Династия Птолемеев

Птолемеи
Птолемеи
Птолемеи ; Птолемеи
Королевский дом
	Орел Зевса был традиционным символом Птолемеевского Египта.
Страна	Древний Египет , Древняя Македония , Древний Рим.
Founded	305 BC
Founder	Ptolemy I Soter
Final ruler	Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XV; (Egypt); Ptolemy XVI; (Syria); Ptolemy of Mauretania; (Mauretania Caesariensis)
Final head	Drusilla
Titles	Pharaoh; Basileus of Egypt; King of Macedonia ; King of Mauretania Caesariensis; King of Syria ; King of Cyrene
Dissolution	AD 79
Deposition	279 BC (Macedon); 30 BC (Egypt); AD 40 (Mauretania)

Династия Птолемеев ( / ˌ t ɒ l ɪ ˈ m eɪ . ɪ k / ; др.-греч .: Πτολεμαῖοι , Ptolemaioi ), также известная как династия Лагидов ( Λαγίδαι , Lagidai ; в честь Птолемея I отца , Лага ), ^{[ а ]} был македонским греком ^{[ 1 ]}^{[ 2 ]}^{[ 3 ]}^{[ 4 ]}^{[ 5 ]} царский дом, который правил царством Птолемеев в Древнем Египте в эллинистический период . Правившие 275 лет, Птолемеи были самой длинной и последней династией Древнего Египта с 305 г. до н. э. до его присоединения к Римской республике в 30 г. до н. э. ^{[ 6 ]}^{[ 7 ]}

Птолемей , полководец и один из после смерти Александра в 323 году соматофилаков (соратников-телохранителей) Александра Македонского, был назначен сатрапом Египта до нашей эры. В 305 г. до н.э. он объявил себя фараоном Птолемеем I, позже известным как Сотер «Спаситель». Египтяне вскоре признали Птолемеев преемниками фараонов независимого Египта. Новая династия приняла египетские титулы и иконографию, уважала местные традиции, сохраняя при этом свой греческий язык и культуру. ^{[ 8 ]}^{[ 6 ]} Период Птолемеев был отмечен интенсивным взаимодействием и смешением греческой и египетской культур . ^{[ 9 ]} Under the Ptolemies, Hellenistic religion was largely influenced by religious syncretism and imperial cult.^[10]^[11] Elements of Greek education became widespread in urban spaces, culminating in the foundation of the Mouseion (including the Library of Alexandria) and the Serapeum.^[12] During the Hellenistic period, the city of Alexandria founded by Alexander the Great would gradually surpass Athens taking its place as the intellectual centre of the Mediterranean world.^[13]

To emulate the previous dynasties of Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty eventually adopted the practice of inbreeding including sibling marriage;^[14] this did not start in earnest until nearly a century into the dynasty's history.^[15] All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy, while queens regnant were all called Cleopatra, Arsinoe, or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her apparent suicide after the Roman conquest of Egypt marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.^[16]

Rulers and consorts

Ptolemy I Soter (303–282 BC)^[17] married first Thaïs, then Artakama, then Eurydice, and finally Berenice I
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC)^[18] married Arsinoe I, then Arsinoe II; ruled jointly with Ptolemy Epigonos (267–259 BC)
Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221 BC) married Berenice II
Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–203 BC) married Arsinoe III
Ptolemy V Epiphanes (203–181 BC) married Cleopatra I Syra
Ptolemy VI Philometor (181–164 BC, 163–145 BC) married Cleopatra II, briefly ruled jointly with Ptolemy Eupator in 152 BC
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (possibly never reigned)
Ptolemy VIII Physcon (170–163 BC, 145–116 BC) married Cleopatra II, then Cleopatra III; temporarily expelled from Alexandria by Cleopatra II from 131 to 127 BC, then reconciled with her in 124 BC.
Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira (131–127 BC), in opposition to Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Ptolemy Apion (c.120-96 BC), son of Ptolemy VIII. Last Ptolemaic king of Cyrene.
Cleopatra III Philometor Soteira Dikaiosyne Nikephoros (Kokke) (116–101 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy IX Lathyros (116–107 BC) and Ptolemy X Alexander I (107–101 BC)
Ptolemy IX Lathyros (116–107 BC, 88–81 BC as Soter II) married Cleopatra IV, then Cleopatra Selene; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III in his first reign
Ptolemy X Alexander I (107–88 BC) married Cleopatra Selene, then Berenice III; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III till 101 BC
Berenice III Philopator (81–80 BC)
Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC) married and ruled jointly with Berenice III before murdering her; ruled alone for 19 days after that.
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) (80–58 BC, 55–51 BC) married Cleopatra V Tryphaena
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (58–57 BC) ruled jointly with Berenice IV Epiphaneia (58–55 BC), possibly identical with Cleopatra V Tryphaena^[19]
Cleopatra ("Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator", 51–30 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (51–47 BC), Ptolemy XIV (47–44 BC) and Ptolemy XV Caesarion (44–30 BC).
Arsinoe IV (48–47 BC), in opposition to Cleopatra
Ptolemy of Mauretania (13 or 9 BC–AD 40) Client king and ruler of Mauretania for Rome

