J. Buczek". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 128 Audubon". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 173". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 004 Duke Ellington". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 008 Luis Belliard". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 115 Alexander Humboldt". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 152 Dyckman Valley". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "Dos Puentes Elementary School". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 132 Juan Pablo Duarte". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "P.S./I.S. 187 Hudson Cliffs". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Castle Bridge School". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Professor Juan Bosch Public School". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 143 Eleanor Roosevelt". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "M.S. 319 Maria Teresa". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Middle School 322". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "P.S. 324 Patria Mirabal". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Harbor Heights". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "Community Math & Science Prep". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "I.S. 528 Bea Fuller Rodgers". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "City College Academy of the Arts". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "Community Health Academy of the Heights". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "George Washington Educational Complex – District 6". InsideSchools. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "The College Academy". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "High School for Media and Communications". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "High School for Law and Public Service". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "High School for Health Careers and Sciences". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Gregorio Luperon High School for Science and Mathematics – District 6". InsideSchools. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Gregorio Luperon High School for Science and Mathematics". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ Adams, Caralee J. (June 1, 2012). "For Many Latino Students, College Seems Out of Reach – Education Week". Education Week. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "Washington Heights Expeditionary Learning School". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "WHIN Music Community". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Success Academy Charter School – Washington Heights – New York 1". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "KIPP Washington Heights Middle School". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "School in the Square Public Charter School". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Incarnation School – New York, NY". Incarnation School. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "St. Elizabeth School – Washington Heights, NY". St. Elizabeth School. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch". Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Our Mission – Yeshiva University High School for Young Boys". Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Visiting Us". Yeshiva University. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Contact Us". Boricua College. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Wilf Campus Map" (PDF). Yeshiva University. 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "Mission and History". Yeshiva University. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "Building Bust – The Unbuilt Synagogues of the Great Depression". Tablet Magazine. August 20, 2009.
- ^ "Wilf Campus". Yeshiva University. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "History and Aims". Boricua College. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center". New York–Presbyterian Hospital. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "CUNY in the Heights". Borough of Manhattan Community College. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "CUNY Citizenship Now! – CUNY Xpress Immigration Center – National Immigration Legal Services Directory". Immigration Advocates Network. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Contact – Citizenship Now!". City University of New York. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "About the Fort Washington Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
- ^ "About the Washington Heights Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
- ^ Lydenberg, Harry Miller (1923). History of the New York Public Library: Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. The New York Public Library. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
- ^ "George Washington Bridge". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ Rastorfer, Darl (2000). "Chapter 2: The George Washington Bridge". Six bridges: the legacy of Othmar H. Ammann. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08047-6. OCLC 41977224.
- ^ Fernandez, Manny (October 5, 2008). "Change and Outrage at the Bus Station That Time Forgot". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
- ^ "George Washington Bridge Bus Station". Gothamist. October 16, 2008. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
- ^ "George Washington Bridge Bus Station". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
- ^ Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (August 25, 1986). "NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; Big Name And Short Road". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ "1940s NYC – Street photos of every building in NYC in 1939/1940". New York Public Library, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "To Raze 20 Flats in Path of Bridge; Wreckers Soon to Clear Three Washington Heights Blocks for Approach. 2 Churches Also Doomed Half of 3,000 Tenants Ousted for Hudson River Span Stay in the Vicinity, Realty Men Report". The New York Times. October 27, 1929. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (April 23, 1959). "Relocation Is Almost Completed Near George Washington Bridge". The New York Times. p. 33. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
