Президентские выборы 1980 года в США

Президентские выборы 1980 года в США

4 ноября 1980 г.
538 членов Коллегии выборщиков Для победы необходимо 270 голосов выборщиков
Оказаться	54.2% 0,6 п.п.
Номинант Рональд Рейган Джимми Картер Джон Б. Андерсон Вечеринка республиканец Демократический Независимый Родной штат Калифорния Грузия Иллинойс Напарник Джордж Буш-старший Уолтер Мондейл Патрик Люси Electoral vote 489 49 0 States carried 44 6 + DC 0 Popular vote 43,903,230 35,481,115 5,719,850 Percentage 50.7% 41.0% 6.6%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Reagan/Bush and blue denotes those won by Carter/Mondale. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state.
President before election Jimmy Carter Democratic Elected President Ronald Reagan Republican

— Президентские выборы в США 1980 года 49-е президентские выборы , состоявшиеся раз в четыре года, состоявшиеся 4 ноября 1980 года. Кандидат от республиканской партии , бывший губернатор Калифорнии Рональд Рейган , одержал -демократом действующим президентом Джимми Картером над убедительную победу .

Непопулярность Картера и плохие отношения с лидерами демократов способствовали неудачному внутрипартийному вызову со стороны сенатора от Массачусетса Теда Кеннеди . Между тем, на республиканских праймериз оспаривались бывший губернатор Калифорнии Рональд Рейган, бывший директор Центрального разведывательного управления Джордж Буш-старший , представитель штата Иллинойс Джон Б. Андерсон и несколько других кандидатов. К концу праймериз все оппоненты Рейгана выбыли, и республиканцы выдвинули кандидатуру, состоящую из Рейгана и Буша. Андерсон принял участие в всеобщих выборах как независимый кандидат, а Патрик Люси его напарником стал , бывший губернатор штата Висконсин.

Reagan campaigned for increased defense spending, supply-side economic policies, and a balanced budget. His campaign was aided by Democratic dissatisfaction with Carter, the Iran hostage crisis, and a worsening economy marred by stagflation. Carter attacked Reagan as a dangerous right-wing extremist, and warned that Reagan would cut Medicare and Social Security. The Carter campaign was aided early on by the rally 'round the flag effect from the hostage crisis, but as the crisis lasted to election day, it became a detriment.

Reagan won the election in a landslide, with 489 Electoral College votes to Carter's 49 and 50.7% of the popular vote to Carter's 41.0%. Anderson won 6.6% of the popular vote and no electoral votes. Due to the rise of conservatism following Reagan's victory, historians have considered the election a political realignment that began with Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign in 1964. This was the last election until 2024 in which an incumbent Democratic president was not reelected and the only time that a Republican nominee defeated a Democratic incumbent in both the popular and the electoral vote.

Background

Further information: Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration

Throughout the 1970s, the United States underwent a wrenching period of low economic growth, high inflation and interest rates, and intermittent energy crises. By October 1978, Iran—a major oil supplier to the United States at the time—was experiencing a major uprising that severely damaged its oil infrastructure and greatly weakened its capability to produce oil. In January 1979, shortly after Iran's leader Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi fled the country, Iranian opposition figure Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ended his 14-year exile in France and returned to Iran to establish an Islamic Republic, largely hostile to American interests and influence in the country. In the spring and summer of 1979, inflation was on the rise and various parts of the United States were experiencing energy shortages.

Carter was widely blamed for the return of the long gas lines in the summer of 1979 that were last seen just after the 1973 Yom Kippur War. He planned on delivering his fifth major speech on energy, but he felt that the American people were no longer listening. Carter left for the presidential retreat of Camp David. "For more than a week, a veil of secrecy enveloped the proceedings. Dozens of prominent Democratic Party leaders—members of Congress, governors, labor leaders, academics and clergy—were summoned to the mountaintop retreat to confer with the beleaguered president." His pollster, Pat Caddell, told him that the American people simply faced a crisis of confidence because of the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.; the Vietnam War; and Watergate. On July 15, 1979, Carter gave a nationally televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people. This came to be known as his "Malaise speech", although Carter never used the word in the speech.

Many expected Senator Ted Kennedy to successfully challenge Carter in the upcoming Democratic primary. Kennedy's official announcement was scheduled for early November. A television interview with Roger Mudd of CBS a few days before the announcement went badly, however. Kennedy gave an "incoherent and repetitive" answer to the question of why he was running, and the polls, which showed him leading Carter by 58–25 in August now had him ahead 49–39. Kennedy was also politically scarred by the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident; the controversy had been a major reason for Kennedy's decision to not run for president in 1972 and 1976.

Meanwhile, Carter was given an opportunity for political redemption when the Khomeini regime again gained public attention and allowed the taking of 52 American hostages by a group of Islamist students and militants at the U.S. embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979. Carter's calm approach towards the handling of this crisis resulted in his approval ratings jump in the 60-percent range in some polls, due to a "rally round the flag" effect.

By the beginning of the election campaign, the prolonged Iran hostage crisis had sharpened public perceptions of a national crisis. On April 25, 1980, Carter's ability to use the hostage crisis to regain public acceptance eroded when his high risk attempt to rescue the hostages ended in disaster when eight servicemen were killed. The unsuccessful rescue attempt drew further skepticism towards his leadership skills.

Following the failed rescue attempt, Carter took overwhelming blame for the Iran hostage crisis, in which the followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini burned American flags and chanted anti-American slogans, paraded the captured American hostages in public, and burned Carter in effigy. Carter's critics saw him as an inept leader who had failed to solve the worsening economic problems at home. His supporters defended the president as a decent, well-intentioned man being unfairly criticized for problems that had been escalating for years.

When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in late 1979, Carter seized international leadership in rallying opposition. He cut off American grain sales, which hurt Soviet consumers and annoyed American farmers. In terms of prestige, the Soviets were deeply hurt by the large-scale boycott of their 1980 Summer Olympics. Furthermore, Carter began secret support of the opposition forces in Afghanistan that successfully tied down the Soviet army for a decade. The effect was to end détente and reopen the Cold War.

Nominations

Republican Party

Main article: 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries

Republican Party (United States) 1980 Republican Party ticket
Ronald Reagan	George H. W. Bush
for President	for Vice President
33rd Governor of California (1967–1975)	11th Director of Central Intelligence (1976–1977)
Campaign

Other major candidates

The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels, were listed in publicly published national polls, or had held a public office. Reagan received 7,709,793 votes in the primaries.

