S'gaw Karen Language

S'gaw Karen Language
S'gaw Karen Language
для меня Это было хорошее время
Произношение	[Sɣɔʔ]
Уроженец	Мьянма , Таиланд
Область	Штат Шин , Мьянма ; Таиланд ; Андаманские и Никобарские острова , Индия ; Малайзия
Этническая принадлежность	Карен
Носители родных	2,2 миллиона (2010–2017)
Языковая семья	Syno-Tibetan Тибет-Берман Каренник S'gaw Karen Language ; ; ;
Письменная система	Мон -бурмене ( S'gaw Karen Alphabet ) ; Latin script; Карен Брайль
Official status
Official language in	Myanmar; ( Kayin State)
Recognised minority; language in	Thailand
Language codes
ISO 639-2	kar
ISO 639-3	ksw – inclusive code; Individual codes:; ksw – S'gaw; jkp – Paku; jkm – Mopwa; wea – Wewaw
Glottolog	sout1554
	Karen languages
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

You may need rendering support to display the Karen script in this article correctly.

S'gaw , S'gaw Karen , или S'gaw k'nyaw , широко известный как Карен , является китайско-тибетским языком, котором говорят S'gaw Karen народ Мьянмы на и Таиланда . Каренскую филиал экологически чистого языкового языкового языка , в регионе Айейарвади , в регионе Янгон и в регионе Баго в Мьянме , в регионе Айейарвади, в регионе Янгоне и в регионе Баго в Мьянме, и около 200 000 в северном и западном Таиланде вдоль границы. Штат Кайин. ^{[ 1 ]} Он написан с использованием алфавита S'gaw Karen , полученного из бирманского сценария , хотя латинский сценарий также используется среди S'gaw Karen в северо-западном Таиланде. ^{[ 2 ]}

Различные различные диалекты иногда рассматриваются как отдельные языки: паку на северо -востоке, Mopwa (Mobwa) на северо -западе, Wewew и Monnepwa. ^{[ 3 ]}

History

The S’gaw, commonly known as the Karen language belongs to the Karenic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The S'gaw language has been used as the official language in the Kayin State of Myanmar and of the Karen National Union (KNU) organization who have waged a war against the Burmese government since early 1949. A Bible translation was published in 1853.

Distribution and varieties

S'gaw is spoken in the Ayeyarwady delta area, in the Ayeyarwady, Bago, Kayin, and Rangon Regions. S’gaw speakers are frequently interspersed with Pwo Karen speakers.

S'gaw dialects are:

Eastern dialect of S’gaw Karen (Pa’an)
Southern dialect of Western Kayah (Dawei)
Delta dialect of S’gaw Karen

Paku is spoken in:^[4]

northern Kayin State: hills southeast of Taungoo in eastern Bago Region, bordering Kayin State
southern Kayah State (also known as Karenni State).

Paku dialects are Shwe Kyin, Mawchi, Kyauk Gyi, Bawgali, the names of which are based on villages.

Kyauk Gyi and Shwe Kyin are spoken in Taungoo District, eastern Bago Region, near the Kayin State border.
Mawchi is spoken in Kayah State.
Bawgali is spoken in north Kayin State.

Mobwa is spoken in 9 villages at the western foot of the Thandaung Mountains in Thandaung township, Kayin State.^[4] There are also some in Taungoo township, Bago Region.

Mobwa dialects are Palaychi (Southern Mobwa) and Dermuha (Southern Mobwa).

Karen people in the Andaman Islands: S'gaw Karen is also spoken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory of India.^[5]^[6] The total population in the Andamans is about 2000 people, living in eight villages in the Mayabunder and Diglipur tehsils of the North and Middle Andaman district:

Mayabunder tehsil – Webi, Deopur, Lataw, Lucknow (Burmadera), Karmatang-9 and 10
Diglipur tehsil – Borang, Chipon

Dialects

The S'gaw Karen language has at least 3 dialects. They are mutually intelligible to each other; however, there may be words that sound unfamiliar to one another.

