Артикль (грамматика)
В грамматике артикль — это любой член класса выделенных слов, которые используются с именными фразами для обозначения идентифицируемости референтов именной фразы. Категория артиклей составляет часть речи .
В английском языке и «the», и «a(n)» являются артиклями, которые в сочетании с существительными образуют именные группы. Артикли обычно определяют грамматическую определенность именной группы, но во многих языках они несут дополнительную грамматическую информацию, такую как род , число и падеж . Артикли являются частью более широкой категории, называемой определителями , которая также включает указательные , притяжательные определители и кванторы . В лингвистическом подстрочном глоссировании статьи сокращаются как ART .
Типы статей
[ редактировать ]Определенный артикль
[ редактировать ]Определенный артикль – это артикль, обозначающий определенную именную группу . Определенные артикли, такие как английский the , используются для обозначения конкретного члена группы. Это может быть что-то, о чем уже упомянул говорящий, или что-то однозначно определенное.
For example, Sentence 1 uses the definite article and thus, expresses a request for a particular book. In contrast, Sentence 2 uses an indefinite article and thus, conveys that the speaker would be satisfied with any book.
- Give me the book.
- Give me a book.
The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes:
- The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus.
However, recent developments show that definite articles are morphological elements linked to certain noun types due to lexicalization. Under this point of view, definiteness does not play a role in the selection of a definite article more than the lexical entry attached to the article.[clarification needed][1][2]
Some languages (such as the continental North Germanic languages, Bulgarian or Romanian) have definite articles only as suffixes.
Indefinite article
[edit]An indefinite article is an article that marks an indefinite noun phrase. Indefinite articles are those such as English "a" or "an", which do not refer to a specific identifiable entity. Indefinites are commonly used to introduce a new discourse referent which can be referred back to in subsequent discussion:
- A monster ate a cookie. His name is Cookie Monster.
Indefinites can also be used to generalize over entities who have some property in common:
- A cookie is a wonderful thing to eat.
Indefinites can also be used to refer to specific entities whose precise identity is unknown or unimportant.
- A monster must have broken into my house last night and eaten all my cookies.
- A friend of mine told me that happens frequently to people who live on Sesame Street.
Indefinites also have predicative uses:
- Leaving my door unlocked was a bad decision.
Indefinite noun phrases are widely studied within linguistics, in particular because of their ability to take exceptional scope.
Proper article
[edit]A proper article indicates that its noun is proper, and refers to a unique entity. It may be the name of a person, the name of a place, the name of a planet, etc. The Māori language has the proper article a, which is used for personal nouns; so, "a Pita" means "Peter". In Māori, when the personal nouns have the definite or indefinite article as an important part of it, both articles are present; for example, the phrase "a Te Rauparaha", which contains both the proper article a and the definite article Te refers to the person name Te Rauparaha.
The definite article is sometimes also used with proper names, which are already specified by definition (there is just one of them). For example: the Amazon, the Hebrides. In these cases, the definite article may be considered superfluous. Its presence can be accounted for by the assumption that they are shorthand for a longer phrase in which the name is a specifier, i.e. the Amazon River, the Hebridean Islands.[citation needed] Where the nouns in such longer phrases cannot be omitted, the definite article is universally kept: the United States, the People's Republic of China.
This distinction can sometimes become a political matter: the former usage the Ukraine stressed the word's Russian meaning of "borderlands"; as Ukraine became a fully independent state following the collapse of the Soviet Union, it requested that formal mentions of its name omit the article. Similar shifts in usage have occurred in the names of Sudan and both Congo (Brazzaville) and Congo (Kinshasa); a move in the other direction occurred with The Gambia. In certain languages, such as French and Italian, definite articles are used with all or most names of countries: la France, le Canada, l'Allemagne; l'Italia, la Spagna, il Brasile.
If a name [has] a definite article, e.g. the Kremlin, it cannot idiomatically be used without it: we cannot say Boris Yeltsin is in Kremlin.
