Low-alcohol beer

Low-alcohol beer is beer with little or no alcohol by volume that aims to reproduce the taste of beer while eliminating or reducing the inebriating effect, carbohydrates, and calories of regular alcoholic brews. Low-alcohol beers can come in different beer styles such as lagers, stouts, and ales. Low-alcohol beer is also known as light beer, non-alcoholic beer, small beer, small ale, or near-beer.
History
[edit]Low-alcohol brews such as small beer date back at least to medieval Europe, where they served as a less risky alternative to water[1][2] (which often was polluted by faeces and parasites[3]) and were less expensive than higher-quality, higher-alcohol brews like stouts, porters, and ales.[4][5][6]
More recently, the temperance movements and the need to avoid alcohol while driving, operating machinery, taking certain medications, etc. led to the development of non-intoxicating beers.
In the United States, according to John Naleszkiewicz, non-alcoholic brews were promoted during Prohibition. In 1917, President Wilson proposed limiting the alcohol content of malt beverages to 2.75% to try to appease avid prohibitionists. In 1919, Congress approved the Volstead Act, which limited the alcohol content of all beverages to 0.5%. These very-low-alcohol beverages became known as tonics, and many breweries began brewing them in order to stay in business during Prohibition. Since removing the alcohol from the beer requires just one extra step, many breweries saw it as an easy change. In 1933, when Prohibition was repealed, breweries simply omitted this extra step.[7]
By the 1980s and 90s, growing concerns about alcoholism led to the growing popularity of "light" beers. Declining consumption has also led to the introduction of mass-market non-alcoholic beverages, dubbed "near beer". Low-alcohol and alcohol-free bars and pubs have also been established to cater for drinkers of non-alcoholic beverages.
In the UK, the introduction of a lower rate of beer duty for low-strength beer (of 2.8% ABV or less) in October 2011[8] spurred many small brewers to revive old styles of small beer and create higher-hopped craft beers at the lower alcohol level to be able to lower the cost of their beer to consumers.
At the start of the 21st century, alcohol-free beer has seen a rise in popularity in the Middle East (which now makes up a third of the market).[9] One reason for this is that Islamic scholars issued fatawa which permitted the consumption of beer as long as large quantities could be consumed without getting drunk.[10] By 2022, craft hop water has become a market unto itself in the United States, with one Southern California brewer regarding it as not being beer at all.[11]
Pros and cons
[edit]Positive features of non-alcoholic brews include the ability to drive after consuming several drinks, the reduction in alcohol-related illness, and fewer severe hangover symptoms.[12] Low-alcohol and alcohol-free beers are usually lower in calories than equivalent full-strength beers.[13]
Some common complaints about non-alcoholic brews include a loss of flavor, addition of one step in the brewing process, sugary taste, and a shorter shelf life. There are also legal implications. Some state governments, e.g. Pennsylvania, prohibit the sale of non-alcoholic beverages to persons under the age of 21.[14] A study conducted by the department of psychology at Indiana University said, "Because non-alcoholic beer provides sensory cues that simulate alcoholic beer, this beverage may be more effective than other placebos in contributing to a credible manipulation of expectancies to receive alcohol",[15] making people feel "drunk" when physically they are not.
There is little to no research on consequences of drinking such products in pregnancy, but as they may contain trace amounts of alcohol, in rare cases even higher than 1% (despite labelling as 0%), one paper advises against drinking this type of non-alcoholic beverage during pregnancy.[16]
Categories
[edit]In the United States, beverages containing less than 0.5% alcohol by volume (ABV) were legally called non-alcoholic, according to the now-defunct Volstead Act. Because of its very low alcohol content, non-alcoholic beer may be legally sold to people under age 21 in many American states.
In the United Kingdom, Government guidance recommends the following descriptions for "alcohol substitute" drinks including alcohol-free beer. The use of these descriptions is voluntary:[17][18]
- No alcohol or alcohol-free: not more than 0.05% ABV
- Dealcoholized: over 0.05% but less than 0.5% ABV
- Low-alcohol: not more than 1.2% ABV
In some parts of the European Union, beer must contain no more than 0.5% ABV if it is labelled "alcohol-free".
In Australia, the term "light beer" refers to any beer with less than 3.5% alcohol.