Northern dialect – also known as southern dialect of Kayah State is the S'gaw dialect that does not have the th sound in their language or dialect. They replace the southern and eastern dialects th with s. For example: while the southern and eastern would say moe tha boe, the northern dialect would say moe sa boe. This dialect used the Roman alphabet for their writing system.
Southern dialect and Eastern (Pa'an) dialect – these two dialects are very similar but there may be words that each may not understand due to regional location which allowed the dialects to grow apart. These two dialects use the Myanmar script as their writing system.
There are also different accents in the Karen language.

Phonology

The following displays the phonological features of present S'gaw Karen:^[7]

Consonants

S'gaw Karen consonants
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal- (alveolar)	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p		t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ		tʰ	tʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b		d
Fricative	voiceless		θ	s	ʃ	x	h
Fricative	voiced					ɣ	ɦ
Approximant	central	w		ɹ	j
Approximant	lateral			l

An aspirated fricative [sʰ] may be present among different accents and dialects.^[7]

Vowels

S'gaw Karen vowels
	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
High-mid	e		o
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low		a

/ɨ/ varies between central [ɨ] and [ɯ], depending on the dialect.

Tones

Ken Manson (2009) proposed a Karen tone box to help understand Karenic tonal diversity and classify Karenic languages.^[8] It is similar to William Gedney's Tai tone box (see Proto-Tai language#Tones). The tone box contains diagnostic words for use during field elicitation.

Karen tone box (Manson 2009)^[8]
	*A	*B	*B′	*C
Proto-aspirated	1 (III) Water [tʰi] Branch [pʰaŋ] Flower [pʰɔ] Chicken [sʰan] Sleep [m̥i] Die [tʰi]	4 (VI) Star [sʰa] Leaf [l̥a] Fingernail [m̥i] Fire [m̥e] Give [pʰe] Bitter [kʰa]	7 (Va) Bone [kʰri] Child [pʰo] Right [tʰwe] Spicy [hɛ] Take [pʰi] Pus [pʰi/mi]	10 (VIII) Sky [m̥oʔ] Iron [tʰaʔ] Pig [tʰɔʔ] Skin/bark [pʰeʔ] Shoot [v] [kʰaʔ] Dark [kʰeʔ/kʰuʔ]
Proto-voiceless	2 (II) Silver [rɔn] Ginger [ʔeŋ] Rabbit [tɛ] Navel [te] Spear [pan] White [pwa]	5 (VIa) Egg [ti] Cheek [pu] Liver [sɨn] Eat [ʔam] Left [se] Be at, exist [ʔɔ]	8 (V) Paddy [pɨ] Blow/howl [ʔu] Head [klo] Hand [su] Breathe [sa] Many [ʔa]	11 (VIIIa) Alcohol [siʔ] Wing [teʔ] Heart [saʔ] Call/shout [kaʔ] Near [*pɔʔ]
Proto-voiced	3 (I) Nest [bwe] Tongue [ble] Person [bra] Name [min] Drunk [mun] Red [le]	6 (IV) Sun [mɤ] Stone [loŋ] Snake [ru] Arrow [bla] Old [humans] [bra] Hot [go]	6 (IV) Sun [mɤ] Stone [loŋ] Snake [ru] Arrow [bla] Old [humans] [bra] Hot [go]	12 (VII) Monkey [zoʔ] Eye/face [meʔ] Brain [nɔʔ] Intestines [breʔ] Rib [rɤʔ] Deep [jɔʔ]

Alphabet (Burmese script)

The Karen alphabet consist of 25 consonants, 9 vowels, 5 tones and 5 medials. The Karen alphabet was derived from the Burmese script as created by the help of the English missionaries around the early 1860s.^{[citation needed]} The Karen alphabet was created for the purpose of translating the Bible into the Karen language. Karen script is written from left to right and requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability.