Some languages use definite articles with personal names, as in Portuguese (a Maria, literally: "the Maria"), Greek (η Μαρία, ο Γιώργος, ο Δούναβης, η Παρασκευή), and Catalan (la Núria, el/en Oriol). Such usage also occurs colloquially or dialectally in Spanish, German, French, Italian and other languages. In Hungarian, the colloquial use of definite articles with personal names, though widespread, is considered to be a Germanism.
The definite article sometimes appears in American English nicknames such as "the Donald", referring to former president Donald Trump, and "the Gipper", referring to former president Ronald Reagan.[4]
Partitive article
[edit]A partitive article is a type of article, sometimes viewed as a type of indefinite article, used with a mass noun such as water, to indicate a non-specific quantity of it. Partitive articles are a class of determiner; they are used in French and Italian in addition to definite and indefinite articles. (In Finnish and Estonian, the partitive is indicated by inflection.) The nearest equivalent in English is some, although it is classified as a determiner, and English uses it less than French uses de.
- French: Veux-tu du café ?
- Do you want (some) coffee?
- For more information, see the article on the French partitive article.
Haida has a partitive article (suffixed -gyaa) referring to "part of something or... to one or more objects of a given group or category," e.g., tluugyaa uu hal tlaahlaang "he is making a boat (a member of the category of boats)."[5]
Negative article
[edit]A negative article specifies none of its noun, and can thus be regarded as neither definite nor indefinite. On the other hand, some consider such a word to be a simple determiner rather than an article. In English, this function is fulfilled by no, which can appear before a singular or plural noun:
- No man has been on this island.
- No dogs are allowed here.
- No one is in the room.
In German, the negative article is, among other variations, kein, in opposition to the indefinite article ein.
- Ein Hund – a dog
- Kein Hund – no dog
The equivalent in Dutch is geen:
- een hond – a dog
- geen hond – no dog
Zero article
[edit]The zero article is the absence of an article. In languages having a definite article, the lack of an article specifically indicates that the noun is indefinite. Linguists interested in X-bar theory causally link zero articles to nouns lacking a determiner.[6] In English, the zero article rather than the indefinite is used with plurals and mass nouns, although the word "some" can be used as an indefinite plural article.
- Visitors end up walking in mud.
Crosslinguistic variation
[edit]
Articles are found in many Indo-European languages, Semitic languages (only the definite article)[citation needed], and Polynesian languages; however, they are formally absent from many of the world's major languages including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, many Turkic languages (including Tatar, Bashkir, Tuvan and Chuvash), many Uralic languages (incl. Finnic[a] and Saami languages), Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi, Tamil, the Baltic languages, the majority of Slavic languages, the Bantu languages (incl. Swahili). In some languages that do have articles, such as some North Caucasian languages, the use of articles is optional; however, in others like English and German it is mandatory in all cases.
Linguists believe the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, Proto-Indo-European, did not have articles. Most of the languages in this family do not have definite or indefinite articles: there is no article in Latin or Sanskrit, nor in some modern Indo-European languages, such as the families of Slavic languages (except for Bulgarian and Macedonian, which are rather distinctive among the Slavic languages in their grammar, and some Northern Russian dialects[7]), Baltic languages and many Indo-Aryan languages. Although Classical Greek had a definite article (which has survived into Modern Greek and which bears strong functional resemblance to the German definite article, which it is related to), the earlier Homeric Greek used this article largely as a pronoun or demonstrative, whereas the earliest known form of Greek known as Mycenaean Greek did not have any articles. Articles developed independently in several language families.
Not all languages have both definite and indefinite articles, and some languages have different types of definite and indefinite articles to distinguish finer shades of meaning: for example, French and Italian have a partitive article used for indefinite mass nouns, whereas Colognian has two distinct sets of definite articles indicating focus and uniqueness, and Macedonian uses definite articles in a demonstrative sense, with a tripartite distinction (proximal, medial, distal) based on distance from the speaker or interlocutor. The words this and that (and their plurals, these and those) can be understood in English as, ultimately, forms of the definite article the (whose declension in Old English included thaes, an ancestral form of this/that and these/those).
In many languages, the form of the article may vary according to the gender, number, or case of its noun. In some languages the article may be the only indication of the case. Many languages do not use articles at all, and may use other ways of indicating old versus new information, such as topic–comment constructions.