Light beer
[edit]Light beers are beers with reduced caloric content compared to regular beer, and typically also have a lower alcoholic content, depending on the brand and where they are sold. The spelling "lite beer" is also commonly used. Light beers are manufactured by reducing the carbohydrate content, and secondarily by reducing the alcohol content, since both carbohydrates and alcohol contribute to the caloric content of beer.[19]
Light beers are marketed primarily to drinkers who wish to manage their calorie intake. However, these beers are sometimes criticized for being less flavorful than full-strength beers, being "watered down" (whether in perception or in fact), and thus advertising campaigns for light beers generally advertise their retention of flavor.[19]
In Australia, regular beers have approximately 4%-5% ABV, while reduced-alcohol beers have 2.2%–3.2%.[20]
In Canada, regular beers typically have 5% ABV, while a reduced-alcohol beer contains 2.6%–4.0% ABV and an "extra-light" beer contains less than 2.5%.[21]
In the United States, most mass-market light beer brands, including Bud Light, Coors Light, and Miller Lite, have 4.2% ABV, less than ordinary beers from the same makers which are 5% ABV.[19]
In Sweden, low alcohol beer is either 2.2%, 2.8% or 3.5%, and can be purchased in an ordinary supermarket whereas normal strength beers of above 3.5% must be purchased at Systembolaget. Beer containing 2.8-3.5% ABV (called Folköl or "Peoples' Beer") may be legally sold in any convenience store to people over 18 years of age, whereas stronger beer may only be sold in state-run liquor stores to people older than 20. In addition, businesses selling food for on-premises consumption do not need an alcohol license to serve 3.5% beer. Virtually all major Swedish brewers, and several international ones, in addition to their full-strength beer, make 3.5% folköl versions as well. Beer below or equaling 2.25% ABV (lättöl) is not legally subject to age restrictions;[22] however, some stores voluntarily opt out from selling it to minors anyway.[23]
Low-point beer
[edit]Low-point beer, which is often known in the United States as "three-two beer" or "3 point 2 brew", is beer that contains 3.2% alcohol by weight (equivalent to about 4% ABV).
The term "low-point beer" is unique to the United States, where some states limit the sale of beer, but beers of this type are also available in countries (such as Sweden and Finland) that tax or otherwise regulate beer according to its alcohol content.
In the United States, 3.2 beer was the highest alcohol content beer allowed to be produced legally for nine months in 1933. As part of his New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Cullen–Harrison Act that repealed the Volstead Act on 22 March 1933. In December 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, eliminating a federal level prohibition on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages and returning to the states the power to regulate them within their borders.[24]
After the repeal of Prohibition, a number of state laws prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors remained in effect. As these were repealed, they were first replaced by laws limiting the maximum alcohol content allowed for sale as 3.2 ABW. As of 2019, the state of Minnesota[citation needed] permits general establishments such as supermarket chains and convenience stores to sell only low-point beer; in the 2010s, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Utah revised state laws to end this practice.[25][26][27][28][29] In the states that maintain such laws, all alcoholic beverages containing more than 3.2% alcohol by weight (ABW) must be sold from state-licensed liquor stores.
Missouri also has a legal classification for low-point beer, which it calls "nonintoxicating beer".[30] Unlike Minnesota and Utah, Missouri does not limit supermarket chains and convenience stores to selling only low-point beer. Instead, Missouri's alcohol laws permit grocery stores, drug stores, gas stations, and even "general merchandise stores" (a term that Missouri law does not define) to sell any alcoholic beverage;[31] consequently, 3.2% beer is rarely sold in Missouri.
Near beer
[edit]"Near beer" was a term for malt beverages containing little or no alcohol (less than 0.5% ABV), which were mass-marketed during Prohibition in the United States. Near beer could not legally be labeled as "beer" and was officially classified as a "cereal beverage".[32]
The most popular "near beer" was Bevo, brewed by the Anheuser-Busch company. The Pabst company brewed "Pablo", Miller brewed "Vivo", and Schlitz brewed "Famo". Many local and regional breweries stayed in business by marketing their own near-beers. By 1921, production of near beer had reached over 300 million US gallons (1 billion L) a year (36 L/s).
A popular illegal practice was to add alcohol to near beer. The resulting beverage was known as spiked beer or needle beer,[33] so called because a needle was used to inject alcohol through the cork of the bottle or keg.