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race
George H. W. Bush	John B. Anderson	Phil Crane	Bob Dole	John Connally
Director of Central Intelligence (1976–1977)	Representative from Illinois's 16th district (1961–1981)	Representative from Illinois's 12th district (1973–1993)	Senator from Kansas (1969–1996)	Secretary of the Treasury from Texas (1971–1972)
Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign
SC: May 26, 1980 ER: June 14, 1980 3,070,033 votes	DI: April 24, 1980 1,572,174 votes	W: April 17, 1980 ER: April 17, 1980 97,793 votes	W: March 15, 1980 ER: March 30, 1980 7,204 votes	W: March 9, 1980 ER: March 25, 1980 82,625 votes
Howard Baker	Larry Pressler	Lowell P. Weicker Jr.	Harold Stassen	Ben Fernandez
Senator from Tennessee (1967–1985)	Senator from South Dakota (1979–1997)	Senator from Connecticut (1971–1989)	Governor of Minnesota (1939–1943)	United States Special Envoy to Paraguay from California (1973)
W: March 5, 1980 ER: April 20, 1980 181,153 votes	W: January 8, 1980 ER: March 21, 1980 0 votes	W: May 16, 1979 0 votes	?: n/a 25,425 votes	?: n/a 25,520 votes

Former governor Ronald Reagan of California was the odds-on favorite to win his party's nomination for president after nearly beating incumbent President Gerald Ford just four years earlier. Reagan dominated the primaries early, driving from the field Senate Minority Leader Howard Baker from Tennessee, former governor John Connally of Texas, Senator Robert Dole from Kansas, Representative Phil Crane from Illinois, and Representative John Anderson from Illinois, who dropped out of the race to run as an Independent. George H. W. Bush from Texas posed the strongest challenge to Reagan with his victories in the Pennsylvania and Michigan primaries, but it was not enough to turn the tide. Reagan won the nomination on the first round at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, Michigan, in July, then chose Bush (his top rival) as his running mate. Reagan, Bush, and Dole would all go on to be the nominees in the next four elections. (Reagan in 1984, Bush in 1988 and 1992, and Dole in 1996).

Democratic Party

Main article: 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Democratic Party (United States) 1980 Democratic Party ticket
Jimmy Carter	Walter Mondale
for President	for Vice President
39th President of the United States (1977–1981)	42nd Vice President of the United States (1977–1981)
Campaign

Other major candidates

The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks, were listed in published national polls, or had held public office. Carter received 10,043,016 votes in the primaries.

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race
Ted Kennedy	Jerry Brown	Cliff Finch	William Proxmire
U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1962–2009)	Governor of California (1975–1983)	Governor of Mississippi (1976–1980)	U.S. Senator from Wisconsin (1957–1989)
Campaign	Campaign	Campaign	Campaign
W: August 11, 1980 7,381,693 votes	W: April 2, 1980 575,296 votes	?: N/A 48,032 votes	?: N/A 0 votes

The three major Democratic candidates in early 1980 were incumbent President Jimmy Carter, Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, and Governor Jerry Brown of California. Brown withdrew on April 2. Carter and Kennedy faced off in 34 primaries. Not counting the 1968 election in which Lyndon Johnson withdrew his candidacy, this was the most tumultuous primary race that an elected incumbent president had encountered since President Taft, during the highly contentious election of 1912.

During the summer of 1980, there was a short-lived "Draft Muskie" movement; Secretary of State Edmund Muskie was seen as a favorable alternative to a deadlocked convention. One poll showed that Muskie would be a more popular alternative to Carter than Kennedy, implying that the attraction was not so much to Kennedy as to the fact that he was not Carter. Muskie was polling even with Ronald Reagan at the time, while Carter was seven points behind. Although the underground "Draft Muskie" campaign failed, it became a political legend.

After defeating Kennedy in 24 of 34 primaries, Carter entered the party's convention in New York in August with 60 percent of the delegates pledged to him on the first ballot. Still, Kennedy refused to drop out. At the convention, after a futile last-ditch attempt by Kennedy to alter the rules to free delegates from their first-ballot pledges, Carter was renominated with 2,129 votes to 1,146 for Kennedy. Vice President Walter Mondale was also renominated. In his acceptance speech, Carter warned that Reagan's conservatism posed a threat to world peace and progressive social welfare programs from the New Deal to the Great Society.

Other candidates

1980 Independent ticket
John B. Anderson	Patrick Lucey
for President	for Vice President
U.S. Representative from Illinois (1961–1981)	United States Ambassador to Mexico (1977–1979)
Campaign

John B. Anderson was defeated in the Republican primaries, but entered the general election as an independent candidate. He campaigned as a liberal Republican alternative to Reagan's conservatism. Anderson's campaign appealed primarily to frustrated anti-Carter voters from Republican and Democratic backgrounds. Anderson's running mate was Patrick Lucey, a Democratic former Governor of Wisconsin and then ambassador to Mexico, appointed by President Carter.

The Libertarian Party nominated Ed Clark for president and David Koch for vice president. They were on the ballot in all 50 states as well as Washington, D.C. The Libertarian Party platform was the only political party in 1980 to contain a plank advocating for the equal rights of homosexual men and women as well as the only party platform to advocate explicitly for "amnesty" for all illegal non-citizens.

The Citizens Party ran biologist Barry Commoner for president and Comanche Native American activist LaDonna Harris for vice president. The Commoner–Harris ticket was on the ballot in twenty-nine states and in the District of Columbia.

General election

Polling

See also: Nationwide opinion polling for the 1980 United States presidential election

