Буффало, Нью-Йорк

Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Crime rates* (2019)
Violent crimes
Homicide	47
Rape	121
Robbery	802
Aggravated assault	1,563
Total violent crime	2,533
Property crimes
Burglary	1,609
Larceny-theft	6,008
Motor vehicle theft	678
Total property crime	8,295
	Notes; *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.; Arson data not provided; 2019 est. population: 255,244; Source: Buffalo City Police Department

Буффало
Буффало
Город
	Горизонт Буффало Мост Мира КейБанк Центр Мэрия Буффало Метро NFTA Университет в Буффало Художественный музей AKG Буффало в парке Делавэр Центральный терминал Буффало
	Флаг Тюлень
	Этимология: Назван в честь близлежащего Буффало-Крик , названного французскими и моравскими исследователями.
	Прозвища: Королевский город, Город добрых соседей, Город без иллюзий, Никелевский город, Королевский город озер, Город света, Электрический город, Город деревьев
	Wikimedia \| © OpenStreetMap Интерактивная карта Буффало
	Буффало Показать карту Нью-Йорка Show map of the United StatesShow all
	Координаты: 42 ° 53'11 "N 78 ° 52'41" W / 42,88639 ° N 78,87806 ° W
Страна	Соединенные Штаты
Состояние	Нью-Йорк
Область	Западный Нью-Йорк
Метро	Буффало – Ниагарский водопад
Графство	Эри
Первое поселение (село)	1789 ; 235 лет назад
Основан	1801 ; 223 года назад
Инкорпорейтед (город)	1832 год ; 192 года назад
Назван в честь	Река Буффало
Правительство
• Тип	Сильный мэр-совет
• Тело	Общий совет Буффало
• Мэр	Байрон Браун ( з )
• Заместитель мэра	Рашид Макдаффи (з) , Кэлли Джонсон (з)
• Сенаторы штатов	Вакант и Шон Райан ( з )
• Члены Ассамблеи	Уильям Конрад ( З ), Кристал Пиплс-Стоукс ( З ), Патрик Берк ( З ), Моника П. Уоллес ( З ) и Джон Ривера ( З )
• Представитель США.	Тим Кеннеди ( з )
Область
• Город	52,48 квадратных миль (135,92 км ) 2 )
• Земля	40,38 квадратных миль (104,58 км ) 2 )
• Вода	12,10 квадратных миль (31,34 км 2 2 )
Высота	600 футов (200 м)
Население ( 2020 )
• Город	278,349
• Классифицировать	США: 81-е место , Нью-Йорк: 2-е место
• Плотность	6893,41/кв. миль (2661,58/км) 2 )
• Городской	948 864 (США: 50-е место )
• Плотность города	2786,7/кв. миль (1075,9/км) 2 )
• Метро	1 125 637 (США: 49-е место )
• CSA	1 201 500 (США: 48-е место )
Демонимы	буйвол
ВВП
• Буффало – Ниагарский водопад (MSA)	84,673 миллиарда долларов (2022 г.)
Часовой пояс	UTC−05:00 ( EST )
• Лето ( летнее время )	UTC-04:00 ( ВОСТОЧНОЕ ВРЕМЯ )
Почтовый индекс	142ХХ
Код(ы) города	716 , 624
Код ФИПС	36-11000
GNIS Идентификатор функции	0973345
Веб-сайт	www .буйволы .gov

Буффало — город в американском штате Нью -Йорк и административный центр округа Эри . Он расположен в западном Нью-Йорке, на восточной оконечности озера Эри , в истоке реки Ниагара , на границе Канады и США . По данным переписи 2020 года, Буффало с населением 278 349 человек является вторым по численности населения городом в штате Нью-Йорк и 81-м по численности населения городом в США. ^{[ 10 ]} Буффало и город Ниагара-Фолс , состоящую из двух округов вместе составляют агломерацию Буффало-Ниагара-Фолс , население которой в 2020 году оценивалось в 1,2 миллиона человек, что делает его 49-м по величине агломерацией в США.

До 17 века этот регион был населен кочевым палеоиндейцами , на смену которым пришли нейтральные народы , народы Эри и Ирокезы . В начале 17 века французы начали исследовать регион. В 18 веке земли ирокезов вокруг Буффало-Крик были переданы в результате покупки земли в Голландии , и в ее истоках была основана небольшая деревня. В 1825 году, после того как его гавань была улучшена, Буффало был выбран в качестве конечной остановки канала Эри , что привело к его включению в 1832 году. Канал стимулировал его рост как основного внутреннего порта между Великими озерами и Атлантическим океаном. Перевалка сделала Буффало крупнейшим в мире зерновым портом той эпохи. После того, как появление железных дорог значительно снизило важность канала, город стал вторым по величине железнодорожным узлом (после Чикаго ). В середине 19 века Буффало перешел к производству, в котором доминировало производство стали. Позже деиндустриализация и открытие Морского пути Святого Лаврентия привели к упадку и диверсификации экономики города. Он разработал свою отрасли услуг , такие как здравоохранение, розничная торговля, туризм, логистика и образование, сохраняя при этом часть производства. В 2019 году валовой внутренний продукт MSA Буффало – Ниагара-Фолс составил 53 миллиарда долларов (~ 62,3 миллиарда долларов в 2023 году).

Культурные достопримечательности города включают старейшую систему городских парков в Соединенных Штатах, Художественный музей Буффало AKG , Музей истории Буффало , Филармонический оркестр Буффало , Центр исполнительских искусств Ши , Музей науки Буффало и несколько ежегодных фестивалей . Его учебные заведения включают Университет в Буффало , Государственный университет Буффало , Университет Канисиуса и Университет Д'Ювилля . Баффало также известен своей зимней погодой , крыльями Баффало и тремя спортивными командами Национальной футбольной лиги высшей лиги: «Баффало Биллс» » Национальной хоккейной лиги , «Баффало Сэйбрз Национальной хоккейной лиги и «Баффало Бандитс» .

История

Доколумбовая эпоха до освоения Европы

До прихода европейцев кочевые палеоиндейцы населяли западный регион Нью-Йорка с 8-го тысячелетия до нашей эры . Лесной период начался около 1000 г. до н.э. и ознаменовался возникновением Конфедерации ирокезов и распространением ее племен по всему штату. ^{[ 11 ]}^{[ 12 ]} семнадцатого века Миссионеры-иезуиты были первыми европейцами, посетившими этот район. ^{[ 13 ]}

Во время французского исследования региона в 1620 году этот регион был малонаселенным и оккупированным аграрным народом Эри на юге и нейтральной нацией на севере, с относительно небольшим племенем Венрохронон между ними и Сенеками , племенем ирокезов. занимая земли к востоку от региона. ^{[ 11 ]} Нейтральные жители выращивали табак и коноплю для торговли с ирокезами, которые обменивали с французами меха на европейские товары. ^{[ 11 ]} Племена использовали звериные и военные тропы для путешествий и перемещения товаров по территории нынешнего штата Нью-Йорк. (Столетия спустя эти же самые дороги постепенно улучшались, затем заасфальтировались, а затем превратились в основные современные дороги.) ^{[ 11 ]} Во время Бобровых войн в середине 17 века сенека завоевали Эри и нейтралов в этом регионе. ^{[ 14 ]}^{[ 15 ]}^{[ 16 ]} Коренные американцы не селились постоянно вдоль Буффало-Крик до 1780 года, когда перемещенные сенека были переселены из форта Ниагара . ^{[ 13 ]}

Луи Хеннепен и сьер де ла Саль исследовали верхнюю Ниагару и регионы Онтарио в конце 1670-х годов. ^{[ 17 ]} В 1679 году корабль Ла Саля « Ле Грифон » стал первым, кто проплыл над Ниагарским водопадом возле Каюга-Крик . ^{[ 18 ]} Барон де Лаонтан посетил город Буффало в 1687 году. ^{[ 19 ]} Небольшое французское поселение вдоль Буффало-Крик просуществовало всего год (1758 г.). После франко-индийской войны регионом управляла Великобритания. ^{[ 13 ]} После американской революции провинция Нью-Йорк — ныне штат США — начала экспансию на запад в поисках пахотных земель, следуя за ирокезами. ^{[ 20 ]}

Нью-Йорк и Массачусетс соперничали за территорию, в которую входил Буффало, и Массачусетс имел право купить всю землю, кроме участка шириной в одну милю (1600 метров). Права на территории Массачусетса были проданы Роберту Моррису в 1791 году. ^{[ 21 ]} Несмотря на возражения со стороны главы Сенеки Red Jacket , Моррис выступил посредником в сделке между коллегой-главой Cornplanter и голландской фиктивной корпорацией Holland Land Company . ^{[ а ]}^{[ 22 ]}^{[ 23 ]} Покупка земли в Голландии дала сенека три резервации, а компания Holland Land получила 4 000 000 акров (16 000 км2). ²) примерно по тридцать три цента за акр. ^{[ 22 ]}

Постоянные белые поселенцы вдоль ручья были пленниками, захваченными во время Войны за независимость . ^{[ 24 ]}^{[ 13 ]} Первыми землевладельцами были ирокезский переводчик капитан Уильям Джонстон, бывший порабощенный Джозеф «Черный Джо» Ходжес и Корнелиус Винни, голландский торговец, прибывший в 1789 году. ^{[ 13 ]}^{[ 25 ]} В результате войны, в которой ирокезы встали на сторону британской армии , в конце 1700-х годов территория ирокезов постепенно сокращалась европейскими поселенцами посредством последовательных договоров на уровне штата, включая Договор в Форт-Стэнвиксе (1784 г.) и Первый договор в Баффало-Крик. (1788). ^{[ 26 ]} Ирокезы были переселены в резервации, включая Буффало-Крик . К концу 18 века только 338 квадратных миль (216 000 акров; 880 км²) ²; осталось 88 000 га резерваций. ^{[ 27 ]}