Dates in brackets on the Cup of the Ptolemies represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters, aunts or cousins. Several queens exercised regal authority. Of these, one of the last and most famous was Cleopatra ("Cleopatra VII Philopator", 51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co-rulers. Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely employed by modern scholars.

Family tree

Ptolemaic family tree

Lagus of Eordea, Macedon

Arsinoe of Macedon

Ptolemy I
Soter
(Kg 303–282 BC)

Berenice I

Philip

Arsinoe II

Ptolemy II
Philadelphus
(Kg. 285–246 BC)

Arsinoe I

Magas
of Cyrene

Apama II

Ptolemy III
Euergetes
(Kg. 246–221 BC)

Berenice II

Ptolemy IV
Philopator
(Kg. 221–203 BC)

Arsinoe III

Ptolemy V
Epiphanes
(Kg. 203–181 BC)

Cleopatra I
Syra

Ptolemy VI
Philometor
(Kg. 181–164 BC,
163–145 BC)

Cleopatra II
(Qn. 131–127 BC)

Ptolemy VIII
Physcon
(Kg. 170–163 BC,
145–116 BC)

Eirene

Ptolemy VII
Neos Philopator

Cleopatra III
(Qn, 116–101 BC)

Ptolemy
Memphites

Ptolemy Apion

Cleopatra IV

Ptolemy IX
Lathyros
(Kg. 116–107 BC,
as Soter II 88–81 BC)

Cleopatra
Selene

Ptolemy X
Alexander I
(Kg. 107–88 BC)

Ptolemy XII
Auletes
(Kg. 80–58 BC,
55–51 BC)

Berenice III
(Qn. 81–80 BC)

Ptolemy XI
Alexander II
(Kg. 80 BC,
for 19 days)

Cleopatra V
(Qn. 58–55 BC)

Cleopatra VI
(Qn. 58 BC)

Berenice IV
(Qn. 58–55 BC)

Ptolemy XIII
Theos Philopator
(Kg. 51–47 BC)

Cleopatra VII
Thea Philopator
(Qn. 51–30 BC)

Ptolemy XIV
(Kg. 47–44 BC)

Arsinoe IV
(Qn. 48–47 BC)

Julius
Caesar

Mark
Antony

Ptolemy XV
Caesarion
(Kg. 44–30 BC)

Alexander
Helios

Ptolemy
Philadelphus

Cleopatra
Selene II

Ptolemy of
Mauretania

Detailed Ptolemaic family tree

Ptolemy I
Soter
(Kg 303–282 BC)

Berenice I
(∞ Philip
↓
Magas
of Cyrene
∞ Apama II
↓
See below: Berenice II)

Ptolemy II
Philadelphus
(Kg. 285–246 BC)

Arsinoe I

Berenice II of Egypt
(daughter of
Magas of Cyrene,
see above: Berenice I)

Ptolemy III
Euergetes
(Kg. 246–221 BC)

Berenice Syra

Antiochus III the Great

Arsinoe III

Ptolemy IV
Philopator
(Kg. 221–203 BC)

Cleopatra I
Syra

Ptolemy V
Epiphanes
(Kg. 203–181 BC)

Ptolemy VI
Philometor
(Kg. 181–164 BC,
163-145 BC)

Cleopatra II
(Qn. 131–127 BC)

Ptolemy VIII
Physcon
(Kg. 170–163 BC,
145–116 BC)

Eirene ?