Tables
[edit]| Definite | Indefinite | Gendered | Numbered | Case-inflected | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Albanian | Yes, as suffixes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Arabic | Yes, as prefixes | Yes, as suffixes | No | No | No |
| Armenian | Yes, as suffixes | No | No | No | No |
| Basque | Yes, as suffixes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Belarusian | No | No | No | No | No |
| Bengali | Yes, as suffixes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Bulgarian | Yes, as suffixes | No | Yes | Yes | Only masculine singular |
| Catalan | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Chinese | No | No | No | No | No |
| Czech | No | No | No | No | No |
| Definite | Indefinite | Gendered | Numbered | Case-inflected | |
| Danish | Yes, before adjectives or as suffixes | Yes | Yes | Yes (if definite) | No |
| Dutch | Yes | Yes | Yes (if definite) | Yes (if definite) | No, except for the genitive case |
| English | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Esperanto | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Estonian | No | No | No | No | No |
| Finnish[a] | No | No | No | No | No |
| French | Yes | Yes | Yes (if singular) | Yes | No |
| Georgian | No | No | No | No | No |
| German | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (if definite) | Yes |
| Greek | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (if definite) | Yes |
| Guarani | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Definite | Indefinite | Gendered | Numbered | Case-inflected | |
| Hawaiian | Yes | Yes | No | Yes (if definite) | No |
| Hebrew | Yes, as prefixes | No | No | No | No |
| Hungarian | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Icelandic | Yes, as suffixes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Interlingua | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Irish | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Italian | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Japanese | No | No | No | No | No |
| Korean | No | No | No | No | No |
| Latvian | No | No | No | No | No |
| Definite | Indefinite | Gendered | Numbered | Case-inflected | |
| Lithuanian | No | No | No | No | No |
| Macedonian | Yes, as suffixes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Malay/Indonesian | Yes, as suffixes in the colloquial language | Yes | No | No | No |
| Nepali | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Norwegian | Yes, before adjectives or as suffixes | Yes | Yes | Yes (if definite) | No |
| Pashto | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Persian | Might be used optionally | Yes | No | No | No |
| Polish | No | No | No | No | No |
| Portuguese | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Romanian | Yes, as suffixes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Russian | No | No | No | No | No |
| Sanskrit | No | No | No | No | No |
| Scottish Gaelic | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Definite | Indefinite | Gendered | Numbered | Case-inflected | |
| Serbo-Croatian | No | No | No | No | No |
| Slovak | No | No | No | No | No |
| Slovene | No | No | No | No | No |
| Somali | Yes, as suffixes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Spanish | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Swahili | No | No | No | No | No |
| Swedish | Yes, before adjectives or as suffixes | Yes | Yes | Yes (if definite) | No |
| Tamil | No | No | No | No | No |
| Thai | No | No | No | No | No |
| Toki Pona | No | No | No | No | No |
| Turkish | No | Might be used optionally | No | No | No |
| Ukrainian | No | No | No | No | No |
| Welsh | Yes | No | Causes initial consonant mutation to singular feminine nouns | No | No |
| Yiddish | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (if definite) | Yes |
