Обозначение Уайта
Обозначение Уайта — метод классификации паровозов , а также некоторых локомотивов внутреннего сгорания и электровозов по расположению колес . Его разработал Фредерик Метван Уайт . [2] и вошёл в употребление в начале двадцатого века после публикации в декабре 1900 года редакционной статьи в журнале American Engineer and Railroad Journal .
Обозначение было принято и до сих пор используется в Северной Америке и Великобритании для описания колесных формул паровозов , но для современных локомотивов , моторвагонных поездов и трамваев оно было заменено системой UIC в Европе и системой AAR (по сути упрощение системы UIC) в Северной Америке. Однако паровозы с редуктором не используют эти обозначения. Они классифицируются по модели и количеству грузовиков.
Структура системы [ править ]
Основная форма [ править ]
Обозначение в своей базовой форме подсчитывает количество ведущих колес , затем количество ведущих колес и, наконец, количество ведомых колес , причем числа разделяются тире. [3] Например, локомотив с двумя ведущими осями (четыре колеса) спереди, затем тремя ведущими осями (шесть колес) и затем одной ведомой осью (два колеса) классифицируется как локомотив 4-6-2 и широко известен как локомотив 4-6-2. Тихий океан .
Обозначения других локомотивов [ править ]
Articulated locomotives[edit]
For articulated locomotives that have two wheelsets, such as Garratts, which are effectively two locomotives joined by a common boiler, each wheelset is denoted separately, with a plus sign (+) between them. Thus a 4-6-2-type Garratt is a 4-6-2+2-6-4. For Garratt locomotives, the plus sign is used even when there are no intermediate unpowered wheels, e.g. the LMS Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2. This is because the two engine units are more than just power bogies. They are complete engines, carrying fuel and water tanks. The plus sign represents the bridge (carrying the boiler) that links the two engines.
Simpler articulated types, such as Mallets, have a jointed frame under a common boiler where there are no unpowered wheels between the sets of powered wheels. Typically, the forward frame is free to swing, whereas the rear frame is rigid with the boiler. Thus, a Union Pacific Big Boy is a 4-8-8-4: four leading wheels, one group of eight driving wheels, another group of eight driving wheels, and then four trailing wheels. Sometimes articulated locomotives of this type are denoted with a “+” between each driving wheels set (so in the previous case, the Big Boy would be a 4-8+8-4). This may have been developed to distinguish articulated and duplex arrangements; duplex arrangements would get a “-“ being rigid and articulated locomotives would get a “+” being flexible. However, given all the wheel arrangements for duplex locomotives have been mutually exclusive to them, it is usually considered unnecessary and thus another “-“ is usually used.
Triplex locomotives, and any theoretical larger ones, simply expand on basic articulated locomotives, for example, 2-8-8-8-2. In the case of the Belgium quadruplex, the arrangement is listed as 0-6-2+2-4-2-4-2+2-6-0.[4]
Duplex locomotives[edit]
For duplex locomotives, which have two sets of coupled driving wheels mounted rigidly on the same frame, the same method is used as for Mallet articulated locomotives – the number of leading wheels is placed first, followed by the leading set of driving wheels, followed by the trailing set of driving wheels, followed by the trailing wheels, each number being separated by a hyphen.
Tank locomotives[edit]
A number of standard suffixes can be used to extend the Whyte notation for tank locomotives:[5]
Suffix | Meaning | Example |
---|---|---|
[No Suffix] | Tender locomotive | 0-6-0 |
T | Tank locomotive | 0-6-2T |
ST | Saddle tank locomotive | 0-4-0ST |
WT | Well tank locomotive | 0-4-0WT |
PT | Pannier tank locomotive | 0-6-0PT |
C or CT | Crane tank locomotive | 0-6-2CT |
IST | Inverted saddle tank locomotive | 0-4-2IST |
T+T (or ST+T, WT+T, etc.) | Tender-tank locomotive | 0-4-0T+T |
WT | Wing tank locomotive | 0-4-0WT |
RT | Rear tank locomotive | 0-4-4RT |
Other steam locomotives[edit]
Various other types of steam locomotive can be also denoted through suffixes:[5]
VB or VBT | Vertical boilered locomotive | 0-6-0VB | |
F | Fireless locomotive | 0-6-0F | |
CA | Compressed air locomotive | 0-6-0CA | |
R | Railcar | 0-4-4-0R | |
R or RT | Rack locomotive | 0-4-0RT |
Internal combustion locomotives[edit]
Колесную формулу небольших тепловозов и бензиновых локомотивов можно классифицировать с использованием тех же обозначений, что и паровозов, например 0-4-0, 0-6-0, 0-8-0. термины 4w (4- колесный Если оси соединены цепями или валами (а не боковыми тягами) или имеют индивидуальный привод, обычно используются ), 6w (6-колесный) или 8w (8-колесный). Для более крупных локомотивов классификация UIC чаще используется .