- ^ Cuomo, Andrew (July 28, 2014). "Governor Cuomo Announces Completion of Alexander Hamilton Bridge Rehabilitation". New York State. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ "Washington Bridge" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 14, 1982. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ "The High Bridge". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ Pierce, Morris A. "New York City Waterworks". Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (April 25, 2013). "Streetscapes: The High Bridge – Beauty on the Comeback Trail". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ List of State Routes in New York County (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. 2003. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ "HARLEM SPEEDWAY OPENED; Pronounced by Horsemen to be the Finest Driveway for Light Speeding in the Country. YESTERDAY THE FIRST DAY The Number Present at the Opening Hour Not Large, but Later in the Day Many Wrote Arrived – Interesting Facts". The New York Times. July 3, 1898. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (July 13, 1997). "A Roadway Built for the Elite to Trot Out Their Rigs". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
- ^ "NYCEDC and NYC Parks Release Public Proposal to Design Two New Waterfront Parks Along Harlem River". New York City Economic Development Corporation. February 11, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Map" (PDF). New York City. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ "Henry Hudson Parkway". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ "Empire Service Train". Amtrak. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
- ^ "Accessible Stations Highlighted Map". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ "2 IND ELEVATORS OPEN TO FREE USE; Washington Heights Alpinists Take Heart – Subway Lifts Are Free". The New York Times. September 6, 1957. p. 19. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Kurtz, Josh (August 12, 1991). "Washington Heights Journal; A Subway Passageway Just for the Courageous". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
- ^ Walsh, Kevin (February 14, 2005). "Subway Entrance Stylings". Forgotten NY. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Young, Michelle (June 26, 2013). "The Deepest and Highest Subway Stations in NYC: 191st St, 190th Street, Smith & 9th". untappedcities.com. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ "190th St. Station Held Bomb-Proof". The New York Times. December 16, 1951. p. 65. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
- ^ "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ "Bronx Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ Nelson, Amy K. "Alvarez following in some famous footsteps", ESPN.com, June 3, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2008. "In just a few days, Montas and the entire Washington Heights community anticipate that their native son, Pedro Alvarez, a star third baseman for Vanderbilt University, will be the highest player ever drafted from the upper Manhattan neighborhood of New York City."
- ^ Mickle, Tripp. "At George Washington High School, Beisbol is a Hit" Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, New Media Workshop at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Retrieved May 21, 2007. "Since the mid-1980s, the school has produced two World Series winners in the Major Leagues: Manny Ramírez of the Boston Red Sox and former Florida Marlins shortstop Alex Arias."
- ^ "George Grey Barnard Papers : Historical Note", Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved April 16. 2020. "1894–1895: Moves to Washington Heights, New York; produces many pieces for patrons."
- ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis. "Belafonte's Balancing Act", The New Yorker, August 26, 1996. Retrieved July 20, 2016. "In 1953, enjoying his first real taste of affluence, Belafonte moved from Washington Heights into a white neighborhood in Elmhurst, Queens."
- ^ Iovine, Julie V. "Ward Bennett, 85, Dies; Designed With American Style", The New York Times, August 16, 200. Retrieved April 16, 2020. "Mr. Bennett was born on Nov. 17, 1917, in Washington Heights in upper Manhattan."
- ^ Rivera, Marly. "For Betances, repping the Yankees is an American dream", ESPN, April 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2020. "Yankees setup man Dellin Betances was born in New York, but he says his parents' Dominican heritage has always been a huge part of his identity – particularly growing up in Washington Heights, a majority-Latino neighborhood of the city."
- ^ Soloski, Alexis. "For This Playwright, Africa With Laughter, Not Tears", The New York Times, November 1, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2020. "Ms. Bioh, 34, grew up in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, the youngest of three siblings in a tight-knit, tough-love family that often lived hand-to-mouth."
- ^ Levy, Ariel. "The Devil & Saint Ann's", New York, April 30, 2004. Retrieved April 16, 2020. "Stanley is Jewish himself, raised in Washington Heights, by parents he calls 'the greatest bumblers in the world.'"
- ^ Diane Arbus 1923–1971 'Waitress, Nudist Camp, N. J.' Archived May 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Sotheby's. Retrieved April 16, 2020. "In her later years, Brown lived in Washington Heights, New York City, and was the focus of German director Rosa von Praunheim's award-winning documentary, Tally Brown, N. Y. (1979)."
- ^ "Robert John Burke", The New York Times, backed up by the Internet Archive as of March 7, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2020. "Birthplace: Washington Heights, New York, USA"
- ^ Edwards, Anne (August 18, 2001). Maria Callas: An Intimate Biography. ISBN 9780312269869.
- ^ Haskell, Rob. "Cardi B: Unfiltered, Unapologetic, Unbowed", Vogue (magazine), December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019. "It's the middle of an early-autumn afternoon, and Cardi is stretched out on the green modular sofa in the living room of her grandmother's apartment in Washington Heights.... Cardi was born at NewYork-Presbyterian, not far from this walkup whose hallways are saturated with the warm smells of Dominican cooking."