| Definite | Indefinite | Gendered | Numbered | Case-inflected |
| Language | definite article | partitive article | indefinite article |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | a- | — | -k |
| Afrikaans | die | — | 'n |
| Albanian | -a, -ja, -i, -ri, -ni, -u, -t, -in, -un, -n, -rin, -nin, -në, -ën, -s, -së, -ës, -të, -it, -ët (all suffixes) | disa | një |
| Arabic | al- or el ال (prefix) | — | -n |
| Assamese | -tû, -ta, -ti, -khôn, -khini, -zôn, -zôni, -dal, -zûpa etc. | — | êta, êkhôn, êzôn, êzôni, êdal, êzûpa etc. |
| Bengali | -টা, -টি, -গুলো, -রা, -খানা (-ṭa, -ṭi, -gulo, -ra, -khana) | — | একটি, একটা, কোন (ekôṭi, ekôṭa, konô) |
| Breton | an, al, ar | — | un, ul, ur |
| Bulgarian | -та, -то, -ът, -ят, -те (all suffixes) | няколко | един/някакъв, една/някаква, едно/някакво, едни/някакви |
| Catalan | el, la, l', els, les ses, lo, los, es, sa |
— | un, una uns, unes |
| Cornish | an | — | — |
| Danish | Singular: -en, -n -et, -t (all suffixes)
Plural: -ene, -ne (all suffixes) |
— | en, et |
| Dutch | de, het ('t); archaic since 1945/46 but still used in names and idioms: des, der, den | — | een ('n) |
| English | the | — | a, an |
| Esperanto | la | — | — |
| Finnish (colloquial)[a] | se | — | yks(i) |
| French | le, la, l', les |
de, d', du, de la, des, de l' |
un, une, des |
| German | der, die, das des, dem, den |
— | ein, eine, einer, eines einem, einen |
| Greek | ο, η, το οι, οι, τα |
— | ένας, μια, ένα |
| Hawaiian | ka, ke nā |
— | he |
| Hebrew | ha- ה (prefix) | — | — |
| Hungarian | a, az | — | egy |
| Icelandic | -(i)nn, -(i)n, -(i)ð, -(i)na, -num, -(i)nni, -nu, -(i)ns, -(i)nnar, -nir, -nar, -(u)num, -nna (all suffixes) | — | — |
| Interlingua | le | — | un |
| Irish | an, na, a' (used colloquially) | — | |
| Italian | il, lo, la, l' i, gli, le |
del, dello, della, dell' dei, degli, degl', delle |
un', uno, una, un |
| Khasi | u, ka, i ki |
— | — |
| Kurdish | -eke -ekan |
hendê, birrê | -êk -anêk |
| Latin | — | — | — |
| Luxembourgish | den, déi (d'), dat (d') dem, der |
däers/es, däer/er | en, eng engem, enger |
| Macedonian | -от -ов -он -та -ва -на -то -во -но -те -ве -не -та -ва -на (all suffixes) |
неколку | еден една едно едни |
| Manx | y, yn, 'n, ny | — | — |
| Malay and Indonesian | -nya (colloquial), before names: si (usually informal), sang (more formal) | — | se- (+ classifiers) |
| Māori | te (singular), ngā (plural) | — | he (also for "some") |
| Maltese | (i)l-, (i)ċ-, (i)d-, (i)n-, (i)r-, (i)s-, (i)t-, (i)x-, (i)z-, (i)ż- (all prefixes) | — | — |
| Nepali | — | — | euta, euti, ek, anek, kunai
एउटा, एउटी, एक, अनेक, कुनै |
| Norwegian (Bokmål) | Singular: -en, -et, -a (all suffixes)
Plural: -ene, -a (all suffixes) |
— | en, et, ei |
| Norwegian (Nynorsk) | Singular: -en, -et, -a (all suffixes)
Plural: -ane, -ene, -a (all suffixes) |
— | ein, eit, ei |
| Papiamento | e | — | un |
| Pashto | — | — | yaow, yaowə, yaowa, yaowey يو, يوهٔ, يوه, يوې |
| Persian | in, ān, -e این، آن، ـه |
— | ye(k) یه، یک |
| Portuguese | o, a os, as |
— | um, uma uns, umas |
| Quenya | i, in, 'n | — | — |
| Romanian | -(u)l, -le, -(u)a -(u)lui, -i, -lor (all suffixes) |
— | un, o unui, unei niște, unor |
| Scots | the | — | a |
| Scottish Gaelic | an, am, a', na, nam, nan | — | — |
| Sindarin | i, in, -in, -n, en | — | — |
| Spanish | el, la, lo, los, las |
— | un, una unos, unas |
| Swedish | Singular: -en, -n, -et, -t (all suffixes)
Plural: -na, -a, -en (all suffixes) |
— | en, ett |
| Welsh | y, yr, -'r | — | — |
| Yiddish | דער (der), די (di), דאָס (dos), דעם (dem) | — | אַ (a), אַן (an) |
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Grammatically speaking Finnish has no articles, but the words se (it) and yks(i) (one) are used in colloquial Finnish in the same fashion as the and a/an in English and are, for all intents and purposes, treated like articles when used in this manner.
