Presidency of Joe Biden
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| Presidency of Joe Biden January 20, 2021 – present | |
| Cabinet | See list |
|---|---|
| Party | Democratic |
| Election | 2020 |
| Seat | White House |
| Official website | |
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|---|---|---|
Personal U.S. Senator from Delaware 47th Vice President of the United States Vice presidential campaigns 46th President of the United States Incumbent Tenure   | ||
Joe Biden's tenure as the 46th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 2021.[1][2] Biden, a member of the Democratic Party who previously served as vice president for two terms under President Barack Obama, took office after his victory in the 2020 presidential election over the incumbent president, Donald Trump of the Republican Party. Upon his inauguration, he became the oldest president in American history, breaking the record set by Trump. Biden was elected with a popular vote of over 81 million, the most votes cast for a single United States presidential candidate.
Biden entered office amid the COVID-19 pandemic, an economic crisis, and increased political polarization.[3] On the first day of his presidency, Biden tried to revert Trump's energy policy by restoring U.S. participation in the Paris Agreement and revoking the permit for the Keystone XL pipeline. However, just weeks after this, he lifted sanctions on a company building a gas pipeline between Russia and Germany.[4] He also halted funding for Trump's border wall, an expansion of the Mexican border wall.[5] On his second day, he issued a series of executive orders to reduce the impact of COVID-19, including invoking the Defense Production Act of 1950, and set an early goal of achieving one hundred million COVID-19 vaccinations in the United States in his first 100 days.[6]
Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion stimulus bill that temporarily established expanded unemployment insurance and sent $1,400 stimulus checks to most Americans in response to continued economic pressure from COVID-19.[7] He signed the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a ten-year plan brokered by Biden alongside Democrats and Republicans in Congress, to invest in American roads, bridges, public transit, ports and broadband access.[8] Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, making Juneteenth a federal holiday in the United States. He appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the U.S. Supreme Court—the first Black woman to serve on the court. After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, Biden took executive actions, such as the signing of Executive Order 14076, to preserve and protect women's health rights nationwide, against abortion bans in Republican led states. Biden proposed a significant expansion of the U.S. social safety net through the Build Back Better Act, but those efforts, along with voting rights legislation, failed in Congress. However, in August 2022, Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, a domestic appropriations bill that included some of the provisions of the Build Back Better Act after the entire bill failed to pass. It included significant federal investment in climate and domestic clean energy production, tax credits for solar panels, electric cars and other home energy programs as well as a three-year extension of Affordable Care Act subsidies. After the Buffalo and Uvalde mass shootings, Biden signed the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, which became the first major federal gun control law in nearly three decades.[9] Biden also signed the CHIPS and Science Act, bolstering the semiconductor and manufacturing industry, the Honoring our PACT Act, expanding health care for US veterans, and the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act. In late 2022, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and codified same-sex and interracial marriage in the United States. In response to the debt-ceiling crisis of 2023, Biden negotiated and signed the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, which restrains federal spending for fiscal years 2024 and 2025, implements minor changes to SNAP and TANF, includes energy permitting reform, claws back some IRS funding and unspent money for COVID-19, and suspends the debt ceiling to January 1, 2025.[10] Biden established the American Climate Corps and created the first ever White House Office of Gun Violence Prevention. On September 26, 2023, Biden visited a United Auto Workers picket line during the 2023 United Auto Workers strike, making him the first US president to visit one.
The foreign policy goal of the Biden administration is to restore the US to a "position of trusted leadership" among global democracies in order to address the challenges posed by Russia and China. In foreign policy, Biden completed the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Afghanistan, declaring an end to nation-building efforts and shifting U.S. foreign policy toward strategic competition with China and, to a lesser extent, Russia.[11][12][13] However, during the withdrawal, the Afghan government collapsed and the Taliban seized control, leading to Biden receiving bipartisan criticism. He responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia as well as providing Ukraine with over $100 billion in combined military, economic, and humanitarian aid.[14][15] Biden also approved a raid which led to the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, the leader of the Islamic State, and approved a drone strike which killed Ayman Al Zawahiri, leader of Al-Qaeda. Biden signed AUKUS, an international security alliance, together with Australia and the United Kingdom. Biden called for the expansion of NATO with the addition of Finland and Sweden, and rallied NATO allies in support of Ukraine. During the Israel–Hamas war, Biden condemned Hamas and other Palestinian militants as terrorism and announced American military support for Israel; Biden also showed his support and sympathy towards Palestinians in the Gaza Strip affected by the war, sent humanitarian aid, and brokered a four-day temporary pause and hostage exchange. Biden negotiated and oversaw the 2024 Russian prisoner exchange, the largest prisoner exchange since the end of the Cold War, involving the release of twenty six individuals, including American journalist Evan Gershkovich and former United States Marine Paul Whelan.
Biden began his term with over 50% approval ratings; however, these fell significantly after the withdrawal from Afghanistan[16] and remained low as the country experienced high inflation and rising gas prices, both of which reduced significantly over his presidency.[17][18] His age and mental fitness were a frequent subject of discussion throughout his presidency, ultimately culminating in his late decision to not seek re-election.[19] Biden oversaw the strongest economic recovery of any G7 nation post COVID-19 and one of the strongest economic recoveries in United States history, with a creation of over 16 million new jobs, the most of any single term president.[citation needed]
2020 election
Joe Biden announced his candidacy in April 2019, having previously sought the Democratic nomination in 1988 and 2008, being unsuccessful both times.[20]
On November 7, four days after Election Day, Biden was projected to have defeated the incumbent president Donald Trump, becoming president-elect of the United States[21][22][23][24][25] with 306 of the total 538 electoral votes, and 81,268,924 popular votes versus 74,216,154 votes for Trump. The Trump campaign launched at least 63 lawsuits against the results,[26] especially in the battleground states of Pennsylvania, Arizona, Georgia, Wisconsin, Nevada and Michigan, raising unevidenced claims of widespread voter fraud that were subsequently dismissed by courts.[27][28]
Transition period, inauguration, and first 100 days
Though Biden was generally acknowledged as the winner,[22][23][24][25] General Services Administration head Emily W. Murphy initially refused to begin the transition to the president-elect, thereby denying funds and office space to his team.[29][30] On November 23, after Michigan certified its results, Murphy issued the letter of ascertainment, granting the Biden transition team access to federal funds and resources for an orderly transition.[31]
Two days after becoming the projected winner of the 2020 election, Biden announced the formation of a task force to advise him on the COVID-19 pandemic during the transition, co-chaired by former Surgeon General Vivek Murthy, former FDA commissioner David A. Kessler, and Yale University's Marcella Nunez-Smith.[32]
On January 5, 2021, the Democratic Party won control of the United States Senate, effective January 20, as a result of electoral victories in Georgia by Jon Ossoff in a runoff election for a six-year term and Raphael Warnock in a special runoff election for a two-year term.[33][34] President-elect Biden had supported and campaigned for both candidates prior to the runoff elections on January 5.[35][36]
On January 6, a mob of thousands of Trump supporters violently stormed the Capitol in the hope of overturning Biden's election, forcing Congress to evacuate during the counting of the Electoral College votes.[37][38] More than 26,000 National Guard members were deployed to the capital for the inauguration, with thousands remaining into the spring.[39]
On January 20, 2021, Biden was sworn in by U.S. Chief Justice John Roberts as the 46th president of the United States, completing the oath of office at 11:49 am EST, eleven minutes before the legal start of his term.[40][41]
Inaugural address
Biden's inaugural speech laid out his vision to unite the nation, prefaced by the various impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic strife, climate change, political polarization, and racial injustice.[42] Biden called for an end to the "uncivil war" of political, demographic, and ideological American cultures through a greater embrace of diversity.[43] He cited the American Civil War, Great Depression, world wars, and September 11 attacks as moments in American history where citizens' "better angels" prevailed, saying that the unity, the solution, must again be invoked to rise from the "cascading" crises of the present; this unity, he proclaimed, exists in the "common objects" that define America: "opportunity, liberty, dignity, respect, honor, and ... truth."[44][45] He explicitly decried white supremacy and nativism, calling them an "ugly reality" of American life he vows to defeat that clouds the "American ideal" set out in the U.S. Declaration of Independence — that all Americans are equal.[43][45][46] Biden pledged that the U.S. would "engage with the world once again", "repair our alliances", and act as a "trusted partner for peace and security".[47] Near the conclusion of his speech, Biden held a moment of silence for those who died in the COVID-19 pandemic.[44] Quoting the Gene Scheer composition "American Anthem",[48] he implored Americans to consider their legacy in answering the "call of history" to protect "democracy, hope, truth, and justice", "secure liberty", and make America a "beacon to the world", insisting that generations of their descendants would judge them on their actions.[44]
Administration
Biden was inaugurated alongside Kamala Harris, the first woman, first African American, and first Asian American vice president.[49]
On November 11, 2020, Biden selected Ron Klain, who served as his vice presidential chief of staff, to serve as his White House Chief of Staff.[50] Biden chose Jen Psaki, deputy White House press secretary and U.S. Department of State spokesperson during the presidency of Barack Obama, as his White House press secretary. Psaki announced, and has held, daily press briefings for White House reporters. On March 25, 2021, Biden held his first solo press conference after 64 days in office,[51] unlike his most recent predecessors (back to Herbert Hoover in 1929), who all held their first solo press conferences within 33 days of taking office.[52][53]
On November 17, 2020, Biden announced that he had selected Mike Donilon as senior advisor and Steve Ricchetti as counselor.[54] Jen O'Malley Dillon, who had served as campaign manager for Biden's successful presidential campaign, was named as deputy chief of staff.[55]
Cabinet
Biden selected Antony Blinken to be secretary of state, Linda Thomas-Greenfield as ambassador to the United Nations, and Jake Sullivan as national security advisor.[56][57]
On November 23, 2020, Biden announced Alejandro Mayorkas to be his choice for Secretary of Homeland Security and Avril Haines as Director of National Intelligence.[58] Throughout December and January, Biden continued to select cabinet members, including Marty Walsh, the then current mayor of Boston, as his Secretary of Labor.[59][60]
Biden altered his cabinet structure, elevating the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and ambassador to the United Nations as cabinet-level positions.[61][62][63] Biden removed the director of the Central Intelligence Agency from his official cabinet at the onset of his presidency, but he restored it to the cabinet in 2023.[64][65]
While administering the oath of office to hundreds of White House officials through video conferencing, Biden called for more civility in politics, saying: "If you ever work with me and I hear you treat another colleague with disrespect, talk down to someone, I promise you I will fire you on the spot. ... No ifs, ands, or buts."[66]
Judicial appointments
As of July 11, 2024[update], the United States Senate has confirmed 202 Article III judges nominated by Biden: one associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 43 judges for the United States courts of appeals, 156 judges for the United States district courts and two judges for the United States Court of International Trade.
United States Supreme Court nominations
Domestic affairs
Health care
Biden strongly campaigned for the presidency on the public option, a policy that, if enacted into law, would have offered Americans a choice between maintaining their private healthcare insurance or buying into Medicare. The idea was viewed as a compromise between the progressive and moderate flanks of the Democratic Party. The Biden campaign described the public option as a "plan to protect and build on ObamaCare".[80]
However, shortly before taking office in January 2021, Biden's team abruptly dropped the proposal, frustrating many online progressives who already viewed the public option healthcare proposal as a failure to fight the status quo.[81]
The Biden administration rescinded work requirements for Medicaid recipients.[82] The administration opened a special enrollment period for the Affordable Care Act as well as extending the normal enrollment period, citing the COVID-19 pandemic.[83][84] The administration provided larger premium subsidies.[85]
In August 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The law allocates $64 billion for a three-year expansion of Affordable Care Act subsidies originally expanded under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 and $265 billion for prescription drug price reform to lower prices, including providing Medicare the authority to negotiate the prices for certain drugs.
That same month, Biden signed into law the Honoring our PACT Act of 2022, which expands federal health care access, services, and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances during their service, including toxic smoke from burn pits.[86]
Opioid epidemic
Drug overdoses killed 106,699 in the United States in 2021.[88] Opioids were involved in 80,411 overdose deaths in 2021, up from around 10,000 in 1999.[89]
In June 2023, U.S. federal prosecutors announced criminal indictments of fentanyl precursor producers in China.[90] In October 2023, OFAC sanctioned a China-based network of fentanyl manufacturers and distributors.[91][92] In 2023, the Biden administration announced a crackdown on Mexican drug cartels smuggling fentanyl into the United States.[93]
Rahul Gupta led White House efforts to combat the opioid epidemic.[94]
COVID-19 pandemic
On January 20, 2021, his first day as president, Biden implemented a federal mask mandate, requiring the use of masks and social distancing in all federal buildings, on federal lands, and by federal employees and contractors.[95][96][5] Biden also signed an executive order that reversed the withdrawal of the U.S. from the World Health Organization (WHO), making Dr. Anthony Fauci the head of the delegation to the WHO.[96] On January 21, the administration released a 200-page document titled "National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness".[97][98] On his second day in office, Biden invoked the Defense Production Act to speed up the vaccination process and ensure the availability of glass vials, syringes, and other vaccine supplies at the federal level.[99][100] In justifying his use of the act, Biden said: "And when I say wartime, people kind of look at me like 'wartime?' Well, as I said last night, 400,000 Americans have died. That's more than have died in all of World War II. 400,000. This is a wartime undertaking."[101] Biden established the White House COVID-19 Response Team, a White House Office dedicated to coordinating a unified federal government response.[102]
According to a report by Reuters, in mid-2021 the Biden administration ended a military-run propaganda campaign to spread disinformation about the Sinovac Chinese COVID-19 vaccine which had begun in 2020 during the Trump administration.[103] The campaign was described as "payback" for COVID-19 disinformation by China directed against the U.S.[104] Primarily targeting people in the Philippines, the campaign used fake social media accounts to spread disinformation, including that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore haram under Islamic law.[103]
On January 21, 2021, Biden signed ten executive orders pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic.[105] In order to meet his vaccination goal of a hundred million shots in his first 100 days in office, Biden signed an executive order increasing needed supplies.[6][106] Biden signed an order on January 21 that directed FEMA to offer full reimbursements to states for the cost of using their own National Guard personnel and emergency supplies such as Personal Protective Equipment in schools.[6][107] On January 24, 2021, Biden reinstated a travel ban imposed by President Trump on Brazil, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, and 26 other European countries.[108][109][110] The travel ban prevents non-U.S. citizens living in the prospective countries from entering the U.S.[111] Biden implemented a face mask requirement on nearly all forms of public transportation and inside of transportation hubs; previously, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had recommended that such a policy be enacted but it was blocked by the Trump administration, under which the CDC issued strong, albeit non-binding recommendations for mask use in these settings.[112]
In mid-March 2021, Biden dismissed a request by the European Union to export unused COVID-19 vaccines from AstraZeneca out of the U.S. even though the manufacturer endorsed it and vowed to resupply the doses. The rationale for this decision, which contributed to low European vaccination rates, was that the U.S. had to be "over-supplied and over-prepared", according to White House press secretary Jen Psaki.[113] Whereas the U.S. exported no vaccines, the European Union exported 77 million doses to the world from December 2020 to March 2021.[114] Eventually, the U.S. reversed course and gave vaccine doses from AstraZeneca to Mexico, Canada, and Japan by the end of March.[115]
On May 6, 2021, the Biden administration announced that it supports waiving patent protections on existing COVID-19 vaccines so that other countries can produce generic variants, after weeks of pressure from the international community.[116] On 7 May, French president Emmanuel Macron called on the U.S. "to put an end to export bans not only on vaccines but on vaccine ingredients, which prevent production."[117]
On May 26, 2021, Biden ordered U.S. intelligence agencies to increase their investigations into the origin of the virus, after reports that researchers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology became ill a month before the pandemic began.[118]
In July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the U.S. has "a pandemic for those who haven't gotten the vaccination" and that it was therefore "gigantically important" for Americans to be vaccinated, touting the vaccines' effectiveness against hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19.[119] He also criticized the prevalence of COVID-19 misinformation on social media, saying it was "killing people".[120]
Despite months of vaccine availability and incentives, by September many Americans continued to resist vaccination amid rising cases in several states, hampering prospects towards herd immunity. On September 9, Biden stated, "We've been patient. But our patience is wearing thin, and your refusal has cost all of us." That day he issued an executive order directing businesses with more than 100 employees to require vaccination of their workers or weekly testing, affecting about 80 million Americans. The order also required the roughly 17 million employees of health facilities receiving federal Medicare or Medicaid to be vaccinated.[121] Many Republicans asserted Biden's order was an unconstitutional overreach of federal authority, and some Republican governors said they would sue to block it.[122]
The Biden administration responded to the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in December 2021 by advocating response by the states instead of the federal government.[123] Throughout the surge, the Biden administration has been criticized for a lack of COVID-19 tests, exacerbating the spread of the Omicron variant. When questioned about the apparent shortage of tests, Jen Psaki replied, "Should we just send one to every American? Then what happens if every American has one test? How much does that cost and what happens after that?",[124] causing backlash.[125] The Biden administration responded by promising an increased supply of at-home tests later in 2022.[126]
In the midst of an all-time high of new COVID-19 cases,[127] the Centers for Disease Control revised their guidelines, recommending five days of quarantine rather than ten without requiring a negative COVID-19 test.[128] This move was criticized by health experts who worry that without rapid testing, COVID-positive people may unknowingly spread COVID-19 in workplaces under the recommended CDC guidelines. Others criticize the CDC for implementing this change after lobbying by Delta Airlines, leading to social media backlash against the federal government.[129]
Cancer research
Biden gave a speech at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum on September 12, 2022, the 60th anniversary of Kennedy's We Choose to Go to the Moon speech, promoting his administration's revival of the Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot, including the new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health.[130]
Economy