Кулинарный критик и писатель Уэверли Рут описывал обычное американское пиво как «настолько невкусное, жидкое, неприятное на вкус и обескураживающее помое, что его мог придумать пуританин Макиавелли с целью вызвать отвращение у пьющих настоящего пива». навсегда." [34]
В начале 2010-х годов крупные пивоварни начали экспериментировать с безалкогольным пивом для массового рынка, чтобы противостоять снижению потребления алкоголя на фоне растущего предпочтения крафтового пива, выпустив такие напитки, как Budweiser Prohibition Brew от Anheuser-Busch, выпущенный в 2016 году.
Напиток, похожий на «почти пиво», «бьорлики» был довольно популярен в Исландии до того, как алкогольное пиво было легализовано в 1989 году. Исландский вариант обычно состоял из порции водки, добавленной в пол-литровый стакан светлого пива.
Маленькое пиво
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Смоллное пиво (также small ale ) — пиво / эль , содержащее очень мало алкоголя . Иногда нефильтрованный и похожий на кашу, он был излюбленным напитком в средневековой Европе и колониальной Северной Америке , в отличие от часто загрязненной воды и дорогого пива, используемых на праздниках. Мелкое пиво также производилось в домашних хозяйствах для употребления детьми и прислугой. [ нужна ссылка ]
Однако малое пиво/маленький эль также может относиться к пиву, приготовленному из «второго отхода» очень крепкого пивного сусла (например, шотландского эля). Это пиво может быть таким же крепким, как мягкий эль , в зависимости от крепости исходного затора. Это делалось в качестве меры экономии в домашнем пивоварении в Англии вплоть до 18 века и до сих пор практикуется некоторыми домашними пивоварами . в Сан-Франциско Одна коммерческая пивоварня, Anchor Brewing Company , также производит свое маленькое пиво Anchor, используя второстепенные остатки своего барливайна Old Foghorn . Этот термин также используется насмешливо для коммерческого пива, которое считается слишком слабым на вкус.
Безалкогольное пиво
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Поскольку все больше людей потребляют безалкогольные напитки по состоянию здоровья, по социальным причинам или потому, что хотят насладиться вкусом пива без воздействия алкоголя, [35] Ожидается, что к 2024 году мировой рынок безалкогольного пива удвоится по сравнению с уровнем 2018 года. [36] [37]
Арабский мир
[ редактировать ]На Ближний Восток приходится почти треть мировых продаж безалкогольного и безалкогольного пива. [10]
Малайзия
[ редактировать ]Рынок безалкогольного пива в Малайзии развивается медленно по сравнению с другими странами с мусульманским большинством, и по состоянию на 2015 год правительство Малайзии не одобрило ни одно безалкогольное пиво как халяльное . [38]
Иран
[ редактировать ]В 2008 году продажи безалкогольного пива в Иране продолжали показывать высокие темпы роста, выражающиеся двузначными числами, как в стоимостном выражении, так и в объеме, и ожидается, что общий объем продаж увеличится более чем вдвое в период с 2008 по 2013 год. [39]
Индия
[ редактировать ]Продажи безалкогольного пива в Индии относительно невелики.
Соединенные Штаты
[ редактировать ]За последнее десятилетие в Соединенных Штатах наблюдался рост потребления безалкогольного пива. [40]
Европа
[ редактировать ]Испания является основным потребителем и производителем слабоалкогольного пива в Евросоюзе . [41]
Великобритания
[ редактировать ]По состоянию на март 2020 года продажи безалкогольного пива выросли на 30% с 2016 года, при этом молодое поколение избегает алкогольных напитков. [42] Пивовары представили слабоалкогольные или безалкогольные сорта известных брендов, чтобы удовлетворить возросший спрос на слабоалкогольное пиво, а новые слабоалкогольные бренды, такие как Lucky Saint, добились успеха на рынке Великобритании. [43]
Возраст, с которого разрешено употребление алкоголя в США
[ редактировать ]Пиво с пометкой «безалкогольное» все же содержит очень небольшое количество алкоголя. Таким образом, в некоторых штатах США требуется, чтобы покупателю был 21 год, что является возрастом, в котором разрешено употребление алкоголя в Соединенных Штатах. Исключения включают:
- В Техасе закон не запрещает несовершеннолетним употреблять или покупать безалкогольное пиво, но уточняет, что напиток крепостью более 0,5% является алкогольным напитком и, следовательно, на него распространяются те же ограничения, что и на обычное пиво. [44]