Ptolemy Eupator

Cleopatra Thea

Ptolemy VII
Neos Philopator

Cleopatra III
(Qn, 116–101 BC)

Ptolemy
Memphites

Ptolemy Apion

Cleopatra Tryphaena

Cleopatra IV

Ptolemy IX
Lathyros
(Kg. 116–107 BC,
as Soter II 88–81 BC)

Cleopatra V
Selene

Ptolemy X
Alexander I
(Kg. 107–88 BC)

?

Berenice III
(Qn. 81–80 BC)

Ptolemy XI
Alexander II
(Kg. 80 BC,
for 19 days)

Ptolemy of Cyprus

Ptolemy XII
Auletes
(Kg. 80–58 BC,
55–51 BC)

Cleopatra VI
(Qn. 58 BC)

Berenice IV
(Qn. 58–55 BC)

Ptolemy XIII
Theos Philopator
(Kg. 51–47 BC)

Cleopatra VII
Thea Philopator
(Qn. 51–30 BC)

Ptolemy XIV
(Kg. 47–44 BC)

Arsinoe IV
(Qn. 48–47 BC)

Julius
Caesar

Mark
Antony

Ptolemy XV
Caesarion
(Kg. 44–30 BC)

Alexander
Helios

Cleopatra
Selene II

Juba II
of Mauretania

Ptolemy Philadelphus

Ptolemy of
Mauretania

Other notable members of the Ptolemaic dynasty

Ptolemy Keraunos (died 279 BC) – eldest son of Ptolemy I Soter. Eventually became king of Macedonia.
Ptolemy Apion (died 96 BC) – son of Ptolemy VIII Physcon. Made king of Cyrenaica. Bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome.
Ptolemy Philadelphus (born 36 BC) – son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.
Ptolemy of Mauretania (died 40 AD) – son of King Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania and Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony. King of Mauretania.
Ptolemy II of Telmessos, grandson of Ptolemy Epigonos, flourished second half of 3rd century BC and first half of 2nd century BC
Ptolemy of Cyprus, king of Cyprus c. 80–58 BC, younger brother of Ptolemy XII Auletes

Health

Continuing the tradition established by previous Egyptian dynasties, the Ptolemies engaged in inbreeding including sibling marriage, with many of the pharaohs being married to their siblings and often co-ruling with them.^[21] Ptolemy I and other early rulers of the dynasty were not married to their relatives, the childless marriage of siblings Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II^[22] being an exception. The first child-producing incestuous marriage in the Ptolemaic dynasty was that of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, who were succeeded as co-pharaohs by their son Ptolemy V, born 210 BC. The best-known Ptolemaic pharaoh, Cleopatra VII, was at different times married to and ruled with two of her brothers (Ptolemy XIII until 47 BC and then Ptolemy XIV until 44 BC), and their parents were also likely to have been siblings or possibly cousins.^[15]

Contemporaries describe a number of the Ptolemaic dynasty members as extremely obese,^[23] while sculptures and coins reveal prominent eyes and swollen necks. Familial Graves' disease could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence (exophthalmos), although this is unlikely to occur in the presence of morbid obesity. This is all likely due to inbreeding depression. In view of the familial nature of these findings, members of the Ptolemaic dynasty are likely to have suffered from a multi-organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim–Chester disease, or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis where thyroiditis, obesity and ocular proptosis may have all occurred concurrently.^[24]

Gallery

Ptolemy I, founder of the dynasty.
Ptolemy II
Ptolemy III
Ptolemy IV
Ptolemy V
Ptolemy VI
Cleopatra II (right)
Ptolemy VIII
Ptolemy IX
Ptolemy X
Ptolemy XI
Ptolemy XII
Ptolemy XIII and Skhemet
Ptolemy XIV
Cleopatra VII
Ptolemy XV, commonly called Caesarion.
Sardonyx cameo of a Ptolemaic prince as the Greek god Hermes, Cabinet des médailles, Paris.
Posthumous portrait of Cleopatra VII, from Roman Herculaneum, mid-1st century AD.^[25]^[26]
The Cup of the Ptolemies: front (top) of the cup (Cabinet des Médailles)
The Cup of the Ptolemies: back (bottom) of the cup (Cabinet des Médailles)