The New Republic praised Biden's economic record in July 2024, highlighting record low unemployment leading to a growth in wages at the lower end of the wage distribution as workers had more bargaining power. While inflation was painful, it has returned near its pre-pandemic rate and was similar to peer countries, though the U.S. has grown faster than its peers.[131] The expansion of the Affordable Care Act, the child tax credit, $1400 stimulus checks, and the expansion of SNAP benefits also boosted balance sheets for low and middle-income Americans.[131] New business formation is also up 30% from pre-pandemic levels, and notably strong among women and women of color.[131] Biden also signed three major pieces of economic legislation to repair infrastructure like roads, bridges and water pipes, boost semiconductor investment, and expand green energy.[131] Biden also took anti-trust more seriously than presidents in recent memory as seen by the work of Lina Khan at the FTC.[131] The administration also pursued lower drug prices by allowing Medicare to negotiate the prices it pays and capping the price of insulin.[131]
Build Back Better Plan
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021
On January 14, 2021, Biden revealed a $1.9 trillion stimulus bill, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.[132] The plan includes $1 trillion in direct aid, including $1,400 per-person checks, for working Americans, and would provide for direct housing and nutrition assistance, expanding access to safe and reliable childcare and affordable healthcare, increasing the minimum wage, extending unemployment insurance, and giving families with kids and childless workers an emergency boost this year.[133][134] It would also expand the eligibility of these checks to adult dependents who have been left out of previous rounds of relief.[133][134][132] The plan additionally includes $440 billion in community support, providing $350 billion of community support to first responders while the rest goes to grants for small businesses and transit agencies; $400 billion for a national vaccination plan and school reopenings; and $10 billion for information technology, modernizing federal cybersecurity infrastructure.[132][134] In her first press briefing, press secretary Psaki said the plan was likely to change as negotiations continued, with the provision to increase the minimum wage later being excluded from the relief plan.[135] Biden signed the Plan into law on March 11, 2021, passing through both chambers of Congress with a party-line vote.[136][137]
The plan invokes the Defense Production Act of 1950 to ensure the production of personal protective equipment, glass vials, syringes, and other supplies exceeds the demand.[133] It allows partners of states to create vaccine centers in stadiums, convention centers and pharmacies.[99] The federal government would identify communities that have been hit hardest by COVID-19, and ensure the vaccine does not reach them at an unfair pace.[134][133][99] In addition, the plan would launch a national campaign to educate Americans about the vaccine and COVID-19, targeting misinformation related to the pandemic.[99] Vaccines would also be freely available to all citizens regardless of immigration status.[133] In Biden's plan, he would issue a national testing strategy that attempts to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by increasing laboratory capacity and expanding testing. The plan would also develop new treatments for COVID-19.[133][132][134][99]
American Families Plan
On 28 April, during Biden's speech to Congress he unveiled the American Families Plan, a roughly $1.8 trillion proposal to significantly increase federal spending in areas related to childcare, paid leave, pre-kindergarten, community college, and healthcare.[138][139] It is considered to be the third part of Biden's "Build Back Better" agenda (the first being the American Rescue Plan and the second being the American Jobs Plan).[140] The bill was effectively merged with climate change and other provisions that didn't make it into the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, for a total $3.5 trillion Build Back Better Act. However, the bill did not have Republican support, and Democrats struggled to win the support of Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia to pass it on a party-line vote through budget reconciliation, even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.[141] After the bill ultimately failed to match his envisioned cost, Manchin publicly rejected it, dooming its passage.[142]
Labor
On January 22, 2021, Biden signed an executive order that removed schedule F, overturning a number of Trump's policies that limited the collective bargaining power of federal unions.[143][144] Biden's executive order also promotes a $15 minimum wage for federal workers and repeals three of Trump's executive orders which made the employee discipline process stricter and restricted union representatives' access to office space. As well as promoting a $15 minimum wage, Biden's executive order increases the amount of money going to the families of children who are missing meals because of school closures due to the pandemic by 15%.[145] The repealing of Trump's three executive orders comes as the orders were used to transfer civil servants and career scientists and replace them with employees friendly to the Trump administration.[146]
On inauguration day 2021, Biden fired pro-business Peter Robb, then general counsel of the National Labor Relations Board,[147] replacing him with pro-union Jennifer Abruzzo in February 2021.[148] Biden's NLRB has pursued action against Starbucks' and Amazon's alleged anti-union activities.[149] On August 24, 2023, the NLRB reinstated Obama-era policies regarding union elections, speeding up the timeline by removing restrictions such as resolving litigation before holding an election.[150]
In late 2022, Biden signed a bill forcing an agreement between union workers and rail companies in order to prevent a strike, earning him criticism from progressives and rail workers.[151][152][153] Afterwards, Biden pressured the rail companies to offer paid sick leave to workers, which had been a key demand in the original planned strike.[154] More than 60% of rail workers had sick leave agreements in June 2023.[155]
On the 2023 United Auto Workers strike, Biden repeated union leader Shawn Fain's motto "record profits, record contracts" and expressed support for the workers in negotiations.[156] Biden assigned two White House officials to aid in negotiation efforts, senior adviser Gene Sperling and acting Labor Secretary Julie Su.[157] On September 26, Biden joined striking UAW workers on the picket line in Michigan, becoming the first President to do so.[158]
Biden became the first US president to run for election with a unionized campaign staff for his 2024 election run.[159]
Banking
After the Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank in 2023, Biden expressed opposition to a bailout that was borne by taxpayers.[160] He also claimed that the partial roll-back of Dodd-Frank regulations contributed to the bank failures.[161]
Domestic manufacturing
Biden signed an executive order intended to support domestic manufacturers by increasing a federal preference for purchasing goods made wholly or partly in the U.S. Using the broad term "Made in America laws", the executive order's stated goal is to strengthen "all statutes, regulations, rules, and Executive Orders relating to Federal financial assistance awards or Federal procurement, including those that refer to 'Buy America' or 'Buy American.'"[162][163]
On August 9, 2022, Biden actively promoted and signed into law the CHIPS and Science Act, which authorized $52 billion for domestic semiconductor research and manufacturing.[164] On August 16, 2022, Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 into law, which included provisions to support the domestic production of solar panels, wind turbines, and other infrastructure.[165] Due to incentives from the CHIPS and Science Act, Micron Technology will invest billions in new semiconductor manufacturing in New York.[166]
Trade
The Wall Street Journal reported that instead of negotiating access to Chinese markets for large American financial-service firms and pharmaceutical companies, the Biden administration may focus on trade policies that boost exports or domestic jobs. U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai said the administration wants a "worker-centered trade policy".[167][168] U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo said she planned to aggressively enforce trade rules to combat unfair practices by China.[169]
In March 2021, in her first interview since taking office, U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai told The Wall Street Journal the U.S. would not lift tariffs on Chinese imports in the near future, despite lobbying efforts from "free traders" including former U.S. Secretary of Treasury Hank Paulson and the Business Roundtable, a big-business group in the U.S., that pressed for tariff repeal.[170]
In 2021, the U.S. suspended its diplomatic trade engagement with Myanmar after a rise in violence perpetrated by the Burmese military against anti-coup protesters.[171]
In May 2024, the Biden administration raised tariffs on Chinese imports, including a doubling for solar cells; tripling for lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries; and increases for steel, aluminum, and medical equipment. This marks the first time that critical minerals, including rare earth magnets—key components in electric and hybrid vehicles—have been specifically included in the tariffs.[172] China produces and refines over 90 percent of the world's rare earth material.[173] The tariff increases will be phased in over a period of three years.[174]
Infrastructure
As a part of the Build Back Better Plan, the Biden administration aimed for massive spending on the nation's infrastructure on the order of $2 trillion.[175] Several of the physical infrastructure provisions featured in the proposal were included in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Biden signed the Act into law on November 15, 2021.[176]
This final version included approximately $1.2 trillion in spending, with $550 billion being newly authorized spending on top of what Congress was planning to authorize regularly.[177] The bill included $7.5 billion for electric vehicle charging.[178] As of March 2024, seven charging stations with a total of 38 spots for charging vehicles had been built.[178]
International taxation
Finance officials from 130 countries agreed on July 1, 2021, to plans for a new international taxation policy. All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15% income tax in the countries they operate. This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates. Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue, estimated at $100 billion to $240 billion each year. The new system was promoted by the Biden administration and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Secretary-General Mathias Cormann of the OECD said: "This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere."[179]
Inflation
Longer-term variables that preceded the pandemic and contributed to the rise in inflation include structural housing shortages,[181][182][183] impacts of climate change on food, energy and home insurance prices,[184][185][186][187] as well as the size of government debt and deficits.[188][189][190]
In the midst of recovery from COVID-19, inflation rose to the highest rate in forty years peaking at 9.1% in 2022, with many other major global economies reaching similar level.[191][192][193][194][195] Biden stated during his first State of the Union Address on March 1, 2022, that addressing inflation was his "top priority", while touting an anti-inflation plan that he said would address ocean shipping costs and prescription drug prices.[196]
The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine resulted in increases in food and energy prices.[197][198]
At the end of 2023, the U.S. Census Bureau found that without housing inflation, inflation would have been just 1.8%, instead of 3.2%.[199] Katy O'Donnell of Politico argued that housing shortages, caused by artificial scarcity driven by NIMBYism, had been the single-biggest contributor to inflation.[200] Freddie Mac estimated that the housing shortage surged 52% between 2018 and 2020.[201] Between 2020 and 2023 climate-change exacerbated home insurance premiums in the U.S. by 33%.[202]
Most economists surveyed by the WSJ in July 2024 found that inflation would be worse under a second Trump administration compared to a second Biden term, due in part to tariffs, a crack down on illegal immigration, and larger deficits.[203]
Energy, environment, and climate
General
During his first week in office, Biden established the position of White House National Climate Advisor, appointing environmental health and air quality expert Gina McCarthy to the role. Biden also created the position of U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate, appointing former Secretary of State John Kerry.[204]
On January 20, 2021, Biden signed an executive order rejoining the U.S. to the Paris Agreement.[205][206] With the U.S. rejoining the agreement, countries responsible for two-thirds of the global greenhouse gas emissions would make pledges of becoming carbon neutral, while without United States it is only half.[207] On the same day, Biden also issued an executive order that cancelled the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, an extension of the Keystone Pipeline. The pipeline was heavily criticized by environmental and Native American activists and groups.[208][209] This order also directed agencies to review and reverse more than 100 actions made by Trump on the environment.[96]
On March 27, 2021, Biden invited more than forty world leaders for a climate summit.[210]
In August 2022, Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 into law, a domestic spending bill born out of continued negotiations on the Build Back Better Act after its collapse that fulfilled some of its initial provisions. The bill included significant federal investment in domestic clean energy production, combating climate change, and healthcare; it aims to reduce U.S. carbon emissions by 40% from peak 2005 levels by 2030, included a three-year extension of Affordable Care Act subsidies, and empowered Medicare to begin negotiating lower prescription drug costs for the first time.[5]
In May 2022, the White House Council on Environmental Quality released a report in which it describes how Biden's administration followed the around 200 recommendations of the White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council. The full report has around 150 pages. The report summarizes many of the steps taken by the administration on environmental issues. Among others, it mentions significant achievements in the domains of energy efficiency, weatherization, transit-oriented development, walking, cycling, mixed-use development, cooperation with Indigenous peoples of the Americas.[211]
In April 2024 Biden delivered $20 billion to eight environmental NGOs. The aim is to reduce the country's CO2 emissions by 40 million tonnes per year with the money, while giving 70% of the benefits to low income communities.[212][213] In the same month, the American Climate Corps is expected to begin function with several hundred members. The tasks will probably be "things like installing solar panels, restoring vulnerable habitats, and fire hazard prevention." Biden plans increase the number of participants to 20,000 during the first year and then 50,000 more will be added each year by 2031. However, this plan is opposed by Republicans.[214]
In May 2024, the administration announced guidelines around carbon markets. They push for increased verifiability from suppliers and transparency from buyers. The guidelines are not binding or enforceable.[215]
Oil, gas extraction and transportation
On January 21, 2021, the Biden administration issued a 60-day ban on oil and gas leases and permits on federal land and waters.[216] On January 27, 2021, Biden signed a number of executive orders aimed at combating climate change,[217] one of them setting climate change as a key consideration for U.S. national security and foreign policy.[218] In an attempt to encourage U.S. membership to the Kigali Amendment, an international agreement aimed to reduce the production of hydrofluorocarbons, Biden's executive order directed the U.S. Department of State to submit the Kigali Amendment to the Senate.[219][220]
In March 2021, 21 Republican state attorneys general of 21 states sued the Biden administration for revoking the Keystone XL pipeline permit. The suit claims Biden's executive order exceeded his authority.[221][222]
In May 2021, the EPA rolled back a Trump administration rule that prohibited the EPA from using certain studies.[223][224] The previous rule, which made it more difficult to use major scientific studies to justify pollution reduction policies,[225] had already been invalidated by a federal court.[226]
On June 1, 2021, Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland suspended all oil and gas drilling leases in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, pending further review of their environmental impacts.[227]
In January 2021, Biden had issued a 60-day ban on oil and gas leases and permits on federal land and waters. A group of Republican state attorneys general successfully obtained a decision in federal court to lift the moratorium. The Biden administration appealed the decision but agreed to continue with the sales, and in September 2021 held the largest federal gas and oil lease auction in U.S. history, selling leases to extract 1.7 million acres in the Gulf of Mexico. The areas that were purchased by oil companies can be expected to produce around 4.2 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 1.12 billion barrels of oil over the next 50 years. The administration has also proposed another round of gas and oil lease sales in 2022, in Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and other western states.[228][229][230]
The Biden administration supported the Line 3 pipeline, which transports oil from Canada's oil sands region.[231]
In November 2021, a closely watched Interior Department report on federal oil and gas lease policy, ordered by Biden, was completed. The report recommended increasing the 12.5% federal royalty rate for oil and gas drilling, which had not been raised by a century, and was significantly lower than rates charged for leasing on state and private land. The report also recommended an increase in the bond rates that drilling companies are required to pay for future cleanup efforts before beginning extraction at new sites, and recommended that leases be focused on sites with "moderate to high potential" for production in proximity to existing fossil-fuel infrastructure.[230] The report stopped short of banning the leasing program, which generates billions of dollars for the federal government, but reformed its terms to be less favorable for industry; environmental groups praised the reforms, but also said they were insufficient to address the U.S. contribution to the climate crisis.[230]
In 2021, the Biden administration proposed a 20-year ban on oil and gas drilling around Chaco Culture National Historical Park, a site in northwestern New Mexico that contain important Ancestral Puebloan sites.[232]
Environmental science
In May 2021, the EPA rolled back a Trump administration rule that prohibited the EPA from using certain studies.[223][224] The previous rule, which made it more difficult to use major scientific studies to justify pollution reduction policies,[225] had already been invalidated by a federal court.[226]
Renewable energy
The Biden administration set a goal of achieving 30 gigawatts of offshore wind energy generated in the U.S. by 2030 (sufficient to provide electricity to about 10 million homes). In 2021, the Biden administration approved the South Fork Wind project, a major (130 MW, 12-turbine) commercial offshore wind power project located southeast of Rhode Island's Block Island and east of New York's Montauk Point, the wind farm is projected to provide electricity to proved 70,000 Long Island homes. The project is the country's second large-scale offshore wind project (after a similar wind-power development in Massachusetts).[233][234]
Nature conservation
The U.S. is part of the 30 by 30 initiative which aims to preserve 30% of the global land and sea territory by 2030. For the U.S. to accomplish its part, Biden launched a campaign called "America the Beautiful". The campaign seeks to work in cooperation with indigenous people and farmers, as well as better serve disadvantaged communities.[235]
In November 2021, Biden promised to end and reverse deforestation and land degradation by 2030,[236] joining more than 100 other global leaders in the COP26 climate summit's first major agreement.[237][238]
According to a report from the Center for American Progress during the first 3 years of his presidency Biden broke several records in conservation, which is "a proven defense against the changing climate". In 2023 alone he turned 12.5 million acres into protected areas and made 200 agreements with indigenous people about co-management of the protected areas.[239][240] He advanced a proposal to ban logging in old growth forests from 2025 which is also important for the climate.[241]
Electoral and ethical reform
In response to what Biden describes as the growing influence of special interests and gerrymandering in elections, he has pledged to seek electoral and government ethics reforms.[242] Biden supported the For the People Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Act.[243][244] In January 2022, he endorsed a change to senate filibuster rules after they both failed to invoke cloture.[245] However, the rules change failed when two Democratic senators joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.[246]
Known for his generally bipartisan tone, Biden avoided directly referring to his predecessor during his first year in office.[247] Beginning in 2022, Biden condemned Trump and Trumpism in stronger terms; he likened the "MAGA philosophy" to "semi-fascism" and, in a 2022 speech outside Independence Hall in Philadelphia, said the "extreme ideology" of Trump, and a Republican Party dominated by him, "threatens the very foundation of our republic." Biden specifically condemned Trump and "MAGA Republicans" for promoting authoritarian leaders, using violent rhetoric, refusing to disavow political violence, and refusing to acknowledge election losses.[247][248] Biden suggested that the 2022 United States elections could be illegitimate if federal laws are not passed to combat enacted voter-suppression legislation from state legislatures.[249][250][251]
After the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, Biden called for reforms to the 1887 Electoral Count Act to clarify the roles of Congress and the Vice President in certifying electoral votes. The Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022 raised the threshold for objections to electoral votes, clarified that the vice president cannot decertify electoral votes, and modified the process for which electors are certified. It was included as part of the 2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act.[252]
Immigration
On January 20, 2021, Biden halted the construction of the U.S.–Mexico barrier[96] and ended a related national emergency declared by Trump in February 2018.[5] Biden issued a proclamation that ended the Trump travel ban imposed on predominantly Muslim countries in January 2017.[96][5] Biden also reaffirmed protections to recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals.[253] The same day, Biden sent a memorandum to the U.S. Department of State reinstating Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians.[254][255]