- ^ Author / Illustrator Archived April 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Jerry Craft. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ^ "This Week In Baseball History – Week ending 10/5"[permanent dead link], Sporting News, October 8, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2008. "In 1958, the Carew family migrated to America and settled in the Washington Heights section of New York City."
- ^ Monell, Ray. "Nelson A. Denis' book War Against All Puerto Ricans is escalating", New York Daily News, June 11, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2019. "'It's been psychologically and intellectually stimulating, because it's been interesting to see some of these changes after I talk to people and after they read the book. It's an interesting process,' says Denis, an ex-New York assemblyman from Washington Heights of Puerto Rican and Cuban heritage."
- ^ Roberts, Sam. "Morton Deutsch, Expert on Conflict Resolution, Dies at 97", The New York Times, March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017. "Raised in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan, he read Freud and Marx when he was 10, graduated from Townsend Harris Hall and entered City College when he was 15 planning to become a psychiatrist."
- ^ Armstrong, Lindsay. "Proposal To Rename Street for David Dinkins Dropped by Councilman" Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, DNAinfo.com, August 10, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "WASHINGTON HEIGHTS – A proposal to rename an Uptown street in honor of David Dinkins has been dropped, after a politician supporting the plan said the former mayor's family was not on board with the idea."
- ^ Times Topics: People – Jim Dwyer, The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2007. "Born and raised in the city, Jim is the son of Irish immigrants. For the last 30 years, he has lived in Washington Heights with his family."
- ^ Staff. "Hudson Heights delivers", New York Daily News, March 7, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008. "Hudson Heights continues to deliver on big space, river views and affordable apartments. And celebrities. Actor Laurence Fishburne lives in historic Castle Village overlooking the Hudson."
- ^ Weiss, Dick. "Flores, from Dominican Republic, takes unusual journey."[dead link], New York Daily News, March 20, 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2007. "Luis Flores never figured his future would be in basketball when he was growing up in San Pedro de Marcos, a Dominican Republic hotbed for major league baseball prospects.... But all that changed when his parents sent him from that sun-drenched Caribbean island to live with his grandparents Basilio and Juanita Flores in Washington Heights when he was just 8 years old. "
- ^ Chang, Kenneth. "Abel Prize in Mathematics Shared by 2 Trailblazers of Probability and Dynamics Hillel Furstenberg, 84, and Gregory Margulis, 74, both retired professors, share the mathematics equivalent of a Nobel Prize.", The New York Times, March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020. "Dr. Furstenberg was born in Berlin in 1935. His family, which was Jewish, was able to leave Germany just before the start of World War II and made its way to the United States, settling in New York City in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan."
- ^ Robinson, Ray. "Gehrig Remains a Presence in His Former Neighborhood", The New York Times, July 3, 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2016. "By World War I, the Gehrig family had moved to Washington Heights. It was there that Gehrig was taunted as 'a dirty Hun,' a result of the anti-German sentiment in the country."
- ^ "Bruce Hooton 1965 Interview of Elias Goldberg at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art".
- ^ Lamparski, Richard. "Whatever Happened to Leo Gorcey?", Detroit Free Press, April 27, 1969. Retrieved January 18, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "The leader of the Dead End Kids, East Side Kids and Bowery Boys was born in New York City in 1917. Leo Gorcey came by the accent that was to make him over a million dollars quite naturally during his boyhood in the Washington Heights section of New York City."
- ^ Martin, Justin. "Greenspan: The Man Behind the Money", Perseus Publishing. Retrieved June 7, 2007. "A few years prior to the great stock market crash of 1929, Alan Greenspan's parents moved into an apartment in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan."
- ^ "Hispanic Heritage Month: Washington Heights – CBS New York". CBS New York. September 14, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
- ^ Jacon K. Javits Playground. Retrieved December 27, 2006. "Jacob Javits was born on the Lower East Side to Russian Jewish parents. He lived variously in Brooklyn and Manhattan, including this neighborhood, on West 192nd Street, when he was 15."
- ^ Cold War Files: Henry Kissinger Archived July 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 27, 2006. "He spent his high-school years in the Washington Heights section of upper Manhattan but never lost his pronounced German accent. Kissinger attended George Washington High School at night and worked in a shaving-brush factory during the day."