После того, как в 1797 году Договор Большого Дерева лишил ирокезов права собственности на земли к западу от реки Дженеси , Джозеф Элликотт обследовал земли в устье Буффало-Крик. ^{[ 24 ]}^{[ 28 ]} В центре деревни находилось пересечение восьми улиц на нынешней Ниагарской площади . Первоначально он назывался Новый Амстердам, но вскоре был изменен на Буффало. ^{[ 29 ]}

Канал Эри, зерно и торговля

Деревня Буффало была названа в честь Буффало-Крик . ^{[ б ]}^{[ 31 ]} Британский военный инженер Джон Монтрезор упомянул «Баффало-Крик» в своем дневнике 1764 года, что стало самым ранним зарегистрированным появлением этого названия. ^{[ 32 ]} Дорога в Пенсильванию из Буффало была построена в 1802 году для мигрантов, направлявшихся в Западный заповедник Коннектикута в Огайо. ^{[ 33 ]} До завершения строительства магистрали с востока на запад через штат дорога из Олбани в Буффало заняла неделю; Поездка из соседнего Уильямсвилля в Батавию может занять три дня. ^{[ 34 ]}^{[ с ]}

Британские войска сожгли Буффало и деревню Блэк-Рок на северо-западе в 1813 году. ^{[ 35 ]} Сражение и последующий огонь были ответом на разрушение Ниагары-на-озере американскими войсками и другие стычки во время войны 1812 года . ^{[ 36 ]}^{[ 37 ]}^{[ 13 ]} Восстановление было быстрым и завершилось в 1815 году. ^{[ 38 ]}^{[ 37 ]} станет отдаленным форпостом Жители деревни надеялись, что предлагаемый канал Эри и принесет процветание этому району. ^{[ 22 ]} Для этого гавань Буффало была расширена с помощью Сэмюэля Уилкесона ; он был выбран в качестве конечной точки канала вместо конкурирующего Блэк-Рока. ^{[ 13 ]} Он открылся в 1825 году, положив начало торговле, производству и гидроэнергетике . ^{[ 22 ]} К следующему году 130 квадратных миль (340 км²) ²) Резервация Баффало-Крик (на западной границе деревни) была передана Буффало. ^{[ 27 ]} Буффало получил статус города в 1832 году. ^{[ 39 ]} В 1830-х годах бизнесмен Бенджамин Ратбан значительно расширил свой деловой район. ^{[ 22 ]} С 1845 по 1855 год размер города увеличился вдвое. Почти две трети населения города были иностранцами, в основном это смесь неквалифицированных (или образованных) ирландских и немецких католиков . ^{[ 40 ]}^{[ 41 ]}

Беглые рабы пробирались на север, в Буффало, в 1840-х годах. ^{[ 42 ]} Буффало был конечной станцией подземной железной дороги , и многие свободные чернокожие люди пересекали реку Ниагара в Форт Эри, Онтарио ; ^{[ 43 ]} другие остались в Буффало. ^{[ 40 ]} В это время порт Буффало продолжал развиваться. Пассажирские и коммерческие перевозки расширились, что привело к созданию фидерных каналов и расширению городской гавани. ^{[ 44 ]} Разгрузка зерна в Буффало была трудоемкой работой, а перевалщики зерна, работающие на озерных грузовых судах, зарабатывали 1,50 доллара в день (что эквивалентно 49 долларам в 2023 году). ^{[ 45 ]}) при шестидневной рабочей неделе. ^{[ 44 ]} Местный изобретатель Джозеф Дарт и инженер Роберт Данбар создали зерновой элеватор в 1843 году, адаптировав паровой элеватор. Лифт Дарта первоначально обрабатывал тысячу бушелей в час, что ускорило глобальную доставку потребителям. ^{[ 44 ]} Буффало был перевалочным узлом Великих озер, и погодные, морские и политические события в других городах Великих озер оказали прямое влияние на экономику города. ^{[ 44 ]} Помимо зерна, основной импорт Буффало включал сельскохозяйственную продукцию со Среднего Запада (мясо, виски, пиломатериалы и табак), а его экспорт включал кожу, корабли и изделия из железа. В середине 19 века наблюдался рост новых производственных мощностей, особенно в области производства железа. ^{[ 44 ]}

К 1860-м годам многие железные дороги заканчивались в Буффало; в их число входили железная дорога Буффало, Брэдфорда и Питтсбурга , железная дорога Буффало и Эри , Центральная железная дорога Нью-Йорка и железная дорога Лихай-Вэлли . ^{[ 19 ]} За это время Буффало контролировал четверть всего судоходства на озере Эри. ^{[ 19 ]} После Гражданской войны движение по каналу начало падать, поскольку железные дороги расширились до Буффало. ^{[ 46 ]} Объединение в профсоюзы начало распространяться в конце 19 века, о чем свидетельствует Великая забастовка железнодорожников 1877 года и забастовка стрелочников Буффало в 1892 году . ^{[ 47 ]}

Сталь, вызовы и современная эпоха

В начале 20-го века Буффало был ведущим в мире зерновым портом и национальным центром мукомольной промышленности. ^{[ 48 ]} Местные заводы были одними из первых, кто получил выгоду от гидроэлектроэнергии, вырабатываемой рекой Ниагара. в Буффало прошла Панамериканская выставка В 1901 году после испано-американской войны , демонстрирующая достижения страны в области искусства, архитектуры и электричества. Его центральным элементом была Электрическая башня с более чем двумя миллионами лампочек, но некоторые экспонаты носили шовинистический и расовый оттенок. ^{[ 49 ]}^{[ 50 ]}^{[ 51 ]} На экспозиции президент Уильям МакКинли убит анархистом Леоном был Чолгошем . ^{[ 52 ]} Когда Мак-Кинли умер, Теодор Рузвельт был приведен к присяге в особняке Уилкокс в Буффало. ^{[ 53 ]}

Адвокат Джон Милберн и местные промышленники убедили компанию Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company переехать из Скрэнтона, штат Пенсильвания, в город Вест-Сенека в 1904 году. Занятость была конкурентоспособной, многие жители Восточной Европы и скрэнтонцы боролись за рабочие места. ^{[ 46 ]} С конца 19 века по 1920-е годы слияния и поглощения привели к удаленному владению местными компаниями; это оказало негативное влияние на экономику города. ^{[ 54 ]}^{[ 55 ]} Примеры включают приобретение Lackawanna Steel компанией Bethlehem Steel , а затем переезд Curtiss-Wright в 1940-х годах. ^{[ 56 ]} Великая депрессия привела к серьезной безработице, особенно среди рабочего класса. Программы помощи «Нового курса» действовали в полную силу, и город стал оплотом профсоюзов и Демократической партии . ^{[ 57 ]}

Во время Второй мировой войны Буффало восстановил свою производственную мощь, поскольку военные контракты позволили городу производить сталь, химикаты, самолеты, грузовики и боеприпасы. ^{[ 56 ]} производства ; Экономика Буффало, 15-го по численности населения города США в 1950 году, почти полностью зависела от восемьдесят процентов рабочих мест в регионе приходилось на этот сектор. ^{[ 56 ]} В городе также было более дюжины железнодорожных вокзалов, поскольку железные дороги оставались важной отраслью. ^{[ 55 ]}

Морской путь Святого Лаврентия был предложен в 19 веке как более быстрый маршрут судоходства в Европу, а затем как часть двустороннего гидроэнергетического проекта с Канадой. ^{[ 56 ]} Его сочетание с расширенным каналом Уэлленд привело к мрачным перспективам для экономики Буффало. После открытия в 1959 году городской порт и баржевый канал стали практически неактуальными. Судостроение в Буффало прекратилось в 1960-х годах из-за снижения активности на набережной, что положило конец промышленности, которая была частью экономики города с 1812 года. ^{[ 58 ]} Сокращение сталелитейных заводов было связано с угрозой повышения заработной платы и усилиями по созданию профсоюзов. ^{[ 56 ]} Расовая напряженность достигла кульминации в беспорядках 1967 года . ^{[ 56 ]} Субурбанизация привела к выбору города Амхерст для нового кампуса университета в Буффало к 1970 году. ^{[ 56 ]} Не желая модернизировать свой завод, Bethlehem Steel начала сокращать тысячи рабочих мест в Лакаванне в середине 1970-х годов, а затем закрыла его в 1983 году. ^{[ 54 ]} В период с 1970 по 1984 год регион потерял не менее 70 000 рабочих мест. ^{[ 54 ]} Как и большая часть Ржавого пояса , Буффало сосредоточился на восстановлении после последствий деиндустриализации конца 20-го века . ^{[ 59 ]}

Панорама центра Буффало и его набережной в 1880 году.

География

Топография

На спутниковом снимке из космоса видны два водоема и два полуострова. — Спутниковый снимок полуострова Ниагара и границы Ниагары ; Буффало находится внизу справа.

Буффало находится на восточной оконечности озера Эри напротив форта Эри, Онтарио . Он находится в истоке реки Ниагара, которая течет на север через Ниагарский водопад в озеро Онтарио .

Столичная зона Буффало находится на равнине озера Эри/Онтарио в низменности восточных Великих озер , узкой равнине, простирающейся на восток до Ютики, штат Нью-Йорк . ^{[ 60 ]}^{[ 61 ]} Город в целом плоский, за исключением перепадов высот в районах Юниверсити-Хайтс и Фруктовый пояс. ^{[ 62 ]} Южные города более холмистые, ведущие к холмам Каттарагус на Аппалачской возвышенности . ^{[ 60 ]}^{[ 61 ]} Несколько типов сланца, известняка и лагерштеттена распространены в Буффало и его окрестностях, выстилая русла рек . ^{[ 63 ]}

По данным Fox Weather , Буффало входит в пятерку самых снежных крупных городов страны, где ежегодно выпадает в среднем 95 дюймов снега.