On January 20, 2021, the Biden administration issued a moratorium on deportations from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for the first 100 days of his presidency.[256] On January 22, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton sued the Biden administration for violating Biden's written pledge to cooperatively work with the state of Texas.[257] A federal judge in Texas subsequently issued a temporary restraining order barring the Biden administration from enforcing its moratorium, citing the lack of "any concrete, reasonable justification for a 100-day pause on deportations."[258]
On January 21, 2021, Biden proposed a bill that, if passed, would replace the word alien with noncitizen in U.S. immigration law.[259][260] The next day, Biden had a call with Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador. On the call, Biden and López Obrador spoke about immigration, where Biden spoke of reducing immigration from Mexico to the U.S. by targeting what Biden deemed as root causes.[261] According to an Associated Press report, López Obrador noted that Biden pledged $4 billion to "help development in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala — nations whose hardships have spawned tides of migration through Mexico toward the United States."[262]
On January 23, Biden proposed an immigration bill[263] aiming to give a path to citizenship to eleven million immigrants living in the U.S. without a permanent legal status.[263] The bill would also make it easier for certain foreign workers to stay in the U.S.[264][265] Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin called the bill "aspirational". It is widely expected not to pass both houses of Congress without significant revision.[263][264][265]
Biden instructed the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to focus on violent offenders of immigration laws rather than all offenders of immigration laws.[266][267]
In February 2021, it was reported that DHS agents who had been empowered by Trump to enact his anti-immigration policies were resisting and defying Biden's immigration policies.[266] The union representing ICE agents signaled that its agents would not accept reversals of Trump policies.[266]
In March 2021, the Biden administration granted temporary protected status to Venezuelans fleeing the country amidst the ongoing political and economic crisis.[268]
On June 1, 2021, the DHS officially terminated the Trump-era "Remain in Mexico" policy, which mandated that all asylum seekers from Central America were to wait in Mexico pending their court cases; however, a health order from March 2020 allowed the border authorities to send migrants back for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic have remained in place.[269][270] However, on August 14, 2021, a federal judge in Texas ordered the Biden administration to reimplement the policy; the Supreme Court placed a pause on the ruling to give the administration time for arguments.[271][272] On August 24, 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the Biden administration must comply with the lower court's ruling to reinstate the policy.[273][274]
In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence,[275] up from 707,000 in 2020.[276] Up until 2022 during Biden's presidency, the number of unauthorized immigrants in the United States steadily rose.[277]
On October 5, 2023, Joe Biden's administration said on Thursday it will add sections to a border wall to stave off record migrant crossings from Mexico, carrying forward a signature policy of former President Donald Trump.[278][279] One of Biden's first actions after taking office in January 2021 was to issue a proclamation pledging that "no more American taxpayer dollars be diverted to construct a border wall" as well as a review of all resources that had already been committed. The administration said Thursday's action did not deviate from Biden's proclamation because money that was allocated during Trump's term in 2019 had to be spent now.[278] Former president Trump was quick to claim victory and demand an apology: "As I have stated often, over thousands of years, there are only two things that have consistently worked, wheels, and walls!" Trump wrote on social media. "Will Joe Biden apologize to me and America for taking so long to get moving...".[278] Mexico's President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador called the move "a step backwards."[278]
On October 31, 2023, Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas testified before the Senate Homeland Security Committee that more than 600,000 people illegally made their way into the United States without being apprehended by border agents during the 2023 fiscal year.[280][281]
President Biden pledged to welcome 125,000 refugees in 2024.[282] The Biden administration considered accepting Palestinian refugees from the Gaza Strip.[283]
On March 29, 2024, in response to a class-action lawsuit filed by lawyers representing detained migrant children, the Biden administration argued in front of a federal court that it had no responsibility to feed and house migrant children that were waiting in Border Patrol camps along the U.S.-Mexico border.[284] This argument was rejected by Judge Dolly M. Gee, who ordered the administration to "expeditiously" house all detained migrant children.[285]
On June 4, 2024, President Biden issued a new executive order granting immigration officials the authority to deport certain asylum seekers without processing their claims. This measure targets migrants who enter the United States "without permission and against the law," making it easier for authorities to deport them.[286] Under the new order, if migrants express fear of returning to their home countries, they may be given an interview with an asylum officer. However, agents are no longer required to ask migrants if they have such fears.[287] As part of the new action, the Biden administration announced the closure of the South Texas Family Residential Center, the largest immigrant detention center in the United States. The primary reason cited for this decision was the high cost of operating the facility.[288]
Unaccompanied minors
Early on in Biden's tenure, a surge in unaccompanied minors at the U.S. border stirred controversy. According to a 2021 Politico report, Republicans expected prior to Biden taking office that there would be a border surge at the start of 2021 (due to seasonal patterns and regional crises) and coordinated to make it a central issue in the lead-up to the 2022 mid-term elections.[289] The number of migrants arriving in the U.S. from Central America had been rising since April 2020 due to ongoing violence, natural disasters, food insecurity, and poverty in the region.[290] In February 2021, the U.S. Border Patrol reported a 61% increase in encounters with unaccompanied children from the month before. The reported 5,858 encounters in January to 9,457 in February constituted the largest one-month percentage increase in encounters with unaccompanied children since U.S. Customs and Border Protection began recording data in 2010.[291][292][293] By the end of April 2021, the number of children held in Border Patrol facilities fell by 84%, placing them under HHS care.[294]
On March 24, 2021, Biden tasked Vice President Harris to reduce the number of unaccompanied minors and adult asylum seekers. She is also tasked with leading the negotiations with Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador.[295]
The number of migrant families and unaccompanied children entering the U.S. from across the Southwest border steeply declined in August, September, and October 2021.[296][297]
Separation of church and state
Biden, a practicing Catholic,[298] has taken a public position of dissent against the Church's position opposing free-choice in the abortion issue.[299] This has raised the question of whether his public office might allow him to influence the outcomes of current debates with the Church concerning abortion.[300] The Vatican has taken a mediating position concerning Biden's dissent by allowing him to take Communion in Rome while visiting the Pope.[299]
Social issues
During his early days in office, Biden focused on "advancing equity, civil rights, racial justice and equal opportunity." According to The New York Times, Biden's early actions in office focused on racial equality more than any president since Lyndon B. Johnson, who passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[301] On January 25, 2021, Biden signed an executive order that lifted the ban on transgender military service members.[302] This reversed a memorandum imposed by Trump.[303]
The Biden administration is seeking to put Harriet Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill.[304][305] This effort follows that of the Obama administration, which was blocked by Steven Mnuchin.[306] Press secretary Psaki said it was important that U.S. money and notes reflect the "history and diversity" of the country and that putting Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill would do so.[307]
On January 20, 2021, the Biden administration issued an Executive Order entitled Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government[308] increasing the federal government's anti-bias enforcement against government contractors. The intent is heightened investigations and audits by the Department of Justice as well as more detailed follow-up inquiries with government contractors, with an emphasis on combatting pay discrimination.[309] Also in January, Biden directed the U.S. Department of Justice to reduce their usage of private prisons and ordered the attorney general to not renew contracts with private prisons, citing the need to "reduce profit-based incentives" for the incarceration of racial minorities.[310][311][312]
Three days after the Atlanta spa shootings that killed 8 people, including 6 Asian women, Biden and Vice President Harris travelled to Atlanta. They spoke to Asian American and Pacific Islander advocates and leaders and condemned sexism, and racism against Asian Americans.[313]
Biden made Juneteenth (June 19) a federal holiday in 2021, celebrating the end of slavery in the U.S.[314] In March 2022, Biden signed the Emmett Till Antilynching Act into law. With the enactment of that legislation, lynching was made a federal hate crime for the first time in American history.[315]
In October 2022, Biden pardoned all past federal marijuana possession charges and announced an inquiry into whether cannabis should be removed from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.[316] In December 2022, Biden signed the Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act which was the first standalone cannabis-related bill ever passed by the United States Congress.[317]
LGBT rights
The United States Department of Agriculture unveiled efforts in 2022 to prevent anti-LGBT discrimination in food programs, including school lunch programs, resulting in 20 lawsuits from 20 Republican attorneys general.[318]
In December 2022, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), required states to recognize other states' marriage certificates for LGBT Americans, and ensured some religious liberties.[319] The bill came from a push from Democrats to codify same-sex marriage after the Dobbs decision, particularly Clarence Thomas's push to reconsider other precedents.[320]
In January 2023, the Biden administration released an "evidence agenda" for LGBTQI+ Americans to learn about "their experiences engaging with federal agencies and the disparities they face in their daily lives," as well as documenting how many LGBT people live in the United States.[321][322]
Abortion
In December 2021, the Biden administration ended a long-standing restriction on sales of abortion pills through the mail. This decision came amidst legal cases and Supreme Court decisions that jeopardized abortion access in the United States.[323]
After the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey on June 24, 2022, in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Biden addressed the nation in the Cross Hall of the White House.[324][325] He mentioned that "it's a sad day ... for the country" and "with Roe gone, ... The health and life of women in this nation are now at risk."[324][325] In addition, he attacked the Court saying "With this decision, the conservative majority of the Supreme Court shows how extreme it is" and "They have made the United States an outlier among developed nations in the world."[324][325] Regarding action, Biden stated that his administration will defend the right of women to seek an abortion in another state where abortion is legal and help protect a woman's access to contraception and abortion pills approved by the FDA.[324][325] He also called on Congress to codify Roe v. Wade, saying "No executive action ... can do that.".[324][325] But stated that if Congress did not have the votes to codify, that the voters would have to take action by "elect[ing] more senators and representatives who will codify a woman's right to choose into federal law."[324][325]
The Biden administration rejected the call from progressives[326] to allow abortions on federal land, with White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre saying, "in states where abortion is now illegal, women and providers who are not federal employees, as you look at the federal land, could be potentially – be prosecuted."[327]
During a press conference at the 2022 Madrid NATO Summit, Biden expressed support for providing an exception to the filibuster to codify Roe v. Wade.[328]
Criminal justice and crime rates
The Biden administration rescinded a Trump administration policy that curtailed the use of consent decrees that had been used by previous administrations in their investigations of misconduct in police departments.[329]
Biden proposed in his fiscal 2022 budget to more than double funding for the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Hiring Program, which helps state and local governments to hire law enforcement officers.[330]
Despite perceptions, notably by Republicans and conservative media, of a "crime crisis" of soaring violent crime under Biden, FBI data indicated the violent crime rate had declined significantly during the president's first two years in office, after a spike in 2020 during the COVID pandemic. By 2022, the violent crime rate was near a 50-year low, and preliminary data released in early 2024 indicated continuing declines in 2023.[331][332][333][334]
Gun control
In a national address in March 2021, after mass shootings in the Atlanta area and Boulder, Colorado, Biden advocated further gun regulations, such as a restored ban on assault weapons and a high-capacity magazine ban, as well as reinforcing preexisting background checks.[335][336]
After the Robb Elementary School shooting on May 24, 2022, President Biden addressed the nation.[337] The next week, he again called on Congress to pass an assault weapons and high-capacity magazine ban, as well as red flag laws and other legislation.[338][339] As a result of the shooting, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act was eventually passed by Congress and signed into law. It marked the first federal gun safety law to have been enacted in 30 years.[340]
After the Colorado Springs nightclub shooting, Biden called again for an assault weapons ban.[341]
Space policy
The Biden administration reversed the Trump administration's method of using the National Space Council to coordinate commercial, civil, and military space policies, instead using the National Security Council to issue national security memoranda instead of the Space Council's space policy directives.[342] The Biden administration renewed the National Space Council, chaired by Vice President Harris,[343] "to assist the president in generating national space policies, strategies, and synchronizing America's space activities."[344] Harris held meetings with the leaders of five countries to discuss international cooperation on space issues.[343]
The Biden administration continued the Artemis program to send people back to the Moon.[343][345] The administration also emphasized the role of NASA in studying climate change.[343][346]
Biden appointed Bill Nelson, an astronaut and former U.S. Senator, to the post of NASA administrator. Nelson was confirmed unanimously by the Senate in April 2021.[347]
In April 2021, as part of his first annual budget request, Biden proposed a $24.8 billion budget for NASA in 2022, a $1.5 billion increase on what Congress allocated to 2021.[346][348] The proposal includes funding for the Artemis program for a new crewed Moon landing mission.[348] The proposal also included a 12.5% increase for NASA's Earth Science Division, as well as a 22% increase for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which operates a fleet of weather satellites; both measures aimed to use space tools to study and mitigate climate change.[346]
On December 1, 2021, Biden announced his new framework for US space policy, the United States Space Priorities Framework, which explains Biden's approach for commercial, civil, and military space activity.[349] There is a new emphasis on combating climate change and investing in STEM education.[349]
Supreme Court
On July 29, 2024, Biden announced a plan to reform the Supreme Court of the United States. The plan called for three major changes. The first was an amendment to the Constitution, the No One Is Above the Law Amendment, which would eliminate immunity for presidents. This would effectively reverse the Supreme Court's decision in Trump v. United States. Second, Biden laid out a plan for creating term limits for Supreme Court justices. Under his plan, every two years presidents would appoint justices to 18 year terms. Lastly, he pushed for "a binding code of conduct" to replace the Supreme Court's existing self-enforced ethics code.[350]
Foreign affairs
Defense
On January 22, 2021, Biden signed his first bill,[351] H.R. 335 into law, providing a waiver to the law preventing appointment of a Secretary of Defense who had been on active duty in the armed forces within the past seven years;[352] this was the third time such a waiver was granted by Congress. Retired army four-star general Lloyd Austin was confirmed by the Senate in a 93–2 vote that same day, making Austin the first African-American Defense Secretary.[353][351]
Austin said his number one priority was to assist COVID-19 relief efforts, pledging he would "quickly review the Department's contributions to COVID-19 relief efforts, ensuring that we're doing everything that we can to help distribute vaccines across the country and to vaccinate our troops and preserve readiness."[354]
On February 10, 2021, Biden visited the Pentagon for the first time as president.[355] In remarks to service members alongside Vice President Kamala Harris and Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin, Biden announced a U.S. Department of Defense-led China task force "to provide a baseline assessment of department policies, programs and processes in regard to the challenge China poses."[356]
On June 18, 2021, the administration removed eight MIM-104 Patriot anti-missile batteries from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Kuwait, and Iraq, removed the THAAD anti-missile defense system from Saudi Arabia, and announced that most jet squadrons and hundreds of American troops would be withdrawn from the region. The changes come in light of both de-escalating tensions with Iran and the administration changing its focus on countering China.[357]
After taking office, Biden heavily restricted the use of armed drones and drone strikes.[358][359] After Biden's first year in office, drone strikes had hit a 20-year low and were heavily limited by the administration.[360][361]
In October 2023, President Biden asked Congress for nearly $106 billion in funding for Israel, Ukraine, countering China in the Indo-Pacific, and operations on the southern U.S. border.[362] Biden signed a record $886 billion defense spending bill into law on December 22, 2023.[363][364]
China
Biden has said the U.S. needs to "get tough" on China and build "a united front of U.S. allies and partners to confront China's abusive behaviors and human rights violations."[365] He described China as the "most serious competitor" that poses challenges on the "prosperity, security, and democratic values" of the U.S.[366]
Biden nominated Antony Blinken to serve as Secretary of State who took office on January 26, 2021.[367][368] During his nomination hearing, Blinken said that previous optimistic approaches to China were flawed,[369] and that Biden's predecessor, Donald Trump, "was right in taking a tougher approach to China" but he "disagree[s] very much with the way [Trump] went about it in a number of areas."[368] He endorsed former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo's report that China is committing a genocide against Uyghur Muslims.[368]
In March 2021, Secretary of State Antony Blinken, National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan and other administration officials met with the Chinese Communist Party Politburo member Yang Jiechi, Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi, and other Chinese officials in Alaska with heated exchanges on China's human rights abuses, cyberattacks, its threats against Taiwan, its crackdown in Xinjiang and Hong Kong, and other issues of U.S. interest. The Chinese side countered: "The U.S. does not have the qualification to speak to China from a position of strength [and] does not serve as a model to others [and] China's development and strengthening is unstoppable."[370][371]
The Washington Post reported that the Biden administration got "a taste of China's 'wolf warrior' diplomacy" during the first meeting with its Chinese counterpart, which was "remarkably undiplomatic", adding "China's diplomats appeared more forceful than they had been in any public meeting during President Trump's term."[372] The Atlantic published an article saying that the Biden team "flushed Beijing's true intentions out into the open for the world to see", quoting a senior administration official's comment that it is "increasingly difficult to argue that we don't know what China wants."[373]
In April 2021, it was reported that the Biden administration was rallying U.S. allies in consideration of a boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. The U.S. Department of State spokesman Ned Price told reporters that a joint boycott "is something that we certainly wish to discuss."[374]
In May 2021, the administration removed Chinese mobile manufacturer Xiaomi from the Chinese military blacklist, reversing the previous administration's decision.[375]
On June 3, 2021, Biden announced an executive order that would come into effect from August 2, and ban Americans from investing into 59 Chinese firms, including Huawei. Before it was announced, China said it would retaliate against it.[376]
In October 2021, Biden said he is concerned about Chinese hypersonic missiles, days after China tested a nuclear-capable hypersonic missile that circled the globe before speeding towards its target.[377]
In December 2021, a coalition of Jewish organizations, including the American Jewish Committee and the Rabbinical Assembly, issued an open letter to Biden urging additional action in response to what they describe as an Uyghur genocide.[378][379]