The following examples show articles which are always suffixed to the noun:
- Albanian: zog, a bird; zogu, the bird
- Aramaic: שלם (shalam), peace; שלמא (shalma), the peace
- Note: Aramaic is written from right to left, so an Aleph is added to the end of the word. ם becomes מ when it is not the final letter.
- Assamese: "কিতাপ (kitap)", book; "কিতাপখন (kitapkhôn)": "The book"
- Bengali: "বই (bôi)", book; "বইটি (bôiti)/বইটা (bôita)/বইখানা (bôikhana)" : "The Book"
- Bulgarian: стол stol, chair; столът stolǎt, the chair (subject); стола stola, the chair (object)
- Danish: hus, house; huset, the house; if there is an adjective: det gamle hus, the old house
- Icelandic: hestur, horse; hesturinn, the horse
- Macedonian: стол stol, chair; столот stolot, the chair; столов stolov, this chair; столон stolon, that chair
- Persian: sib, apple. (There is no definite articles in the Standard Persian. It has one indefinite article 'yek' that means 'one'. In Standard Persian, if a noun is not indefinite, it is a definite noun. 'Sib e' man' means 'my apple'. Here, 'e' is like 'of' in English, so literally 'sib e man' means 'the apple of mine'. However, in Iranian Persian, "-e" is used as a definite article, quite different from Standard Persian. pesar, boy; pesare, the boy; pesare in'o be'm dād, the boy gave me this.)
- Romanian: drum, road; drumul, the road (the article is just "l", "u" is a "connection vowel" Romanian: vocală de legătură)
- Swedish and Norwegian: hus, house; huset, the house; if there is an adjective: det gamle (N)/gamla (S) huset, the old house
Examples of prefixed definite articles:
- Hebrew: ילד, transcribed as yeled, a boy; הילד, transcribed as hayeled, the boy
- Maltese: ktieb, a book; il-ktieb, the book; Maltese: għotja, a donation; l-għotja, the donation; Maltese: ċavetta, a key; iċ-ċavetta, the key; Maltese: dar, a house; id-dar, the house; Maltese: nemla, an ant; in-nemla, the ant; Maltese: ras, a head; ir-ras, the head; Maltese: sodda, a bed; is-sodda, the bed; Maltese: tuffieħa, an apple; it-tuffieħa, the apple; Maltese: xahar, a month; ix-xahar, the month; Maltese: zunnarija, a carrot; iz-zunnarija, the carrot; Maltese: żmien, a time; iż-żmien, the time
A different way, limited to the definite article, is used by Latvian and Lithuanian. The noun does not change but the adjective can be defined or undefined. In Latvian: galds, a table / the table; balts galds, a white table; baltais galds, the white table. In Lithuanian: stalas, a table / the table; baltas stalas, a white table; baltasis stalas, the white table.
Languages in the above table written in italics are constructed languages and are not natural, that is to say that they have been purposefully invented by an individual (or group of individuals) with some purpose in mind. They do, however, all belong to language families themselves. Esperanto is derived from European languages and therefore all of its roots are found in Proto-Indo-European and cognates can be found in real-world languages like French, German, Italian and English. Interlingua is also based on European languages but with its main source being that of Italic descendant languages: English, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, with German and Russian being secondary sources, with words from further afield (but internationally known and often borrowed) contributing to the language's vocabulary (such as words taken from Japanese, Arabic and Finnish). The result is a supposedly easy-to-learn language for the world. As well as these "auxiliary" languages the list contains two more: Quenya and Sindarin; these two languages were created by Professor Tolkien and used in his fictional works. They are not based on any real-world language family (as are Esperanto and Interlingua), but do share a common history with roots in Common Eldarin.