Хотя в городе не было недавних или серьезных землетрясений , Буффало находится в сейсмической зоне Южных Великих озер (часть тектонической зоны Великих озер ). ^{[ 64 ]}^{[ 65 ]} Буффало есть четыре канала В границах : река Ниагара, река Буффало (и ручей), ручей Скаджакуада и канал Блэк-Рок , примыкающий к реке Ниагара. ^{[ 66 ]} Городское бюро лесного хозяйства ведет базу данных о более чем семидесяти тысячах деревьев. ^{[ 67 ]}

По данным Бюро переписи населения США , площадь Буффало составляет 52,5 квадратных миль (136 км²). ²); 40,38 квадратных миль (104,6 км ) ²) — земля, остальное — вода. ^{[ 68 ]} Общая площадь города на 22,66 процента состоит из воды. В 2010 году плотность населения составляла 6 470,6 человек на квадратную милю. ^{[ 68 ]}

Городской пейзаж

Архитектура Буффало разнообразна: здесь собрана коллекция зданий 19 и 20 веков. ^{[ 69 ]} Достопримечательности центра Буффало включают Луи Салливана , Гарантийное здание ранний небоскреб; ^{[ 70 ]}^{[ 71 ]} здание Элликотт-сквер , когда-то одно из крупнейших в своем роде в мире; ^{[ 72 ]} , в стиле ар-деко Ратуша Буффало памятник Мак-Кинли и Электрическая башня . За пределами центра города Центральный терминал Буффало был построен в 1929 году в районе Бродвей-Филлмор ; Комплекс Ричардсона Олмстеда , построенный в 1881 году, был приютом для умалишенных. ^{[ 73 ]} до его закрытия в 1970-х годах. ^{[ 74 ]} Обновление города с 1950-х по 1970-е годы привело к появлению в бруталистском стиле здания городского суда Буффало и башни Сенека-Уан , самого высокого здания города. ^{[ 75 ]} В городском Парксайд районе дом Дарвина Д. Мартина был спроектирован Фрэнком Ллойдом Райтом в стиле его школы прерий . ^{[ 76 ]} С 2016 года застройщик Дуглас Джемал в Вашингтоне (округ Колумбия) приобретает и реконструирует культовые объекты недвижимости по всему городу. ^{[ 77 ]}

Горизонт Буффало, вид на восток от озера Эри

Районы

По словам Марка Гольдмана, в городе существует «традиция отдельных и независимых поселений». ^{[ 78 ]} Границы кварталов Буффало со временем изменились. Город разделен на пять районов , каждый из которых состоит из нескольких кварталов, всего тридцать пять кварталов. ^{[ 79 ]} Мейн-стрит разделяет восточную и западную стороны Буффало, а западная сторона была полностью застроена ранее. ^{[ 78 ]} Это разделение проявляется в архитектурных стилях, названиях улиц, границах кварталов и районов, демографии и социально-экономических условиях; Вест-Сайд Буффало, как правило, более богат, чем его Ист-Сайд. ^{[ 80 ]}^{[ 81 ]}

С 1990-х годов в несколько районов Буффало увеличилось количество инвестиций, начиная с деревни Элмвуд . ^{[ 82 ]} Реконструкция терминального склада Ларкин в 2002 году привела к созданию Ларкинвилля , где расположены несколько проектов смешанного использования и расположены корпоративные офисы. ^{[ 83 ]} В центре Буффало и его центральном деловом районе (CBD) с 2010 по 2017 год число жителей увеличилось на 10,6 процента, поскольку стало доступно более 1061 единиц жилья; ^{[ 84 ]} Башня Seneca One Tower была реконструирована в 2020 году. ^{[ 85 ]} Другие обновленные районы включают Чендлер-стрит в районе Грант-Амхерст и Хертель-авеню в Парксайде. ^{[ 82 ]}^{[ 86 ]}

Общий совет Буффало принял Зеленый кодекс в 2017 году, заменив правила зонирования , которым было более шестидесяти лет. Акцент на правилах, обеспечивающих безопасность пешеходов и смешанное землепользование, получил награду на Конгрессе конференции «Новый урбанизм» 2019 года . ^{[ 87 ]}

Климат

В Буффало влажный континентальный климат ( Köppen : Dfa ), ^{[ 88 ]}^{[ 89 ]} и температура повышалась вместе с остальной частью США. ^{[ 90 ]} Снег с эффектом озера характерен для зим в Буффало, со снежными полосами (вызывающими интенсивные снегопады в городе и его окрестностях) в зависимости от направления ветра со стороны озера Эри. ^{[ 91 ]} Однако Буффало редко бывает самым снежным городом штата . ^{[ 92 ]}^{[ 93 ]} Метель 1977 года возникла в результате сочетания сильного ветра и снега, скопившегося на суше и на замерзшем озере Эри . ^{[ 94 ]} Хотя снег обычно не мешает работе города, осенью он может нанести значительный ущерб (как это сделал ураган в октябре 2006 года ). ^{[ 95 ]} В ноябре 2014 года (так называемый « Снежный весен ») в регионе случился рекордный шторм , принесший более 5 + 1 ⁄ фута (66 дюймов ; 170 см) снега. ^{[ 96 ]} Самая низкая зарегистрированная температура в Буффало составила -20 ° F (-29 ° C), что наблюдалось дважды: 9 февраля 1934 года и 2 февраля 1961 года. ^{[ 97 ]}

Хотя лето в городе более сухое и солнечное, чем в других городах северо-востока США, его растительность получает достаточно осадков, чтобы оставаться увлажненной. ^{[ 89 ]} Лето в Буффало характеризуется обильным солнечным светом, умеренной влажностью и температурой; ^{[ 89 ]} город извлекает выгоду из прохладных летних бризов с юго-запада озера Эри, которые смягчают более высокие температуры. ^{[ 89 ]}^{[ 61 ]} Температура поднимается выше 90 ° F (32,2 ° C) в среднем три раза в год. ^{[ 89 ]} На сегодняшний день не было зарегистрировано ни одной официальной регистрации температуры 100 ° F (37,8 ° C) или более, а максимальная температура 99 ° F (37 ° C) была достигнута 27 августа 1948 года. ^{[ 97 ]} Осадки умеренные, обычно выпадают ночью, а более прохладная температура озера препятствует развитию штормов в июле. ^{[ 89 ]}^{[ 98 ]} Август обычно более дождливый и душный , поскольку более теплое озеро теряет способность регулировать температуру. ^{[ 89 ]}

Климатические данные для Буффало ( международный аэропорт Буффало Ниагара ), нормы 1991–2020 гг., ^{[ д ]} крайности 1871 – настоящее время ^{[ и ]}
Месяц	Ян	февраль	Мар	апрель	Может	июнь	июль	август	Сентябрь	октябрь	ноябрь	декабрь	Год
Рекордно высокий °F (°C)	72 (22)	71 (22)	82 (28)	94 (34)	94 (34)	97 (36)	98 (37)	99 (37)	98 (37)	92 (33)	80 (27)	74 (23)	99 (37)
Среднее максимальное °F (°C)	56.4 (13.6)	54.5 (12.5)	66.0 (18.9)	77.9 (25.5)	84.3 (29.1)	88.1 (31.2)	89.5 (31.9)	88.5 (31.4)	86.4 (30.2)	77.9 (25.5)	67.4 (19.7)	56.8 (13.8)	91.5 (33.1)
Среднесуточный максимум °F (°C)	32.1 (0.1)	33.3 (0.7)	41.8 (5.4)	54.7 (12.6)	67.4 (19.7)	75.6 (24.2)	80.2 (26.8)	79.0 (26.1)	72.3 (22.4)	59.6 (15.3)	47.8 (8.8)	37.2 (2.9)	56.8 (13.8)
Среднесуточное значение °F (°C)	25.5 (−3.6)	26.4 (−3.1)	34.1 (1.2)	45.6 (7.6)	57.9 (14.4)	66.9 (19.4)	71.7 (22.1)	70.4 (21.3)	63.4 (17.4)	51.7 (10.9)	41.0 (5.0)	31.4 (−0.3)	48.8 (9.3)
Среднесуточный минимум °F (°C)	19.0 (−7.2)	19.5 (−6.9)	26.4 (−3.1)	36.5 (2.5)	48.3 (9.1)	58.1 (14.5)	63.1 (17.3)	61.7 (16.5)	54.5 (12.5)	43.9 (6.6)	34.2 (1.2)	25.6 (−3.6)	40.9 (4.9)
Средний минимум °F (°C)	0.8 (−17.3)	1.7 (−16.8)	9.3 (−12.6)	24.6 (−4.1)	35.6 (2.0)	45.6 (7.6)	52.8 (11.6)	51.0 (10.6)	41.0 (5.0)	30.7 (−0.7)	20.4 (−6.4)	8.5 (−13.1)	−2.8 (−19.3)
Рекордно низкий °F (°C)	−16 (−27)	−20 (−29)	−7 (−22)	5 (−15)	25 (−4)	35 (2)	43 (6)	38 (3)	32 (0)	20 (−7)	2 (−17)	−10 (−23)	−20 (−29)
Среднее количество осадков в дюймах (мм)	3.35 (85)	2.49 (63)	2.89 (73)	3.37 (86)	3.37 (86)	3.37 (86)	3.23 (82)	3.23 (82)	4.10 (104)	4.03 (102)	3.50 (89)	3.75 (95)	40.68 (1,033)
Среднее количество снегопада в дюймах (см)	26.7 (68)	18.1 (46)	14.1 (36)	2.5 (6.4)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.9 (2.3)	7.8 (20)	25.3 (64)	95.4 (242)
Средняя глубина снега в дюймах (см)	10.8 (27)	8.4 (21)	7.6 (19)	1.0 (2.5)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	3.7 (9.4)	9.0 (23)	15.5 (39)
Среднее количество дней с осадками (≥ 0,01 дюйма)	19.2	15.8	14.8	13.4	12.8	11.9	10.8	10.0	10.9	14.1	14.4	17.7	165.8
Среднее количество снежных дней (≥ 0,1 дюйма)	16.4	13.5	9.1	3.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	4.7	12.2	59.5
Средняя относительная влажность (%)	76.0	75.9	73.3	67.8	67.2	68.6	68.1	72.1	74.0	72.9	75.8	77.6	72.4
Средняя точка росы °F (°C)	16.9 (−8.4)	17.6 (−8.0)	25.2 (−3.8)	33.4 (0.8)	44.2 (6.8)	54.1 (12.3)	59.0 (15.0)	58.8 (14.9)	52.5 (11.4)	41.7 (5.4)	32.7 (0.4)	22.6 (−5.2)	38.2 (3.5)
Среднемесячное количество солнечных часов	91.3	108.0	163.7	204.7	258.3	287.1	306.7	266.4	207.6	159.4	84.4	69.0	2,206.6
Процент возможного солнечного света	31	37	44	51	57	63	66	62	55	47	29	25	49
Средний индекс ультрафиолета	1	2	4	6	7	8	8	8	6	4	2	1	5
Источник 1: NOAA (относительная влажность и солнце, 1961–1990 гг.). ^{[ 99 ]}^{[ 100 ]}^{[ 101 ]}
Источник 2: Атлас погоды. ^{[ 102 ]}