In late January and early February 2023, U.S. and Canadian defense officials were tracking a China-operated high-altitude balloon that had been seen hovering in North American airspace.[380] The balloon's first reported sighting was on February 1, 2023, when a commercial airliner reported flying in close proximity to it.[381] Biden ordered the U.S. Air Force to shoot down the balloon on February 4, on the possibility of it being a surveillance device, when it was spotted over territorial waters near South Carolina;[382] at 2:39 p.m. that day, the balloon was downed by an F-22 Raptor that had departed from Langley Air Force Base.[383] In response to the downing of the balloon, China admitted it belonged to them, but claimed the balloon was a weather device that had been blown off course.[384] Chinese officials accused the U.S. of indiscriminately using force against the civilian airship in violation of international law. The incident increased tensions between the U.S. and China.[385] On February 9, Biden stated that he did not believe that relations with China will be negatively affected by his decision to shoot down the balloon.[386] The incident did prompt Secretary Blinken to delay a diplomatic visit to Beijing.[387]
Taiwan
On 18 September 2022, it was reported by Reuters that "Joe Biden said U.S forces would defend Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion, his most explicit statement on the issue, drawing an angry response from China that said it sent the wrong signal to those seeking an independent Taiwan." The policy was stated in contrast to Biden's previous exclusion of boots-on-the-ground and planes-in-the-air for U.S. support for Ukraine in its current conflict with Russia.[388]
Cuba
Initially, the Biden administration has kept the sanctions against Cuba that were issued by the previous presidential administration, despite one of Biden's campaign promises being to lift restrictions against the country.[389][390]
In June 2021, the Biden administration continued America's tradition of voting against an annual United Nations General Assembly resolution calling for an end to the U.S. economic embargo against Cuba.[391] The resolution was adopted for the 29th time with 184 votes in favor, three abstentions, and two no votes: the U.S. and Israel.[392]
In July 2021, protesters gathered in front of the White House and demonstrators called on President Joe Biden to take action in Cuba.[393] The Biden administration sanctioned a key Cuban official and a government special forces unit known as the Boinas Negras for human rights abuses in the wake of historic protests on the island.[394] On July 22, 2021, directly before hosting a meeting with Cuban American leaders,[395] President Biden stated "I unequivocally condemn the mass detentions and sham trials that are unjustly sentencing to prison those who dared to speak out in an effort to intimidate and threaten the Cuban people into silence."[396] President Biden has also ordered government specialists to develop ideas for the U.S. to unilaterally extend internet access on the island, and he has promised to enhance backing for Cuban dissidents.[397]
In August 2021, Biden sanctioned three additional Cuban officials who were also reportedly involved in the suppression of anti-government protesters in Cuba.[398]
In December 2021, 114 Democratic House members signed a letter that urged President Biden to lift restrictions and sanctions against Cuba in order to make their access to food and medicine easier.[390]
In January 2022, Biden again sanctioned Cuban officials, this time placing travel restrictions on eight members of the Cuban government.[399]
In May 2022, the Biden administration lifted some sanctions on Cuba, with policy changes such as expansion of flights to Cuba and resumption of a family reunification program.[400]
On May 20, 2022, the Biden administration added Cuba to a small list of countries that the US accuses of "not cooperating fully" in the battle against terrorism.[401]
Based on "continuing difficulties caused by the ongoing US embargo", the Cuban government established an embargo in 2021. Cuba's people hadn't been able "to deposit dollars in cash into their accounts at banks and other financial institutions for almost two years". This embargo was imposed due to the economic pressures of the United States, but it led to Cuba facing a shortage of medicine, food, and gasoline. The Cuban government canceled the embargo in March 2023.[402]Afghanistan
In February 2020, the Trump administration made a deal with the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.[403] In April 2021, President Biden formally announced that American troops would instead withdraw from Afghanistan by September 11, 2021, which would signal an end to the U.S.'s longest war.[404] According to Princeton professor Julian E. Zelizer, Biden "clearly learned a great deal from his time in the Obama presidency", and demonstrated that "he is a politician capable of learning and evolving, contrary to some of the skeptics in the primaries who thought he didn't understand how politics had changed." According to Washington Post journalist Steven Levingston, "Obama listened to military leaders who advised him that withdrawal would be a mistake. Biden, meanwhile, was the top administration official arguing for a much more limited role for American forces in Afghanistan. Later, Biden would go on to say that he could tell by Obama's 'body language' that he agreed with that assessment — even though he ultimately rejected it."[405]
Soon after the withdrawal of U.S. troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of a collapsing Afghan Armed Forces.[406][407] President Biden defended the withdrawal, saying "I trust the capacity of the Afghan military, who is better trained, better equipped and ... more competent in terms of conducting war."[408]
By early July 2021, most of the American troops in Afghanistan were withdrawn.[403] Biden addressed the withdrawal, stating that: "The likelihood there's going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely."[403] On August 15, amid an offensive by the Taliban, the Afghan government collapsed, Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country and Kabul fell to the Taliban.[403][409] Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist in the evacuation of American personnel and Afghan allies.[410] He has been criticized over the manner of the American withdrawal.[409]
On August 16, Biden addressed the "messy" situation, taking responsibility for it ("the buck stops with me"), and admitting that the situation "unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated".[409][411] He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves", since the "Afghan military collapsed [against the Taliban], sometimes without trying to fight".[411][412] Biden partly attributed the lack of early evacuation of Afghan civilians to the Afghan government's opposition of a "mass exodus" which they thought would cause a "crisis of confidence".[412]
On August 26, a suicide attack was carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant - Khorasan Province at the Hamid Karzai International Airport, killing more than 170 people, including at least 62 Afghan civilians, 13 US service members, two British nationals and the child of a third British national.[413][414] Biden made a public address after the attack, in which he honored the American service members who were killed, calling them "heroes" and saying they lost their lives "in the service of liberty", and stated that the US had evacuated more than 100,000 Americans, Afghans, and others. He expressed deep sorrow for the Afghan victims as well. Biden said to those who wished harm upon the US that "we will hunt you down and make you pay."[415][416] Biden received increasingly harsh criticism from both Republicans and Democrats in the US Congress, with Republicans calling for his resignation or for his impeachment.[417][418][419]
After the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, the Biden administration froze about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, blocking the Taliban from accessing these billions of dollars in reserves held in U.S. bank accounts.[420][421]
In February 2022, Biden signed an executive order that seeks to unfreeze approximately $3.5 billion of Afghan assets in the U.S. for the purpose of humanitarian assistance in Afghanistan.[422]
On July 31, 2022, Al-Qaida leader Ayman al-Zawahiri was killed in Kabul by an American drone strike approved by Biden.[423]
Africa
Biden hosted a three-day U.S.-Africa summit in Washington in December 2022, attended by 49 African national leaders.[424] The meeting was the first such summit since 2014.[424][425] The leaders of every African nation in good standing with the African Union (AU), (except Eritrea) were invited to the summit.[425] The leaders of African nations not in good standing with the AU (mostly those who had come to power through military coups) were also not invited.[425]
At the summit, Biden announced U.S. support for the AU joining the G20 group of major economies, a long-sought goal for Africa.[426] The summit was part of a broader effort by the U.S. to rebuild U.S.-African relations and counter Chinese influence on the continent.[424] During the summit, the administration announced $800 million in new deals with Cisco Systems and Cybastion to combat cyberthreats targeting Africa, a bid to blunt the dominance of the Chinese firm Huawei in Africa.[427] The administration also signed a memorandum of understanding in support of the African Continental Free Trade Area to reduce trade barriers in Africa,[427] and committed $55 billion to Africa over the next three years, focused on preexisting U.S. initiatives,[427][424] such as the trade-focused Prosper Africa and Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, as well as the Power Africa initiative, which aims to increase connections of Africans to the electric grid).[424] The administration also emphasized initiatives in technology and cybersecurity, health, clean energy and the environment, and other areas.[427][425] Biden committed an additional $2 billion for emergency humanitarian aid and $11 billion for food security programs in Africa.[425] The administration also expanded ties with West Africa, including support for infrastructure improvements at the Benin seaport of Cotonou, a key part of the West African economy.[424][428] Biden appointed a longtime U.S. diplomat, Johnnie Carson, to coordinate implementation of U.S. actions following up the summit.[429]
During the 2022 summit, Biden and senior administration officials also met privately with six African leaders facing elections in 2023, pushing them to ensure free and fair elections in their nations.[429]
Senator Bob Menendez, the Democratic chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has criticized the Biden administration for hesitating to impose sanctions on the governments of Sudan and Ethiopia, where many atrocities and war crimes were committed in the Tigray War.[430]
Armenian genocide
On April 24, 2021, the Biden administration declared that the Turkish killings of Armenians at the start of the 20th century were a genocide. He is the first U.S. president to ever officially recognize the Armenian genocide.[431]
Americans detained abroad
In July 2022, President Biden signed an executive order aimed at deterring the wrongful detention of Americans abroad.[432] According to an estimate by The James W. Foley Legacy Foundation, there are at least 67 U.S. citizens who are currently imprisoned abroad. The foundation further estimates that 90% of those are wrongly detained by foreign governments hostile to the U.S., including Venezuela, Russia, China, Iran, and others.[433] Dozens of families of Americans who are detained abroad say President Biden has failed to adequately address the crisis.[433] They formed a group called "Bring Our Families Home Campaign" to pressure Biden to do more.[434]
In September 2023, President Biden reached a deal to release five prisoners held by Iran. In exchange, $6 billion of frozen Iranian assets were released.[435] The U.S. said the unfrozen money would be held in restricted accounts so that it could only be spent on humanitarian goods such as food and medicine.[436]
In August 2024, President Biden reached a deal to secure the largest prisoner exchange since the Cold War.[437] The exchange included the release of Americans Evan Gershkovich, Paul Whelan, and Alsu Kurmasheva; thirteen others from Russia and Belarus; and Russians held by the U.S., Slovenia, Norway, Poland, and Germany.[438] Turkey and Estonia were also involved in the deal.[437] Biden stressed the importance of alliances on the world stage by describing the achievement as "a powerful example of why it’s vital to have friends in this world."[439]
Quad and the Indo-Pacific region
In March 2021, Biden held a virtual meeting with leaders of Japan, India and Australia, an alliance of countries known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or the Quad, that work together to address China's expansionism in the Indo-Pacific region.[440][441] A few days later, the administration officials, including secretary of state Antony Blinken and secretary of defense Lloyd Austin, met with U.S. allies in Asia and imposed sanctions on senior Chinese officials.[442][370] Austin also visited India to deepen the defense ties between the two countries.[441] In September 2021, Biden hosted the first in-person meeting of Quad at the White House.[443]
On May 23, 2022, Biden launched the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) to counter growing Chinese economic and political influence in the Indo-Pacific region. At the time of its launch, the IPEF had 12 partners including Australia, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.[444] In response, China described the proposed grouping as a "closed and exclusive club". National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan defended the IPEF by highlighting the diverse nature of the grouping's membership.[445][446] In November 2023, under pressure from Congressional Democrats, the Biden administration halted plans for the IPEF's trade component.[447][448]
In August 2022, the Biden administration announced that it will be hosting the US–Pacific Island Country Summit in September 2022 which will coincide with the week of the seventy-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly.[449]
On August 18, 2023, Biden hosted Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol at Camp David. The meeting, amid a period of strained Japan–South Korea relations, resulted in the Camp David Principles relating to joint military exercises, preventing supply chain disruptions, and united criticism of North Korea, Russia, and China.[450]
Russia
On the day of Biden's inauguration, the Russian government urged the new U.S. administration to take a "more constructive" approach in talks over the extension of the 2010 New START treaty, the sole remaining agreement limiting the number of U.S. and Russian long-range nuclear warheads.[451] In Biden's first telephone call as president with Russian President Vladimir Putin, on January 26, 2021, Biden and Putin agreed to extend the New START treaty (which was set to expire in February 2021) by an additional five years.[452]
Biden and his administration condemned human rights violations by the Russian authorities, calling for the release of detained dissident and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny, his wife, and the thousands of Russians who had demonstrated in his support; the U.S. called for the unconditional release of Navalny and the protestors and a credible investigation into Navalny's poisoning.[453][454][455] On March 2, 2021, the U.S. and European Union imposed coordinated additional sanctions on Russian officials, as well as the FSB and GRU, over Navalny's poisoning and imprisonment. The State Department also expanded existing sanctions from the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act that had been imposed after the poisoning of Skripal.[456] The Biden administration is also planning to impose sanctions against Russia because of the 2020 SolarWinds cyberespionage campaign, which compromised the computer systems of nine federal agencies.[457] Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan said the response "will include a mix of tools seen and unseen, and it will not simply be sanctions."[457][456]
The Biden administration's comprehensive review into Russian activities has included an examination of reports that the Russian government offered bounties to kill U.S. troops in Afghanistan.[458][459] The Biden administration said intelligence community has only "low to moderate" confidence in reports due to the fact that the bounty reports originated from "detainee reporting and because of the difficult operating environment in Afghanistan."[460][461] Biden called Russian President Vladimir Putin a "killer" in an ABC News interview, and said that Russia would pay a price for election meddling.[462]
On May 19, 2021, the Biden administration lifted CAATSA sanctions on the Nord Stream 2 pipeline project between Russia and Germany. Despite Biden's personal opposition to the project, the U.S. State Department says that it concluded that it was in the "U.S. national interest" to waive the sanctions.[463] Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov welcomed the move as "a chance for a gradual transition toward the normalization of our bilateral ties."[463]
On June 16, 2021, Biden met with Putin in Geneva, Switzerland. The two presidents discussed a number of topics, including stable policy on climate change, nuclear proliferation, and cybersecurity. Russia's activities regarding Ukraine, Alexei Navalny, Belarus, and nationals jailed in each other's countries. The summit was significantly shorter than expected, only lasting three and a half of the predicted five hours.[464] Putin praised Biden as a knowledgeable and shrewd negotiator the next day.[465][466]
In November 2021, Putin stated that an expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any long-range missiles capable of striking Russian cities or missile defense systems similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a "red line" issue for Russia.[467][468] In December 2021, Putin asked President Joe Biden for legal guarantees that NATO wouldn't expand eastward or put "weapons systems that threaten us in close vicinity to Russian territory."[469] The U.S. and NATO have rejected Putin's demands.[470][471]
On February 24, 2022, Biden condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine, saying Putin "chose this war" and calling him "the aggressor". He announced new sanctions against Russia.[472] On February 25, the White House announced the US would personally sanction Putin and foreign minister Sergey Lavrov.[473] On February 28, the Biden administration announced sanctions against Russia's central bank, prohibiting Americans from doing business with the bank and freezing the bank's assets.[474] On March 29, 2022, Biden appeared to heighten his condemnation concerning Putin made at the end of his NATO trip to Europe, stating that he makes "no apologies" for previously stating that "Putin cannot remain in power".[475] On April 12, he called the war a "genocide".[476] Biden criticized the Kremlin for "idle comments" on the possible use of nuclear weapons.[477]
On April 28, Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.[478] On May 10, the House passed legislation that would provide $40 billion in new aid to Ukraine.[479] The New York Times reported that the United States provided real-time battlefield targeting intelligence to Ukraine that helped Ukrainian forces kill Russian generals and sink the Russian warship Moskva.[480][481] The Biden administration has pledged to help the International Criminal Court (ICC) to prosecute Putin and others for war crimes committed during the invasion of Ukraine.[482][483]
On 27 September 2022, White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre encouraged Russian men fleeing their home country to avoid being drafted to apply for asylum in the United States.[484] In early 2023, the Biden administration resumed deportations of Russians who had fled Russia because of mobilization and political persecution.[485]
Ukraine
In February 2022, amid rising tensions between Ukraine and Russia, the Biden administration faced questions for its year-long failure to nominate an ambassador to Ukraine.[486]
The Russian invasion of Ukraine instigated significant and substantial support to Ukraine during the Biden presidency including two dozen military aid packages to assist them against the invasion. On 28 October 2022 the Pentagon announced the 24th presidential drawdown of materiel worth $275 million; the security assistance has totaled $18.5 billion to Ukraine since January 2021.[487] The aid includes 500 Excalibur precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds, 2000 155mm remote anti-armor mine systems, more than 1,300 anti-armor weapons, more than 2.75 million rounds of small arms ammunition, more HIMARS rockets, 125 Humvees, and four satellite communications antennas for Ukraine's command and control systems, as well as training for operation of the NASAMS units.[a] Two NASAMS units arrived in Ukraine on 7 November 2022.[487][488][b]
On February 20, 2023, four days before the one-year anniversary of the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and First Lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska.[492] While there, Biden affirmed more military aid to Ukraine and denounced the war.[493] The trip was unannounced, and involved major security coordinations to ensure safety.[494]
In 2022, Congress approved more than $112 billion in aid to Ukraine. In October 2023, the Biden administration requested $61.4 billion more in aid for Ukraine for the year ahead.[495]
Europe
President Biden promised to repair "strained" relationships with European allies in contrast to his predecessor Trump. "An attack on one is an attack on all. That is our unshakeable vow," Biden said, referring to Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty (the mutual defense clause).[496] Biden pledged support for the European project and for Ukraine's sovereignty as well as the need for global cooperation on fighting the pandemic and climate change.[497]
U.S. relations with France deteriorated in September 2021 due to fallout from the AUKUS security pact between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, which aimed to counter Chinese power in the Indo-Pacific region. As part of the agreement, the U.S. agreed to provide nuclear-powered submarines to Australia. After entering into the agreement, the Australian government canceled an agreement that it had made with France for the provision of French conventionally powered submarines. The deal angered the French government, which recalled its ambassador to the U.S. (Philippe Étienne) as well as the ambassador to Australia. Amid the diplomatic row, the French Foreign Ministry contended that it had been subjected to "duplicity, disdain and lies"[498][499] and French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian called the deal a "stab in the back".[500] In a conciliatory call a few days later, Biden and French President Emmanuel Macron agreed to reduce bilateral tensions, and the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies.[501] A month later, Biden met Macron, telling him his administration was "clumsy" and that he was "under the impression that France had been informed long before" that France's deal with Australia was "not going through".[502]
Iran
The Biden administration has expressed interest in re-engaging with Iran on the Iran nuclear deal. Biden's predecessor, President Trump, withdrew from the deal in 2018, resulting in swift backlash from international community.[503][504] Secretary of State Antony Blinken said the U.S. would be interested in re-entering the agreement so long as Iran shows "strict compliance".[505] Blinken did not rule out a military intervention to stop Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons.[506][507]
