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Национальный консерватизм

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Национальный консерватизм — националистический вариант консерватизма , который концентрируется на поддержке национальной , культурной самобытности , коммунитаризма и общественной роли религии (см. Религия в политике ). Он разделяет аспекты традиционалистского консерватизма и социального консерватизма , отходя при этом от экономического либерализма и либертарианства , а также придерживаясь более агностического подхода к регулятивной экономике и протекционизму . [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Национальные консерваторы обычно сочетают консерватизм с националистическими позициями, подчеркивая культурный консерватизм , семейные ценности и противодействие нелегальной иммиграции или противодействие иммиграции как таковой. [5] [6] [7] Национальные консервативные партии часто имеют корни в среде с сельской, традиционалистской или периферийной основой, в отличие от более городской базы поддержки либеральных консервативных партий. [8]

В Европе обычно придерживаются той или иной формы евроскептицизма . [9] [10] В частности, в посткоммунистической Центральной и Восточной Европе большинство консервативных партий с 1989 года следовали национальной консервативной идеологии. [11] Наиболее примечательным является правительство Виктора Орбана в Венгрии , который открыто охарактеризовал идеологию своей партии как национально-консервативную по своему характеру и чье правительство участвует в финансировании и распространении национальных консервативных институтов в Европе и Соединенных Штатах, таких как Дунайский институт , Коллегия Матиаса Корвина , Европейский консервативный журнал и Национальная конференция консерватизма . [12][13][14][15] In the United States, Trumpism can be considered a variety of national conservatism,[16][17][18] which also gives its name to the National Conservatism Conference, organised by the Edmund Burke Foundation.[19]

National conservatism was recently re-launched by Israeli-American political philosopher and Biblical scholar Yoram Hazony, with his 2022 book Conservatism: A Rediscovery.[20][21][22] Hazony has written that "In the political arena, conservatism refers to a standpoint that regards the recovery, restoration, elaboration, and repair of national and religious traditions as the key to maintaining a nation and strengthening it through time."[1]

Ideology[edit]

Social policies[edit]

Ideologically, national conservatism is not a uniform philosophy but adherents have broadly expressed support for nationalism, patriotism, assimilationism and monoculturalism. At the same time there is expressed opposition to internationalism, racial politics, multiculturalism and globalism.[23][24][25] National conservatives adhere to a form of cultural nationalism that emphasizes the preservation of national identity as well as cultural identity. As a result, many favor assimilation into the dominant culture, restrictions on immigration and strict law and order policies.[6][9][5]

National conservative parties are "socially traditional"[9] and support traditional family values, gender roles and the public role of religion,[5][26] being sometimes critical of separation of church and state. According to the Austrian political scientist Sieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition".[26] National conservatives are thus social conservatives.

Economic policies[edit]

National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support of corporatism[citation needed] and mixed economy to a more laissez-faire approach. In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished from liberal conservatives,[27] for whom free market economic policies, deregulation and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and economic liberal conservatism: "Most parties of the Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalised social, cultural and national conservatives."[27]

Foreign policy[edit]

National conservatives usually support a foreign policy that upholds the interests of their nation. They lean towards militarism, unilateralism and isolationism. They reject the internationalism and multilateralism that has characterized the modern global age.[28][29] They often have a negative view of the United Nations, feeling that its globalist agenda erodes their unique national identity,[28][29] as well as the European Union and other international organizations.[16]

Regionalist varieties[edit]

Main article: Regionalism (politics)

Regional parties can be nationalist or national conservative, without aligning with the country to which the region belongs. South Tyrol is a notable example, as "national conservative" parties there represent its German-speaking majority and identify with neighbouring Austria, with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.

List of national conservative political parties[edit]

Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions[edit]

The following political parties have been characterised as being ideologically influenced by national conservativism:

Defunct or formerly national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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