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Ronald Reagan (R)	Jimmy Carter (D)	John Anderson (I)	Other	Undecided	Margin
Gallup	March 31 – April 3, 1978	46%	50%	-	1%	3%	4
ABC-Harris	May 14–20, 1978	47%	46%	-	-	7%	1
Gallup	July 7–10, 1978	43%	52%	-	1%	4%	9
Gallup	December 8–11, 1978	35%	57%	-	2%	5%	22
ABC-Harris	December 21–26, 1978	38%	55%	-	-	7%	17
Gallup	March 23–26, 1979	38%	52%	-	3%	7%	14
ABC-Harris	March, 1979	46%	49%	-	-	5%	3
ABC-Harris	May, 1979	45%	47%	-	-	8%	2
ABC-Harris	June, 1979	51%	43%	-	-	6%	8
Gallup	June 22–25, 1979	49%	45%	-	1%	5%	4
Gallup	July 13–15, 1979	52%	42%	-	2%	4%	10
ABC-Harris	July 28–29, 1979	51%	44%	-	-	5%	7
Gallup	August 3–6, 1979	42%	47%	-	4%	7%	5
ABC-Harris	September 1–5, 1979	50%	45%	-	-	5%	5
Gallup	September 7–10, 1979	46%	47%	-	2%	5%	1
ABC-Harris	September 26 – October 1, 1979	45%	52%	-	-	3%	7
Gallup	October 12–15, 1979	42%	48%	-	3%	7%	6
ABC-Harris	November 7–10, 1979	42%	53%	-	-	5%	11
Gallup	November 16–19, 1979	41%	53%	-	1%	5%	12
Gallup	December 7–9, 1979	36%	60%	-	1%	3%	24
ABC-Harris	December 14–16, 1979	36%	59%	-	-	5%	23
Gallup	January 4–6, 1980	32%	63%	-	1%	4%	31
ABC-Harris	January 22, 1980	31%	65%	-	-	4%	34
Gallup	February 1–3, 1980	32%	59%	-	3%	6%	27
ABC-Harris	January 31 – February 4, 1980	32%	64%	-	-	4%	32
Gallup	February 29 – March 2, 1980	34%	57%	-	3%	6%	23
ABC-Harris	March 5–8, 1980	40%	58%	-	-	2%	18
ABC-Harris	March 13–15, 1980	40%	55%	-	-	5%	15
ABC-Harris	March 26–30, 1980	47%	50%	-	-	3%	3
Gallup	March 28–30, 1980	43%	48%	-	2%	7%	5
		34%	39%	21%	1%	5%	5
ABC-Harris	April 8, 1980	48%	45%	-	-	7%	3
		38%	38%	22%	-	1%	0
Gallup	April 11–13, 1980	44%	49%	-	1%	6%	5
		34%	41%	18%	1%	6%	7
ABC-Harris	April 25, 1980	42%	33%	19%	-	6%	9
Gallup	April 26–27, 1980	43%	47%	-	-	10%	4
		35%	40%	19%	-	6%	5
ABC-Harris	April 26–30, 1980	39%	33%	23%	-	5%	6
Gallup	May 2–5, 1980	40%	47%	-	-	13%	7
		33%	38%	21%	-	7%	5
Gallup	May 16–18, 1980	41%	49%	-	-	10%	8
		32%	40%	21%	-	7%	8
Gallup	May 30 – June 2, 1980	39%	50%	-	-	11%	11
		32%	39%	21%	-	8%	7
ABC-Harris	June 5–9, 1980	51%	44%	-	-	5%	7
		39%	34%	24%	-	3%	5
Gallup	June 13–16, 1980	45%	42%	-	-	13%	3
		33%	35%	24%	-	8%	2
Gallup	June 27–30, 1980	47%	41%	-	-	12%	6
		37%	32%	22%	-	9%	5
Gallup	July 11–14, 1980	37%	34%	21%	-	8%	3
Gallup	July 11–13, 1980	43%	34%	16%	-	7%	9
July 14–17: Republican National Convention
ABC-Harris	July 18–21, 1980	61%	33%	-	-	6%	28
		49%	23%	25%	-	3%	24
Gallup	August 1–3, 1980	45%	31%	14%	-	10%	14
ABC-Harris	August 5–6, 1980	57%	36%	-	-	7%	21
		48%	28%	19%	-	5%	20
August 11–14: Democratic National Convention
Gallup	August 15–17, 1980	40%	46%	-	-	14%	6
		39%	38%	14%	1%	8%	1
ABC-Harris	August 14–18, 1980	42%	36%	17%	-	5%	6
Gallup	August 15–18, 1980	38%	39%	13%	-	10%	1
ABC-Harris	September 3–7, 1980	41%	37%	17%	-	5%	4
Gallup	September 12–15, 1980	41%	37%	15%	-	7%	4
ABC-Harris	September 22, 1980	42%	36%	19%	-	3%	6
		48%	46%	-	-	6%	2
ABC-Harris	October 3–6, 1980	43%	39%	14%	-	4%	4
Gallup	October 10–12, 1980	45%	42%	8%	-	5%	3
ABC-Harris	October 14–16, 1980	42%	39%	12%	-	7%	3
Gallup	October 17–20, 1980	40%	41%	10%	-	9%	1
ABC-Harris	October 22–25, 1980	45%	42%	10%	-	3%	3
Washington Post	October 26–27, 1980	43%	39%	7%	-	11%	4
Newsweek-Gallup	October 29–30, 1980	44%	43%	7%	1%	5%	4
ABC-Harris	October 30 – November 1, 1980	45%	40%	10%	1%	4%	5
CBS-New York Times	October 30 – November 1, 1980	44%	43%	8%	-	5%	1
Gallup	October 30 – November 1, 1980	46%	43%	7%	1%	3%	3
Election Results	Nov. 4, 1980	50.75%	41.01%	6.61%	1.63%	-	9.74

Campaign

Reagan gained in former Democratic strongholds such as the South and white ethnics dubbed "Reagan Democrats", and exuded upbeat optimism. David Frum says Carter ran an attack-based campaign based on "despair and pessimism" which "cost him the election." Carter emphasized his record as a peacemaker, and said Reagan's election would threaten civil rights and social programs that stretched back to the New Deal. Reagan's platform also emphasized the importance of peace, as well as a prepared self-defense.

Immediately after the conclusion of the primaries, a Gallup poll held that Reagan was ahead, with 58% of voters upset by Carter's handling of the presidency. One analysis of the election has suggested that "Both Carter and Reagan were perceived negatively by a majority of the electorate." While the three leading candidates (Reagan, Anderson and Carter) were religious Christians, Carter had the most support of evangelical Christians according to a Gallup poll. However, in the end, Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority lobbying group is credited with giving Reagan two-thirds of the white evangelical vote. According to Carter: "that autumn [1980] a group headed by Jerry Falwell purchased $10 million in commercials on southern radio and TV to brand me as a traitor to the South and no longer a Christian."

The election of 1980 was a key turning point in American politics. It signaled the new electoral power of the suburbs and the Sun Belt. Reagan's success as a conservative would initiate a realigning of the parties, as Rockefeller-style Republicans and conservative Democrats would either leave politics or change party affiliations through the 1980s and 1990s to leave the parties much more ideologically polarized. While during Barry Goldwater's 1964 campaign, many voters saw his warnings about a too-powerful government as hyperbolic and only 30% of the electorate agreed that government was too powerful, by 1980 a majority of Americans believed that government held too much power.

Promises

Reagan promised a restoration of the nation's military strength, at the same time 60% of Americans polled felt defense spending was too low. Reagan also promised an end to "trust me government" and to restore economic health by implementing a supply-side economic policy. Reagan promised a balanced budget within three years (which he said would be "the beginning of the end of inflation"), accompanied by a 30% reduction in tax rates over those same years. With respect to the economy, Reagan famously said, "A recession is when your neighbor loses his job. A depression is when you lose yours. And recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his." Reagan also criticized the "windfall profit tax" that Carter and Congress enacted that year in regards to domestic oil production and promised to attempt to repeal it as president. The tax was not a tax on profits, but on the difference between the price control-mandated price and the market price.

On the issue of women's rights there was much division, with many feminists frustrated with Carter, the only major-party candidate who supported the Equal Rights Amendment. After a bitter Convention fight between Republican feminists and antifeminists the Republican Party dropped their forty-year endorsement of the ERA. Reagan, however, announced his dedication to women's rights and his intention to, if elected, appoint women to his cabinet and the first female justice to the Supreme Court. He also pledged to work with all 50 state governors to combat discrimination against women and to equalize federal laws as an alternative to the ERA. Reagan was convinced to give an endorsement of women's rights in his nomination acceptance speech.

Carter was criticized by his own aides for not having a "grand plan" for the recovery of the economy, nor did he ever make any campaign promises; he often criticized Reagan's economic recovery plan, but did not create one of his own in response.

Events

Ronald Reagan campaigning with his wife Nancy and Senator Strom Thurmond in Columbia, South Carolina, October 10, 1980

Ronald Reagan campaigning in Florida

In August, after the Republican National Convention, Ronald Reagan gave a campaign speech at the annual Neshoba County Fair on the outskirts of Philadelphia, Mississippi, where three civil rights workers were murdered in 1964. He was the first presidential candidate ever to campaign at the fair. Reagan famously announced, "Programs like education and others should be turned back to the states and local communities with the tax sources to fund them. I believe in states' rights. I believe in people doing as much as they can at the community level and the private level." Reagan also stated, "I believe we have distorted the balance of our government today by giving powers that were never intended to be given in the Constitution to that federal establishment." He went on to promise to "restore to states and local governments the power that properly belongs to them." President Carter criticized Reagan for injecting "hate and racism" by the "rebirth of code words like 'states' rights'".