Grouped consonants
က k (kaˀ)	ခ kh (kʰaˀ)	ဂ gh (ɣ)	ဃ x (x)	င ng (ŋ)
စ s (s)	ဆ hs (sʰ)		ၡ sh (ʃ)	ည ny (ɲ)
တ t (t)	ထ hṭ (tʰ)	ဒ d (d)		န n (n)
ပ p (p)	ဖ hp (pʰ)	ဘ b (b)		မ m (m)

Miscellaneous consonants
ယ y (ʝ)	ရ r (r)	လ l (l)	ဝ w (w)	သ th (θ)
ဟ h (h)	အ vowel holder (ʔ)	ဧ ahh (ɦ)

က has a sound intermediate between k and g; as in g for good
ခ is the aspirate of က. It is pronounced like kh as heard in the word camp.
ဂ has no analogue in English or German. See: voiced velar fricative
ဃ is pronounced like ch in the German bach, or the Scottish loch.
င is pronounced like ng as heard in sing
စ has a sound intermediate between s and z.
ဆ is the aspirate of စ. It has the sound of ssh, as heard in the phrase hiss him.
ၡ is pronounced like sh as heard in shell
ည is pronounced like ny as heard in canyon
တ has a sound intermediate between t and d; say t without air coming out
ထ is the aspirate of တ. It is pronounced like ht as heard in the word hot
ဒ is pronounced like d as heard in day
န is pronounced like n as heard in net
ပ has a sound intermediate between b and p; say p without air coming out
ဖ is pronounced like p as heard in pool
ဘ is pronounced like b in ball
မ is pronounced like m as heard in mall
ယ is pronounced like y as heard in backyard
ရ is pronounced like r as heard in room
လ is pronounced like l as heard in school
ဝ is pronounced like w as heard in wonderful
သ is pronounced like th as heard in thin
ဟ is pronounced like h as heard in house
အ as a consonant, has no sound of its own; it is a mere stem to which vowel signs are attached. Vowel carrier
ဧ is pronounced as a ɦ sound. See: breathy-voiced glottal approximant

Vowels

Vowels can never stand alone and if a word starts with a vowel syllable, use the vowel carrier "အ" which is silent in order to write words that start with vowel.

Vowels
ါ ah (a)	ံ ee (i)	ၢ uh (ɨ)	ု u (ɯ)	ူ oo (u)	့ ae or ay (e)	ဲ eh (ɛ)	ိ oh (o)	ီ aw (ɔ)

အ – a in quota
အါ – a in bad
အံ – i in mean
အၢ – German ö in Göthe
အု – German ü in Glück and Korean Hangul character "ㅡ"
အူ – u in rule, oo in moon
အ့ – a in rate
အဲ – e in met
အိ – o in note
အီ – aw in raw

Tones

In Shraw Karen, every syllable consists of a vowel, either alone, or preceded by a single or double consonant. A syllable always ends in a vowel. Every syllable may be pronounced in six different tones of voice, the meaning varying according to the tone in which it is pronounced.

Tones	Description
ၢ်(အၢသံ)	is pronounced with a heavy falling inflection
ာ်(အးသံ)	is pronounced abruptly, at a low pitch
း(ဖျၢၣ်ဆံး)	is pronounced abruptly at an ordinary pitch
ၣ်(ဟးသံ)	is pronounced with a falling circumflex inflection
ၤ(က့ၣ်ဖိ)	is pronounced with a prolonged even tone

Where no tone is marked, the syllable is pronounced with a rising inflection.

Double consonants

When one consonant follows another with no vowel sound intervening, the second consonant is represented by a symbol, which is joined to the character representing the first consonant.

Medials	S'gaw Karen
ှ (hg)	ဂ
ၠ (y)	ယ
ြ (r)	ရ
ျ (l)	လ
ွ (w)	ဝ

The examples of writing the Karen alphabet are:

ခ + ံ → ခံ, pronounced /ki/
လ + ံ + း → လံး, pronounced /li/
က + ၠ +ိ → ကၠိ, pronounced /kʝo/
က + ျ +ိ + ၣ် → ကျိၣ်, pronounced /klo/

Alphabet (Latin script)

The Karen Latin alphabet has 24 consonants, 9 vowels and 5 tones. The tones are written with alphabetic letters.^{[citation needed]}

Consonants

Letter	K k	KH kh	G g	Q q	NG ng	C c	SH sh	NY ny	T t	TH th	D d	N n
IPA	k	kʰ	ɣ	x	ŋ	tʃ	s, sʰ	ɲ	t	tʰ	d	n