Демография

Исторический расовый состав	2020 ^{[ 68 ]}	2010 ^{[ 103 ]}	1990 ^{[ 104 ]}	1970 ^{[ 104 ]}	1940 ^{[ 104 ]}
White	41.9%	50.4%	64.7%	78.7%	96.8%
—Non-Hispanic	39.0%	45.8%	63.1%	n/a	n/a
African Americans	36.9%	38.6%	30.7%	20.4%	3.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	12.8%	10.5%	4.9%	1.6%^[f]	n/a
Asian Americans	7.6%	3.2%	1.0%	0.2%	n/a
Other race	5.3%	3.1%	2.8%	0.2%	n/a

Историческое население
Год	Поп.	±%
1810	1,508	—
1820	2,095	+38.9%
1830	8,668	+313.7%
1840	18,213	+110.1%
1850	42,261	+132.0%
1860	81,129	+92.0%
1870	117,714	+45.1%
1880	155,134	+31.8%
1890	255,664	+64.8%
1900	352,387	+37.8%
1910	423,715	+20.2%
1920	506,775	+19.6%
1930	573,076	+13.1%
1940	575,901	+0.5%
1950	580,132	+0.7%
1960	532,759	−8.2%
1970	462,768	−13.1%
1980	357,870	−22.7%
1990	328,123	−8.3%
2000	292,648	−10.8%
2010	261,310	−10.7%
2020	278,349	+6.5%
Источник: данные переписи населения США и данные Программы оценки населения . ^{[ 105 ]}

Несколько сотен сенека, тускарора и других племенных народов ирокезов были основными жителями района Буффало до 1800 года, сосредоточенными вдоль Буффало-Крик. ^{[ 106 ]} После Войны за независимость в этот район начали переселяться поселенцы из Новой Англии и восточного Нью-Йорка.

С 1830-х по 1850-е годы к ним присоединились ирландские и немецкие иммигранты из Европы, как крестьяне, так и рабочий класс, которые поселились в анклавах на южной и восточной сторонах города. ^{[ 40 ]} На рубеже 20-го века польские иммигранты заменили немцев в Ист-Сайде, которые переехали в более новое жилье; Семьи итальянских иммигрантов поселились по всему городу, в основном в нижнем Вест-Сайде. ^{[ 78 ]}

В 1830-е годы жители Буффало в целом были нетерпимы к небольшим группам чернокожих американцев , которые начали селиться в Ист-Сайде города. ^{[ 40 ]}^{[ г ]} В 20 веке военные и производственные рабочие места привлекали чернокожих американцев с Юга во время Первой и Второй великих миграций . Во время Второй мировой войны и послевоенные годы с 1940 по 1970 год чернокожее население города выросло на 433 процента. Они заменили большую часть польской общины Ист-Сайда, переехавшей в пригороды. ^{[ 107 ]}^{[ 108 ]} Однако последствия «красной черты» , рулевого управления, ^{[ 109 ]} социальное неравенство , блокбастеры , бегство белых ^{[ 109 ]} и другая расовая политика привела к тому, что город (и регион) стал одним из самых сегрегированных в США. ^{[ 108 ]}^{[ 110 ]}^{[ 111 ]}

В 1940-х и 1950-х годах пуэрториканские мигранты прибыли в массовом порядке, также в поисках работы в промышленности, поселившись в Ист-Сайде и двигаясь на запад. ^{[ 112 ]} В 21 веке Буффало классифицируется как город с большинством меньшинств , большинство жителей которого составляют чернокожие и латиноамериканцы.

Буффало испытал на себе последствия упадка городов с 1970-х годов, а также стал свидетелем потери населения в пригородах и штатах Солнечного пояса , а также потери рабочих мест в результате деиндустриализации. ^{[ 113 ]} Население города достигло пика в 580 132 человека в 1950 году, когда Буффало был 15-м по величине городом в Соединенных Штатах - по сравнению с восьмым по величине городом в 1900 году, после того как темпы его роста замедлились в 1920-х годах. ^{[ 48 ]} По данным переписи 2020 года в Буффало, наконец, наблюдался прирост населения на 6,5%, что изменило десятилетнюю тенденцию сокращения численности населения. По данным переписи 2020 года, в городе проживает 278 349 жителей, что делает его 76-м по величине городом в Соединенных Штатах. ^{[ 10 ]} В 2020 году в его агломерации проживало 1,1 миллиона жителей, это 49-е место в стране. ^{[ 6 ]}

По сравнению с другими крупными мегаполисами США, количество иммигрантов иностранного происхождения в Буффало невелико. Новые иммигранты – это в основном переселенные беженцы (особенно из стран, пострадавших от войны или стихийных бедствий) и беженцы, которые ранее поселились в других городах США. ^{[ 114 ]} В начале 2000-х годов большинство иммигрантов прибыли из Канады и Йемена ; в 2010-х годах это переместилось на бирманских ( каренских ) беженцев и иммигрантов из Бангладеш . ^{[ 114 ]} В период с 2008 по 2016 год бирманцы, сомалийцы , бутанцы и иракские американцы были четырьмя крупнейшими этническими группами иммигрантов в округе Эри. ^{[ 114 ]}

В отчете за 2008 год отмечалось, что, хотя продовольственные пустыни наблюдались в крупных городах, а не в Буффало, цветные кварталы города имеют доступ только к небольшим продуктовым магазинам и не имеют супермаркетов, более типичных для новых белых кварталов. ^{[ 115 ]} В отчете за 2018 год отмечалось, что более пятидесяти городских кварталов в Ист-Сайде Буффало не имели адекватного доступа к супермаркетам. ^{[ 108 ]}

Существуют различия в состоянии здоровья по сравнению с остальной частью штата : средняя продолжительность жизни в округе Эри в 2019 году была на три года ниже (78,4 года); 17-процентный уровень курения и 30-процентный уровень ожирения были немного выше, чем в среднем по штату. ^{[ 116 ]} По данным Партнерства ради общественного блага, уровень образования в городе ниже, чем в его окрестностях; у городских жителей почти в два раза больше шансов, чем у взрослых в мегаполисе, не иметь диплома об окончании средней школы. ^{[ 117 ]}

Религия

В начале 19 века пресвитерианские миссионеры пытались обратить в христианство народ сенека в резервации Баффало-Крик. Поначалу сопротивлявшиеся, некоторые члены племени отказались от своих традиций и обычаев и сформировали собственную секту. ^{[ 118 ]}^{[ 106 ]} Позже европейские иммигранты добавили другие веры. Христианство является преобладающей религией в Буффало и Западном Нью-Йорке. Католицизм (в первую очередь Латинская церковь ) имеет значительное присутствие в регионе: 161 приход и более 570 000 приверженцев в епархии Буффало . ^{[ 119 ]} Основными протестантскими конфессиями в этом районе являются лютеране , баптисты и методисты . Пятидесятники также значительны, и около 20 000 человек являются внеконфессиональными приверженцами. ^{[ нужно обновить ]}^{[ 120 ]}

Еврейская ; община начала развиваться в городе за счет иммигрантов с середины 1800-х годов около тысячи немецких и литовских евреев Буффало поселились в Буффало до 1880 года. Первая синагога , Храм Бет-Эль, была основана в 1847 году. ^{[ 121 ]} Городской храм Бет-Цион — крупнейшая синагога в регионе. ^{[ 122 ]}

В связи с изменением демографии и увеличением числа беженцев из других районов Ист-Сайда города. ^{[ 123 ]} Ислам и буддизм расширили свое присутствие. В этом районе новые жители превратили пустующие церкви в мечети и храмы . ^{[ 124 ]} Индуизм сохраняет небольшое активное присутствие в этом районе, включая город Амхерст. ^{[ 125 ]}

проведенный в 2016 году, Опрос Американского библейского общества, показал, что Буффало является пятым по величине «библейским» городом в Соединенных Штатах; 13 процентов его жителей верят Библии . ^{[ 126 ]}