Ronald Reagan shaking hands with supporters at a campaign stop in Indiana

Two days later, Reagan appeared at the Urban League convention in New York, where he said, "I am committed to the protection and enforcement of the civil rights of black Americans. This commitment is interwoven into every phase of the plans I will propose." He then said that he would develop "enterprise zones" to help with urban renewal.

The media's main criticism of Reagan centered on his gaffes. When Carter kicked off his general election campaign in Tuscumbia, Reagan—referring to the Southern U.S. as a whole—claimed that Carter had begun his campaign in the birthplace of the Ku Klux Klan. In doing so, Reagan seemed to insinuate that the KKK represented the South, which caused many Southern governors to denounce Reagan's remarks. Additionally, Reagan was widely ridiculed by Democrats for saying that trees caused pollution; he later said that he meant only certain types of pollution and his remarks had been misquoted.

Meanwhile, Carter was burdened by a continued weak economy and the Iran hostage crisis. Inflation, high interest rates, and unemployment continued through the course of the campaign, and the ongoing hostage crisis in Iran became, according to David Frum in How We Got Here: The '70s, a symbol of American impotence during the Carter years. John Anderson's independent candidacy, aimed at eliciting support from liberals, was also seen as hurting Carter more than Reagan, especially in reliably Democratic states such as Massachusetts and New York.

Presidential debates

Main article: 1980 United States presidential debates

Debates among candidates for the 1980 U.S. presidential election

No.	Date	Host	Location	Panelists	Moderator	Participants	Viewership (millions)
P1	Sunday, September 21, 1980	Baltimore Convention Center	Baltimore, Maryland	Carol Loomis Daniel Greenberg Charles Corddry Lee May Jane Bryant Quinn Soma Golden	Bill Moyers	Former Governor Ronald Reagan Congressman John Anderson	n/a
P1a	Tuesday, October 28, 1980	Public Auditorium	Cleveland, Ohio	Marvin Stone Harry Ellis William Hilliard Barbara Walters	Howard K. Smith	Former Governor Ronald Reagan President Jimmy Carter	80.6

External videos
Reagan-Carter presidential debate, October 28, 1980 on YouTube

The League of Women Voters, which had sponsored the 1976 Ford/Carter debate series, announced that it would do so again for the next cycle in the spring of 1979. Carter steadfastly refused to participate in a debate if Anderson was included, and Reagan refused to debate without him. A League-sponsored debate was held on September 21, 1980, in the Baltimore Convention Center. Of Carter's refusal to debate, Reagan said: "He [Carter] knows that he couldn't win a debate even if it were held in the Rose Garden before an audience of Administration officials with the questions being asked by Jody Powell". Anderson, who many thought would handily dispatch Reagan, managed only a narrow win, according to many in the media at that time, with Reagan putting up a much stronger performance than expected. Despite the narrow win in the debate, Anderson, who had been as high as 20% in some polls, and at the time of the debate was over 10%, dropped to about 5% soon after. Anderson failed to substantively engage Reagan enough on their social issue differences and on Reagan's advocation of supply-side economics. Instead, Anderson started off by criticizing Carter: "Governor Reagan is not responsible for what has happened over the last four years, nor am I. The man who should be here tonight to respond to those charges chose not to attend," to which Reagan added: "It's a shame now that there are only two of us here debating, because the two that are here are in more agreement than disagreement." In one moment in the debate, Reagan commented on a rumor that Anderson had invited Senator Ted Kennedy to be his running mate by asking the candidate directly, "John, would you really prefer Teddy Kennedy to me?"

As September turned into October, the situation remained essentially the same. Reagan insisted Anderson be allowed to participate in a three-way debate, while Carter remained steadfastly opposed to this. As the standoff continued, the second debate was canceled, as was the vice presidential debate.

President Carter (left) and former Governor Reagan (right) at the presidential debate on October 28, 1980

With two weeks to go to the election, the Reagan campaign decided at that point that the best thing to do was to accede to all of President Carter's demands. The final debate, featuring only Carter and Reagan, was rescheduled for October 28 in Cleveland, Ohio. The showdown ranked among the highest ratings of any television program in the previous decade. Debate topics included the Iranian hostage crisis and nuclear arms. Carter's campaign sought to portray Reagan as a reckless "war hawk", as well as a "dangerous right-wing radical". But it was President Carter's reference to his consultation with 12-year-old daughter Amy concerning nuclear weapons policy that became the focus of post-debate analysis and fodder for late-night television jokes. President Carter said he had asked Amy what the most important issue in that election was and she said, "the control of nuclear arms." A famous political cartoon, published the day after Reagan's landslide victory, showed Amy Carter sitting in Jimmy's lap with her shoulders shrugged asking "the economy? the hostage crisis?"

When President Carter criticized Reagan's record, which included voting against Medicare and Social Security benefits, former Governor Reagan audibly sighed and replied: "There you go again".

In his closing remarks, Reagan asked viewers: "Are you better off now than you were four years ago? Is it easier for you to go and buy things in the stores than it was four years ago? Is there more or less unemployment in the country than there was four years ago? Is America as respected throughout the world as it was? Do you feel that our security is as safe, that we're as strong as we were four years ago? And if you answer all of those questions 'yes', why then, I think your choice is very obvious as to whom you will vote for. If you don't agree, if you don't think that this course that we've been on for the last four years is what you would like to see us follow for the next four, then I could suggest another choice that you have".

After trailing Carter by eight points among registered voters (and by three points among likely voters) right before their debate, Reagan moved into a three-point lead among likely voters immediately afterward.

Endorsements

In September 1980, former Watergate scandal prosecutor Leon Jaworski accepted a position as honorary chairman of Democrats for Reagan. Five months earlier, Jaworski had harshly criticized Reagan as an "extremist"; he said after accepting the chairmanship, "I would rather have a competent extremist than an incompetent moderate."

Former Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota (who in 1968 had challenged Lyndon B. Johnson from the left, causing the then-President to all but abdicate) endorsed Reagan.

Three days before the election, the National Rifle Association of America endorsed a presidential candidate for the first time in its history, backing Reagan. Reagan had received the California Rifle and Pistol Association's Outstanding Public Service Award. Carter had appointed Abner J. Mikva, a fervent proponent of gun control, to a federal judgeship and had supported the Alaska Lands Bill, closing 40,000,000 acres (160,000 km²) to hunting.