On February 25, 2021, President Biden ordered retaliatory airstrikes on buildings in Syria that the Department of Defense said were used by Iranian-backed militias to carry out rocket attacks on U.S. targets in Iraq. The operation was the first known use of military force by the Biden administration.[508] The attacks prompted condemnation from many Democratic members of Congress. Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia questioned the administration's "legal justification for acting without coming to Congress." Representative Ro Khanna (D-CA) claimed that "the Administration should have sought Congressional authorization."[509]
In July 2022, Biden met with Israeli Prime Minister Yair Lapid to discuss the Iran nuclear deal and said that he continued to favor diplomacy. Lapid, however, expressed that only military threat would deter Iran from pursuing a nuclear program.[510]
Myanmar
On February 1, 2021, Biden condemned the Myanmar coup d'état and called for the release of detained officials. Biden also left open the door to re-imposing sanctions on the country, saying in a statement that "[t]he United States removed sanctions on Burma over the past decade based on progress toward democracy. The reversal of that progress will necessitate an immediate review of our sanction laws and authorities, followed by appropriate action."[511]
On March 5, 2021, Biden imposed sanctions on Myanmar's Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Defence and certain junta conglomerates.[512] On March 22, 2021, Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced sanctions on several military generals in response to a violent crackdown on peaceful protests.[513]
Northern Ireland
Biden has reiterated his commitment to maintaining peace in Northern Ireland by resisting the possibility of a hard border as a result of Brexit. When asked by The Irish Times in March 2021 about comments made by Irish foreign minister Simon Coveney that the UK "cannot be trusted" on the Northern Ireland protocol, White House press secretary Jen Psaki said that "President Biden has been unequivocal about his support for the Good Friday Agreement." As part of his own Irish-American heritage, Psaki said that Biden "has a special place in his heart for the Irish", underpinning his commitment to Northern Ireland's peace.[514]
Saudi Arabia and Yemen
Biden ordered a halt in the arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates which the Trump administration had previously agreed to.[516] Two years after Jamal Khashoggi's assassination, Avril Haines, the Director of National Intelligence under Biden's administration, announced that the intelligence report into the case against the Saudi government would be declassified. It was reported that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman would be blamed for the murder, as was concluded by the CIA.[517]
On February 4, 2021, the Biden administration announced that the U.S. was ending its support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen. President Biden in his first visit to the State Department as president said "this war has to end" and that the conflict has created "a humanitarian and strategic catastrophe".[518] However, the details of the end of American involvement in the war have yet to be released as of April 2021.[519]
In September 2021, Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan met in Saudi Arabia with Crown Prince Bin Salman to discuss the high oil prices.[520] The record-high energy prices were driven by a global surge in demand as the world quit the economic recession caused by COVID-19.[521][522] The Biden administration was pressed on potential oil deals with Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Iran that would have them increase their oil production.[523][524] However, so far, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have declined requests from the US.[525][526]
As a presidential candidate, Joe Biden had vowed to make the Saudis "pay the price" and make them a "pariah" state, citing the Kingdom's involvement in the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[527] But, in June 2022, the White House confirmed that Biden was to visit Saudi Arabia and meet Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, during his Middle East trip in July.[528][529] The announcement came after inflation in the US rose to a 40-year high.[530] The Russian invasion of Ukraine also had an impact on the oil and gas prices in the US. Biden repeatedly appealed to the Saudis to increase oil production, but the Kingdom turned down such requests.[531] Biden's planned visit was seen as a move to seek Saudi assistance to ease the oil and gas prices at home.[528][532] However, human rights activists and Democratic lawmakers warned Biden that the visit could send signals to Saudi that their horrific human rights violations could be exempted.[528] Saudi dissidents living in the US said that as Saudi activists who were wronged by Prince Mohammed, they "feel betrayed by Biden".[531] Son of Saad Aljabri, Khalid AlJabri said Biden's meeting with MbS would be "equivalent of a presidential pardon for murder".[533] Democratic Representative Adam Schiff also criticized the visit saying, "I wouldn't go. I wouldn't shake his hand. This is someone who butchered an American resident, cut him up into pieces and in the most terrible and premeditated way."[534]
On 10 July 2022, president Biden defended his trip to Saudi Arabia, saying humans rights were on his agenda.[535] In an op-ed, he wrote that he aims to "reorient and not rupture relations with a country that's been a strategic partner for 80 years", and that Saudi Arabia has helped to restore unity among the six countries of Gulf Cooperation Council and has fully supported the truce in the context of the Yemen war.[536]
Ahead of Biden's visit to Saudi Arabia, reports revealed that the Biden administration could possibly lift a ban on sales of Offensive weapons to Riyadh. However, U.S. national security adviser Jake Sullivan they were focused on a "real ceasefire", and on Saudi efforts to end the war.[537] After the meeting with Saudi officials, Biden announced that the Kingdom committed to extend the truce in Yemen.[538] On 2 August 2022, the State Department approved the potential sale of 300 MIM-104E Guidance Enhanced Missile-Tactical Ballistic Missiles (GEM-T) for the Patriot missile defense system to Saudi Arabia. It also approved support equipment, spares and technical support to the Arab nation. In addition, the State Department also approved the potential sale of 96 Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile defense system interceptors and support equipment to the UAE.[539][540] However, Human Rights Watch said the US should suspend sales of both offensive and defensive arms to Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which have used American weapons in unlawful airstrikes. HRW said a policy reversal by the US could lead to added rights violations in Yemen.[541]
United Arab Emirates
The U.S. authorities indicted Thomas J. Barrack Jr., an outside adviser to Donald Trump during and after the 2016 United States presidential election campaign. They alleged he acted as an unregistered foreign lobbyist for the United Arab Emirates. Barrack was also accused of obstruction of justice by giving false statements to the investigators.[542][543] He was found not guilty on all charges in November 2022.[544] The DOJ also prosecuted some men for funneling more than $3.5 million to Hillary Clinton from George Nader, the royal adviser of the UAE.[545]
While federal prosecutors accused the Emirates of interfering in American politics from both sides, the relations with the Arab nation during Biden's presidency didn't witness much of the expected changes. The UAE was seen escaping its blunder-filled history of relations with the US, despite Biden's repetitive criticism against the Emirates' human rights violations and its attempts of infiltrating the US politics.[546] Moreover, the Biden administration also permitted the arms sales of $23 billion to the UAE, which was initiated by Donald Trump and involved a transfer of sophisticated weaponry like the F-35 fighter jets.[547] The US Justice Department did not charge any Emirati in the case. However, Barrack's indictment identified three UAE officials who were hosts at his reception in the Gulf nation after Trump's 2016 elections, and two others who were involved. Amongst the hosts was Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Zayed, the UAE's national security adviser Tahnoun bin Zayed and director of the Emirati intelligence service, Ali Mohammed Hammad Al Shamsi. The fourth Emirati official was Abdullah Khalifa Al Ghafli, who "tasked" Barrack to push Emirati interests with America. Another official was Yousef Al Otaiba, who asked to remain anonymous in discussions over private matters.[548]
Israel
Early on, the Biden administration addressed Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as the Israeli capital. The White House confirmed that the U.S. Embassy would remain in Jerusalem and it would continue to be recognized as the capital. The administration also expressed support for the Abraham Accords while wanting to expand on them, although it shied away from using that name, instead referring to it simply as "the normalization process".[549][550][551]
On 13 May 2021, in the aftermath of the Al-Aqsa mosque conflict, the Biden administration was accused of being indifferent towards the violent conflict between Israeli statehood and the Palestinian minority there. Critics on both sides identified the reaction by the White House as "lame and late".[552]
On 21 May 2021, a ceasefire was brokered between Israel and Hamas after eleven days of clashes. According to Biden, the US will be playing a key role to rebuild damaged infrastructure in the Gaza alongside the Palestinian authority.[553][554]
Israel–Hamas War
After the October 7 terrorist attack in Israel perpetrated by Hamas, Biden stated, "We stand with Israel" three days later and emphasized the US's role in potentially freeing American hostages in Gaza.[555]
On October 14, Biden condemned the murder of Wadea Al-Fayoume, a six-year-old Muslim boy in Chicago, by the boy's landlord. The murder was an alleged hate crime inspired by the conflict. Biden said, "There is no place in America for hate against anyone."[556][557]
During a speech at the Human Rights Campaign Dinner on October 15, a protestor chanted "let Gaza live" and "ceasefire now" to which Biden responded that he could not hear the protestor, but then later said "I get it. I'm not sure that's a good thing. No, I'm only joking."[558][559]
Biden's trip to Jordan to meet King Abdullah II, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, and Mahmoud Abbas was "mutually" canceled on October 17 and indefinitely postponed.[560][561][562]
President Biden traveled to Tel Aviv, Israel on October 18 and met with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, resulting in humanitarian aid being allowed into Gaza, including food, water, and medicine.[563] During the trip, Biden blamed the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion on "an errant rocket fired by a terrorist group in Gaza," citing US intelligence reports.[564][565] He also promised to ask congress for an "unprecedented support package for Israel’s defense," potentially tied to a bill with support for Ukraine, Taiwan, and the Southern Border.[566] Biden called on Congress to pass $14.3 billion in emergency military aid to Israel.[567] Israel already receives $3.8 billion a year in military aid.[568] Biden also announced that the US would send $100 million in humanitarian aid to Gaza and the West Bank.[569]
On November 1, after Jessica Rosenberg, a rabbi and activist from Jewish Voice for Peace, heckled Biden during a speech in Northfield, Minnesota calling for a ceasefire, Biden said, "I think we need a pause. A pause means give time to get the prisoners out."[570][571]
Starting November 9, Biden negotiated four-hour pauses for civilians to flee every day after his push for three-day pauses failed.[572] Starting on November 23, Israel agreed to a four-day ceasefire for north of Gaza for six hours a day and a complete ceasefire south of Gaza in exchange for hostages taken by Hamas. The deal was brokered by Qatar, Egypt, and the United States.[573][574][575]
Ian Bremmer, an American political scientist, stated the Biden administration's position unconditionally supporting Israel had left him as isolated on the world stage as Russia president Vladimir Putin.[576] Biden has reportedly expressed frustration with Netanyahu's handling of the war, although this has not lead to a major shift in American policy.[577][578]
Congressional oversight on arms sales has been sidestepped by the Biden administration on two occasions in December 2023.[579] Usually the Arms Export Control Act would require the State Department, on behalf of the president, to provide U.S. Congress advance notification of government-to-government foreign military sales of defense equipment. But the secretary of state Antony Blinken certified the existence of an "emergency" and therefore the requirement was lifted twice which raised objections from lawmakers from the Democratic Party.[580]
In February 2024, the Biden administration warned the government of Israel against its announced advance against Rafah,[581] and NBC news reported that Biden "has been venting his frustration in recent private conversations, some of them with campaign donors, over his inability to persuade Israel to change its military tactics in the Gaza Strip".[577] On 16 February 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that the administration is pushing for a cease-fire deal but on the other hand is preparing another delivery of bombs and other weapons and that the administration has to notify "congressional committee leaders who would need to approve the transfer."[582] On 20 February, the U.S. government vetoed a U.N. Security Council resolution demanding a cease-fire in Gaza.[583]
After the killing of Palestinian civilians receiving food aid on February 29, Biden expressed that the current level of aid flowing into Gaza was insufficient.[584] On March 3, US military began airdropping food aid into Gaza.[585] Some experts called the US airdrops performative and claimed they would do little to alleviate the food situation in Gaza.[586]
Palestine
During a July 2022 visit to Israel, Biden stressed the importance of keeping the two-state vision alive. He met with Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas and announced a new aid package to the Palestinians.[587] During the administration of his predecessor Donald Trump, U.S. contributions to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees had been defunded.[588] On the Israeli end, Prime Minister Yair Lapid reaffirmed his position on a two-state solution.[587]
Worldwide LGBT rights
On February 4, 2021, Biden issued a presidential memorandum for expanding protection of LGBT rights worldwide, which includes the possibility to impose financial sanctions.[589]
The US State Department released a statement on Intersex Awareness Day promoting LGBTQI+ rights around the globe, saying, "Intersex persons often face stigma and discrimination in accessing education, healthcare, and legal recognition, and are subjected to medically unnecessary surgeries. These harmful practices, which can cause lifelong negative physical and emotional consequences, are a medical form of so-called conversion therapy practices in that they seek to physically “convert” Intersex children into non-Intersex children."[590]
Biden announced he would be removing Uganda from the African Growth and Opportunity Act trade deal[591] over the country's anti-LGBT bill that included the death penalty for "aggravated homosexuality" and life-in-prison for identifying as LGBT.[592][593]
Investigations of Biden
Hur special counsel investigation
Biden's attorneys informed the National Archives Administration in November 2022 that classified documents from before Biden's presidency had been found at the Penn Biden Center. Days later Attorney General Garland tasked U.S. Attorney John R. Lausch Jr. with conducting an initial investigation.[594][595][596] On January 5, 2023, Lausch advised Garland that the assignment of a special counsel was warranted.[594][595][596] On January 12, Garland announced that he was appointing a special counsel to investigate "possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records",[597][598] and appointed Robert K. Hur as special counsel.[599] Hur released his report on February 8, 2024, stating that the "evidence does not establish Mr. Biden's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt".[600] The report's final conclusion was that "no criminal charges are warranted in this matter" and that it would be "the same even if there was no policy against charging a sitting president".[601]
Congressional investigations
On September 12, 2023, Speaker McCarthy acceded to the right wing of the House Republican Conference and announced the launch of an impeachment inquiry into Biden.[602][603][604] McCarthy claimed that earlier findings of House investigations "paint a picture of corruption" involving Biden and his relatives.[605] Prior investigations have failed to find evidence of wrongdoing by the president.[c] The impeachment inquiry fizzled out by April 2024.[610]
Elections during the Biden presidency
| Senate leaders | House leaders | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Congress | Year | Majority | Minority | Speaker | Minority |
| 117th | 2021–2023 | Schumer[d] | McConnell | Pelosi | McCarthy |
| 118th | 2023 | Schumer | McConnell | McCarthy | Jeffries |
| 2023–present | Schumer | McConnell | Jeffries | ||
| Congress | Senate | House |
|---|---|---|
| 117th[g] | 50[d] | 222 |
| 118th | 51 | 213 |
2022 midterm elections
Despite Biden's low approvals, a red wave did not occur during the president's midterm as many had anticipated. Democrats expanded their narrow Senate majority while Republicans took control of the House of Representatives by a far smaller margin than expected.[611] This was largely attributed to a backlash against the Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization,[612] as well as the perceived extremeness of certain Republican candidates in competitive races.
It was the first midterm election since 1986 in which the party of the incumbent president achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since 1934 in which the president's party didn't lose any state legislative chambers or incumbent senators.[613]
Many pundits had failed to predict the Democrats' resilient performance; Simon Rosenberg was one exception.[614] Polls for the election cycle were the most accurate since 1998, though Republican-aligned pollsters such as the Trafalgar Group had a notable polling miss.[615][616]
The results drew praise from the Democratic Party,[617] and Biden celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.[618]
2024 elections
Initial Biden campaign and withdrawal
After speculation Biden would not seek re-election due to his advanced age and poor job approval,[619] Biden officially announced his reelection campaign for the Democratic nomination in the 2024 presidential election on April 25, 2023.[620] He became the presumptive Democratic party nominee on March 12, 2024, facing no effective challengers in the primaries.[621] Following what was widely viewed as a lackluster performance in the first presidential debate against presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump and numerous age and health concerns, Biden faced repeated calls to suspend his candidacy. On July 21, 2024, Biden announced in a post on X (formerly known as Twitter) that he was suspending his campaign. He stated that "while it has been my intention to seek re-election, I believe it is in the best interest of my party and the country for me to stand down and to focus solely on fulfilling my duties as President for the remainder of my term", and endorsed Vice President Kamala Harris in his stead.[622]
General election
Following the attempted assassination of his then-opponent Donald Trump, Biden condemned the shooting and, in an Oval Office address the next day, spoke about the "need for to lower the temperature" of its political rhetoric.[623]
Approval ratings and image
Very early in Biden's presidency, opinion polls found that Biden's approval ratings were steadier than Trump's, with an average approval rating of 55% and an average disapproval rate of 39%.[624] Biden's early approval ratings have been more polarized than Trump's, with 98% of Democrats, 61% of independents and 11% of Republicans approving of Biden's presidency in February 2021, a party gap of 87%.[625] Around the end of his first hundred days in office, Biden's approval rating was higher than Trump's but was the third worst since the presidency of Harry Truman; only Trump and Gerald Ford scored lower.[626][627]
After the fall of Kabul and the surge of COVID-19 cases due to the Delta variant in July and August 2021, Biden's approval rating began to steadily decline, from a high of 52.7% approval on July 26, 2021, to 45.9% approval by September 3, 2021, according to FiveThirtyEight.[628][629] While the White House emphasized COVID-19 as causing his low approval rating,[630] inflation, the highest in nearly 40 years,[631][632] has also been described as a cause.[633][634] Biden's lowest approval rating on record comes from a Quinnipiac University poll in July 2022, which showed just 31% of respondents approving of his performance as president.[635]
By the one-year anniversary of Biden's presidency on January 20, 2022, Gallup recorded the average approval rating for Biden's first year as 49%, which was the second-lowest first-year average approval rating for any American president since World War II; only Trump's first-year average of 38.4% was lower.[636][637] Gallup further noted that there was greater political polarization in Biden's approval ratings than any other first-year president in modern history, with 91% of Democrats supporting Biden while just 8% of Republicans supported him, resulting in a party gap of 83%. The only other year of any presidency that saw greater polarization was Trump's final year in office.[636][638] The July 2022 Gallup survey saw Biden's sixth quarter approval rating of 40%, the lowest sixth quarter rating of any president in modern history dating back to Dwight Eisenhower.[639]Until April 23, according to figures compiled by FiveThirtyEight, Biden's approval rating stood at 42.3 percent, a slight improvement from the sub-40 percent level reached in the summer of 2022, but still well below the peak of 53 percent when he began his presidency in January 2021.[640]
An October 30, 2023 poll by the Arab American Institute, support for Biden among Arab Americans dropped from 59% in 2020 to 17%.[641][642] The drop in support has been attributed to the administration's handling of the 2023 Israel–Hamas War.[643][644]
According to Gallup, in July 2024, Biden's approval rating dropped to 36%, the lowest of his presidency, prior to his decision to end his re-election campaign; his highest approval rating dated back to 57% in April 2021.[645][646]
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Media appearances
Biden has been interviewed for several news outlets and appeared on several late-night talk shows throughout his presidency.