References

^ In modern times, it is sometimes called the Thirty-third (XXXIII) Dynasty in the context of Ancient Egyptian history

^ Jones 2006, p. xiii: "They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great".
^ Jeffreys 2005, p. 488: "Ptolemaic kings were still crowned at Memphis and the city was popularly regarded as the Egyptian rival to Alexandria, founded by the Macedonian Greeks".
^ Robins 2001, p. 108: "...Cleopatra VII, the last member of the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty to govern Egypt. Although the Ptolemies were not only Greek by origin but also by culture, they adopted from the Egyptians the custom of royal brother-sister marriage".
^ Southern 2009, p. 43: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative (...) stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great".
^ Depuydt 2005, p. 687: "during the Ptolemaic period, when Egypt was governed by rulers of Greek descent..."; Pomeroy 1990, p. xvi: "...while Ptolemaic Egypt was a monarchy with a Greek ruling class"
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Jones 2006, p. 3.
^ Epiphanius of Salamis, however, puts the total number of years of the Ptolemaic dynasty at 306, presumably calculated from 306/5 BC to 1 AD. See: Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – The Syriac Version (ed. James Elmer Dean), University of Chicago Press 1935, p. 28 (note 104). Compare On Weights and Measures.
^ Southern 2009, pp. 43–44.
^ Rutherford 2016, p. 4: "The second (phase of relationship between Greek and Egyptian culture) begins when Egypt is taken over by a Greek-speaking elite in the last decades of the fourth century. From then on, the two cultures coexisted, which inevitably resulted in interactions and mutual influence between them".
^ Potter 2009, p. 419.
^ Carney 2013, pp. 95–100, "Cults".
^ Holbl 2001, p. 84.
^ Jones 2006, p. 10.
^ Robins, p. 108: "...they adopted from the Egyptians the custom of royal brother-sister marriage".
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Move over, Lannisters: No one did incest and murder like the last pharaohs on The A.V. Club
^ "Cleopatra the Great: Last Power of the Ptolemaic Dynasty". ARCE. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
^ Wasson, Donald (February 3, 2012). "Ptolemy I". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ Tunny, Jennifer(2001)The Health of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists/ Vol.38(1/4), pp.119-134
^ W. Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit (Egypt in Hellenistic times). C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 679
^ Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001). Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt. Los Angeles: Getty Publications (J. Paul Getty Trust). ISBN 0-89236-633-8, pp. 22–23.
^ Walter Scheidel (September 1996). "Brother-sister and parent-child marriage outside royal families in ancient Egypt and Iran: A challenge to the sociobiological view of incest avoidance?". Ethology and Sociobiology. 17 (5): 321. doi:10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X.
^ Ptolemy II "Philadelphus" on Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Michalopoulos, A.; Tzelepis, G.; Geroulanos, S. (2003). ""Morbid obesity and hypersomnolence in several members of an ancient royal family"". Thorax. 58 (3): 281–282. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.3.281-b. PMC 1746609. PMID 12612315.
^ Ashrafian, Hutan (2005). "Familial proptosis and obesity in the Ptolemies". J. R. Soc. Med. 98 (2): 85–86. doi:10.1177/014107680509800224. PMC 1079400. PMID 15684370.
^ Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2001), "Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 314–315, ISBN 9780691088358.
^ Fletcher, Joann (2008). Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7, image plates and captions between pp. 246-247.

Sources

Carney, Elizabeth (2013). Arsinoe of Egypt and Macedon, A Royal Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195365511.
Jones, Prudence (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806137414.
Pomeroy, Sarah (1990). Women in Hellenistic Egypt, From Alexander to Cleopatra. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814322307.
Southern, Patricia (2009) [2007]. Antony and Cleopatra: The Doomed Love Affair That United Ancient Rome and Egypt. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781848683242.
Поттер, Дэвид (2009). «эллинистическая религия». В Эрскине, Эндрю (ред.). Спутник эллинистического мира . Джон Уайли и сыновья. ISBN 978-1405154413 .
Хольбл, Гюнтер (2001). «Птолемеевский период». В Редфорде, Дональд (ред.). Оксфордская энциклопедия Древнего Египта . Том. 3. Издательство Оксфордского университета. ISBN 0195138236 .
Джеффрис, Дэвид (2005) [1999]. "Мемфис". В Барде, Кэтрин (ред.). Энциклопедия археологии Древнего Египта . Рутледж. ISBN 1134665253 .
Депюйдт, Лео (2005) [1999]. «Россетский камень». В Барде, Кэтрин (ред.). Энциклопедия археологии Древнего Египта . Рутледж. ISBN 1134665253 .
Робинс, Гей (2001). «Королевы». В Редфорде, Дональд (ред.). Оксфордская энциклопедия Древнего Египта . Том. 3. Издательство Оксфордского университета. ISBN 0195138236 .
Резерфорд, Ян (2016). Греко-египетские взаимодействия: литература, перевод и культура, 500 г. до н.э. – 300 г. н.э. Издательство Оксфордского университета. ISBN 978-0199656127 .