- ^ Kaplan, Thomas. "Paul Kolton, Who Led the American Stock Exchange, Dies at 87", The New York Times, October 29, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "Mr. Kolton was born Paul Komisaruk on June 1, 1923, in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan."
- ^ Morse, Stephen S. "Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008)", Science (magazine), March 7, 2008, vol 319, p. 1351.
- ^ Broad, William J. "Joshua Lederberg, 82, a Nobel Winner, Dies", The New York Times, February 5, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "Dr. Lederberg was born May 23, 1925, in Montclair, N.J., to Zvi Hirsch Lederberg, a rabbi, and the former Esther Goldenbaum, who had emigrated from what is now Israel two years earlier. His family moved to the Washington Heights section of Manhattan when he was 6 months old."
- ^ Sinclair, Tom. "Still a Marvel! Meet Stan Lee: The mind behind Spider-Man and Hulk. EW talks with the legend who rewrote the book on comics in the '60s, and planted seeds for today's biggest summer movies", Entertainment Weekly, June 20, 2003. Retrieved June 7, 2007. "To fully understand how Lee, a poor Jewish kid from New York's Washington Heights, came to be the Munificent Monarch of the Mighty Marvel Universe, we must journey back through the mists of time, all the way to the first quarter of the last century, to reveal...the Origin of Stan Lee!"
- ^ MacGregor, Jeff (January 2018). "Teen Idol Frankie Lymon's Tragic Rise and Fall Tells the Truth About 1950s America". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
- ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (November 19, 1992). "Here's Who First Asked Rock's Big Question". The New York Times.
- ^ MacGregor, Jeff. "Meet Lin-Manuel Miranda, the Genius Behind "Hamilton," Broadway's Newest Hit".
- ^ Dewan, Shaila K. "New Princes Of The Church: The Washington Prelate; Global View Of a Pastor For the Poor", The New York Times, January 22, 2001. Retrieved April 25, 2016. "Archbishop McCarrick grew up in Washington Heights, in Manhattan."
- ^ Swalec, Andrea. "Washington Heights Computer Science Expert Dies" Archived June 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, DNAinfo.com New York, August 1, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2016. "Computer science expert, City College professor and Washington Heights resident Daniel McCracken died Saturday of cancer, his wife, Helen Blumenthal, said in a statement Monday."
- ^ Staff. "Festival Brings Month of Performances Uptown", Columbia University New York Stories, June 13, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2016. "During this year's stroll, artist Knox Martin will be honored. Martin, born in Barranquilla, Colombia, has been a resident of Washington Heights for more than 75 years."
- ^ Sanneh, Kelefa. "In Search of New York at a Hip-Hop Summit", The New York Times, June 5, 2007.Retrieved June 7, 2007. "Sometime around 6:30 the Washington Heights-raised rapper Mims ? better known as the 'This Is Why I'm Hot? guy' hit the stage to tell the crowd why he is hot. (It's related somehow to his flyness.)"
- ^ Andy Mineo, Reach Records. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "A Syracuse native, Mineo is now more known as the kid from Washington Heights, New York City who is selling out major performance venues all over America and across the pond in Europe."
- ^ Feeney, Michael J. "Washington Heights singer Karina Pasian set to perform love song to city for 9/11 anniversary", New York Daily News, September 9, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ Goldstein, Patrick (September 24, 2009). "Worth all the effort". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
When he was 11, his family moved to Manhattan's Washington Heights neighborhood, where he still makes his home.
- ^ Herzog, Kenny. "Don't Call Me a Jobber: Former Stallion Jim Powers Remains Forever Young; Meet another of pro wrestling's preeminent "enhancement talents", a man who rode with Paul Roma (and was almost managed by Mr. T)", Rolling Stone (magazine), February 4, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2017. "James Manley, a.k.a. former WWE/WCW mainstay Jim Powers, is the first to admit that when he makes plans, they usually don't happen.... Manley was born in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in 1958, and was raised there by his aunt, uncle and grandmother.'"
- ^ Biography of Freddie Prinze Archived August 15, 2002, at the Wayback Machine, Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
- ^ "Head of Production – Manny Ramírez, baseball player for the Red Sox – Statistical Data Included", Baseball Digest, August 2001 by Gordon Edes. "For a Dominican kid who grew up in the non-trendy side of Manhattan—that upper end of the island known as Washington Heights—Manny Ramírez tends to have his name dropped in the same sentence as the game's biggest stars, past and present, and isn't out of place in their company."