In December 2021, Biden appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where they discussed "his Build Back Better Plan, the importance of his bipartisan friendship with the late Sen. Bob Dole, rejecting extremism and getting Americans vaccinated against COVID-19."[647]
In June 2022, Biden appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! where he discussed "27 school shootings in America in 2022, why he believes nothing has been done so far about gun violence, an overwhelming amount of Americans supporting background checks, meeting with families after the tragic events in Uvalde, Texas, the idea of passing an Executive Order, the strides made in regards to Climate Change, Joe Manchin & Kyrsten Sinema's voting record, housing, food and gas prices being very high and what he intends to do about inflation, the negative impact that the pandemic has had on families and the need for mental health care, being optimistic about this generation of young people, changes in the press, his process for flushing documents down the toilets, what his intentions are if Roe v Wade does in fact get overturned, and his hopes for America."[648]
In July 2022, comedian and host of The Late Late Show, James Corden, visited the White House and spoke with Biden, Jen Psaki, and White House custodian staff. He also gave a fake press briefing in the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room.[649]
Biden has also been interviewed by Drew Barrymore, Jake Tapper, Jonathan Capehart, Yonit Levi, George Stephanopoulos, David Muir, Scott Pelley, Lester Holt, and Norah O'Donnell, for The Drew Barrymore Show,[650] CNN,[651] MSNBC,[652] Channel 12 in Israel,[653] ABC News,[654][655] 60 Minutes,[656] NBC,[657] and CBS News,[658] as well as a solo interview by Heather Cox Richardson[659] and Brian Tyler Cohen.[660] Notably, Biden has not sat down with Fox News, despite its popularity in the United States.[661]
News outlets have criticized Biden for only doing a limited amount of interviews during his tenure. Biden participated in 23 interviews in his first 100 days, compared to 95 for Donald Trump, 187 for Barack Obama, 60 for George W. Bush, 64 for Bill Clinton, 70 for George H. W. Bush, and 78 for Ronald Reagan.[662]
Notes
- ^ The first NASAMS is coming to Ukraine (17 October 2022), now that NASAMS training is nearly complete.
- ^ As of 16 November 2022 the NASAMS had a 100% kill rate against their targets.[489][490][491]
- ^ Attributed to multiple sources:[606][607][608][609]
- ^ Jump up to: a b After two runoff elections, of Democrats Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock in Georgia, there were 50 Republicans and 50 Democrats (including 2 independents who caucus with the Democrats) in the Senate. Both Ossoff (Georgia's class 2 seat) and Warnock (Georgia's class 3 seat) were seated on January 20, 2021. With Democratic vice president Kamala Harris casting tie-breaking votes, the Democrats also have held a majority in the Senate since January 20, 2021.
- ^ Kevin McCarthy was removed as Speaker of the House on October 3, 2023. Patrick McHenry acted as Speaker pro tempore from October 3, 2023 to October 25, 2023. Mike Johnson was elected to replace McCarthy as Speaker of the House on October 25, 2023.
- ^ Democratic seats at the start of each session of Congress. Independents caucusing with the Democratic Party (Senators Bernie Sanders, Angus King, Joe Manchin, and Kyrsten Sinema) are counted as Democrats for the purposes of this table. Throughout Biden's presidency, there were a total of 100 Senate seats in 435 House seats, so a Democratic majority in the Senate required 50 seats (since Democratic vice president Kamala Harris could provide the tie-breaking vote), and a Democratic majority in the House required 218 seats (assuming no vacancies).
- ^ 17 days of the 117th Congress (January 3, 2021 – January 19, 2021) took place under President Trump, with Republicans also holding the Senate until January 20th.
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- ^ Данные Подкомитета по сексуальной ориентации, гендерной идентичности и вариациям половых характеристик (SOGI) (январь 2023 г.). «ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ПРОГРАММА ДАННЫХ В ОБЛАСТИ ЛГБТКИ+ СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТИ» (PDF) . Архивировано (PDF) из оригинала 23 ноября 2023 г. Проверено 31 октября 2023 г.
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- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Кристин Фишер (5 ноября 2021 г.). «Харрис объявит о первом заседании Национального космического совета администрации Байдена» . Си-Эн-Эн. Архивировано из оригинала 15 ноября 2021 года . Проверено 17 ноября 2021 г.
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- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с Брайан Бендер; Джонатан Кустодио (31 октября 2021 г.). « Это меняет правила игры»: ведение войны с изменением климата из космоса» . Политик . Архивировано из оригинала 17 ноября 2021 года . Проверено 17 ноября 2021 г.
- ^ «Сенат утверждает, что бывший сенатор от Флориды Билл Нельсон возглавит НАСА» . Ассошиэйтед Пресс . 29 апреля 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 17 ноября 2021 года . Проверено 17 ноября 2021 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б «Байден предлагает бюджет НАСА в размере 24,7 миллиарда долларов в 2022 году на поддержку исследования Луны и не только» . Space.com . 9 апреля 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 10 апреля 2021 года . Проверено 10 апреля 2021 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б «СТРУКТУРА КОСМИЧЕСКИХ ПРИОРИТЕТОВ США» . Белый дом . 1 декабря 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 26 сентября 2023 года . Проверено 16 сентября 2023 г.
- ^ «Мнение | Джо Байден: Мой план реформировать Верховный суд и гарантировать, что ни один президент не окажется выше закона» . Вашингтон Пост . 29 июля 2024 г. ISSN 0190-8286 . Проверено 29 июля 2024 г.
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- ^ «Подписание законопроекта: HR 335» . Белый дом . 22 января 2021 г. . Проверено 22 января 2021 г.
- ^ Форан, Клэр (22 января 2021 г.). «Сенат утверждает Ллойда Остина первым чернокожим министром обороны» . CNN . Проверено 22 января 2021 г.
- ^ «Смотрите: полное вступительное заявление генерала Ллойда Остина на слушаниях по утверждению кандидатуры в Сенате» . ВПБС . 19 января 2021 г.
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- ^ «Байден объявляет о создании оперативной группы Министерства обороны Китая» . Министерство обороны США .
- ^ Гордон, Майкл Р.; Люболд, Гордон; Юсеф, Нэнси А. (18 июня 2021 г.). «Военные США выведут сотни войск, самолетов и противоракетных батарей с Ближнего Востока» . Уолл Стрит Джорнал . ISSN 0099-9660 . Проверено 5 июля 2021 г.
- ^ «Байден тайно ограничивает контртеррористические удары дронов вдали от зон боевых действий» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . 3 марта 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 28 декабря 2021 года . Проверено 8 декабря 2021 г.
- ^ Чарльз Дэвис (4 марта 2021 г.). «Администрация Байдена сокращает количество ударов дронов на фоне серьезного пересмотра политики» . Бизнес-инсайдер . Проверено 8 декабря 2021 г.
- ^ Майкл Хирш (1 июля 2021 г.). «Почему количество ударов дронов в США находится на рекордно низком уровне» . Внешняя политика . Проверено 8 декабря 2021 г.
- ^ Райан Купер (1 декабря 2021 г.). «Байден почти положил конец войне дронов, но никто этого не заметил» . Неделя . Проверено 8 декабря 2021 г.
- ^ «Байден просит у Конгресса 106 миллиардов долларов на Украину, Израиль и границу США» . Аксиос . 20 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «Байден подписывает рекордный законопроект об обороне на сумму 886 миллиардов долларов» . Аксиос . 23 декабря 2023 г.
- ^ «Байден подписывает законопроект об оборонной политике, расширяющий спорную программу шпионажа» . Политик . 22 декабря 2023 г.
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- ^ «Замечания президента Байдена о месте Америки в мире» . Белый дом . 4 февраля 2021 г. . Проверено 6 февраля 2021 г.
- ^ Ханслер, Дженнифер (26 января 2021 г.). «Энтони Блинкен приведен к присяге в качестве госсекретаря Байдена» . CNN . Проверено 28 января 2021 г.
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- ^ Молдин, Уильям; Гордон, Майкл Р. (20 января 2021 г.). «Блинкен поддерживает жесткий подход к Китаю и говорит, что будет работать с Республиканской партией» . Уолл Стрит Джорнал . Проверено 28 января 2021 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Молдин, Уильям (19 марта 2021 г.). «Острая встреча на Аляске усложняет и без того шаткие отношения между США и Китаем» . Уолл Стрит Джорнал . Проверено 20 марта 2021 г.
- ^ «США и Китай обмениваются гневными словами на переговорах на Аляске на высоком уровне» . Новости Би-би-си . 19 марта 2021 г. . Проверено 20 марта 2021 г.
- ^ Тейлор, Адам; Раухала, Эмили (19 марта 2021 г.). «Администрация Байдена получает представление о китайской дипломатии «волчьего воина»» . Вашингтон Пост . Проверено 21 марта 2021 г.
- ^ Райт, Томас (21 марта 2021 г.). «США и Китай наконец-то стали откровенны друг с другом» . Атлантика . Проверено 21 марта 2021 г.
- ^ Масиас, Аманда (6 апреля 2021 г.). «США рассматривают возможность присоединиться к бойкоту Олимпийских игр 2022 года в Пекине, сообщает Госдепартамент» . CNBC . Проверено 6 апреля 2021 г.
- ^ «Администрация Байдена исключила Xiaomi из черного списка США, отменив поздний удар Дональда Трампа по Китаю» . Новости 18 . 12 мая 2021 г. . Проверено 5 июля 2021 г.
- ^ «Байден расширяет запрет США на инвестиции в китайские компании» . Новости Би-би-си . 3 июня 2021 г. Проверено 5 июля 2021 г.
- ^ «Байден выражает опасения по поводу гиперзвуковых ракет, поскольку возможный посол называет Китай «ненадежным» » . Немецкая волна . 20 октября 2021 г.
- ^ Аллен-Эбрагимиан, Бетани (14 декабря 2021 г.). «Еврейские организации призывают Байдена принять меры по борьбе с геноцидом уйгуров» . Аксиос .
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- ^ Ли, Мэтью (4 февраля 2023 г.). «Китайский воздушный шар пролетел над США; Блинкен отказывается от поездки в Пекин» . Ассошиэйтед Пресс . Архивировано из оригинала 5 февраля 2023 года . Проверено 5 февраля 2023 г.
- ^ «Китайский воздушный шар-шпион пролетел над США на этой неделе» . Уолл Стрит Джорнал . 2 февраля 2023 года. Архивировано из оригинала 10 февраля 2023 года . Проверено 10 февраля 2023 г.
- ^ Браун, Мэтью; Поллард, Джеймс (5 февраля 2023 г.). «Глаза в небо, когда китайский воздушный шар сбился над Атлантикой» . Ассошиэйтед Пресс . Архивировано из оригинала 5 февраля 2023 года . Проверено 5 февраля 2023 г.
- ^ Хилл, Рэндалл; Стюарт, Фил; Мейсон, Джефф (4 февраля 2023 г.). «Американский истребитель сбил предполагаемый китайский шпионский воздушный шар» . Рейтер . Архивировано из оригинала 4 февраля 2023 года . Проверено 5 февраля 2023 г.
- ^ Рычик, Саванна (3 февраля 2023 г.). «Китай выступил с заявлением после сообщений о предполагаемом шпионском воздушном шаре над Монтаной» . Независимый обзор журнала . Архивировано из оригинала 3 февраля 2023 года . Проверено 5 февраля 2023 г.
- ^ Ханслер, Дженнифер; Липтак, Кевин; Херб, Джереми; Этвуд, Кайли; Сьютто, Кайли; Либерманн, Орен (3 февраля 2023 г.). «Блинкен откладывает поездку в Пекин после того, как над США был замечен китайский шпионский воздушный шар», - говорят чиновники . CNN . Архивировано из оригинала 4 февраля 2023 года . Проверено 5 февраля 2023 г.
- ^ Мур, Марк (9 февраля 2023 г.). «Байден говорит, что китайский шпионский шар не повредит отношениям с Си Цзиньпином, что вызывает упрек со стороны Китая» . Нью-Йорк Пост .
- ^ Каделл, Кейт; Хадсон, Джон; Абуталеб, Ясмин. «Блинкен откладывает поездку в Китай, поскольку над США обнаружен подозреваемый шпионский воздушный шар» . Вашингтон Пост . Проверено 5 февраля 2023 г.
- ^ Рейтер. 19 сентября 2022 г. «Байден заявляет, что силы США защитят Тайвань в случае китайского вторжения». Дэвид Бруннстром и Тревор Ханникатт. [1]
- ^ О'Грэйди, Мэри Анастейша (6 сентября 2021 г.). «Мнение | Санкции, которые стоит снять с Кубы» . Уолл Стрит Джорнал . ISSN 0099-9660 . Проверено 13 сентября 2021 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б «Более 100 демократов призывают Байдена сотрудничать с Кубой и снять ограничения» . Новости Эн-Би-Си . 17 декабря 2021 г. . Проверено 19 января 2022 г.
- ^ Николс, Мишель (23 июня 2021 г.). «США снова голосуют против призыва ООН отменить эмбарго против Кубы» . Рейтер . Архивировано из оригинала 17 июля 2021 года . Проверено 27 июля 2021 г.
- ^ «Генеральная Ассамблея ООН призывает США отменить эмбарго против Кубы 29-й год подряд» . Новости ООН . 23 июня 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 14 июля 2021 года . Проверено 27 июля 2021 г.
- ^ Ру, Алекс Дж. (26 июля 2021 г.). «Столкновения протестующих перед Белым домом из-за кризиса на Кубе требуют от Байдена усиления давления» . Newsweek . Архивировано из оригинала 27 июля 2021 года . Проверено 27 июля 2021 г.
- ^ Кайли Этвуд; Патрик Оппманн; Дженнифер Ханслер (22 июля 2021 г.). «Администрация Байдена ввела санкции против кубинского режима после протестов | CNN Politics» . CNN . Архивировано из оригинала 27 июля 2021 года . Проверено 27 июля 2021 г.
- ^ «США объявляют о санкциях против Кубы во время встречи Байдена с американскими кубинскими лидерами» . Новости Эн-Би-Си . 31 июля 2021 г. . Проверено 13 сентября 2021 г.
- ^ «Заявление президента Джозефа Р. Байдена-младшего о продолжении репрессий на Кубе» . Белый дом . 22 июля 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 26 июля 2021 года . Проверено 27 июля 2021 г.
- ^ Лондоньо, Эрнесто; Роблес, Фрэнсис (9 августа 2021 г.). «Байден усиливает давление на Кубу, отказываясь от подхода Обамы» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . ISSN 0362-4331 . Проверено 30 августа 2021 г.
- ^ «США вводят санкции в отношении большего числа кубинских чиновников; Майоркас встречается с американцами кубинского происхождения» . Новости Эн-Би-Си . 20 августа 2021 г. . Проверено 13 сентября 2021 г.
- ^ «Администрация Байдена ввела запрет на въезд в США восьми кубинским чиновникам» . www.aljazeera.com . Проверено 19 января 2022 г.
- ^ Сэнгер, Дэвид Э. (16 мая 2022 г.). «Администрация Байдена снимает некоторые ограничения эпохи Трампа в отношении Кубы» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . ISSN 0362-4331 . Проверено 21 мая 2022 г.
- ^ «США заявляют, что Куба не сотрудничает в полной мере в борьбе с терроризмом, что разжигает напряженность» . Рейтер . 20 мая 2022 г. . Проверено 22 мая 2022 г.
- ^ Бушшлютер, Ванесса (11 апреля 2023 г.). «Куба снимает запрет на депозиты в банках в долларах США» . Новости Би-би-си .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Сэнгер, Дэвид (15 августа 2021 г.). «Для Байдена это образы поражения, которых он хотел избежать» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Архивировано из оригинала 16 августа 2021 года . Проверено 16 августа 2021 г.
- ^ Масиас, Аманда (14 апреля 2021 г.). « Пришло время положить конец самой продолжительной войне Америки» — Байден объявляет, что американские войска покинут Афганистан к 11 сентября» . CNBC . Проверено 5 июля 2021 г.
- ^ Назарян Александр (14 апреля 2021 г.). «Байден порывает с Обамой, как и с Трампом, по всем вопросам, от Афганистана до расходов» . Яху . Проверено 5 июля 2021 г.
- ^ Робертсон, Ник (24 июня 2021 г.). «Афганистан быстро распадается, поскольку вывод войск Байдена продолжается» . CNN .
- ^ «Афганистан ошеломлен масштабами и скоростью развала сил безопасности» . Хранитель . 13 июля 2021 г.
- ^ Хан, Ваджахат (9 июля 2021 г.). «Байден защищает вывод войск из Афганистана, поскольку Талибан набирает силу» . Никкей Азия .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с «Байден защищает «грязный» вывод войск США из Афганистана» . Новости Би-би-си . 17 августа 2021 г. . Проверено 17 августа 2021 г.
- ^ Пракаш, Нидхи (16 августа 2021 г.). «Джо Байден обвинил афганских лидеров в том, что они сдались, когда талибы взяли под свой контроль» . Новости Баззфида . Проверено 17 августа 2021 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Уотсон, Кэтрин (16 августа 2021 г.). «Байден говорит: «Я не виноват» и защищает вывод войск из Афганистана» . Новости CBS . Проверено 17 августа 2021 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Блейк, Аарон (16 августа 2021 г.). «Байден говорит, что «все ответственность лежит на мне», возлагая вину на Трампа и многих афганцев» . Вашингтон Пост . Проверено 17 августа 2021 г.