- В Миннесоте безалкогольное пиво (крепостью менее 0,5%) не попадает в категорию, которую штат определяет как алкогольный напиток, и его могут покупать лица, не достигшие возраста, с которого разрешено употребление алкоголя. [45]
- В Висконсине закон не регулирует безалкогольное пиво (крепостью менее 0,5%), которое можно купить без каких-либо возрастных ограничений. [46]
- В Нью-Джерси закон регулирует только напитки крепостью не менее 0,5%. [47]
- В Иллинойсе напитки крепостью менее 0,5% не подпадают под действие Закона штата Иллинойс о контроле над алкоголем и могут приобретаться и употребляться несовершеннолетними. [48]
- В округе Колумбия законы об алкоголе применяются ко всем напиткам и пищевым продуктам крепостью 0,5% или выше и запрещают их покупку лицами младше 21 года. Законы не упоминают продукты, помеченные как «безалкогольные напитки». [ нужна ссылка ]
- На Аляске «...безалкогольное пиво и вино (содержащее менее 0,5% алкоголя по объему) не считаются алкогольными напитками. [49]
- На Гавайях Закон штата Гавайи о спиртных напитках §281-1 определяет спиртные напитки как «...содержащие половину одного процента или более алкоголя по объему...», а несовершеннолетний - как «любое лицо в возрасте до двадцати лет». один год». [50]
Производственный процесс
[ редактировать ]По данным Birmingham Beverage Company, процесс приготовления традиционных сортов пива состоит из восьми основных этапов, из которых девять для приготовления безалкогольных напитков. [51]
- Соложение. Ячмень готовят, замачивая его в воде и позволяя зерну прорасти или «прорасти». Это позволяет жестким молекулам крахмала размягчиться и начать превращаться в сахара. Далее ростки сушат в печи; Температура, при которой сушат ростки, повлияет на вкус готового напитка.
- Помол. Затем солодовое зерно измельчают до консистенции, напоминающей кукурузную муку , что позволяет сахарам и оставшимся крахмалам легче высвобождаться при смешивании с водой.
- Затирание. Мелко измельченное солодовое зерно смешивают с водой и измельчают. При измельчении суспензии большая часть оставшегося крахмала превращается в сахара благодаря ферментам, присутствующим в солоде, а затем сахара растворяются в воде. Смесь постепенно нагревают до 75 °C (167 °F) в заторном чане . Затем суспензию фильтруют для удаления большей части частиц. Эта отфильтрованная сладкая жидкость называется « суслом ».
- Заваривание. Сусло доводят до кипения примерно на один-два часа. В это время добавляются другие зерна, которые придают напитку вкус, цвет и аромат. Кипячение позволяет протекать нескольким химическим реакциям и снижает содержание воды в сусле, конденсируя его.
- Охлаждение. Сусло фильтруют, чтобы удалить большую часть зерен и хмеля, а затем сразу же охлаждают, чтобы дать возможность дрожжам выжить и вырасти на следующем этапе.
- Брожение — Остывшее сусло насыщается воздухом, в бродильный резервуар добавляются дрожжи. Разные штаммы дрожжей создают разные стили пива. Этот этап занимает около десяти дней.
- Созревание. Свежесброженное негазированное пиво помещают в резервуар для кондиционирования и, аналогично процессу виноделия, выдерживают. Если этот шаг будет сделан поспешно, пиво будет иметь неприятный привкус ( ацетальдегид ), который эксперты по пиву иногда называют «зеленым пивом» из-за его сходства с зелеными яблоками. [52] [53] Во время этого процесса старения большая часть остаточных частиц оседает на дно резервуара.
- Удаление алкоголя: типичное слабоалкогольное и безалкогольное пиво проходит стадию снижения содержания алкоголя непосредственно перед окончанием производства.
- Окончание — Пиво фильтруется в последний раз; Затем его газируют и помещают в резервуар для хранения для розлива в бутылки или бочонки.
Типичное слабоалкогольное и безалкогольное пиво начинается с обычного алкогольного пива, которое затем обрабатывается для удаления алкоголя.
- Самый простой (и дешевый) метод — просто добавлять в него воду до тех пор, пока не будет достигнут желаемый уровень алкоголя. [19]
- Older processes heat the beer to evaporate most of the alcohol. Since alcohol is more volatile than water, as the beer is heated alcohol boils off first. The alcohol is allowed to escape and the remaining liquid becomes the product, in what is essentially the opposite of the process used to make distilled beverages.