- ^ Rankin website bio Archived December 4, 2000, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved August 4, 2011. "Growing up in the multicultural hotbed of New York's Washington Heights neighborhood, he absorbed a broad array of musical influences, from AfroCuban to Top 40 to Jazz to Brazilian."
- ^ "Alex Rodriguez: he arrived in New York to cries of both 'Hallelujah!' and 'Is he worth it?' but after his bumpy, bruised beginnings in the Bronx, baseball's heavy-hitting superstar has hit his stride", Interview (magazine), July 2004. "The kid who was born in Washington Heights, New York City, and grew up in Miami had no doubts about handling the pressure in a town where movie stars are second-class citizens to top-tier ballplayers."
- ^ Russell, James R. "Notes of a Rebel Professor", Middle East Forum, March 22, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2020. "Among the 'little Eichmanns' working at the WTC when "the chickens came home to roost" were men and women from my old neighborhood, Washington Heights: Dominican immigrants who worked as janitors, as cooks at Windows on the World."
- ^ Renata-Christine. "" Archived December 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Medium (website), August 16, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019. "26-year-old Merlin Santana was born and raised in Washington Heights in which is located on the upper west side of New York City. The neighborhood in which he resided as a child was poverty-stricken and overrun with crime."
- ^ Sandomir, Richard. "Daffy Days of Brooklyn Return for Vin Scully", The New York Times, October 5, 2006. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "Scully's lyrical voice has belonged to Los Angeles for so long that only older fans can recall Scully's time with the Dodgers in Brooklyn from 1950 to 1957 after growing up in the Bronx and in Washington Heights. His last known address in New York was 869 West 180th Street; he took the subway to Ebbets Field during his first Dodgers season."
- ^ "Georgetown Basketball History Project". www.hoyabasketball.com.
- ^ Cooper, Michael. "Scott Stringer Wins a Crowded Primary and a Likely Election as Borough President", The New York Times, September 14, 2005. Retrieved January 29, 2020. "Mr. Stringer pledged last night to make the office meaningful, and to give Manhattan residents a bigger say in the planning of their borough. 'I'm going to work in every neighborhood, from Lower Manhattan to Harlem to Washington Heights, where I grew up,' he said in a telephone interview as he prepared to make a victory speech."
- ^ Grimes, William. "", The New York Times, April 27, 2010. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Mr. Swift was born on Jan. 16, 1924, in Washington Heights and grew up in Brooklyn."
- ^ Boland Jr., Ed. "F.Y.I.", The New York Times, June 15, 2003. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "An article about TAKI 183, which appeared in The New York Times on July 21, 1971, revealed that he was a 17-year-old who lived on 183rd Street in Washington Heights."
- ^ Grimes, William. "Tiny Tim, Singer, Dies at 64; Flirted, Chastely, With Fame", The New York Times, December 2, 1996. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "Tiny Tim, whose real name was Herbert Khaury, was born in New York City and grew up in Washington Heights."
- ^ Trescott, Jacqueline (August 26, 1977). "From 'Singalong' to 'Roots,' Leslie Uggams Has Arrived". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
- ^ Grimes, William. "George Weinberg Dies at 87; Coined 'Homophobia' After Seeing Fear of Gays", The New York Times, March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017. "George Henry Weinberg was born on May 17, 1929, in Manhattan, where he grew up in Washington Heights."
- ^ Dr. Ruth: The Private Parts. Retrieved December 27, 2006. "Dr. Ruth and her husband, Fred Westheimer, still reside in the same three-bedroom apartment in Washington Heights where they raised their two children."
- ^ Kahn, Ashley. "Jerry Wexler: The Man Who Invented Rhythm & Blues: Aretha Franklin producer, Atlantic Records co-chief and music business pioneer dies at age 91", Rolling Stone, August 15, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2008. "He was born Gerald Wexler in 1917 to a working class family, and grew up during the Depression in the upper Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights."