General election endorsements

show

List of John B. Anderson endorsements

Anderson had received endorsements from:

Former officeholders

• Former Representative (Arizona's 2nd congressional district) and Interior Secretary Stewart Udall (D-AZ)

Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders

Massachusetts

• Middlesex County Sheriff John J. Buckley (D-MA)
• Former Massachusetts State Representative Francis W. Hatch Jr. (R-MA)
• Former Massachusetts Republican Party chairman Josiah Spaulding (R-MA)

Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators

• Band The Cars
• Actor Stockard Channing
• Band Cheap Trick
• Screenwriter Norman Lear
• Actress Dina Merrill
• Actor Paul Newman
• Actor Cliff Robertson
• Band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
• Actress Joanne Woodward

Newspapers

• The Hutchinson News in Hutchinson, Kansas
• The Burlington Free Press in Burlington, VT

show

List of Jimmy Carter endorsements

Carter had received endorsements from:

Newspapers

• The Des Moines Register in Des Moines, Iowa
• The Penn State Daily Collegian in State College, Pennsylvania

show

List of Barry Commoner endorsements

Commoner had received endorsements from:

Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators

• Montgomery County precinct committeeman and Consumer Party Auditor General candidate Darcy Richardson (D-PA)

show

List of Clifton DeBerry endorsements

DeBerry had received endorsements from:

Celebrities, political activists and political commentators

• American People's Historical Society director Bernie Sanders of Vermont

show

List of Ronald Reagan endorsements

Reagan had received endorsements from:

United States Senate

• Arizona Senator Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ)
• Virginia Senator Harry Byrd Jr. (D-VA)
• New York Senator Jacob Javits (R-NY)
• Maryland Senator Charles Mathias (R-MD)
• Former Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke (R-MA)
• Former Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy (D-MN)

United States House of Representatives

• Representative (California's 12th congressional district) Pete McCloskey (R-CA)
• Former Representative (California's 26th congressional district) James Roosevelt (D-CA; son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt)

Governors and State Constitutional officers

• Former Georgia Governor Lester Maddox (D-GA)
• Former Alabama Governor John Malcolm Patterson (D-AL)
• Former Texas Governor Preston Smith (D-TX)
• Former Mississippi Governor John Bell Williams (D-MS)

Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders

Florida

• Fort Lauderdale City Advisory Board member Jim Naugle (D-FL)

New York

• Former New York State Senator Jeremiah B. Bloom (D-NY)

Celebrities, political activists and political commentators

• Former UCLA men's basketball head coach John Wooden
• Retired United States Navy Admiral Elmo Zumwalt (D-VA)

Newspaper endorsements

• The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Arizona
• The Desert Sun in Palm Springs, California
• The Omaha World-Herald in Omaha, Nebraska
• The Quad-City Times in Davenport, Iowa
• The Record in Stockton, California
• The Repository in Canton, Ohio
• The Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Ohio
• The Blade in Toledo, Ohio
• Houston Chronicle in Houston, Texas
• Richmond Times-Dispatch in Richmond, Virginia

Results

Выборы состоялись 4 ноября 1980 года. Рональд Рейган и его кандидат на пост кандидата Джордж Буш- старший победили кандидатуру Картера-Мондейла почти на 10 процентных пунктов в ходе всенародного голосования. Голосование коллегии выборщиков было подавляющим: 489 голосов (представляющих 44 штата) за Рейгана и 49 за Картера (представляющих шесть штатов и Вашингтон, округ Колумбия). Республиканцы также получили контроль над Сенатом впервые с 1954 года.

NBC News прогнозировал, что Рейган станет победителем в 20:15 по восточному стандартному времени (5:15 по тихоокеанскому стандартному времени), до того, как голосование на Западе было завершено, согласно данным экзитполов ; это был первый случай, когда вещательная сеть использовала экзит-поллинг для определения победителя, и это застало врасплох другие вещательные сети. Картер признал поражение в 21:50 по восточному стандартному времени. Некоторые из советников Картера убеждали его подождать до 23:00 по восточному стандартному времени, чтобы получить результаты опросов на Западном побережье, но Картер решил уступить раньше, чтобы избежать впечатления, что он дуется. Спикер Палаты представителей Тип О'Нил ослабляет результаты партии на выборах в Сенат . гневно обвинил Картера в том, что он этим

Джон Андерсон получил 6,6% голосов избирателей, но не набрал ни одного штата. У него была наибольшая поддержка в Новой Англии , поддерживаемая либеральными и умеренными республиканцами, которые считали, что Рейган был слишком правым, а также избирателями, которые обычно склонялись к демократам, но были недовольны политикой администрации Картера. Его лучший результат был в Массачусетсе , где он набрал 15% голосов. Это первый раз, когда Массачусетс проголосовал за кандидата от республиканской партии со времен Дуайта Эйзенхауэра.

Андерсон показал худшие результаты на Юге , получив менее 2% голосов в Южной Каролине, Луизиане, Алабаме и Миссисипи. Он сказал, что его обвинили в том, что он испортил выборы , получив голоса, которые в противном случае могли бы быть отданы за Картера. но 37% опрошенных избирателей Андерсона предпочли Рейгана своим вторым кандидатом. Либертарианской партии Кандидат от Эд Кларк получил 921 299 голосов избирателей (1,06%).

Поражение Картера стало худшим результатом действующего президента с тех пор, как Герберт Гувер проиграл Франклину Рузвельту с перевесом в 18% в 1932 году , а его 49 голосов Коллегии выборщиков были наименьшим количеством голосов, полученных действующим президентом с тех пор, как Уильям Ховард Тафт выиграл восемь в 1912 году . Картер был первым действующим демократом, проработавшим только один полный срок со времен Джеймса Бьюкенена . Это были третьи и последние президентские выборы, на которых действующий демократ проиграл переизбрание после 1840 и 1888 годов. Это был первый случай с 1840 года, когда действующий демократ проиграл всенародное голосование. Рейган одержал самую однобокую победу Коллегии выборщиков среди впервые избранных президентов, за исключением единогласной победы Джорджа Вашингтона в 1788 году.

Эти выборы были последним случаем, когда республиканец выиграл президентский пост, не победив в Грузии. Это был первый раз с 1956 года, когда Массачусетс проголосовал за кандидата от республиканцев. 1980 год - один из двух случаев парных выборов подряд, когда действующие президенты потерпели поражение, а второй произошел в 1892 году . Это первый случай с 1892 года, когда партия была исключена после одного четырехлетнего срока, и первый случай для демократов с 1888 года. Это не повторялось ни с одной из партий до 2020 года.

Рейган получил 53% голосов в надежно демократическом Южном Бостоне , одном из примеров так называемого рейгановского демократа . Хотя в 1984 году он получил еще большее большинство в Коллегии выборщиков, выборы 1980 года, тем не менее, остаются последним случаем, когда некоторые ныне очень сильные демократические округа дали республиканцу большинство или большинство. Яркими примерами являются округ Джефферсон в штате Вашингтон, округ Лейн, штат Орегон , округа Марин и Санта-Крус в Калифорнии, округ Мак-Кинли, штат Нью-Мексико , и округ Рок-Айленд, штат Иллинойс . Исследования и опросы после выборов показали, что убедительный результат был скорее отказом от Картера, чем признанием Рейгана. Но общественность знала, что Рейган будет двигать нацию в более консервативном направлении, и, очевидно, была готова дать ей шанс избежать еще четырех лет правления Картера.

В свои 69 лет Рейган был самым старшим из недействующих президентов, победившим на президентских выборах. Тридцать шесть лет спустя, в 2016 году , этот рекорд был побит Дональдом Трампом в возрасте 70 лет. и четыре года спустя в Джо Байденом 77 лет.