Дальнейшее чтение

Бинген, Жан. Эллинистический Египет . Эдинбург: Издательство Эдинбургского университета, 2007 г. (твердый переплет, ISBN 0-7486-1578-4 ; мягкая обложка, ISBN 0-7486-1579-2 ).
Роберта Касагранде-Ким, изд. (2014). Когда греки правили Египтом: от Александра Македонского до Клеопатры . Издательство Принстонского университета . ISBN 978-0691165547 .
А. Лампела, Рим и Птолемеи Египта: развитие их политических отношений 273–80 гг. До н.э. (Хельсинки, 1998).
Дж. Г. Мэннинг, Последние фараоны: Египет при Птолемеях, 305–30 гг. До н.э. (Принстон, 2009 г.).
Сьюзан Стивенс, Видя двойное видение: межкультурная поэтика в Александрии Птолемеев (Беркли, 2002).

Внешние ссылки

Livius.org: «Птолемеи», заархивировано 6 сентября 2014 г. в Wayback Machine — Джона Лендеринг.

[1] In modern times, it is sometimes called the Thirty-third (XXXIII) Dynasty in the context of Ancient Egyptian history

[FOOTNOTEJones2006xiii:_"They_were_members_of_the_Ptolemaic_dynasty_of_Macedonian_Greeks,_who_ruled_Egypt_after_the_death_of_its_conqueror,_Alexander_the_Great"-2] Jones 2006, p. xiii: "They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great".

[FOOTNOTEJeffreys2005488:_"Ptolemaic_kings_were_still_crowned_at_Memphis_and_the_city_was_popularly_regarded_as_the_Egyptian_rival_to_Alexandria,_founded_by_the_Macedonian_Greeks"-3] Jeffreys 2005, p. 488: "Ptolemaic kings were still crowned at Memphis and the city was popularly regarded as the Egyptian rival to Alexandria, founded by the Macedonian Greeks".

[FOOTNOTERobins2001108:_"...Cleopatra_VII,_the_last_member_of_the_Greek_Ptolemaic_dynasty_to_govern_Egypt._Although_the_Ptolemies_were_not_only_Greek_by_origin_but_also_by_culture,_they_adopted_from_the_Egyptians_the_custom_of_royal_brother-sister_marriage"-4] Robins 2001, p. 108: "...Cleopatra VII, the last member of the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty to govern Egypt. Although the Ptolemies were not only Greek by origin but also by culture, they adopted from the Egyptians the custom of royal brother-sister marriage".

[FOOTNOTESouthern200943:_"The_Ptolemaic_dynasty,_of_which_Cleopatra_was_the_last_representative_(...)_stemmed_from_Ptolemy_Soter,_a_Macedonian_Greek_in_the_entourage_of_Alexander_the_Great"-5] Southern 2009, p. 43: "The Ptolemaic dynasty, of which Cleopatra was the last representative (...) stemmed from Ptolemy Soter, a Macedonian Greek in the entourage of Alexander the Great".

[6] Depuydt 2005, p. 687: "during the Ptolemaic period, when Egypt was governed by rulers of Greek descent..."; Pomeroy 1990, p. xvi: "...while Ptolemaic Egypt was a monarchy with a Greek ruling class"

[FOOTNOTEJones20063-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b Jones 2006, p. 3.