- Most modern breweries utilize vacuum evaporation to reduce the boiling temperature which better maintains flavor: the beer is placed under a light vacuum to facilitate the alcohol molecules going into the gaseous phase. If a sufficient vacuum is applied, it is not necessary to "cook" the beer at a temperature that destroys the flavor. Some heat must nevertheless be supplied to counter the heat lost to enthalpy of vaporization.
- A modern alternative process uses reverse osmosis to avoid heating the product at all. Under pressure, the beer is passed through a polymeric filter with pores small enough that only alcohol and water (and a few volatile acids) can pass through.[54] A syrupy mixture of complex carbohydrates and most of the flavor compounds are retained by the filter. Alcohol is then distilled out of the filtered alcohol-water mix using conventional distillation methods. The water and remaining acids are added back into the syrup left behind on the filter,[55][7] followed by the normal finishing process of carbonation and bottling.
- Another modern process is "dual-stage vacuum filtration". Flavor and aroma is captured first in a low vacuum stage, then the beverage is placed into an even lower vacuum until water and ethanol separate. The flavor, aroma and remaining beverage are then recombined to create a non-alcoholic stream of the input beverage (beer, wine, or cider), preserving the flavor, aroma, and color; the ethanol can be used to make a mostly flavorless hard seltzer base. In the United States, the technology is classified as a "filter" by the TTB, and therefore requires no additional permits or licensing.[56]
A different approach to making 0.5% non-alcoholic beer is to reduce the formation of alcohol in the first place, so that craft brewers do not need to pay the expense of having to dealcoholize a beer. Methods include using special low-sugar grains, yeast which converts less sugar to alcohol, or removing sugar from the wort before fermentation. These can be combined with limited fermentation, in which the fermentation process is stopped early.[57]
Identity
[edit]
In an attempt to create a readily recognizable identity for low-alcohol beer, some brands were incorporating the colour blue into the packaging design as of 2018, including Becks Blue, Heineken 0.0%, Ožujsko Cool and Erdinger Alkoholfrei.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "What is Small Beer & When Was it Brewed?". Small Beer. 19 July 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ "Why Everyone In England Drank Beer For Breakfast". Lancaster Brewery. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
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- ^ "A Most Wholesome Liquor: A Study of Beer and Brewing in 18th-Century England and Her Colonies". Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library. 30 April 1996. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ Young, Thomas W. (26 July 1999). "Beer: Types of Beer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ Tom, Michelle (6 February 2018). "A Brew-O-Rama with John Gaylord's Extemporaneous Small Beer". Windsor Historical Society. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Naleszkiewicz, John (October 1995). "Low alcohol beer". Brew Your Own.
- ^ Leicester, Andrew (2011). Alcohol pricing and taxation policies. IFS Briefing Note BN124 (PDF). London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ The Economist explains: "Why are sales of non-alcoholic beer booming?"
- ^ Jump up to: a b The Economist: "Sin-Free Ale"
- ^ Goldfarb, Aaron (25 August 2022). "Don't Care for Non-Alcoholic Beer? Try This Zero-Calorie, Full-Flavored Alternative". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
- ^ Helmenstine, Anne. "Hangover Remedies and Prevention". Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ "Compare Calories of Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beers". 14 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ^ "Can You Buy Non-Alcoholic Beer Under 21? (Sorted By U.S States) - One Club Sober". 31 January 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ Agley, Jonathan. "non-alcoholic beer". Indiana Prevention Resource Center.
- ^ Adiong, John Patrick; Kim, Eunji; Koren, Gideon; Bozzo, Pina (August 2014). "Consuming non-alcoholic beer and other beverages during pregnancy and breastfeeding". Canadian Family Physician. 60 (8): 724–725. ISSN 0008-350X. PMC 4131961. PMID 25122816.
- ^ "Low Alcohol Descriptors Guidance" (PDF). Department of Health and Social Care. 13 December 2018.
- ^ "What Is Meant By Alcohol-Free? | The Alcohol-Free Community". Alcoholfree.co.uk. 23 January 2021.
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- ^ Bucher, Tamara; Deroover, Kristine; Stockley, Creina (1 November 2018). "Low-Alcohol Wine: A Narrative Review on Consumer Perception and Behaviour". Beverages. 4 (4): 82. doi:10.3390/beverages4040082.
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