Результаты

Результаты выборов

Кандидат в президенты	Вечеринка	Родной штат	Народное голосование		избирательный голосование	Напарник
			Считать	Процент		Кандидат в вице-президенты	Родной штат	Выборное голосование
Рональд Рейган	республиканец	Калифорния	43,903,230	50.75%	489	Джордж Буш-старший	Техас	489
Джимми Картер (действующий президент)	Демократический	Грузия	35,480,115	41.01%	49	Уолтер Мондейл (действующий президент)	Миннесота	49
Джон Б. Андерсон	Независимый	Иллинойс	5,719,850	6.61%	0	Патрик Люси	Висконсин	0
Эд Кларк	Либертарианец	Калифорния	921,128	1.06%	0	Дэвид Кук	Канзас	0
Барри Коммонер	Граждане	Миссури	233,052	0.27%	0	ЛаДонна Харрис	Оклахома	0
Гас Холл	коммунист	Нью-Йорк	44,933	0.05%	0	Анджела Дэвис	Калифорния	0
Джон Рарик	Американский независимый	Луизиана	40,906	0.05%	0	Эйлин Ширер	Калифорния	0
Клифтон ДеБерри	Социалистические рабочие	Калифорния	38,738	0.04%	0	Матильда Циммерман	Нью-Йорк	0
Эллен МакКормак	Право на жизнь	Нью-Йорк	32,320	0.04%	0	Кэрролл Дрисколл	Нью-Джерси	0
Морин Смит	Мир и свобода	Калифорния	18,116	0.02%	0	Элизабет Сервантес Бэррон	Калифорния	0
Другой			77,290	0.09%	—	Другой		—
Общий			86,509,678	100%	538			538
Нужно, чтобы выиграть					270			270

Источник (народное голосование): Лейп, Дэвид. «Результаты президентских выборов 1980 года» . Атлас президентских выборов в США Дэйва Лейпа . Проверено 7 августа 2005 г.

Источник (голосование выборщиков): «Результаты коллегии выборщиков за 1789–1996 годы» . Национальное управление архивов и документации . Проверено 7 августа 2005 г.

Народное голосование Рейган   50.75% Картер   41.01% Андерсон   6.61% Кларк   1.06% Простолюдин   0.27% Другие   0.30%

Выборное голосование Рейган   90.89% Картер   9.11%

• 
  Результаты по округам, заштрихованы в зависимости от процента голосов победившего кандидата.
• 
  Результаты по округам Конгресса, заштрихованы в зависимости от процента голосов победившего кандидата.
• 
  Изменение перевеса голосов на уровне округа с выборов 1976 года по выборы 1980 года.

Результаты по штатам

Источник:

Легенда

Штаты/округа, выигранные Рейганом / Бушем
Штаты/округа, выигранные Картером / Мондейлом
†	Результаты в целом (штат Мэн использовал метод округа Конгресса)

		Рональд Рейган республиканец			Джимми Картер Демократический			Джон Андерсон Независимый			Эд Кларк Либертарианец			Допуск		Штат Всего
Состояние	избирательный голоса	#	%	избирательный голоса	#	%	избирательный голоса	#	%	избирательный голоса	#	%	избирательный голоса	#	%	#
Алабама	9	654,192	48.75	9	636,730	47.45	-	16,481	1.23	-	13,318	0.99	-	17,462	1.30	1,341,929	АЛ
Аляска	3	86,112	54.35	3	41,842	26.41	-	11,155	7.04	-	18,479	11.66	-	44,270	27.94	158,445	И
Аризона	6	529,688	60.61	6	246,843	28.24	-	76,952	8.81	-	18,784	2.15	-	282,845	32.36	873,945	ТО
Арканзас	6	403,164	48.13	6	398,041	47.52	-	22,468	2.68	-	8,970	1.07	-	5,123	0.61	837,582	АР
Калифорния	45	4,524,858	52.69	45	3,083,661	35.91	-	739,833	8.62	-	148,434	1.73	-	1,441,197	16.78	8,587,063	ЧТО
Колорадо	7	652,264	55.07	7	367,973	31.07	-	130,633	11.03	-	25,744	2.17	-	284,291	24.00	1,184,415	СО
Коннектикут	8	677,210	48.16	8	541,732	38.52	-	171,807	12.22	-	8,570	0.61	-	135,478	9.63	1,406,285	Коннектикут
Делавэр	3	111,252	47.21	3	105,754	44.87	-	16,288	6.91	-	1,974	0.84	-	5,498	2.33	235,668	ИЗ
округ Колумбия	3	23,313	13.41	-	130,231	74.89	3	16,131	9.28	-	1,104	0.63	-	-106,918	-61.49	173,889	округ Колумбия
Флорида	17	2,046,951	55.52	17	1,419,475	38.50	-	189,692	5.14	-	30,524	0.83	-	627,476	17.02	3,687,026	Флорида
Грузия	12	654,168	40.95	-	890,733	55.76	12	36,055	2.26	-	15,627	0.98	-	-236,565	-14.81	1,597,467	Джорджия
Гавайи	4	130,112	42.90	-	135,879	44.80	4	32,021	10.56	-	3,269	1.08	-	-5,767	-1.90	303,287	ПРИВЕТ
Айдахо	4	290,699	66.46	4	110,192	25.19	-	27,058	6.19	-	8,425	1.93	-	180,507	41.27	437,431	ИДЕНТИФИКАТОР
Иллинойс	26	2,358,049	49.65	26	1,981,413	41.72	-	346,754	7.30	-	38,939	0.82	-	376,636	7.93	4,749,721	ТО
Индиана	13	1,255,656	56.01	13	844,197	37.65	-	111,639	4.98	-	19,627	0.88	-	411,459	18.35	2,242,033	В
Айова	8	676,026	51.31	8	508,672	38.60	-	115,633	8.78	-	13,123	1.00	-	167,354	12.70	1,317,661	Я
Канзас	7	566,812	57.85	7	326,150	33.29	-	68,231	6.96	-	14,470	1.48	-	240,662	24.56	979,795	КС
Кентукки	9	635,274	49.07	9	616,417	47.61	-	31,127	2.40	-	5,531	0.43	-	18,857	1.46	1,294,627	этот
Луизиана	10	792,853	51.20	10	708,453	45.75	-	26,345	1.70	-	8,240	0.53	-	84,400	5.45	1,548,591	ТО
Мэн †	2	238,522	45.61	2	220,974	42.25	-	53,327	10.20	-	5,119	0.98	-	17,548	3.36	523,011	МНЕ
Мэн-1	1	126,274	45.96	1	117,613	42.80	–	30,889	11.24	–	Неизвестный	Неизвестный	–	8,661	3.15	274,776	МЕ1
Мэн-2	1	112,248	47.15	1	103,361	43.42	–	22,438	9.43	–	Неизвестный	Неизвестный	–	8,887	3.73	238,047	МЕ2
Мэриленд	10	680,606	44.18	-	726,161	47.14	10	119,537	7.76	-	14,192	0.92	-	-45,555	-2.96	1,540,496	доктор медицинских наук
Массачусетс	14	1,057,631	41.90	14	1,053,802	41.75	-	382,539	15.15	-	22,038	0.87	-	3,829	0.15	2,524,298	И
Мичиган	21	1,915,225	48.99	21	1,661,532	42.50	-	275,223	7.04	-	41,597	1.06	-	253,693	6.49	3,909,725	МНЕ
Миннесота	10	873,241	42.56	-	954,174	46.50	10	174,990	8.53	-	31,592	1.54	-	-80,933	-3.94	2,051,953	Миннесота
Миссисипи	7	441,089	49.42	7	429,281	48.09	-	12,036	1.35	-	5,465	0.61	-	11,808	1.32	892,620	РС
Миссури	12	1,074,181	51.16	12	931,182	44.35	-	77,920	3.71	-	14,422	0.69	-	142,999	6.81	2,099,824	МО
Монтана	4	206,814	56.82	4	118,032	32.43	-	29,281	8.05	-	9,825	2.70	-	88,782	24.39	363,952	МТ
Небраска	5	419,937	65.53	5	166,851	26.04	-	44,993	7.02	-	9,073	1.42	-	253,086	39.49	640,854	NE
Невада	3	155,017	62.54	3	66,666	26.89	-	17,651	7.12	-	4,358	1.76	-	88,351	35.64	247,885	НВ
Нью-Гэмпшир	4	221,705	57.74	4	108,864	28.35	-	49,693	12.94	-	2,067	0.54	-	112,841	29.39	383,999	Нью-Хэмпшир
Нью-Джерси	17	1,546,557	51.97	17	1,147,364	38.56	-	234,632	7.88	-	20,652	0.69	-	399,193	13.42	2,975,684	Нью-Джерси
Нью-Мексико	4	250,779	54.97	4	167,826	36.78	-	29,459	6.46	-	4,365	0.96	-	82,953	18.18	456,237	Нью-Мексико
Нью-Йорк	41	2,893,831	46.66	41	2,728,372	43.99	-	467,801	7.54	-	52,648	0.85	-	165,459	2.67	6,201,959	Нью-Йорк
Северная Каролина	13	915,018	49.30	13	875,635	47.18	-	52,800	2.85	-	9,677	0.52	-	39,383	2.12	1,855,833	Северная Каролина
Северная Дакота	3	193,695	64.23	3	79,189	26.26	-	23,640	7.84	-	3,743	1.24	-	114,506	37.97	301,545	без даты
Огайо	25	2,206,545	51.51	25	1,752,414	40.91	-	254,472	5.94	-	49,033	1.14	-	454,131	10.60	4,283,603	ОЙ
Оклахома	8	695,570	60.50	8	402,026	34.97	-	38,284	3.33	-	13,828	1.20	-	293,544	25.53	1,149,708	ХОРОШО
Орегон	6	571,044	48.33	6	456,890	38.67	-	112,389	9.51	-	25,838	2.19	-	114,154	9.66	1,181,516	ИЛИ
Пенсильвания	27	2,261,872	49.59	27	1,937,540	42.48	-	292,921	6.42	-	33,263	0.73	-	324,332	7.11	4,561,501	Хорошо
Род-Айленд	4	154,793	37.20	-	198,342	47.67	4	59,819	14.38	-	2,458	0.59	-	-43,549	-10.47	416,072	РИ
Южная Каролина	8	441,207	49.57	8	427,560	48.04	-	14,150	1.59	-	4,975	0.56	-	13,647	1.53	890,083	СК
Южная Дакота	4	198,343	60.53	4	103,855	31.69	-	21,431	6.54	-	3,824	1.17	-	94,488	28.83	327,703	СД
Теннесси	10	787,761	48.70	10	783,051	48.41	-	35,991	2.22	-	7,116	0.44	-	4,710	0.29	1,617,616	ТН
Техас	26	2,510,705	55.28	26	1,881,147	41.42	-	111,613	2.46	-	37,643	0.83	-	629,558	13.86	4,541,637	Техас
Юта	4	439,687	72.77	4	124,266	20.57	-	30,284	5.01	-	7,226	1.20	-	315,421	52.20	604,222	ВНЕ
Вермонт	3	94,598	44.37	3	81,891	38.41	-	31,760	14.90	-	1,900	0.89	-	12,707	5.96	213,207	ВТ
Вирджиния	12	989,609	53.03	12	752,174	40.31	-	95,418	5.11	-	12,821	0.69	-	237,435	12.72	1,866,032	И
Вашингтон	9	865,244	49.66	9	650,193	37.32	-	185,073	10.62	-	29,213	1.68	-	215,051	12.34	1,742,394	Вашингтон
Западная Вирджиния	6	334,206	45.30	-	367,462	49.81	6	31,691	4.30	-	4,356	0.59	-	-33,256	-4.51	737,715	Западная Вирджиния
Висконсин	11	1,088,845	47.90	11	981,584	43.18	-	160,657	7.07	-	29,135	1.28	-	107,261	4.72	2,273,221	Висконсин
Вайоминг	3	110,700	62.64	3	49,427	27.97	-	12,072	6.83	-	4,514	2.55	-	61,273	34.67	176,713	МЫ
ИТОГО:	538	43,903,230	50.75	489	35,480,115	41.01	49	5,719,850	6.61	-	921,128	1.06	-	8,423,115	9.74	86,509,678	НАС