[8] Epiphanius of Salamis, however, puts the total number of years of the Ptolemaic dynasty at 306, presumably calculated from 306/5 BC to 1 AD. See: Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – The Syriac Version (ed. James Elmer Dean), University of Chicago Press 1935, p. 28 (note 104). Compare On Weights and Measures.

[FOOTNOTESouthern200943–44-9] Southern 2009, pp. 43–44.

[FOOTNOTERutherford20164:_"The_second_(phase_of_relationship_between_Greek_and_Egyptian_culture)_begins_when_Egypt_is_taken_over_by_a_Greek-speaking_elite_in_the_last_decades_of_the_fourth_century._From_then_on,_the_two_cultures_coexisted,_which_inevitably_resulted_in_interactions_and_mutual_influence_between_them"-10] Rutherford 2016, p. 4: "The second (phase of relationship between Greek and Egyptian culture) begins when Egypt is taken over by a Greek-speaking elite in the last decades of the fourth century. From then on, the two cultures coexisted, which inevitably resulted in interactions and mutual influence between them".

[FOOTNOTEPotter2009419-11] Potter 2009, p. 419.

[FOOTNOTECarney201395–100"Cults"-12] Carney 2013, pp. 95–100, "Cults".

[FOOTNOTEHolbl200184-13] Holbl 2001, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTEJones200610-14] Jones 2006, p. 10.

[FOOTNOTERobins108:_"...they_adopted_from_the_Egyptians_the_custom_of_royal_brother-sister_marriage"-15] Robins, p. 108: "...they adopted from the Egyptians the custom of royal brother-sister marriage".

[avclub-16] Jump up to: ^a ^b Move over, Lannisters: No one did incest and murder like the last pharaohs on The A.V. Club

[17] "Cleopatra the Great: Last Power of the Ptolemaic Dynasty". ARCE. Retrieved 2024-06-18.

[18] Wasson, Donald (February 3, 2012). "Ptolemy I". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 1, 2016.

[19] Tunny, Jennifer(2001)The Health of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists/ Vol.38(1/4), pp.119-134

[20] W. Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit (Egypt in Hellenistic times). C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 679

[21] Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001). Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt. Los Angeles: Getty Publications (J. Paul Getty Trust). ISBN 0-89236-633-8, pp. 22–23.

[22] Walter Scheidel (September 1996). "Brother-sister and parent-child marriage outside royal families in ancient Egypt and Iran: A challenge to the sociobiological view of incest avoidance?". Ethology and Sociobiology. 17 (5): 321. doi:10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X.

[23] Ptolemy II "Philadelphus" on Encyclopædia Britannica

[24] Michalopoulos, A.; Tzelepis, G.; Geroulanos, S. (2003). ""Morbid obesity and hypersomnolence in several members of an ancient royal family"". Thorax. 58 (3): 281–282. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.3.281-b. PMC 1746609. PMID 12612315.

[25] Ashrafian, Hutan (2005). "Familial proptosis and obesity in the Ptolemies". J. R. Soc. Med. 98 (2): 85–86. doi:10.1177/014107680509800224. PMC 1079400. PMID 15684370.

[26] Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2001), "Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 314–315, ISBN 9780691088358.

[27] Fletcher, Joann (2008). Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7, image plates and captions between pp. 246-247.

[28] Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

[29] Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.

[30] "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.

[31] Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.

[32] Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.

[SKL-33] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Per Sumerian King List

[34] Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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v т и Эллинистические правители
Argeads	Philip II Alexander III the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV
Antipatrids	Cassander Philip IV Alexander V Antipater II Antipater Etesias Sosthenes
Antigonids	Antigonus I Monophthalmus Demetrius I Poliorcetes Antigonus II Gonatas Demetrius II Aetolicus Antigonus III Doson Philip V Perseus Philip VI (pretender)
Ptolemies	Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Monarchs of Cyrene	Magas Berenice II Demetrius the Fair Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra Selene II
Seleucids	Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III the Great Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Alexander I Balas Demetrius II Nicator Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes Alexander II Zabinas Cleopatra Thea Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Cleopatra Selene I Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Lysimachids	Lysimachus Ptolemy Epigonos
Attalids	Philetaerus Eumenes I Attalus I Eumenes II Attalus II Attalus III Eumenes III
Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos with Laodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander with Dynamis Mithridates II Asander with Dynamis Scribonius's attempted rule with Dynamis Dynamis with Polemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

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