Для обозначения различных типов локомотивов внутреннего сгорания также используются различные суффиксы: [5]
Суффикс | Значение | Пример |
---|---|---|
ВЕЧЕРА | Бензомеханический локомотив | 16:00 |
НА | Бензоэлектрический локомотив | 0-6-0 ПЭ |
Д | Тепловоз | 6 Вт Д |
ДМ | Дизель-механический локомотив | 8 Вт ДМ |
ИЗ | Дизель-электровоз | 0-4-0 DE |
ДХ | Дизель-гидравлический локомотив | 0-6-0 ДХ |
Электровозы [ править ]
Колесное расположение малых электровозов можно обозначить с помощью этого обозначения, как и у локомотивов внутреннего сгорания .
Суффиксы, используемые для электровозов, включают:
Суффикс | Значение | Пример |
---|---|---|
БЫТЬ | Аккумулятор-электровоз | 4 Вт БЫТЬ |
ТЫ | Электровоз воздушной линии | 0-8-0 ОЭ |
РЭ | Электровоз третьего рельса | 4 Вт РЕ |
Wheel arrangement names[edit]
In American (and to a lesser extent British) practice, most wheel arrangements in common use were given names, sometimes from the name of the first such locomotive built. For example, the 2-2-0 type arrangement is named Planet, after the 1830 locomotive on which it was first used. (This naming convention is similar to the naming of warship classes.) Note that several wheel arrangements had multiple names, and some names were only used in some countries.
Wheel arrangements under the Whyte system are listed below. In the diagrams, the front of the locomotive is to the left.
Arrangement (locomotive front is to the left) |
Whyte classification | Name | No. of units produced |
---|---|---|---|
Non-articulated locomotives | |||
0-2-2 | Northumbrian | ||
2-2-0 | Planet | ||
2-2-2 | Single,[2] Jenny Lind[6] | ||
2-2-4 | |||
4-2-0 | Jervis[7] | ||
4-2-2 | Bicycle[6] | ||
4-2-4 | |||
6-2-0 | Crampton[8] | ||
0-4-0 | Four-wheel switch[6] | ||
0-4-0+4 | |||
0-4-2 | |||
0-4-4 | Forney[1] | ||
2-4-0 | Porter, 'Old English'[9] | ||
2-4-2 | Columbia[1] | ||
2-4-4 | |||
4-4-0 | American,[1][10] eight-wheeler | ||
4-4-2 | Atlantic[1][11] | ||
4-4-4 | Reading, Jubilee (Canada)[12] | ||
0-3-0 | (one driving wheel per axle; used on Patiala State Monorail Trainways and also on the Listowel and Ballybunion Railway) | ||
0-6-0 | Six-coupled,[1] Six-wheel switch,[6] Bourbonnais (France - tender), Boer (France - tank) | ||
0-6-2 | |||
0-6-4 | Forney six-coupled[1] | ||
0-6-6 | |||
2-6-0 | Mogul[1][13] | 11,000 | |
2-6-2 | Prairie[1][2] | ||
2-6-4 | Adriatic[6] | ||
2-6-6 | |||
4-6-0 | Ten-wheeler[1][14] (not Britain)[15] | ||
4-6-2 | Pacific[1][2][16][17] | 6,800 | |
4-6-4 | Hudson,[18] Baltic[2] | ||
4-6-6 | Use on the Boston and Albany Railroad.[19] | ||
0-8-0 | Eight-coupled[1] | ||
0-8-2 | |||
0-8-4 | |||
2-8-0 | Consolidation[1][2][20] | 35,000 | |
2-8-2 | Mikado,[1][2] Mike, MacArthur[21][22] | ||
2-8-4 | Berkshire, Kanawha[23][24] | ||
2-8-6 | Used only on four Mason Bogie locomotives | ||
4-8-0 | Twelve Wheeler,[1][25] Mastodon[6] | ||
4-8-2 | Mountain,[2][26] Mohawk (NYC)[27] | ||