Экономика

Крупнейшие работодатели частного сектора в районе Буффало, 2020 г.
Источник: *Инвест Буффало Ниагара.* ^{[ 127 ]}
Классифицировать	Работодатель	Сотрудники
1	Калейда Здоровье	8,359
2	Католическое здоровье	7,623
3	М&Т Банк	7,400
4	Топы дружественных рынков	5,374
5	Сенека Гейминг Корп.	3,402
6	Институт рака Розуэлл-Парка	3,328
7	ГЕЙКО	3,250
8	Вегманс	3,102
9	Банк HSBC США	3,000
10	Дженерал Моторс	2,981

Канал Эри стал толчком для экономического роста Буффало как перевалочного узла для зерна и другой сельскохозяйственной продукции, направлявшейся на восток со Среднего Запада. Позже производство стали и автомобильных запчастей стало центральным элементом экономики города. ^{[ 128 ]} Когда эти отрасли в регионе сократились, экономика Буффало стала базироваться на услугах. Его основные сектора включают здравоохранение, деловые услуги (банковское дело, бухгалтерский учет и страхование), розничную торговлю, туризм и логистику , особенно с Канадой. ^{[ 128 ]} Несмотря на потерю крупного производства, в регионе остается некоторое производство металлов, химикатов, машиностроения, продуктов питания и электроники. ^{[ 129 ]} Развивается передовое производство с упором на исследования и разработки (НИОКР) и автоматизацию . ^{[ 129 ]} США В 2019 году Бюро экономического анализа оценило валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП) MSA Буффало – Ниагара-Фолс в 53 миллиарда долларов (~ 62,3 миллиарда долларов в 2023 году). ^{[ 130 ]}

Гражданский сектор является основным источником занятости в районе Буффало и включает государственные, некоммерческие, медицинские и образовательные учреждения. ^{[ 131 ]} Штат Нью-Йорк, в котором работает более 19 000 человек, является крупнейшим работодателем в регионе. ^{[ 132 ]} В частном секторе ведущими работодателями являются Kaleida Health и Catholic Health сети больниц , а также M&T Bank , единственная компания из списка Fortune 500 со штаб-квартирой в городе. ^{[ 133 ]} Большинство из них были ведущими работодателями в регионе на протяжении нескольких десятилетий. ^{[ 134 ]} В Буффало расположены штаб-квартиры компаний Rich Products , Delaware North и New Era Cap Company ; производитель аэрокосмической продукции Moog Inc. и производитель игрушек Fisher-Price базируются в соседней Восточной Авроре . Штаб-квартира компании National Fuel Gas and Life Storage находится в Уильямсвилле, штат Нью-Йорк .

Буффало хорошо пережил Великую рецессию 2006–2009 годов по сравнению с другими городами США, примером чего является рост цен на жилье за это время. ^{[ 135 ]} Экономика региона начала улучшаться в начале 2010-х годов, в результате чего с 2009 по 2017 год было создано более 25 000 рабочих мест. ^{[ 129 ]} При государства поддержке компании Tesla, Inc. Giga New York в 2017 году в Южном Буффало открылся завод ^{[ 136 ]} Однако последствия пандемии COVID-19 в Соединенных Штатах привели к увеличению уровня безработицы в стране до 7,5 процента к декабрю 2020 года. ^{[ 137 ]} В 2019 году уровень местной безработицы составил 4,2 процента. ^{[ 138 ]} выше, чем в среднем по стране на 3,5 процента. ^{[ 139 ]}

Культура

Исполнительское искусство и музыка

Буффало является домом для более чем 20 театральных компаний, многие из которых сосредоточены в театральном районе в центре города . ^{[ 140 ]} Центр исполнительских искусств Ши - крупнейший театр города. спроектированный Луи Комфортом Тиффани Театр, и построенный в 1926 году, представляет бродвейские мюзиклы и концерты. ^{[ 141 ]} Шекспир в парке Делавэр проводится каждое лето на открытом воздухе с 1976 года. ^{[ 142 ]}

Стендап-комедию можно найти по всему городу, ее ведущим является Helium Comedy Club, в котором выступают как местные таланты, так и гастроли по стране.

Nickel City Opera (известная как NC Opera Buffalo и NCO ) — американская оперная труппа, базирующаяся в Центре исполнительских искусств Ши в Буффало и сегодня являющаяся одной из ведущих опер. ^{[ 143 ]} в Соединенных Штатах и один из крупнейших оперных театров мира, рассчитанный на более чем 3000 мест. ^{[ 144 ]} Основанная в 2004 году Валерианом Руминским , Никель-Сити Опера заказывает оперы и устраивает мировые премьеры выдающихся произведений. ^{[ 145 ]}^{[ 146 ]} Маттиас Манаси был музыкальным руководителем и главным дирижером НКО с 2017 по 2021 год. ^{[ 147 ]} его предшественник Майкл Чинг был музыкальным руководителем и главным дирижером NCO с 2012 по 2017 год. ^{[ 148 ]}^{[ 149 ]}

NCO до сотрудничает с Филармоническим оркестром Буффало , ставя широкий спектр опер 18-го века : от барокко 19-го века и бельканто минимализма 20 -го века и современных опер 20-го и 21-го веков. ^{[ 150 ]} Эти оперы представлены в постановках, которые варьируются по стилю: от тщательно продуманных традиционных декоров до современных концептуальных постановок.

NCO на базируется в Центре исполнительских искусств Ши 3019 мест в театральном районе Буффало в центре Буффало. ^{[ 151 ]} Центр исполнительских искусств Ши был спроектирован известной чикагской фирмой Rapp and Rapp . ^{[ 152 ]} Оперный театр был построен в стиле европейских оперных театров и оформлен в сочетании стилей французского и испанского барокко и рококо. ^{[ 153 ]} Дизайн интерьера был разработан всемирно известным дизайнером и художником Луи Комфортом Тиффани , и многие его элементы сохранились до сих пор. ^{[ 154 ]} Первоначально здесь было около 4000 мест, но в 1930-х годах количество мест было сокращено до нынешних 3019 мест, что не менее важно для увеличения места для оркестра за счет увеличения размера оркестровой ямы . ^{[ 155 ]} NCO расположенном также выступает в Театре Ривьера в Северной Тонаванде , в Центре исполнительских искусств Николса Фликинджера в Буффало, в театре Artpark Mainstage и в амфитеатре Artpark в государственном парке Earl W. Brydges Artpark, в Ниагарском ущелье в Льюистоне .

Филармонический оркестр Буффало был основан в 1935 году и выступает в мюзик-холле Кляйнханс , акустика которого получила высокую оценку. ^{[ 156 ]} Хотя в конце 1990-х годов оркестр почти распался из-за отсутствия финансирования, благотворительные взносы и государственная помощь стабилизировали его деятельность. ^{[ 157 ]} Под руководством Джоанн Фалетты оркестр получил ряд номинаций на премию «Грэмми» и выиграл премию «Грэмми» за лучшую современную классическую композицию в 2009 году. ^{[ 158 ]}

KeyBank Center круглый год собирает национальные музыкальные коллективы. Каждое лето в Сален Филд проводится ежегодный WYRK фестиваль музыки Taste of Country с участием исполнителей национальной кантри-музыки . В Каналсайде регулярно проводятся летние концерты на открытом воздухе - традиция, зародившаяся после несуществующей серии концертов «Четверг на площади» . ^{[ 159 ]}^{[ 160 ]} Клуб цветных музыкантов , являющийся продолжением отдельного отделения союза музыкантов, хранит историю джаза. ^{[ 161 ]}

Рик Джеймс родился и вырос в Буффало, а затем жил на ранчо в соседнем городе Аврора . ^{[ 162 ]} Джеймс сформировал свою группу Stone City Band в Буффало и приобрел национальную популярность благодаря нескольким кроссоверным синглам в жанрах R&B , диско и фанк в конце 1970-х - начале 1980-х годов. ^{[ 163 ]} Примерно в то же время джаз-фьюжн -группа Spyro Gyra и джазовый саксофонист Гровер Вашингтон-младший . в городе начали свою деятельность ^{[ 164 ]}^{[ 165 ]}

The Goo Goo Dolls , альтернативная рок- группа, образованная в 1986 году, имела 19 синглов, попавших в десятку лучших. Певица, автор песен и активистка Ани ДиФранко выпустила более 20 фолк- и инди-рок- альбомов на своем лейбле Righteous Babe Records в Буффало. ^{[ 166 ]}

Андерграундный хип-хоп выступает в городе в партнерстве с базирующейся в Буффало компанией Griselda Records , среди артистов которой есть Westside Gunn , Conway the Machine и Benny the Butcher , которые время от времени ссылаются на культуру Buffalo в своих текстах. ^{[ 167 ]}

Кухня

Кухня города включает в себя множество культур и национальностей. В 2015 году Национальное географическое общество поставило Буффало на третье место в списке «Десять лучших гастрономических городов мира». ^{[ 168 ]} Тересса Беллиссимо впервые приготовила крылышки Баффало (куриные крылышки с приправами) в баре Anchor в 1964 году. ^{[ 169 ]} Бар Anchor соперничает с Duff's Famous Wings , но крылышки Buffalo подают во многих барах и ресторанах по всему городу (некоторые из них имеют уникальные стили приготовления и вкусовые характеристики). ^{[ 170 ]}^{[ 171 ]} Крылышки Баффало традиционно подаются с соусом из голубого сыра и сельдереем. ^{[ 171 ]} В 2003 году бар Anchor получил премию Фонда Джеймса Берда в категории «Американская классика». ^{[ 172 ]}