- ^ «Взрыв возле аэропорта Кабула» . Би-би-си . 25 августа 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 26 августа 2021 года . Проверено 26 августа 2021 г.
- ^ «Британские жертвы теракта в Кабуле: заявление министра иностранных дел» . Министерство иностранных дел, по делам Содружества и развития . 27 августа 2021 года. Архивировано из оригинала 27 августа 2021 года . Проверено 27 августа 2021 г.
- ^ «Стенограмма выступления Байдена после нападения на аэропорт Кабула» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . 26 августа 2021 г.
- ^ «Премьер-министр Израиля и Байден откладывают встречу из-за Афганистана» . Вашингтон Пост . ISSN 0190-8286 . Архивировано из оригинала 28 августа 2021 года . Проверено 28 августа 2021 г.
- ^ «Пентагон предупреждает о дальнейших атаках, поскольку Байден осуждает вывод войск из Афганистана» . Хранитель . 27 августа 2021 г. Проверено 28 августа 2021 г.
- ^ Аллен, Ник (27 августа 2021 г.). «Демократы дистанцируются от Джо Байдена, поскольку гнев растет после взрывов в Кабуле» . «Дейли телеграф» . ISSN 0307-1235 . Архивировано из оригинала 11 января 2022 года . Проверено 28 августа 2021 г.
- ^ Аллен, Ник (26 августа 2021 г.). « Импичмент Джо Байдену: ярость республиканцев растет из-за фиаско в Афганистане» . «Дейли телеграф» . ISSN 0307-1235 . Архивировано из оригинала 11 января 2022 года . Проверено 28 августа 2021 г.
- ^ «Талибан обвиняет США в том, что 1 миллиону афганских детей грозит голодная смерть» . Новости CBS . 20 октября 2021 г.
- ^ Джефф Стейн (17 августа 2021 г.). «Администрация Байдена замораживает миллиарды долларов в афганских резервах, лишая Талибан денег» . Вашингтон Пост .
- ^ Нэйлор, Брайан (11 февраля 2022 г.). «Байден подписывает указ, чтобы попытаться высвободить замороженные афганские активы для помощи» . ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ РЕАКТОР . Проверено 11 февраля 2022 г.
- ^ Бейкер, Питер; Купер, Хелен; Барнс, Джулиан; Шмитт, Эрик (1 августа 2022 г.). «Удар американского беспилотника убивает Аймана аз-Завахри, главного лидера Аль-Каиды» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Архивировано из оригинала 1 августа 2022 года . Проверено 1 августа 2022 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и ж Саммит США-Африка: Джо Байден говорит, что США «всецело заинтересованы» в будущем Африки , BBC News (15 декабря 2022 г.).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д и Деклан Уолш, Байден ухаживает за африканскими лидерами, но некоторые скептически относятся к большим обещаниям , New York Times (15 декабря 2022 г.).
- ↑ Джефф Мейсон, Дафна Псаледакис и Андреа Шалал, Байден объявляет о поддержке США присоединения Африканского союза к G20 , Reuters (15 декабря 2022 г.).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с д Питер Бейкер и Деклан Уолш, Байден стремится придать новую энергию отношениям США с африканскими странами , New York Times (14 декабря 2022 г.).
- ↑ Госсекретарь Энтони Дж. Блинкен с президентом Бенина Патрисом Талоном и президентом Нигера Мохамедом Базумом на подписании регионального договора , Государственный департамент США (14 декабря 2022 г.).
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Акайла Гарднер, Байден встречается с африканскими лидерами, чтобы способствовать честным выборам , Bloomberg (14 декабря 2022 г.).
- ^ «Команда Байдена отказывается от санкций в отношении Африки» . Внешняя политика . 20 октября 2022 г.
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- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Гуарино, Марк (28 июля 2022 г.). «Американцы задержаны за границей, поскольку их семьи просят Байдена о помощи» . Новости АВС . Проверено 29 июля 2022 г.
- ^ Бреслоу, Джейсон (29 июля 2022 г.). «Семьи американцев, незаконно задержанных, стараются вести себя тихо» . ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ РЕАКТОР . Проверено 29 июля 2022 г.
- ^ Винтур, Патрик; Джанджуа, Харун (18 сентября 2023 г.). «Пять американцев отправляются домой в рамках сделки по обмену пленными между США и Ираном на сумму 6 миллиардов долларов» . Хранитель . ISSN 0261-3077 . Проверено 1 августа 2024 г.
- ^ «Пять американцев, задержанных в Иране, освобождены в обмен на замороженные иранские активы» . АП Новости . 18 сентября 2023 г. . Проверено 1 августа 2024 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б «Внутри сделки, которая привела к ошеломляющему обмену пленными между США и Россией» . Вашингтон Пост . 1 августа 2024 года . Проверено 2 августа 2024 г.
Месяцы сложных переговоров, промахов и дипломатии с высокими ставками, которые привели к крупнейшему обмену пленными со времен холодной войны и свободе репортера Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Пауэлл, Элиза Хаммонд, Тори Б. (2 августа 2024 г.). «Американцы Гершкович и Уилан вернулись в США после исторического обмена пленными с Россией» . CNN . Проверено 2 августа 2024 г.
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- ^ «Я не извиняюсь»: Байден поддерживает замечание «Путин не может оставаться у власти». Хранитель . Лорен Гамбино. 28 марта 2022 г. [2]
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- ^ Кревер, Мик; Липтак, Кевин; Васкес, Мэган; Фоссум, Сэм (7 ноября 2022 г.). «В Украину прибыли новые перспективные системы ПВО» . CNN . Киев и Вашингтон.
В октябре Белый дом заявил, что ускорит поставку двух национальных усовершенствованных ракетных систем класса «земля-воздух».
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- ^ Пентагон дает обновленную информацию после попадания ракеты в Польшу . CNN . 16 ноября 2022.
4-часовая Контактная группа по обороне Украины, 7-е заседание, с участием 50 стран 47:21
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- ^ «Саммит по безопасности и развитию в Джидде / Его Королевское Высочество наследный принц принимает президента Соединенных Штатов Америки. Официальное агентство печати Саудовской Аравии» . Spa.gov.sa. 15 июля 2022 г. . Проверено 19 июля 2022 г.
- ^ «Администрация Байдена прекращает продажу оружия ОАЭ и Саудовской Аравии» . Немецкая волна . 28 января 2021 г. . Проверено 30 января 2021 г.
- ^ Кирхгесснер, Стефани (19 января 2021 г.). «Администрация Байдена рассекретила отчет об убийстве Хашогги» . Хранитель . Вашингтон, округ Колумбия . Проверено 19 января 2021 г.
- ^ Никмайер, Эллен (5 февраля 2021 г.). «Байден прекращает поддержку США наступления Саудовской Аравии в Йемене» . Ассошиэйтед Пресс . Проверено 5 февраля 2021 г.
- ^ Эммонс, Алекс (7 апреля 2021 г.). «Спустя несколько месяцев после того, как Байден пообещал прекратить поддержку войны в Йемене, Конгресс до сих пор не располагает подробностями» . Перехват . Проверено 8 апреля 2021 г.
- ^ «Высший помощник Белого дома обсудил цены на нефть с Саудовской Аравией» . Рейтер . 1 октября 2021 г.
- ^ «Энергетический кризис: насколько высоко поднимутся цены на нефть?» . Аль-Джазира . 27 сентября 2021 г.
- ^ «ОПЕК-Плюс на месте водителя, поскольку глобальный энергетический кризис усиливается» . Разведка природного газа . 6 октября 2021 г.
- ^ Никмейер, Эллен; Буссевиц, Кэти (10 марта 2022 г.). «Изгоев больше нет? США тянутся к нефтяным государствам, когда цены растут» . Ассошиэйтед Пресс .
- ^ «Мохаммед бен Салман имеет рычаги воздействия на Байдена и использует его» . Внешняя политика . 24 марта 2022 г.
- ^ Лонас, Лекси (8 марта 2022 г.). «Лидеры Саудовской Аравии и ОАЭ отклонили разговоры с Байденом на фоне конфликта на Украине: отчет» . Холм .
- ^ «Белый дом прекращает просить Саудовскую Аравию добывать больше нефти, чтобы компенсировать запрет Байдена на российские энергоносители, говорится в докладе, поскольку отношения между США и Персидским заливом достигли нового минимума» . Бизнес-инсайдер . 20 апреля 2022 г.
- ^ «Кандидат Байден назвал Саудовскую Аравию «изгоем». Теперь ему придется с этим справиться» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Проверено 24 февраля 2021 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б с «Байден посетит Саудовскую Аравию во время июльской поездки на Ближний Восток, подтверждает Белый дом» . Франция 24 . 15 июня 2022 г. . Проверено 15 июня 2022 г.
- ^ «Белый дом заявляет, что на встрече Байдена с саудовскими чиновниками в следующем месяце будет «присутствовать» наследный принц» . CNN . 19 июня 2022 г. Проверено 19 июня 2022 г.
- ^ «Инфляция в США достигла нового 40-летнего максимума по мере распространения роста цен» . Ассошиэйтед Пресс . 10 июня 2022 г. . Проверено 10 июня 2022 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б «Саудовские диссиденты называют запланированный визит Байдена в королевство предательством» . Вашингтон Пост . Проверено 3 июня 2022 г.
- ^ Краусс, Клиффорд (5 июня 2022 г.). «У Байдена есть «только плохие варианты» снижения цен на нефть» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Проверено 5 июня 2022 г.
- ^ «Визит Байдена в Саудовскую Аравию — это «президентское помилование за убийство», — говорит сын бывшего шефа разведки» . Хранитель . 16 июня 2022 г. . Проверено 16 июня 2022 г.
- ^ Мохаммед, Аршад (5 июня 2022 г.). «Байдену не следует посещать Саудовскую Аравию и встречаться с наследным принцем, — говорит представитель Демократической партии Шифф» . Рейтер . Проверено 5 июня 2022 г.
- ^ «Байден защищает решение посетить Саудовскую Аравию, заявляя, что на повестке дня стоят права» . Новости Эн-Би-Си . 10 июля 2022 г. Проверено 15 июля 2022 г.
- ^ «Мнение | Джо Байден: Почему я еду в Саудовскую Аравию» . Вашингтон Пост . ISSN 0190-8286 . Проверено 15 июля 2022 г.
- ^ Спетальник, Мэтт; Яакуби, Азиз Эль; Стоун, Майк (11 июля 2022 г.). «Эксклюзив: США рассматривают возможность возобновления продаж наступательного оружия саудовцам, сообщают источники» . Рейтер . Проверено 12 июля 2022 г.
- ^ «Байден заявил, что Саудовская Аравия обязуется продлить перемирие в Йемене» . Bloomberg.com . 15 июля 2022 г. . Проверено 15 июля 2022 г.
- ^ Стоун, Майк (2 августа 2022 г.). «США пополнят запасы систем противоракетной обороны Саудовской Аравии и ОАЭ» . Рейтер . Проверено 2 августа 2022 г.
- ^ «ОАЭ и Саудовская Аравия ищут больше американских ракет-перехватчиков на фоне разговоров о Ближневосточном альянсе ПВО» . Форбс . Проверено 4 августа 2022 г.
- ^ «Байден не должен возобновлять продажу оружия Саудовской Аравии» . Хьюман Райтс Вотч . 14 июля 2022 г. . Проверено 14 июля 2022 г.
- ^ Лафраньер, Шарон; Рашбаум, Уильям К. (20 июля 2021 г.). «Томасу Бараку, сборщику средств для Трампа, предъявлено обвинение в лоббировании» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Архивировано из оригинала 28 декабря 2021 года . Проверено 20 июля 2021 г.
- ^ Шектер, Анна; Бланкштейн, Эндрю (5 ноября 2022 г.). «Друг Трампа искал миллионы инвестиций в ОАЭ, одновременно лоббируя интересы ОАЭ» . Новости Эн-Би-Си .
- ^ Вандевельде, Марк (4 ноября 2022 г.). «Союзник Трампа Том Баррак оправдан по обвинению в деятельности в качестве иностранного агента» . Файнэншл Таймс .
- ^ «Генеральный директор Калифорнии и еще семь человек обвинены в многомиллионном деле о пожертвованиях на избирательную кампанию» . Министерство юстиции США . 3 декабря 2019 года . Проверено 3 декабря 2019 г.
- ^ « Кому они теперь тайно платят?»: признаки вмешательства ОАЭ в политику США игнорируются» . ХаффПост . 10 августа 2021 г. Проверено 10 августа 2021 г.
- ^ «Джо Байден приступает к заключению крупнейшей сделки Дональда Трампа по оружию» . ХаффПост . 13 апреля 2021 г. . Проверено 14 апреля 2021 г.
- ^ «Члены королевской семьи ОАЭ сказали возглавить кампанию по оказанию влияния Тому Бараку» . Bloomberg.com . 28 сентября 2021 г. . Проверено 28 сентября 2021 г.
- ^ «Белый дом подтверждает, что Байден сохранит посольство в Иерусалиме» . Перекличка . 9 февраля 2021 г.
- ^ Равид, Барак (10 марта 2021 г.). «Израиль настаивает на церемонии в Белом доме по заключению соглашения о нормализации отношений с Суданом» . Аксиос .
- ^ Никмейер, Эллен; Батрави, Ая; Келлман, Лори. «Администрация Байдена закладывает основу для расширения Авраамовских соглашений» . Таймс Израиля .
- ↑ Гоша Бобби (13 мая 2021 г.). «Реакция Байдена на израильский кризис запоздалая и неубедительная» . Блумберг (Мнение) . Проверено 13 мая 2021 г.
- ^ «Прекращение огня между Израилем и ХАМАСом сохраняется, несмотря на столкновения в Иерусалиме» The Wall Street Journal . Проверено 21 мая 2021 г.
- ↑ Алемани, Жаклин (17 мая 2021 г.). «Усиление власти: администрация Байдена одобрила продажу оружия Израилю на сумму 735 миллионов долларов, что вызвало тревогу у некоторых демократов в Палате представителей» . Вашингтон Пост . Проверено 21 мая 2021 г.
- ^ « Мы поддерживаем Израиль»: Байден клянется в поддержке США перед лицом «чистого, неподдельного зла» » . Yahoo Новости . 10 октября 2023 г. . Проверено 18 октября 2023 г.
- ^ Грей, Шардаа (17 октября 2023 г.). «Арендодателю Плейнфилда предъявлено обвинение в преступлении на почве ненависти: убийство 6-летнего палестинского мальчика и нанесение ножевых ранений маме» . МСН .
- ^ О'Кейн, Кейтлин. «Байден осуждает убийство 6-летнего мальчика-мусульманина» . МСН .
- ^ Президент Байден и первая леди выступают с речью на национальном ужине в рамках кампании по правам человека 2023 года , 14 октября 2023 г. , получено 18 октября 2023 г.
- ^ Сайнато, Майкл (15 октября 2023 г.). «Байдена прервал пропалестинский активист на ужине по правам человека» . Хранитель . ISSN 0261-3077 . Проверено 18 октября 2023 г.
- ^ Уотсон, Кэтрин. «Поездка Байдена в Иорданию для встречи с арабскими лидерами отменена» . Новости CBS .
- ^ «Саммит арабских лидеров в Иордании отменен, поскольку президент Байден направляется в Израиль» . PBS NewsHour . 17 октября 2023 г. . Проверено 18 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «Джереми Боуэн: поиск Джо Байденом решения на Ближнем Востоке стал еще труднее» . Новости Би-би-си . 18 октября 2023 г. . Проверено 18 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «МСН» . www.msn.com . Проверено 18 октября 2023 г.
- ^ Масиас, Аманда (18 октября 2023 г.). «Байден будет добиваться «беспрецедентного» пакета помощи Израилю; обещает 100 миллионов долларов на гуманитарную помощь» . CNBC .
- ^ «Разведка США показывает, что за взрывом в больнице стоят боевики Газы» . МСН . 18 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «Байден обещает запросить у Конгресса «беспрецедентный пакет поддержки обороны Израиля» . МСН . 18 октября 2023 г.
- ^ Шир, Майкл Д.; Демирджян, Карун (20 октября 2023 г.). «Байден запросил пакет помощи на сумму 105 миллиардов долларов для помощи Израилю, Украине и другим кризисам» . Нью-Йорк Таймс .
- ^ «Палата представителей США одобрила пакет военной помощи Израилю на сумму 14,5 миллиардов долларов» . Аль Джазира . 3 ноября 2023 г.
- ^ Гаррити, Келли (18 октября 2023 г.). «Байден объявляет о выделении 100 миллионов долларов гуманитарной помощи Газе и Западному Берегу» . Политик .
- ^ «Хеклер настаивает на прекращении огня между Израилем и ХАМАСом, Байден говорит: «Нам нужна пауза» » . Рейтер . 2 ноября 2023 г.
- ^ Филлипс, Алекс (2 ноября 2023 г.). «Кто такая Джессика Розенберг? Раввин, который критиковал Джо Байдена» . МСН .
- ^ «Байден получил от Израиля четырехчасовую паузу в боях после того, как настаивал на трехдневной паузе» . Рейтер . 9 ноября 2023 г.
- ^ «Внутри «мучительных» усилий Джо Байдена добиться освобождения израильских заложников» . www.ft.com . Проверено 22 ноября 2023 г.
- ^ «Война между Израилем и ХАМАСом: объяснение сделки с заложниками и прекращения огня» . Рейтер . 22 ноября 2023 г. . Проверено 22 ноября 2023 г.
- ^ Гольденберг, Тиа (22 ноября 2023 г.). «Израиль и ХАМАС достигли соглашения о прекращении огня и заложниках. Как это выглядит?» . АП .