4-8-4 | Northern, Niagara, Confederation, Dixie, Greenbrier, Pocono, Potomac, Heavy Mountain (Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe), Golden State (Southern Pacific),[28] Western, Laurentian (Delaware & Hudson Railroad), General, Wyoming (Lehigh Valley[29]), Governor, Big Apple, GS Series "Daylight" (Southern Pacific)[28] | ||
4-8-6 | Proposed by Lima, never built | ||
6-8-6 | Turbine, only used on the PRR S2 Steam Turbine | 1 | |
0-10-0 | Ten-coupled,[1][30] Ten-wheel switch[6] | ||
0-10-2 | Union[30] | ||
2-10-0 | Decapod,[1][31] Russian Decapod | ||
2-10-2 | Santa Fe[1] | ||
2-10-4 | Texas, Colorado (CB&Q), Selkirk (Canada)[32] | ||
4-10-0 | Mastodon[1][25] | ||
4-10-2 | Reid Tenwheeler,[33][34] Southern Pacific, Overland,[35] Super Mountain[6] | ||
0-12-0 | |||
0-12-2 | Used in Argentina | ||
2-12-0 | Centipede[1] | ||
2-12-2 | Javanic[6] | 30 | |
2-12-4 | 20 | ||
2-12-6 | Proposed by Lima, never built | ||
4-12-2 | Union Pacific[36] | ||
4-14-4 | AA20,[37] Soviet[6] | 1 | |
Duplex locomotives | |||
0-2-2-0 | Used on the Mount Washington Cog Railway | ||
4-4-4-4 | (PRR T1)[38] | 53 | |
6-4-4-6 | (PRR S1)[39] | 1 | |
4-4-6-4 | (PRR Q2)[40] | 26 | |
4-6-4-4 | (PRR Q1) | 1 | |
Articulated locomotives (simple and compound) | |||
0-4-4-0 | |||
2-4-4-0 | 5 | ||
0-4-4-2 | |||
2-4-4-2 | |||
4-4-6-2 | Used by the Santa Fe[41] | 2 | |
0-6-6-0 | |||
2-6-6-0 | |||
2-6-6-2 | 1,300 | ||
2-6-6-4 | 60 | ||
2-6-6-6 | Allegheny,[42] Blue Ridge | 68 | |
4-6-6-2 | (Southern Pacific class AM-2)[43] | ||
4-6-6-4 | Challenger[44] | 252 | |
2-6-8-0 | (Southern Railway, Great Northern Railway)[45] | 39 | |
0-8-8-0 | Angus[46] | ||
2-8-8-0 | |||
2-8-8-2 | 222 | ||
2-8-8-4 | Yellowstone[47] | 78 | |
4-8-8-2 | 195 | ||
4-8-8-4 | Big Boy[48] | 25[49] | |
2-10-10-2 | (Santa Fe and Virginian railroads)[45] | 20 | |
2-8-8-8-2 | Triplex (Erie RR) | 3 | |
2-8-8-8-4 | Triplex (Virginian RR)[50] | 1 | |
Garratt articulated locomotives | |||
0-4-0+0-4-0 | |||
0-6-0+0-6-0 | |||
2-4-0+0-4-2 | |||
2-4-2+2-4-2 | |||
2-6-0+0-6-2 | |||
2-6-2+2-6-2 | |||
2-8-0+0-8-2 | |||
2-8-2+2-8-2 | |||
4-4-2+2-4-4 | |||
4-6-0+0-6-4 | |||
4-6-2+2-6-4 | |||
4-6-4+4-6-4 | |||
4-8-0+0-8-4 | |||
4-8-2+2-8-4 | |||
4-8-4+4-8-4 |
См. также [ править ]
- Колесная формула ААР
- Классификация швейцарских локомотивов и вагонов
- Классификация МСЖД
- Расположение колес
Ссылки [ править ]
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Это ж г час я дж к л м н О п д р с т Колвин, Фред Х. (1906). Железнодорожный карманный справочник: краткий справочный циклопедия железнодорожной информации . Нью-Йорк, Дерри-Коллард; Лондон, Locomotive Publishing Company (совместное издание США и Великобритании). п. Л‑9.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Это ж г час «Словарь паровозов» . Железнодорожные технические веб-страницы . 28 июня 2007 г. Архивировано из оригинала 28 января 2008 г. Проверено 8 февраля 2008 г.