В районе Буффало имеется более 600 пиццерий, что, по оценкам, больше на душу населения, чем в Нью-Йорке. ^{[ 173 ]} Несколько крафтовых пивоварен в городе начали открываться в 1990-х годах, а последний звонок — 4 утра. ^{[ 174 ]} Другие основные блюда кухни Буффало включают говядину по неделе , масляных ягнят , ^{[ 175 ]} колбаса , пельмени , бисквиты , ^{[ 176 ]} закуски из куриных палочек (в том числе стингер - версия, в которую также входит стейк) и жареная рыба (популярно в любое время года, но особенно во время Великого поста ). ^{[ 177 ]} С притоком беженцев и других иммигрантов в Буффало количество этнических ресторанов (включая кухонный инкубатор West Side Bazaar ) увеличилось. ^{[ 178 ]}^{[ 179 ]} Некоторые рестораны используют фудтраки для обслуживания клиентов, а в 2019 году на Ларкин-сквер появилось около пятидесяти фудтраков. ^{[ 180 ]}^{[ 179 ]}

Музеи и туризм

Буффало занял седьмое место в рейтинге лучших городов США для посещения в 2021 году по версии журнала Travel + Leisure , который отметил рост и потенциал культурных учреждений города. ^{[ 181 ]} Художественная галерея Олбрайт -Нокс — это музей современного искусства с коллекцией , насчитывающей более 8000 работ, из которых только два процента выставлены. ^{[ 182 ]} Благодаря пожертвованию Джеффри Гундлаха в июне 2023 года открылась трехэтажная пристройка, спроектированная голландской архитектурной фирмой OMA . ^{[ 183 ]} Через дорогу находится Центр искусств Берчфилда Пенни, где хранятся картины Чарльза Э. Берчфилда и которым управляет Государственный колледж Буффало . ^{[ 184 ]} В Буффало находится Стена Свободы — художественная инсталляция 2017 года, посвященная борцам за гражданские права на протяжении всей истории. ^{[ 185 ]} Рядом с обоими музеями находится Музей истории Буффало , в котором представлены произведения искусства, литература и экспонаты, связанные с историей города и основными событиями, а Музей науки Буффало находится в восточной части города. ^{[ 186 ]}^{[ 187 ]}

Каналсайд , исторический деловой район и гавань Буффало, ежегодно привлекает более 1,5 миллионов посетителей. ^{[ 188 ]} Он включает в себя детский музей Explore & More , военно-морской парк округа Буффало и Эри , портовый центр LECOM , а также ряд магазинов и ресторанов. В 2021 году к Каналсайду были добавлены отреставрированная карусель 1924 года (теперь работающая на солнечной энергии) и точная копия эллинга. ^{[ 189 ]}^{[ 190 ]} Другие достопримечательности города включают Национальный исторический памятник Теодора Рузвельта, баптистскую церковь на Мичиган-стрит , завод Buffalo RiverWorks , казино Seneca Buffalo Creek , музей Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow и дом-музей Нэша . ^{[ 160 ]}

Национальный фестиваль крыльев буйвола проводится каждый День труда на стадионе Хаймарк . ^{[ 191 ]} С 2002 года он обслужил более 4,8 миллиона крыльев Buffalo, а общая посещаемость составила 865 000 человек. ^{[ 192 ]} « Вкус Буффало» — это двухдневный кулинарный фестиваль, который проводится в июле на Ниагарской площади и ежегодно привлекает 450 000 посетителей. ^{[ 193 ]} Другие мероприятия включают в себя Фестиваль искусств в Аллентауне , польско-американский день Дингуса , Фестиваль искусств на Элмвуд-авеню, 19 июня в парке Мартина Лютера Кинга-младшего , крупнейшую в мире дискотеку в октябре и Фестиваль дружбы летом, посвященный канадско-американским отношениям. . ^{[ 160 ]}

Спорт

Профессиональные спортивные команды в Буффало
Команда	Спорт	Лига	Основан	Место проведения (вместимость)	Чемпионаты
Баффало Биллс	американский футбол	НФЛ	1959	Стадион Хаймарк (71 608)	1964 и 1965 годы ^{[ ч ]}
Буффало Бизоны	Бейсбол	ТО	1979	Сален Филд (16 600)	1997 , 1998 , 2004
Буффало Экстрим	Баскетбол	АБА	2023	Спорткомплекс XGen Elite
Баффало Сейбрз	Хоккей с шайбой	НХЛ	1970	КейБанк Центр (19 070)
Буффало Бандиты	Лакросс	НЛЛ	1992	КейБанк Центр (19 070)	1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 2008 , 2023 , 2024
ФК Баффало	Футбольный	Вторая лига ЮСЛ	2009	Южная средняя школа Уильямсвилля (2700)
ФК Баффало - Женщины	Футбольный	УВС	2021	Южная средняя школа Уильямсвилля (2700)

В Баффало есть две основные профессиональные спортивные команды: Баффало Сэйбрз ( Национальная хоккейная лига ) и Баффало Биллс ( Национальная футбольная лига ). «Биллс» были одними из основателей Лиги американского футбола в 1960 году и играли на стадионе «Хаймарк» в Орчард-парке с тех пор, как переехали со стадиона «Военный мемориал» в 1973 году. Это единственная команда НФЛ, базирующаяся в штате Нью-Йорк. ^{[ я ]} До эры Суперкубка «Биллс» выиграли чемпионат Американской футбольной лиги в 1964 и 1965 годах. С переменным успехом на протяжении всей своей истории «Биллс» потерпели близкое поражение в Суперкубке XXV и вернулись в Суперкубки подряд после 1991, 1992 и 1993 годов. сезоны (проигрывая каждый раз). ^{[ 194 ]} «Сэйбрз», команда расширения, образовавшаяся в 1970 году, делят центр «КейБанк» с « Баффало Бандитс» из Национальной лиги лакросса . «Бандиты» - самая титулованная из профессиональных команд города, завоевавшая шесть чемпионств. ^{[ 195 ]} The Bills, Sabres and Bandits принадлежат Pegula Sports and Entertainment .

Несколько колледжей и университетов в этом районе выставляют межвузовские спортивные команды; « Баффало Буллз» и «Канисиус Голден Гриффинс» соревнуются в первом дивизионе NCAA . «Буллз» участвуют в Среднеамериканской конференции (MAC) по 16 университетским видам спорта; ^{[ 196 ]} «Золотые грифоны» выставляют 15 команд на Атлетической конференции Metro Atlantic (MAAC), а мужская хоккейная команда входит в Атлантическую хоккейную ассоциацию (AHA). ^{[ 197 ]} «Буллз» участвуют в подразделении Football Bowl , высшем уровне студенческого футбола. Команды низшей лиги Баффало включают Buffalo Bisons ( бейсбол Triple-A ), которые играют на стадионе Sahlen Field , и Buffalo eXtreme ( Американская баскетбольная ассоциация ), которые играют в XGen Elite Sports Complex в Западном Сенеке .

Сален Филд , домашний стадион « Баффало Бизонс» с 1988 года.

Парки и отдых

Променад через болото — Природный заповедник Тиффт

Фредерик Лоу Олмстед охарактеризовал Буффало как «город с лучшей планировкой [...] в Соединенных Штатах, если не в мире». ^{[ 198 ]} При поддержке заинтересованных сторон города он и Калверт Во дополнили план города, черпая вдохновение из Парижа и внедряя ландшафтную архитектуру с элементами сельской местности. ^{[ 199 ]} Их план предусматривал создание системы взаимосвязанных парков, бульваров и троп, в отличие от единственного Центрального парка в Нью-Йорке . ^{[ 199 ]} Самым большим будет парк Делавэр , расположенный напротив кладбища Форест-Лоун, чтобы увеличить количество открытого пространства. ^{[ 199 ]} Поскольку строительство системы завершилось в 1876 году, она считается старейшей в стране; однако некоторые планы Олмстеда так и не были полностью реализованы. ^{[ 198 ]} Некоторые парки позже уменьшились и пострадали от болезней, строительства шоссе и погодных явлений, таких как тля на озере в 2006 году. ^{[ 95 ]}^{[ 199 ]} Некоммерческая организация Buffalo Olmsted Park Conservancy была создана в 2004 году, чтобы помочь сохранить 850 акров (340 га) парковой зоны. ^{[ 200 ]} Работа Олмстеда в Буффало вдохновила аналогичные усилия в таких городах, как Сан-Франциско, Чикаго и Бостон. ^{[ 199 ]}

Городское управление парков и зон отдыха управляет более чем 180 парками и объектами, семью развлекательными центрами, двадцатью одним бассейном и водными площадками , а также тремя катками. ^{[ 201 ]} В парке Делавэр площадью 350 акров (140 га) есть зоопарк Буффало , озеро Хойт, поле для гольфа и игровые поля. Буффало в сотрудничестве со своим городом-побратимом Канадзавой в 1970 году создал на территории парка Японский сад, где сакура . весной цветет ^{[ 202 ]} Открытый в 1976 году природный заповедник Тиффт в Южном Буффало занимает 264 акра (107 га) восстановленных промышленных земель. Заповедник является важной орнитологической территорией , включая луг с тропами для пеших прогулок и катания на беговых лыжах , болота и места для рыбалки. ^{[ 203 ]} Спроектированные Олмстедом Казеновия и Южные парки , в последнем находятся ботанические сады округа Буффало и Эри , также находятся в Южном Буффало. ^[204] According to the Trust for Public Land, Buffalo's 2022 ParkScore ranking had high marks for access to parks, with 89 percent of city residents living within a ten-minute walk from a park. The city ranked lower in acreage, however; nine percent of city land is devoted to parks, compared with the national median of about fifteen percent.^[205]^{[needs update]}