- ^ Турак, Наташа (7 декабря 2023 г.). «Поддержка Байденом Израиля оставляет его на мировой арене таким же изолированным, как и Россию, - говорит аналитик» . CNBC . Проверено 11 декабря 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б «Байден унижает Нетаньяху в частном порядке, но существенно не изменил политику США в отношении Израиля и сектора Газа» . Новости Эн-Би-Си . 12 февраля 2024 г. . Проверено 12 февраля 2024 г.
- ^ Берман, Лазер (14 февраля 2024 г.). «Сообщается, что Байдену надоел Нетаньяху, называя его «мудаком» из-за управления войной» . Таймс Израиля .
- ^ «Администрация Байдена снова обходит Конгресс ради срочной продажи оружия Израилю» . www.nbcnews.com . 30 декабря 2023 г. . Проверено 11 февраля 2024 г.
- ^ «Демократы требуют от Блинкена объяснить несанкционированные поставки оружия Израилю» . www.commondreams.org . 30 января 2024 г. . Проверено 11 февраля 2024 г.
- ^ «Байден предупреждает Израиль не атаковать Рафах без плана по защите гражданского населения» . abcnews.go.com . 16 февраля 2024 г. Проверено 17 февраля 2024 г.
- ^ «США планируют отправить оружие Израилю на фоне стремления Байдена к соглашению о прекращении огня» . www.wsj.com . 16 февраля 2024 года. Архивировано из оригинала 17 февраля 2024 года . Проверено 17 февраля 2024 г.
- ^ «СМОТРЕТЬ: США в одиночку наложили вето на резолюцию ООН, призывающую к немедленному прекращению огня в секторе Газа» . www.pbs.org . 20 февраля 2024 г. . Проверено 22 февраля 2022 г.
- ^ Юинг, Жизель Рухийи (2 марта 2024 г.). «Воздушное десантирование в секторе Газа началось, — говорит Байден, но необходимо больше» . Политик . Проверено 7 марта 2024 г.
- ^ «Военные самолеты США сбрасывают с воздуха тысячи обедов в Газу в рамках операции по оказанию чрезвычайной гуманитарной помощи» . АП Новости . 2 марта 2024 г. . Проверено 7 марта 2024 г.
- ^ «Сбрасывание помощи с воздуха неэффективно — так почему же США вообще делают это в секторе Газа?» . ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ РЕАКТОР . 6 марта 2024 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Эглаш, Рут (21 июля 2022 г.). « Здесь люди любят Джо Байдена», — говорит Найдес о приеме президента в Израиле» . Еврейский инсайдер . Проверено 25 июля 2022 г.
- ^ Амр, Хади (7 сентября 2018 г.). «Одним шагом Трамп прекратил американское финансирование БАПОР и роль США как миротворца на Ближнем Востоке» . Брукингс . Проверено 25 июля 2022 г.
- ^ Альпер, Александра; Шалал, Андреа (5 февраля 2021 г.). «Байден призывает активизировать усилия по защите прав ЛГБТК во всем мире» . Рейтер . Проверено 21 февраля 2021 г.
- ^ «В День распространения информации об интерсексуальности» . Государственный департамент США . Проверено 31 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «США исключат Уганду и три другие африканские страны из торгового соглашения Агоа» . Yahoo Новости . 31 октября 2023 г. . Проверено 31 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «Законопроект Уганды о борьбе с гомосексуализмом: пожизненное заключение за утверждение, что вы гей» . Новости Би-би-си . 21 марта 2023 г. . Проверено 31 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «Уганда принимает закон, согласно которому идентифицировать себя как ЛГБТК считается преступлением» . Рейтер . 22 марта 2023 г. . Проверено 31 октября 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Липтак, Кевин (16 января 2023 г.). «Что мы знаем о секретных документах Байдена: хронология событий» . CNN .
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Шпигель, Бен (12 января 2023 г.). «Хронология дела о документах Байдена: что мы знаем на данный момент» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Архивировано из оригинала 14 января 2023 года . Проверено 14 января 2023 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Чоудхури, Морин; Хаммонд, Элиза; Мейер, Мэтт; Сангал, Адити (12 января 2023 г.). «Гарланд излагает график расследования секретных документов Байдена на данный момент» . CNN . Архивировано из оригинала 13 января 2023 года . Проверено 12 января 2023 г.
- ^ Линч, Сара Н.; Реншоу, Джарретт (12 января 2023 г.). «Специальный прокурор назначен для проверки обращения Байдена с документами» . Рейтер . Архивировано из оригинала 12 января 2023 года . Проверено 12 января 2023 г.
- ^ «Постоянные обновления: Гарланд делает заявление по поводу секретных документов Байдена» . CNN . 12 января 2023 года. Архивировано из оригинала 12 января 2023 года . Проверено 12 января 2023 г.
- ^ «Гарланд назначает специального прокурора для расследования документов Байдена» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . 12 января 2023 года. Архивировано из оригинала 12 января 2023 года . Проверено 12 января 2023 г.
- ^ «Байдену не будут предъявлены обвинения по делу о секретных документах; специальный прокурор ссылается на случаи «плохой памяти» » . Новости Эн-Би-Си . 9 февраля 2024 г. . Проверено 29 февраля 2024 г.
- ^ Томас, Пьер; Маллин, Александр; Брюггеман, Люсьен; Фолдерс, Кэтрин. «Специальный прокурор не будет предъявлять Байдену обвинения в расследовании секретных документов, несмотря на доказательства того, что он «умышленно сохранил» материалы» . Новости АВС . Проверено 29 февраля 2024 г.
- ^ Занона, Мелания; Таблот, Хейли; Фокс, Лорен; Грейер, Энни (12 сентября 2023 г.). «Маккарти призывает к официальному расследованию импичмента Байдена на фоне давления со стороны консерваторов» . CNN . Проверено 12 сентября 2023 г.
- ^ Кортеллесса, Эрик (8 сентября 2023 г.). «Маккарти не хватает голосов для расследования импичмента. У союзников Трампа есть план, как их получить» . Время .
- ^ Гриффинг, Алекс (12 сентября 2023 г.). « У него недостаточно голосов»: Ману Раджу из CNN объясняет, почему Маккарти отказался от голосования по импичменту» . Медиаите .
- ^ Маскаро, Лиза; Фарнуш, Амири (12 сентября 2023 г.). «Спикер Маккарти поручает Палате представителей начать расследование по импичменту президента Байдена» . Новости Ассошиэйтед Пресс . Проверено 12 сентября 2023 г.
- ^ Бродуотер, Люк (10 мая 2023 г.). «Доклад республиканцев Палаты представителей не обнаруживает никаких доказательств правонарушений со стороны президента Байдена» . Нью-Йорк Таймс .
- ^ Демирджян, Карун (4 июля 2023 г.). «Республиканцы разделились по поводу импичмента Байдена, поскольку комиссия начинает новое расследование» . Нью-Йорк Таймс .
- ^ Перри Стейн; Девлин Барретт; Мэтт Визер (17 августа 2023 г.). «Как борьба за иммунитет сорвала сделку Хантера Байдена о признании вины» . Вашингтон Пост .
- ^ Оттен, Тори (12 сентября 2023 г.). «Маккарти планирует расследование по импичменту Байдена — без доказательств и недостаточного количества голосов» . Новая Республика .
- ^ Занона, Энни Грейер, Мелани (24 апреля 2024 г.). «Как провалилась попытка Республиканской партии Палаты представителей по импичменту Байдену | CNN Politics» . CNN . Проверено 2 августа 2024 г.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: несколько имен: список авторов ( ссылка ) - ^ Пас, Кристиан (26 ноября 2022 г.). «Ключевая колеблющаяся группа, которая остановила демократическую катастрофу» . Вокс . Проверено 28 ноября 2022 г.
- ^ «Что мы знаем (и не знаем) о том, как аборты повлияли на промежуточные выборы» . ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ РЕАКТОР . Проверено 28 ноября 2022 г.
- ^ Энтен, Гарри (13 ноября 2022 г.). «Как Джо Байден и Демократическая партия бросили вызов промежуточной истории | Политика CNN» . CNN . Проверено 28 ноября 2022 г.
- ^ Нарея, Николь (27 ноября 2022 г.). «Парень, который правильно сдал промежуточные экзамены, объясняет, в чем ошиблись средства массовой информации» . Вокс . Проверено 28 ноября 2022 г.
- ^ Харт, Бенджамин (17 ноября 2022 г.). «Социолог, предсказавший красную волну, объясняет себя» . Интеллигент . Проверено 28 ноября 2022 г.
- ^ Ракич, Натаниэль (10 марта 2023 г.). «Опросы были исторически точными в 2022 году» . ПятьТридцатьВосемь . Проверено 13 марта 2023 г.
- ^ « Вы сделали это!»: Байден наслаждается промежуточными победами после того, как превзошел все ожидания» . Хранитель . 20 ноября 2022 г. . Проверено 28 ноября 2022 г.
- ^ Бейкер, Питер (9 ноября 2022 г.). «Байден празднует победу над шансами, но перед ним стоит новый вызов» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . ISSN 0362-4331 . Проверено 28 ноября 2022 г.
- ^ Бейкер, Питер (13 ноября 2022 г.). «Ободренный Байден теперь стоит перед трудным выбором относительно своего будущего» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Проверено 9 декабря 2022 г.
- ^ Миллер, Зик (25 апреля 2023 г.). «Байден объявляет заявку на переизбрание в 2024 году: «Давайте закончим эту работу» » . АП Новости . Проверено 25 апреля 2023 г.
- ^ Фаулер, Стивен (12 марта 2024 г.). «Трамп и Байден выдвинули свою кандидатуру на пост президента в 2024 году» . ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ РЕАКТОР . Проверено 23 июля 2024 г.
- ^ Бейкер, Питер (21 июля 2024 г.). «Байден выходит из гонки, срывая кампанию за Белый дом» . Нью-Йорк Таймс . Проверено 21 июля 2024 г.
- ^ « Мы должны держаться вместе»: Байден призывает американцев перестать рассматривать своих политических оппонентов как врагов» . Новости Эн-Би-Си . 15 июля 2024 г. Проверено 15 июля 2024 г.
Президент Джо Байден призвал американцев «понизить температуру» политической риторики в обращении из Овального кабинета в воскресенье вечером, попросив вести более уважительные дискуссии и вежливость после покушения на бывшего президента Дональда Трампа.
- ^ Энтен, Гарри (21 февраля 2021 г.). «Анализ: опросы Байдена более стабильны, чем опросы Трампа» . CNN . Проверено 25 февраля 2021 г.
- ^ «Байден начинает свой срок с 57% одобрения работы» . Gallup.com . 4 февраля 2021 г. . Проверено 25 февраля 2021 г.
- ^ Полити, Дэниел (25 апреля 2021 г.). «100-дневный рейтинг одобрения Байдена лучше, чем у Трампа, но третий худший после Трумэна» . Журнал «Сланец» . Проверено 25 апреля 2021 г.
- ^ Боуден, Джон (25 апреля 2021 г.). «Рейтинг одобрения Байдена составляет 52 процента после почти 100 дней пребывания у власти» . Холм . Проверено 25 апреля 2021 г.
- ^ Скелли, Джеффри (27 августа 2021 г.). «Снижение рейтинга одобрения Байдена касается не только Афганистана» . ПятьТридцатьВосемь . Проверено 28 августа 2021 г.
- ^ Сильвер, Нейт (28 января 2021 г.). «Насколько популярен Джо Байден?» . ПятьТридцатьВосемь . Проверено 6 сентября 2021 г.
- ^ Миллер, Зик (27 ноября 2021 г.). «Белый дом Байдена обвиняет Covid-19, поскольку одобрение падает, инфляция растет» . Глобальные новости . Проверено 28 ноября 2021 г.
- ^ Кокс, Джефф (10 декабря 2021 г.). «Инфляция в ноябре выросла на 6,8%, даже больше, чем ожидалось, и достигла самого быстрого темпа с 1982 года» . CNBC . Проверено 26 декабря 2021 г.
- ^ «Что приводит инфляцию в США к 31-летнему максимуму? Причины и решения сложны» . США сегодня . 11 ноября 2021 г. . Проверено 28 ноября 2021 г.
- ^ Монтанаро, Доменико (24 ноября 2021 г.). «Байден достиг нового минимума в опросе NPR/Marist, поскольку опасения по поводу инфляции растут» . ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ РЕАКТОР . Проверено 28 ноября 2021 г.
- ^ Коллинсон, Стивен (11 ноября 2021 г.). «Почему инфляция — это политический кошмар для Байдена» . CNN . Проверено 28 ноября 2021 г.
- ^ Манган, Дэн (20 июля 2022 г.). «Рейтинг одобрения работы президента Байдена достиг нового минимума по результатам общественного опроса» . CNBC . Проверено 21 июля 2022 г.
- ^ Перейти обратно: а б Хаббард, Кайя (19 января 2022 г.). «Одобрение Байдена в первый год лучше, чем одобрение Трампа, но более поляризовано» . Новости США и мировой отчет . Проверено 24 января 2022 г.
- ^ Шнелл, Майкл (18 января 2022 г.). «Gallup: рейтинг одобрения Байдена в первый год составил 49 процентов» . Холм . Проверено 24 января 2022 г.
- ^ «Рейтинги одобрения президента – Джо Байден» . Гэллап . 5 февраля 2021 г. . Проверено 24 января 2022 г.
- ^ Палмер, Юэн (1 августа 2022 г.). «Последний рейтинг одобрения Джо Байдена самый низкий среди всех президентов» . Newsweek . Проверено 31 августа 2022 г.
- ^ Карбонаро, Джулия (24 апреля 2023 г.). «Джо Байден может стать самым непопулярным президентом, который будет переизбран» . Newsweek .
- ^ Салам, Эрум (31 октября 2023 г.). «Поддержка Байдена арабскими американцами снижается из-за «твердой» поддержки Израиля» . Хранитель . ISSN 0261-3077 . Проверено 31 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «Специальный опрос американцев арабского происхождения: внутренние последствия недавней вспышки насилия в Палестине/Израиле» . Арабо-американский институт . 31 октября 2023 г. . Проверено 31 октября 2023 г.
- ^ Серхан, Ясмин (31 октября 2023 г.). «Позиция Байдена в Газе приводит к ошеломляющему снижению поддержки американцев арабского происхождения» . Время – через Yahoo! Новости .
- ^ Перкинс, Том; Салам, Эрум (27 октября 2023 г.). « Как я могу проголосовать за Байдена?» Американцы арабского происхождения в Мичигане «преданы» поддержкой Израиля» . Хранитель . ISSN 0261-3077 . Проверено 31 октября 2023 г.
- ^ «Рейтинг одобрения Байдена достиг нового минимума перед выходом из гонки» . Гэллап . 23 июля 2024 г. Проверено 31 июля 2024 г.
- ^ «Байден одобрил работу на приличные 57% за 100 дней» . Гэллап . 23 апреля 2021 г. Проверено 31 июля 2024 г.
- ^ Президент Байден о важности двухпартийности и вакцинации, отказе от экстремизма в Республиканской партии Трампа , 10 декабря 2021 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Президент Джо Байден посещает Джимми Киммела в прямом эфире , 8 июня 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Джеймс Корден посещает Белый дом - #LateLateLondon , июль 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Дрю Бэрримор посетила президента Джо Байдена и первую леди Джилл Байден на Рождество | Дрю Бэрримор , 19 декабря 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Смотрите полное эксклюзивное интервью с президентом Джо Байденом | CNN Politics , 12 октября 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Интервью: Джонатан Кейпхарт берет интервью у Джо Байдена на MSNBC - 21 октября 2022 г. , 24 октября 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Интервью: Йонит Леви с 12-го канала в Израиле берет интервью у Джо Байдена в Вашингтоне - 12 июля 2022 г. , 18 июля 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Интервью: Джордж Стефанопулос из ABC News берет интервью у Джо Байдена - 18 августа 2021 г. , 20 августа 2021 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ «Байден сказал корреспонденту ABC Дэвиду Мьюиру: «Да», он будет баллотироваться снова, матч-реванш Трампа «увеличит шансы» » . Новости АВС . Проверено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Президент Джо Байден: 60-минутное интервью 2022 года , 18 сентября 2022 года , получено 7 января 2023 года.
- ^ Эксклюзив NBC News: беседа один на один с президентом Байденом , 10 февраля 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Интервью: Нора О'Доннелл берет интервью у Джо Байдена в Белом доме - 5 февраля 2021 г. , 8 февраля 2021 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Историк Хизер Кокс Ричардсон берет интервью у президента Джо Байдена 25 февраля 2022 г. , 4 марта 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ БРАЙАН ТАЙЛЕР КОЭН берёт интервью у президента Байдена , 26 февраля 2022 г. , получено 7 января 2023 г.
- ^ Стоколс, Эли; Иган, Лорен (6 февраля 2023 г.). «Байден сядет с Фоксом?» . ПОЛИТИКА . Проверено 15 февраля 2023 г.
- ^ «Байден дает гораздо меньше интервью, чем его предшественники – может ли его осторожность иметь неприятные последствия?» . Хранитель . 5 июня 2022 г. Проверено 7 января 2023 г.
Дальнейшее чтение
- Фоер, Франклин (2023). Последний политик: внутри Белого дома Джо Байдена и борьба за будущее Америки . Нью-Йорк: Пингвин Пресс. ISBN 978-1-101-98114-6 . OCLC 1395141546 . Отрывок .
- Уэйн, Стивен Дж. (2022). Президентство Байдена: политика, политика и поляризация . Нью-Йорк: Рутледж. ISBN 978-1-032-01007-6 . OCLC 1306538369 . Отрывок ; охватывает первые 18 месяцев.
- Уиппл, Крис (2023). Борьба всей его жизни: внутри Белого дома Джо Байдена . Нью-Йорк: Скрибнер. ISBN 978-1-9821-0643-0 . OCLC 1333841502 . Отрывок ; полная история первых двух лет.
Внешние ссылки