Letter	P p	PH ph	B b	M m	Y y	R r	L l	W w	S s	H h	Ee
IPA	p	pʰ	b	m	j	ɹ	l	w	s	h, ɦ	ɛ	a

K matches with the English word guard
KH matches with the English word car
G does not have a sound similar to the European languages but matches with the other Karen alphabet of ဂ^{[clarification needed]}
Q matches with the German word bach
NG matches with the English word young
C matches with the English ch
SH has the same sound as S
NY matches with the Spanish letter ñ
T have similar sound with English d but say it without air coming out
TH matches with the English word tool
D have the same sound as English d
N matches with English N
P have similar sound to English p but say it without air coming out
PH matches with English p
B matches with English b
M matches with English m
Y matches with English y
R matches with English r
L matches with English l
W matches with English w
S matches with English s; same sound as SH
H matches with English h
EH has no analogue in the European languages
Ах не имеет аналогов на европейских языках

Гласные

Гласные	А	И	Я я	О	Ты ты	У вас есть	Нет	В	И
НАСИЛИЕ	а	ɨ/ɯ	я	а	Ø	ɛ	и	Да	в

Матчи итальянским с
E соответствует английскому слову ; Эм-м-м
Я совпадаю с итальянцем я
O Матчи с испанским о
U совпадает с корейской романизацией ЕС
ИИ английскому слову соответствует
EI совпадает с именем J AY
Au совпадает с английским словом f au lt
Оо совпадает с английским словом c oo l

Тона

Тона	V v	J J.	X x	Ф	Z.

a V или ă Высокий средний тон
j или à - середина звука
a x или â - низкий тон; Низкий голос за короткое время
a f или ä-высокий тона
z или ā - даже тон

Грамматика

Ссылки

^ Подпрыгнуть до: ^а ^{беременный} S'gaw и Ethonlogue (26 -е изд., 2023)
S'gaw и этнолог (26 -е изд., 2023)
Цвет и этнолог (26 -е изд., 2023)
Мопва в этнологе (26 -е изд., 2023)
Wewaw в этнологе (26 -е изд., 2023)
^ "Pgaz k'nyau av lix hkauf htiv" . Pakakoenyo.org . Архивировано из оригинала 2021-10-26 . Получено 2018-01-15 .
^ Беквит, Кристофер, изд. (2002). Средневековые языки тибето-бурман . п. 108
^ Подпрыгнуть до: ^а ^{беременный} Обратите внимание и этнолог ( 18 -е изд., 2015 )
Mobwa/ S'gaw Karen Language в этнологе (18 -е изд., 2015) (требуется подписка)
^ Maiti, Simeera (2004). Карен: менее известное сообщество Андаманских островов (PDF) . Острова мирового мира Международная конференция «Изменение островов - меняющиеся миры» 1–7 ноября 2004 года, остров Кинмен (Кемоя), Тайвань. Citeseerx 10.1.1.517.7093 . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2016-03-03.
^ Миттал, Танви (2015). Карен Андаманских островов: трудовая миграция, индийское гражданство и развитие уникальной культурной идентичности (старшая диссертация). Университет Пенсильвании.
^ Подпрыгнуть до: ^а ^{беременный} Сарвестани, Карл Реза (2018). Аспекты фонологии и фонетики SGAW Карен (кандидатская диссертация). Государственный университет Нью -Йорка в Буффало. С. 49–70 - через ProQuest.
^ Подпрыгнуть до: ^а ^{беременный} Мэнсон, Кен (2009). «Пролегомена для реконструкции прото-карена». La Trobe Рабочие документы в лингвистике . 12 HDL : 1959,9/508224 .

Внешние ссылки

S'gaw Karen Грамматика Эта статья включает текст из этого источника, который находится в общественном доступе .
Словарь S'gaw Karen
S'gaw Karen Bible
S'gaw Karen Picture Bible
Библиотека Sealang S'gaw Karen Словарь
Группа Publication Drum
Свободный англо-карен Словарь
Группа публикации барабана - Окончание S'gaw Karen Language Materials. Включает онлайн -английский - словарь S'gaw Karen.
Карен Учитель Рабочая группа - Скачественные каренские шрифты доступны для скачивания.