Tokelauan
[edit] | This section may lend undue weight to Tokelauan, we should not give a separate lengthy section to all languages, much less to Tokelauan out of all. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (December 2023) |
When using a definite article in Tokelauan language, unlike in some languages like English, if the speaker is speaking of an item, they need not have referred to it previously as long as the item is specific.[8] This is also true when it comes to the reference of a specific person.[8] So, although the definite article used to describe a noun in the Tokelauan language is te, it can also translate to the indefinite article in languages that requires the item being spoken of to have been referenced prior.[8] When translating to English, te could translate to the English definite article the, or it could also translate to the English indefinite article a.[8] An example of how the definite article te can be used as an interchangeable definite or indefinite article in the Tokelauan language would be the sentence “Kua hau te tino”.[8] In the English language, this could be translated as “A man has arrived” or “The man has arrived” where using te as the article in this sentence can represent any man or a particular man.[8] The word he, which is the indefinite article in Tokelauan, is used to describe ‘any such item’, and is encountered most often with negatives and interrogatives.[8] An example of the use of he as an indefinite article is “Vili ake oi k'aumai he toki ”, where ‘he toki ’ mean ‘an axe’.[8] The use of he and te in Tokelauan are reserved for when describing a singular noun. However, when describing a plural noun, different articles are used. For plural definite nouns, rather than te, the article nā is used.[8] ‘Vili ake oi k'aumai nā nofoa’ in Tokelauan would translate to “Do run and bring me the chairs” in English.[8] There are some special cases in which instead of using nā, plural definite nouns have no article before them. The absence of an article is represented by 0.[8] One way that it is usually used is if a large amount or a specific class of things are being described.[8] Occasionally, such as if one was describing an entire class of things in a nonspecific fashion, the singular definite noun te would is used.[8] In English, ‘Ko te povi e kai mutia’ means “Cows eat grass”.[8] Because this is a general statement about cows, te is used instead of nā. The ko serves as a preposition to the “te” The article ni is used for describing a plural indefinite noun. ‘E i ei ni tuhi?’ translates to “Are there any books?”[8]
Historical development
[edit]Articles often develop by specialization of adjectives or determiners. Their development is often a sign of languages becoming more analytic instead of synthetic, perhaps combined with the loss of inflection as in English, Romance languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Torlakian.
Joseph Greenberg in Universals of Human Language describes "the cycle of the definite article": Definite articles (Stage I) evolve from demonstratives, and in turn can become generic articles (Stage II) that may be used in both definite and indefinite contexts, and later merely noun markers (Stage III) that are part of nouns other than proper names and more recent borrowings. Eventually articles may evolve anew from demonstratives.[9]
Definite articles
[edit]Определенные артикли обычно возникают из указательных слов, означающих , что . Например, определенные артикли в большинстве романских языков — например, el , il , le , la , lo, a, o — происходят от латинских указательных форм ille (мужской род), illa (женский род) и illud (средний род).
Английский seo определенный артикль the , написанный þe на среднеанглийском языке , происходит от древнеанглийского указательного падежа, который, в зависимости от рода , писался se (мужской род), ( женский род) ( þe и þeo в нортумбрийском диалекте) или þæt (средний род) . ). Средняя форма þæt также дала начало современному указательному слову that . Буква ye, которую иногда можно встретить в псевдоархаичных словоупотреблениях, таких как « Ye Olde Englishe Tea Shoppe», на самом деле является формой þe , где буква шип ( þ ) стала писаться как y .
Множественные указательные слова могут порождать несколько определенных артиклей. В македонском языке , например, с суффиксом артикля, есть столот ( столот ), стул; столов ( столов ), этот стул; и столон ( столон ), этот стул. Они происходят от праславянских указательных форм *tъ «это, то», *ovъ «это здесь» и *onъ «то там, вон» соответственно. Кёльнские предлоги-артикули, такие как in dat Auto или et Auto , автомобиль; первый является специально выбранным, сфокусированным, вновь введенным, тогда как последний не является выбранным, несфокусированным, уже известным, общим или родовым.
В стандартном баскском языке различаются проксимальные и дистальные определенные артикли во множественном числе (диалектно также могут присутствовать проксимальный единственный артикль и дополнительная медиальная степень). Баскская дистальная форма (с инфиксом -a- , этимологически суффиксированная и фонетически редуцированная форма дистального указательного har-/hai- ) функционирует как определенный артикль по умолчанию, тогда как проксимальная форма (с инфиксом -o- , происходящая от проксимального указательный hau-/hon- ) отмечен и указывает на некоторую (пространственную или иную) тесную связь между говорящим и референтом (например, это может подразумевать, что говорящий включен в референт): etxeak («дома») против etxeok («эти дома [наши]»), euskaldunak («говорящие на баскском языке») против euskaldunok («мы, говорящие на баскском языке»).