Efforts to convert Buffalo's former industrial waterfront into recreational space have attracted national attention, with some writers comparing its appeal to that of Niagara Falls.^[206] Redevelopment of the waterfront began in the early 2000s, with the reconstruction of historically aligned canals on the site of the former Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. Placemaking initiatives would lead to the area's popularity, rather than permanent buildings and attractions.^[207] Under Mayor Byron Brown, Canalside was cited by the Brookings Institution as an example of waterfront revitalization for other U.S. cities to follow.^[208] Summer events have included paddle-boating and fitness classes, and the frozen canals permit ice skating, curling, and ice cycling in winter.^[206] Its success spurred the state to create Buffalo Harbor State Park in 2014; the park has trails, open recreation areas, bicycle paths and piers.^[209] The park's Gallagher Beach, the city's only public beach, has prohibited swimming due to high bacteria levels and other environmental concerns.^[210]

The Shoreline Trail passes through Buffalo near the Outer Harbor, Centennial Park, and the Black Rock Canal.^[211] The North Buffalo–Tonawanda rail trail begins in Shoshone Park, near the LaSalle metro station in North Buffalo.^[212]

Government

Buffalo has a Strong mayor–council government. As the chief executive of city government, the mayor oversees the heads of the city's departments, participates in ceremonies, boards and commissions, and is as the liaison between the city and local cultural institutions.^[213] Some agencies, including utilities, urban renewal and public housing, are state- and federally-funded public benefit-corporations semi-independent of city government.^[214] Byron Brown, the city's first African American mayor, has held the office since 2006, longer than anyone else. Brown, defeated by India Walton in the 2021 mayoral primary election, began a write-in campaign for the general election.^[215] Brown initially denied Walton the chance to become the first female and socialist mayor of Buffalo, winning just under 60% of the votes.^[216] No Republican has been mayor of Buffalo since Chester A. Kowal in 1965.^[217]

With its nine districts, the Buffalo Common Council enacts laws, levies taxes, and approves mayoral appointees and the city budget.^[218] Pastor Darius Pridgen has been the Common Council president since 2014.^[219] Generally reflecting the city's electorate, all nine councilmen are members of the Democratic Party. Buffalo is the Erie County seat, and is within five of the county's eleven legislative districts.^[220]

The city is part of the Eighth Judicial District. Court cases handled at the city level include misdemeanors, violations, housing matters, and claims under $15,000; more severe cases are handled at the county level.^[221] Buffalo is represented by members of the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate. At the federal level, the city takes up most of New York's 26th congressional district and has been represented by Democrat Brian Higgins since 2005.

Federal offices in the city include the Buffalo District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers' Great Lakes and Ohio River Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation,^[222] and the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.

In 2020, the city spent $519 million (~$602 million in 2023) on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[223] The proposed 2021–22 city budget was $534.5 million, a 2.3-percent increase over 2020,^{[needs update]} supplemented by about $50 million in federal stimulus money. The proposed budget includes a slight increase in the commercial tax and a slight decrease in the residential tax to compensate for the pandemic.^[224]^[225]

Public safety

Buffalo is served by the Buffalo Police Department. The police commissioner is Byron Lockwood, who was appointed by Mayor Byron Brown in 2018.^[227] Although some criminal activity in the city remains higher than the national average, total crimes have decreased since the 1990s; one reason may be the gun buyback program implemented by the Brown administration in the mid-2000s.^[228] Before this, the city was part of the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s and its accompanying record-high crime levels.^[228] In 2018, city police began wearing 300 body cameras.^[229] A 2021 Partnership for the Public Good report noted that the BPD, which had a 2020–21 budget of about $145.7 million, had an above-average police-to-citizen ratio of 28.9 officers per 10,000 residents in 2020 – higher than peer cities Minneapolis and Toledo, Ohio.^[230] The force had a roster of 740 officers during the year, about two-thirds of whom handled emergency requests, road patrol and other non-office assignments.^[230] The department has been criticized for misconduct and brutality, including the 2004 wrongful termination of officer Cariol Horne for opposing police brutality toward a suspect^[231] and a 2020 protest-shoving incident.^[232]

The Buffalo Fire Department and American Medical Response (AMR) handle fire-protection and emergency medical services (EMS) calls in the city.^[233] The fire department has about 710 firefighters^[234] and thirty-five stations, including twenty-three engine companies and twelve ladder companies.^[235] The department also operates the Edward M. Cotter, considered the world's oldest active fireboat.^[236]

With vacant and abandoned homes prone to arson, squatting, prostitution and other criminal activities, the fire and police department's resources were overburdened before the 2010s. Buffalo ranked second nationwide to St. Louis for vacant homes per capita in 2007, and the city began a five-year program to demolish five thousand vacant, damaged and abandoned homes.^[237]^[238] On May 14, 2022, there was a mass shooting in a Tops supermarket on the East Side of Buffalo where 13 victims were shot in a racially motivated attack by a white supremacist who was not a Buffalo native. Ten victims, all of whom were Black, were murdered and three were injured.^[239]^[240]

Media

Buffalo's major daily newspaper is The Buffalo News. Established in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News, the newspaper is estimated to have a daily circulation of 87,000 and 125,000 on Sundays (down from a high of 300,000).^[241] The newspaper announced a pending sale of its building in February 2023, and the relocation of its printing operations to Cleveland, Ohio.^[242]^[243] Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include The Public, the Black-focused Challenger Community News,^[244] The Record of Buffalo State College,^[245] The Spectrum of the University at Buffalo,^[246] and Buffalo Business First.^[247]

Eighteen radio stations are licensed in Buffalo, including an FM station at Buffalo State College.^[248] Over ninety FM and AM radio signals can be received throughout the city.^[249] Eight full-power television outlets serve the city. Major stations include WKBW-TV (ABC), WIVB-TV (CBS), WGRZ (NBC), WUTV (Fox, received in parts of Southern Ontario), and WNED-TV (PBS); WNED reported that most of the station's members live in the Greater Toronto Area.^[250] According to Nielsen Media Research, the Buffalo television market was the 51st largest in the United States as of 2020^[update].^[251]

Movies shooting significant footage in Buffalo include Hide in Plain Sight (1980),^[252] Tuck Everlasting (1981),^[252] Best Friends (1982),^[252] The Natural (1984),^[252] Vamping (1984),^[252] Canadian Bacon (1995),^[252] Buffalo '66 (1998),^[252] Manna from Heaven (2002),^[252] Bruce Almighty (2003),^[253] The Savages (2007),^[252] Slime City Massacre (2010), Henry's Crime (2011),^[252] Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014),^[253] Killer Rack (2015), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016),^[254] Marshall (2016),^[253] The American Side (2017),^[255] The First Purge (2018),^[256] The True Adventures of Wolfboy (2019),^[257] A Quiet Place Part II (2021)^[258] and Guns of Eden (2022). Although higher Buffalo production costs led to some films being finished elsewhere, tax credits and other economic incentives have enabled new film studios and production facilities to open.^[259] In 2021, several studio projects were in the planning stages.^[260]^[261]

Education

Primary and secondary education

The Buffalo Public Schools have about thirty-four thousand students enrolled in their primary and secondary schools.^[262] The district administers about sixty public schools, including thirty-six primary schools, five middle high schools, fourteen high schools and three alternative schools, with a total of about 3,500 teachers.^[263] Its board of education, authorized by the state, has nine elected members who select the superintendent and oversee the budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities.^[264]^[265] In 2020, the graduation rate was seventy-six percent.^[266] The public City Honors School was ranked the top high school in the city and 178th nationwide by U.S. News & World Report in 2021.^[267] There are twenty charter schools in Buffalo, with some oversight by the district.^[268] The city has over a dozen private schools, including Bishop Timon – St. Jude High School, Canisius High School, Mount Mercy Academy, and Nardin Academy—all Roman Catholic, and Darul Uloom Al-Madania and Universal School of Buffalo (both Islamic schools); nonsectarian options include Buffalo Seminary and the Nichols School.^[269]

Colleges and universities

Founded by Millard Fillmore, the University at Buffalo (UB) is one of the State University of New York's two flagship universities and the state's largest public university. A Research I university,^[270] over 32,000 undergraduate, graduate and professional students attend its thirteen schools and colleges.^[271]^[272] Two of UB's three campuses (the South and Downtown Campuses) are in the city, but most university functions take place at the large North Campus in Amherst.^[273] In 2020, U.S. News & World Report ranked UB the 34th-best public university and 88th in national universities.^[274] Buffalo State College, founded as a normal school, is one of SUNY's thirteen comprehensive colleges.^[275] The city's four-year private institutions include Canisius University, D'Youville University, Medaille University, Trocaire College, and Villa Maria College. SUNY Erie, the county's two-year public higher-education institution, and the for-profit Bryant & Stratton College have small downtown campuses.^[276]

Libraries

Established in 1835, Buffalo's main library is the Central Library of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library system. Rebuilt in 1964, it contains an auditorium, the original manuscript of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (donated by Mark Twain), and a collection of about two million books.^[277] Its Grosvenor Room maintains a special-collections listing of nearly five hundred thousand resources for researchers.^[278] A pocket park funded by Southwest Airlines opened in 2020, and brought landscaping improvements and seating to Lafayette Square.^[279] The system's free library cards are valid at the city's eight branch libraries and at member libraries throughout Erie County.^[280]

Infrastructure

Healthcare

Nine hospitals are operated in the city: Oishei Children's Hospital and Buffalo General Medical Center by Kaleida Health, Mercy Hospital and Sisters of Charity Hospital (Catholic Health), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, the county-run Erie County Medical Center (ECMC), Buffalo VA Medical Center, BryLin (Psychiatric) Hospital and the state-operated Buffalo Psychiatric Center.^[281] John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, built in 2017, is adjacent to Buffalo General Medical Center on the 120-acre (49 ha) Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus north of downtown;^[282] its Gates Vascular Institute specializes in acute stroke recovery.^[283] The medical campus includes the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, ranked the 14th-best cancer-treatment center in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.^[284]