- ^ A Brief Biography of Guy Williams Archived March 11, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Guy Williams Webshrine. Retrieved April 30, 2016. "Guy was born Armando Catalano to Italian immigrant parents on 14 January 1924 in the Bronx, New York, USA. He grew up in the Washington Heights area of Manhattan."
- ^ An Evening with Screenwriter/Novelist Rafael Yglesias Archived May 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Emerson College. Retrieved April 30, 2016. "Rafael Yglesias is an American novelist and screenwriter. He was born (May 12, 1954) and raised in Manhattan's Washington Heights neighborhood."
- ^ Vanasco, Jennifer (July 23, 2019). "The Film 'In the Heights' is Shooting ... in (Washington) Heights". WNYC. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ Pichardo, Carolina (November 4, 2015). "James Franco's HBO Series 'The Deuce' Films in Washington Heights". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ Rivera, Zayda. "Manny Perez takes on new type of role as gay cop in Love is Strange", New York Daily News, August 14, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2020. "But Perez has made a name for himself in the indie Latino market, starring in such films as the Hector Lavoe biopic El Cantante and 2002's Washington Heights, in which he plays a frustrated artist trying to get out of the Upper Manhattan neighborhood with a large Dominican population."
- ^ Armstrong, Lindsay. "'Mad Hot Ballroom' Screening in Uptown Park for Film's 10th Anniversary" Archived November 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine DNAinfo.com, August 18, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2020. "The award-winning film follows a group of fifth-graders from three different public schools, including P.S. 115 in Washington Heights, as they learn to ballroom dance and compete in a citywide competition."
- ^ "Heights – MTV – Watch on CBS All Access". CBS. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ Lawless, Wendy. Heart of Glass: A Memoir, p. 98. Simon & Schuster, 2016. ISBN 9781476749846. Retrieved April 25, 2016. "A few days later, I read for the producers of Ryan's Hope, an ABC daytime show about a large Catholic, Irish American family who run a bar and live in Washington Heights."
- ^ Zanzoni, Carla. "Angelina Jolie's Film 'Salt' Also Stars Washington Heights" Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, DNAinfo.com, July 23, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2016. "Washington Heights – The neighborhood is now officially a Hollywood star. In anticipation of the opening of Angelina Jolie's spy flick "Salt" on Friday, Sony Pictures released outtakes of the superstar scaling the wall of the 12-story Riviera, a 1910 Beaux-Arts style co-op on 157th Street and Riverside."
- ^ Scott, A. O. (October 23, 2008). "A Band of Loyal Brothers, Not All of Them Honorable". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (November 17, 1993). "Review/Film: The Saint of Fort Washington; Homeless, Helpless and Holy, in One Kind of Hell". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ Carter, Michael. "The Cloisters in Popular Culture: 'Time in This Place Does Not Obey an Order'", Metropolitan Museum of Art, July 22, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2016. "At the film's end, however, Coogan returns to the Museum, where the fugitive has (inexplicably) managed to find a safe hideout. The movie's climax consists of a prolonged motorcycle chase through the Heather Garden in Fort Tryon Park."
- ^ Story Notes for The Brave One, AMC. Retrieved April 14, 2020. "Some scenes in The Brave One were filmed on Ellwood Avenue in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan."
- ^ Inoa, Christopher (March 28, 2014). ""Ahoy Sexy!": NYC Film Locations for Noah Baumbach's Frances Ha – Untapped New York". untappedcities.com. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
The film ends with Francis moving into a new apartment, located on 97 Audubon Avenue in Washington Heights.
Further reading
- Bolton, Reginald Pelham (1924). Washington Heights, Manhattan: Its Eventful Past. Dyckman Institute.
- Duany, Jorge (2008). Quisqueya on the Hudson: The Transnational Identity of Dominicans in Washington Heights (2nd ed.). CUNY Dominican Studies Institute.
- Katznelson, Ira (1981). City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780307833402.
- Lowenstein, Steven M. (1989). Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German-Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933-1983, Its Structure and Culture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814323854.
- Renner, James (2007). Images of America: Washington Heights, Inwood, and Marble Hill. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738554785.
- Snyder, Robert W. (2015). Crossing Broadway: Washington Heights and the Promise of New York City. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801449611.
External links
[edit]
- Washington Heights & Inwood - The Official Guide to New York City
- Manhattan Community District 12 Profile
- Manhattan Times News