[e26-1] Подпрыгнуть до: ^а ^{беременный} S'gaw и Ethonlogue (26 -е изд., 2023)
S'gaw и этнолог (26 -е изд., 2023)
Цвет и этнолог (26 -е изд., 2023)
Мопва в этнологе (26 -е изд., 2023)
Wewaw в этнологе (26 -е изд., 2023)

[2] "Pgaz k'nyau av lix hkauf htiv" . Pakakoenyo.org . Архивировано из оригинала 2021-10-26 . Получено 2018-01-15 .

[3] Беквит, Кристофер, изд. (2002). Средневековые языки тибето-бурман . п. 108

[e18-4] Подпрыгнуть до: ^а ^{беременный} Обратите внимание и этнолог ( 18 -е изд., 2015 )
Mobwa/ S'gaw Karen Language в этнологе (18 -е изд., 2015) (требуется подписка)

[Maiti-5] Maiti, Simeera (2004). Карен: менее известное сообщество Андаманских островов (PDF) . Острова мирового мира Международная конференция «Изменение островов - меняющиеся миры» 1–7 ноября 2004 года, остров Кинмен (Кемоя), Тайвань. Citeseerx 10.1.1.517.7093 . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2016-03-03.

[Mittal-6] Миттал, Танви (2015). Карен Андаманских островов: трудовая миграция, индийское гражданство и развитие уникальной культурной идентичности (старшая диссертация). Университет Пенсильвании.

[:0-7] Подпрыгнуть до: ^а ^{беременный} Сарвестани, Карл Реза (2018). Аспекты фонологии и фонетики SGAW Карен (кандидатская диссертация). Государственный университет Нью -Йорка в Буффало. С. 49–70 - через ProQuest.

[Manson2009-8] Подпрыгнуть до: ^а ^{беременный} Мэнсон, Кен (2009). «Пролегомена для реконструкции прото-карена». La Trobe Рабочие документы в лингвистике . 12 HDL : 1959,9/508224 .

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

[ 3 ]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

	*A	*B	*B′	*C
Proto-aspirated	1 (III) Water [tʰi] Branch [pʰaŋ] Flower [pʰɔ] Chicken [sʰan] Sleep [m̥i] Die [tʰi]	4 (VI) Star [sʰa] Leaf [l̥a] Fingernail [m̥i] Fire [m̥e] Give [pʰe] Bitter [kʰa]	7 (Va) Bone [kʰri] Child [pʰo] Right [tʰwe] Spicy [hɛ] Take [pʰi] Pus [pʰi/mi]	10 (VIII) Sky [m̥oʔ] Iron [tʰaʔ] Pig [tʰɔʔ] Skin/bark [pʰeʔ] Shoot [v] [kʰaʔ] Dark [kʰeʔ/kʰuʔ]
Proto-voiceless	2 (II) Silver [rɔn] Ginger [ʔeŋ] Rabbit [tɛ] Navel [te] Spear [pan] White [pwa]	5 (VIa) Egg [ti] Cheek [pu] Liver [sɨn] Eat [ʔam] Left [se] Be at, exist [ʔɔ]	8 (V) Paddy [pɨ] Blow/howl [ʔu] Head [klo] Hand [su] Breathe [sa] Many [ʔa]	11 (VIIIa) Alcohol [siʔ] Wing [teʔ] Heart [saʔ] Call/shout [kaʔ] Near [*pɔʔ]
Proto-voiced	3 (I) Nest [bwe] Tongue [ble] Person [bra] Name [min] Drunk [mun] Red [le]	6 (IV) Sun [mɤ] Stone [loŋ] Snake [ru] Arrow [bla] Old [humans] [bra] Hot [go]	6 (IV) Sun [mɤ] Stone [loŋ] Snake [ru] Arrow [bla] Old [humans] [bra] Hot [go]	12 (VII) Monkey [zoʔ] Eye/face [meʔ] Brain [nɔʔ] Intestines [breʔ] Rib [rɤʔ] Deep [jɔʔ]