Transportation

Growth and changing transportation needs altered Buffalo's grid plan, which was developed by Joseph Ellicott in 1804. His plan laid out streets like the spokes of a wheel, naming them after Dutch landowners and Native American tribes.^[285] City streets expanded outward, denser in the west and spreading out east of Main Street.^[286] Buffalo is a port of entry with Canada; the Peace Bridge crosses the Niagara River and links the Niagara Thruway (I-190) and Queen Elizabeth Way.^[287] I-190, NY 5 and NY 33 are the primary expressways serving the city, carrying a total of over 245,000 vehicles daily.^[j]^[288] NY 5 carries traffic to the Southtowns, and NY 33 carries traffic to the eastern suburbs and the Buffalo Airport.^[289] The east-west Scajacquada Expressway (NY 198) bisects Delaware Park, connecting I-190 with the Kensington Expressway (NY 33) on the city's East Side to form a partial beltway around the city center.^[290] The Scajacquada and Kensington Expressways and the Buffalo Skyway (NY 5) have been targeted for redesign or removal.^[291] Other major highways include US 62 on the city's East Side;^[292] NY 354 and a portion of NY 130, both east–west routes;^[293] and NY 265, NY 266 and NY 384, all north–south routes on the city's West Side.^[294] Buffalo has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car: 30 percent in 2015, decreasing to 28.2 percent in 2016; the 2016 national average was 8.7 percent. Buffalo averaged 1.03 cars per household in 2016, compared to the national average of 1.8.^[295]

Пассажиры входят в поезд метро — Buffalo Metro Rail train at the Amherst Street station

The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) operates the region's public transit, including its airport, light-rail system, buses, and harbors. The NFTA operates 323 buses on 61 lines throughout Western New York.^[296] Buffalo Metro Rail is a 6.4 mi-long (10.3 km) line which runs from Canalside to the University Heights district. The line's downtown section, south of the Fountain Plaza station, runs at grade and is free of charge.^[297] The Buffalo area ranks twenty-third nationwide in transit ridership, with thirty trips per capita per year.^[298] Expansions have been proposed since Buffalo Metro Rail's inception in the 1980s, with the latest plan (in the late 2010s) reaching the town of Amherst.^[299] Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Cheektowaga has daily scheduled flights by domestic, charter and regional carriers.^[300] The airport handled nearly five million passengers in 2019.^[301] It received a J.D. Power award in 2018 for customer satisfaction at a mid-sized airport,^[302] and underwent a $50 million expansion in 2020–21.^[303] The airport, light rail, small-boat harbor and buses are monitored by the NFTA's transit police.^[304]

Ряд красных прокатных велосипедов — Reddy Bikeshare at 250 Delaware Avenue

Buffalo has an Amtrak intercity train station, Buffalo–Exchange Street station, which was rebuilt in 2020.^[305] The city's eastern suburbs are served by Amtrak's Buffalo–Depew station in Depew, which was built in 1979. Buffalo was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower Ontario Peninsula; trains stopped at Buffalo Central Terminal, which operated from 1929 to 1979.^[306] Intercity buses depart and arrive from the NFTA's Metropolitan Transportation Center on Ellicott Street.^[307]

Since Buffalo adopted a complete streets policy in 2008, efforts have been made to accommodate cyclists and pedestrians into new infrastructure projects. Improved corridors have bike lanes,^[308] and Niagara Street received separate bike lanes in 2020.^[309] Walk Score gave Buffalo a "somewhat walkable" rating of 68 out of 100, with Allentown and downtown considered more walkable than other areas of the city.^[310]

Utilities

Buffalo's water system is operated by Veolia Water, and water treatment begins at the Colonel Francis G. Ward Pumping Station.^[311] When it opened in 1915, the station's capacity was second only to Paris.^[312] Wastewater is treated by the Buffalo Sewer Authority, its coverage extending to the eastern suburbs.^[313] National Grid and New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG) provide electricity, and National Fuel Gas provides natural gas.^[314] The city's primary telecommunications provider is Spectrum;^[314] Verizon Fios serves the North Park neighborhood. A 2018 report by Ookla noted that Buffalo was one of the bottom five U.S. cities in average download speeds at 66 megabits per second.^[315]

The city's Department of Public Works manages Buffalo's snow and trash removal and street cleaning.^[316] Snow removal generally operates from November 15 to April 1. A snow emergency is declared by the National Weather Service after a snowstorm, and the city's roads, major sidewalks and bridges are cleared by over seventy snowplows within 24 hours.^[317] Rock salt is the principal agent for preventing snow accumulation and melting ice. Snow removal may coincide with driving bans and parking restrictions.^[318]^[319] The area along the Outer Harbor is the most dangerous driving area during a snowstorm;^[317] when weather conditions dictate, the Buffalo Skyway is closed by the city's police department.^[320]

To prevent ice jams which may impact hydroelectric plants in Niagara Falls, the New York Power Authority and Ontario Power Generation began installing an ice boom annually in 1964. The boom's installation date is temperature-dependent,^[321] and it is removed on April 1 unless there is more than 650 km² (250 sq mi) of ice remaining on eastern Lake Erie.^[322] It stretches 2,680 m (8,790 ft) from the outer breakwall at the Buffalo Outer Harbor to the Canadian shore near Fort Erie.^[323] Originally made of wood, the boom now consists of steel pontoons.^[324]

Steel Winds, a local wind farm, with city of Buffalo seen in background across Lake Erie

Notable residents

Sister cities

Buffalo has eighteen sister cities:^[325]

Aboadze, Ghana
Baní, Dominican Republic
Bursa, Turkey
Cape Coast, Ghana (1976)
Changzhou, China (2011)
Dortmund, Germany (1972)
Drohobych, Ukraine (2000)
Horlivka, Ukraine (2007)
Kanazawa, Japan (1962)
Kiryat Gat, Israel (1977)
Lille, France (2000)
Rzeszów, Poland (1975)
Saint Ann, Jamaica (2007)
Siena, Italy (1961)
Torremaggiore, Italy (2004)
Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
Yıldırım, Turkey (2010)

Explanatory notes

^ Foreign entities were not allowed to own land in New York State until 1798 (Goldman 1983a, p. 27).
^ Sources disagree on the creek's etymology.^[1]^[2]^[3] Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve (French for "beautiful river"),^[1]^[2] Buffalo Creek may have been named after the American buffalo (whose range may have extended into Western New York).^[3]^[30]^[21]
^ When traveling with an ox and wagon team.
^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. For more information, see Threadex
^ From a 15-percent sample.
^ An exception before the mid-20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s, although they left the neighborhood through the 1960s (Goldman 1983b, p. 215).
^ The Buffalo Bills' championships in 1964 and 1965 were with the American Football League, prior to the AFL-NFL Merger
^ The New York Jets and the New York Giants play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
^ Average annual daily traffic, 2019.

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External links

Official website
NYPL Digital Gallery, Media related to Buffalo
Library of Congress, Prints & Photos Division: Historical images related to Buffalo
WNED Documentaries and Specials: Historical and cultural programming related to Buffalo from Buffalo–Toronto Public Media
Buffalo, New York at Curlie
Geographic data related to Buffalo, New York at OpenStreetMap

[22] Foreign entities were not allowed to own land in New York State until 1798 (Goldman 1983a, p. 27).

[32] Sources disagree on the creek's etymology.^[1]^[2]^[3] Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve (French for "beautiful river"),^[1]^[2] Buffalo Creek may have been named after the American buffalo (whose range may have extended into Western New York).^[3]^[30]^[21]

[37] When traveling with an ox and wagon team.

[102] Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

[103] Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. For more information, see Threadex

[110] From a 15-percent sample.

[113] An exception before the mid-20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s, although they left the neighborhood through the 1960s (Goldman 1983b, p. 215).

[201] The Buffalo Bills' championships in 1964 and 1965 were with the American Football League, prior to the AFL-NFL Merger

[202] The New York Jets and the New York Giants play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

[297] Average annual daily traffic, 2019.

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[Ketchum1865-33] Ketchum, William (1865). "Origin of the Name of Buffalo". An Authentic and Comprehensive History of Buffalo, with Some Account of Its Early Inhabitants, Both Savage and Civilized, Comprising Historic Notices of the Six Nations, Or Iroquois Indians, Vol. II. Buffalo, N.Y.: Rockwell, Baker & Hill. pp. 63–65, 141. ISBN 9780665514968. OCLC 49073883.

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[Severance1879-41] Severance, Frank H. (1879). "Papers relating to the Burning of Buffalo". Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society. Harold B. Lee Library. Buffalo: Bigelow Bros. pp. 334–356.

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[Rundell1962_97-125-44] Rundell, Edwin F.; Stein, Charles W. (1962). "Buffalo Becomes a Great City". Buffalo: your city (4th ed.). Buffalo and Erie County Public Library: Henry Stewart, Incorporated. pp. 97–125. OCLC 3023258.

[45] Wesley, Charles H. (January 1944). "The Participation of Negroes in Anti-Slavery Political Parties". The Journal of Negro History. 29 (1): 43–44, 51–52, 55, 65. doi:10.2307/2714753. JSTOR 2714753. S2CID 149675414.

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[inflation-US-48] 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.

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Базы данных авторитетного контроля
Международный	ВИАФ 2 WorldCat
Национальный	Германия Соединенные Штаты Франция Данные БнФ Чешская Республика Израиль
Географический	МузыкаBrainz area
Другой	НАРА