Мэн позволил разделить голоса выборщиков между кандидатами. Два голоса выборщиков были присуждены победителю гонки в масштабе штата и один голос выборщиков - победителю от каждого избирательного округа. Рейган получил все четыре голоса.

Штаты, перешедшие от демократической партии к республиканской

• Алабама
• Арканзас
• Делавэр
• Флорида
• Кентукки
• Луизиана
• Массачусетс
• Миссисипи
• Миссури
• Нью-Йорк
• Северная Каролина
• Огайо
• Пенсильвания
• Южная Каролина
• Теннесси
• Техас
• Висконсин

Близкие состояния

Перевес менее 1% (30 голосов выборщиков):

1. Массачусетс, 0,15% (3829 голосов)
2. Теннесси, 0,29% (4710 голосов)
3. Арканзас, 0,61% (5123 голоса)

Перевес менее 5% (135 голосов выборщиков):

1. Алабама, 1,30% (17 462 голоса)
2. Миссисипи, 1,32% (11 808 голосов)
3. Кентукки, 1,46% (18 857 голосов)
4. Южная Каролина, 1,53% (13 647 голосов)
5. Гавайи, 1,90% (5767 голосов)
6. Северная Каролина, 2,12% (39 383 голоса)
7. Делавэр, 2,33% (5498 голосов)
8. Нью-Йорк, 2,67% (165 459 голосов)
9. Мэриленд, 2,96% (45 555 голосов)
10. 1-й избирательный округ штата Мэн, 3,15% (8661 голос)
11. Мэн, 3,36% (17 548 голосов)
12. 2-й избирательный округ штата Мэн, 3,73% (8887 голосов)
13. Миннесота, 3,94% (80 933 голоса)
14. Западная Вирджиния, 4,51% (33 256 голосов)
15. Висконсин, 4,72% (107 261 голос)

Перевес более 5%, но менее 10% (113 голосов выборщиков):

1. Луизиана, 5,45% (84 400 голосов)
2. Вермонт, 5,96% (12 707 голосов)
3. Мичиган, 6,49% (253 693 голоса)
4. Миссури, 6,81% (142 999 голосов)
5. Пенсильвания, 7,11% (324 332 голоса)
6. Иллинойс, 7,93% (376 636 голосов) ( переломный штат )
7. Коннектикут, 9,64% (135 478 голосов)
8. Орегон, 9,66% (114 154 голоса)

Статистика

Округа с наибольшим процентом голосов (республиканцы)

1. Округ Баннер, Небраска 90,41%
2. Мэдисон Каунти, Айдахо 88,41%
3. Округ Макинтош, Северная Дакота 86,01%
4. Округ Макферсон, Южная Дакота 85,60%
5. Округ Франклин, Айдахо 85,31%

Округа с наибольшим процентом голосов (демократические)