Носители ассирийского неоарамейского языка , современного арамейского языка , в котором отсутствует определенный артикль, могут иногда использовать указательные формы ага и ая (женский род) или ава (мужской род), которые переводятся как «этот» и « тот » соответственно, чтобы дать чувство «этого». [ 10 ] В индонезийском языке третьего лица притяжательный суффикс -nya также может использоваться как определенный артикль. [ 11 ]
Неопределенные артикли
[ редактировать ]Неопределенный артикль обычно возникает от прилагательных, означающих один . Например, неопределенный артикль в романских языках — например, un , una , une — происходит от латинского прилагательного unus . Однако разделительные артикли происходят от вульгарной латыни de illo , что означает (некоторые) из .
Английский и неопределенный артикль an образован от того же корня, что one . -n формы стал опускаться перед согласными, что привело к образованию сокращенной a . Существование обеих форм привело ко многим случаям потери соединения , например, превращению оригинального фартука в современный фартук .
Персидский , что неопределенный артикль — yek означает один.
См. также
[ редактировать ]- Английские статьи
- Аль- (определенный артикль на арабском языке)
- Определенность
- Определенное описание
- Ложное название
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Реказенс, Марта; Марти, М. Антония; Тауле, Мариона (16 июня 2009 г.), Винклер, Сюзанна; Фезерстон, Сэм (ред.), «Определенные данные при первом упоминании: больше, чем исключительные случаи» , The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics II , vol. 102, Берлин, Нью-Йорк: Мутон де Грюйтер, стр. 217–238, doi : 10.1515/9783110216158.217 , ISBN 978-3-11-021347-8 , получено 16 января 2023 г.
- ^ Новые перспективы контактов с латиноамериканцами: лингвистика в Америке . Мелвин Гонсалес-Ривера и Сандро Сессарего. Мадрид: Ибероамерикана. 2015. ISBN 978-3-95487-831-4 . OCLC 969386958 .
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: другие ( ссылка ) - ^ Берчфилд, RW (1996). Современное использование английского языка Новым Фаулером (3-е изд.). Издательство Оксфордского университета. п. 512. ИСБН 978-0199690367 .
- ^ Аргецингер, Эми (1 сентября 2015 г.). «Почему все называют Дональда Трампа «Дональдом»? Это интересная история» . Вашингтон Пост . Проверено 3 октября 2017 г.
- ^ Лоуренс, Эрма (1977). Словарь хайда . Фэрбенкс: Центр коренных языков Аляски. п. 64.
- ^ Мастер, Питер (1997). «Английская система статей: приобретение, функции и педагогика». Система . 25 (2): 215–232. дои : 10.1016/S0346-251X(97)00010-9 .
- ^ Кусменко Ю. К. «Типология языкового контакта на Балканах и в Скандинавии. Случай суффиксального определенного артикля» (PDF) . Архивировано (PDF) из оригинала 04 октября 2021 г. См. раздел 5. Резюме. Проверено 2 февраля 2012 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж г час я дж к л м н тот Саймон, Роберт (1986). Словарь Токелау . Новая Зеландия: Управление по делам Токелау. п. Введение.
- ^ Гринберг, Джозеф Х. (2005). Генетическая лингвистика: очерки теории и метода . Уильям Крофт. Оксфорд: Издательство Оксфордского университета. ISBN 978-0-19-151452-4 . OCLC 132691297 .
- ^ Соломон, Зомая С. (1997). Функциональные и другие экзотические предложения на ассирийском арамейском языке , Журнал ассирийских академических исследований, XI/2:44-69.
- ^ «20 примеров использования слова в предложениях» . kumparan.com . Проверено 26 мая 2024 г.
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- «Определенный артикль, 'The': наиболее часто используемое слово в мировом английском языке»
- Инг, Джон (17 сентября 2019 г.). «Как правильно использовать статьи на английском языке (A, An & The)» . Проверено 3 мая 2020 г.