- ^ Thompson, Keith (1 May 2006). "Builder's plates: A locomotive's birth certificate". Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "The Franco-Crosti Boiler System".
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Industrial Locomotives: including preserved and minor railway locomotives. Vol. 17EL. Melton Mowbray: Industrial Railway Society. 2015. ISBN 978 1 901556 88 9.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Directory of Railway Officials & Year Book 1956-1957. London: Tothill Press Limited. 1956. p. 421.
- ^ White, John H. Jr. (1968). A History of the American Locomotive - Its Development: 1830-1880. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-23818-0., p. 33.
- ^ Adams, Bob (December 1968). "The Crampton Type Locomotive on the Camden & Amboy Railroad". NMRA Bulletin. National Model Railroad Association.
- ^ Ellis, C Hamilton, Some Classic Locomotives, Allen & Unwin, 1949.173 p.
- ^ White (1968), p. 46.
- ^ Marsden, Richard (2008). "The LNER 4-4-2 Atlantic Locomotives". The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "Canadian Pacific Railway No. 2929". Steamtown NHS Special History Study. United States National Park Service. 14 February 2002. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ White (1968), p 62-65.
- ^ White (1968), p. 57.
- ^ Marsden, Richard (2008). "LNER 4-6-0 Locomotives". The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Marsden, Richard (2008). "LNER 4-6-2 Pacific Locomotives". The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "Pacifics". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "Hudsons". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "Boston & Albany 4-6-6 Locomotives in the USA". steamlocomotive.com. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ White (1968), p. 65.
- ^ "Glossary of Common Railroad Terms: M". Kalmbach Publishing. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "The Mikado Type Locomotive". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Farrell, Jack W. (1989). North American steam locomotives: The Berkshire and Texas types. Edmonds, WA. ISBN 0-915713-15-2.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Berkshires & Kanawhas". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Locomotives: Whyte's Notation". Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation. 1922. pp. 106–107.
- ^ "Mountains". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Тейлор, Фрэнк (январь 1941 г.). «Нью-Йоркский центральный ирокез двойного обслуживания». Модель железнодорожника . Издательство Калмбах.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б «Северяне» . SteamLocomotive.com . Архивировано из оригинала 12 февраля 2008 года . Проверено 8 февраля 2008 г.
- ^ «Лихай Вэлли Вайомингс» . Архивировано из оригинала 13 августа 2010 года . Проверено 25 мая 2010 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Карлсон, Нил (3 июля 2006 г.). «Профиль паровоза: 0-10-0» . Классические поезда . Издательство Калмбах. Архивировано из оригинала 29 сентября 2007 года . Проверено 8 февраля 2008 г.
- ^ "Glossary of Common Railroad Terms: D". Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "The Texas Type Locomotive". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 31. ISBN 0869772112.
- ^ Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. Vol. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. 92–95, 123–124, 134–135. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
- ^ Westing, Frederick (April 1954). "Baldwin's barnstorming behemoth". Trains.
- ^ Westcott, Linn H. (1960). Model Railroader Cyclopedia - Volume 1: Steam Locomotives. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 0-89024-001-9.
- ^ "Russian Reforms". 6 October 2001. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Russ, David (July 1943). "Riding the Pennsy T1". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing.
- ^ Morgan, David P. (May 1965). "They called her the big engine". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing.
- ^ Herring, S. E. & Morgan, David P. (June 1966). "Instead of a 4-10-4". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing.
- ^ "The Jointed-Boiler Locomotives," Trains magazine, February 1945
- ^ "The Allegheny Type Locomotive". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Diebert, Timothy S. & Strapac, Joseph A. (1987). Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Conpendium. Shade Tree Books. ISBN 0-930742-12-5.
- ^ "The Challenger Type Locomotive". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Carlson, Neil (15 June 2006). "Steam locomotive profile: 2-8-8-2". Classic Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ Boylan, Richard; Barris, Wes (30 May 1991). "American Steam Locomotive Wheel Arrangements". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "The Yellowstone Type Locomotive". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "Union Pacific Big Boys". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
- ^ "Union Pacific Big Boy: The rebirth of a legend". Trains. 23 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ "Virginian Class XA Locomotives". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
Further reading[edit]
- Boylan, Richard; Barris, Wes (30 May 1991). "American Steam Locomotive Wheel Arrangements". SteamLocomotive.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
External links[edit]
- Media related to Whyte notation at Wikimedia Commons
In the various names above of a 4-8-4, omitted was the letters "F E F" which simply means: four eight four.