1. Округ Мейкон, Алабама 80,10%
2. Округ Хэнкок, Джорджия 78,50%
3. Округ Дюваль, Техас 77,91%
4. Округ Джефферсон, штат Миссисипи 77,84%
5. Грин Каунти, Алабама 77,09%

Округа с наибольшим процентом голосов (Другое)

1. Округ Питкин, Колорадо 27,76%
2. Нантакет, Массачусетс 21,63%
3. Округ Виннебаго, Иллинойс 21,50%
4. Округ Дьюкс, Массачусетс 20,88%
5. Стори Каунти, Айова 19,41%

Демография избирателей

Президентские выборы 1980 года по демографическим подгруппам
Демографическая подгруппа	Картер	Рейган	Андерсон	% из общее количество голосов
Всего голосов	41	51	7	100
Идеология
Либералы	60	28	11	17
Модераторы	43	49	8	46
Консерваторы	23	73	3	33
Вечеринка
Демократы	67	27	6	43
республиканцы	11	85	4	28
Независимые	31	55	12	23
Секс
Мужчины	37	55	7	51
Женщины	46	47	7	49
Раса
Белый	36	56	7	88
Черный	83	14	3	10
латиноамериканец	56	37	7	2
Возраст
18–21 год	45	44	11	6
22–29 лет	44	44	10	17
30–44 года	38	55	7	31
45–59 лет	39	55	6	23
60 и старше	41	55	4	18
Семейный доход
Менее 10 000 долларов США	52	42	6	13
$10,000–15,000	48	43	8	14
$15,000–25,000	39	54	7	30
$25,000–50,000	33	59	7	24
Более 50 000 долларов США	26	66	7	5
Область
Восток	43	48	8	32
Средний Запад	42	51	6	20
Юг	45	52	2	27
Запад	35	54	9	11
Союзные домохозяйства
Союз	48	45	7	26
Несоюз	36	56	7	62

Источник: CBS News и The New York Times экзит-пол Центра исследования общественного мнения Ропера ( опрошено 15 201 человек ).

См. также

• 1980 выборы в Сенат США
• 1980 выборы в Палату представителей США.
• 1980 выборы губернатора США.
• История Соединенных Штатов (1964–1980)
• История США (1980–1991)
• Андерсон против Селебреззе
• Политическая деятельность братьев Кох
• Дебаты по поводу обвинений в утечке информационных материалов Картера в предвыборный штаб Рейгана перед их дебатами

Дальнейшее чтение

Книги

• Буш, Эндрю Э. (2005). Победа Рейгана: президентские выборы 1980 года и подъем правых . Лоуренс: Университетское издательство Канзаса. ISBN  0-7006-1407-9 . . онлайн-обзор Майкла Барона
• Дэвис, Гарет и Джулиан Э. Зелизер, ред. Америка у урны для голосования: выборы и политическая история (2015), стр. 196–218.
• Эрман, Джон (2005). Восьмидесятые: Америка в эпоху Рейгана . Нью-Хейвен: Издательство Йельского университета. ISBN  0-300-10662-9 .
• Фергюсон, Томас; Джоэл Роджерс (1986). Правый поворот: упадок демократов и будущее американской политики . Нью-Йорк: Хилл и Ван. ISBN  0-8090-8191-1 .
• Джермонд, Джек В.; Жюль Витковер (1981). Синий дым и зеркала: как победил Рейган и почему Картер проиграл выборы 1980 года . Нью-Йорк: Викинг. ISBN  0-670-51383-0 .
• Хог, Эндрю П. Поставив в тупик Бога: Рейган, Картер и изобретение политической веры (Baylor University Press; 2012) 343 страницы; Исследование религиозной риторики в предвыборной кампании
• Джонстон, Эндрю и Эндрю Прист, ред. Президентские выборы в США и внешняя политика: кандидаты, кампании и глобальная политика от Рузвельта до Билла Клинтона (2017), стр. 250–270. онлайн
• Мейсон, Джим (2011). Никакого сдерживания: президентская кампания Джона Б. Андерсона 1980 года . Лэнхэм, доктор медицины: Университетское издательство Америки. ISBN   0761852263 .
• Помпер, Джеральд М .; Бейкер, Росс К.; Франкович, Кэтлин А.; Джейкоб, Чарльз Э.; Маквильямс, Уилсон Кэри; Плоткин, Генри А. (1981). Помпер, Марлен М. (ред.). Выборы 1980 года: отчеты и интерпретации . Чатем, Нью-Джерси: Чатем-Хаус. ISBN  0-934540-10-1 .
• Ширли, Крейг (2009). Встреча с судьбой: Рональд Рейган и кампания, изменившая Америку . Уилмингтон, Делавэр: Институт межвузовских исследований. ISBN  978-1-933859-55-2 . . онлайн-обзор Лу Кэннона
• Стэнли, Тимоти. Кеннеди против Картера: Битва за душу Демократической партии 1980 года (University Press of Kansas, 2010) 298 страниц. Ревизионистская история 1970-х годов и их политические последствия, в которой утверждается, что кампания Теда Кеннеди 1980 года была более популярной, чем считалось; описывает свое поражение от Джимми Картера как «историческую случайность», а не как воспринимаемый радикализм.
• Трой, Гил (2005). Утро в Америке: как Рональд Рейган изобрел 1980-е годы . Принстон: Издательство Принстонского университета. ISBN  0-691-12166-4 .
• Уорд, Джон (2019). Конец Камелота: Кеннеди против Картера и битва, которая сломила Демократическую партию . Нью-Йорк; Бостон: Двенадцать. ISBN  9781455591381 . OCLC   1085989134 .
• Уэст, Даррелл М. (1984). Как сделать кампании значимыми: лидерство и создание коалиций в 1980 году . Вестпорт, Коннектикут: Greenwood Press. ISBN  0-313-24235-6 .

Журнальные статьи

• Химмельштейн, Джером; Дж. А. Макрей младший (1984). «Социальный консерватизм, новые республиканцы и выборы 1980 года». Общественное мнение Ежеквартально . 48 (3): 595–605. дои : 10.1086/268860 .
• Липсет, Сеймур М.; Эрл Рааб (1981). «Евангелисты и выборы». Комментарий . 71 : 25–31.
• Миллер, Артур Х.; Мартин П. Ваттенберг (1984). «Политика с кафедры: религиозность и выборы 1980 года». Общественное мнение Ежеквартально . 48 : 300–12. дои : 10.1093/poq/48.1b.301 . S2CID   144534190 .

Газетные статьи

• Никербокер, Брэд (21 октября 1981 г.). «Изменило ли телевидение выборы 80-го?» . Христианский научный монитор . Проверено 3 ноября 2020 г.

Внешние ссылки

• Страница с видео о выборах 1980 года на Избирательной стене
• Всенародное голосование 1980 года по округам
• Всенародное голосование 1980 года по штатам
• Всенародное голосование по штатам 1980 г. (со гистограммами)
• Рекламные ролики предвыборной кампании 1980 года.
• Насколько близкими были выборы 1980 года? в Wayback Machine (архивировано 25 августа 2012 г.) — Майкл Шеппард, Массачусетский технологический институт.
• (на русском языке) Изображение президентских выборов 1980 года в США советским телевидением.
• Выборы 1980 года при подсчете голосов. Архивировано 11 марта 2016 года в Wayback Machine.