Гуанчжоу

Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Гуанчжоу (значения) или Кантон .

Гуанчжоу Гуанчжоу Кантон; Кванчжоу
Город на уровне префектуры и субпровинции
Clockwise from top: Aerial view of Zhujiang New Town, Canton Tower and the Pearl River; Canton Fair Complex; Sacred Heart Cathedral; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall; Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Hill; Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees; Guangzhou Library; and Five-Ram Sculpture
Nicknames:  City of Rams, City of Flowers, City of Rice Spike
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Location of Guangzhou City jurisdiction in Guangdong
Guangzhou Location of the city center in Guangdong Guangzhou Guangzhou (China) Show map of GuangdongShow map of ChinaShow all
Coordinates (Guangdong People's Government): 23°07′48″N 113°15′36″E
Country	China
Province	Guangdong
Settled	214 BC
Founded by	Qin dynasty
Municipal seat	Yuexiu District
Government
• Type	Sub-provincial city
• Body	Guangzhou Municipal People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Guo Yonghang
• Congress Chairman	Wang Yanshi
• Mayor	Sun Zhiyang
• CPPCC Chairman	Li Yiwei
Area
• Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city	7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi)
• Urban	2,256.4 km2 (871.2 sq mi)
• Metro	20,144.1 km2 (7,777.7 sq mi)
Elevation	21 m (69 ft)
Population  (2020 census)
• Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city	18,676,605
• Density	2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
• Urban	26,940,000
• Urban density	12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi)
• Metro	32,623,413
• Metro density	1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)
Demonym	Cantonese
GDP
• Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city	CN¥ 2.823 trillion US$ 437.7 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 151,162 US$ 23,436
Time zone	UTC+08:00 (China Standard Time)
Postal code	510000
Area code	(0)20
ISO 3166 code	CN-GD-01
License plate prefixes	粤A
City Flower	Bombax ceiba
City Bird	Chinese hwamei
Languages	Cantonese, Standard Chinese
Website	gz.gov.cn

Guangzhou
"Guangzhou" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Hanyu Pinyin
Cantonese Yale
Postal	Canton Kwangchow
Literal meaning	"Broad Prefecture"
showTranscriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Bopomofo ㄍㄨㄤˇ   ㄓㄡ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Goangjou Wade–Giles Kuang3-chou1 Tongyong Pinyin Guǎngjhou Yale Romanization Gwǎngjōu IPA [kwàŋ.ʈʂóʊ] Wu Romanization Kuaon-tseu Hakka Romanization Kong3-ziu1 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Jyutping gwong2 zau1 IPA [kʷɔŋ˧˥.tsɐw˥] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kńg-chiu
abbreviation
Chinese	穗
Hanyu Pinyin	Suì
Cantonese Yale	Seuih
showTranscriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Suì Bopomofo ㄙㄨㄟˋ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suey Wade–Giles Sui4 Tongyong Pinyin Suèi Yale Romanization Swèi IPA [swêɪ] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Seuih Jyutping seoi6 IPA [sɵɥ˨]

Гуанчжоу , ранее латинизированный как Кантон или Кванчоу , — столица и крупнейший город Гуандун провинции на юге Китая . Расположенный на Жемчужной реке примерно в 120 км (75 миль) к северо-северо-западу от Гонконга и в 145 км (90 миль) к северу от Макао , Гуанчжоу имеет историю, насчитывающую более 2200 лет, и был главной конечной точкой Шелкового пути .

Порт Гуанчжоу служит транспортным узлом, а Гуанчжоу является одним из трех крупнейших городов Китая. Долгое время это был единственный китайский порт, доступный большинству иностранных торговцев. Гуанчжоу был захвачен британцами во время Первой опиумной войны и после войны больше не пользовался монополией; следовательно, он потерял торговлю с другими портами, такими как Гонконг и Шанхай , но продолжал служить основным перевалочным пунктом . Из-за большого количества городского населения и больших объемов портовых перевозок Гуанчжоу классифицируется как крупный портовый мегаполис, крупнейший тип портового города в мире. После Второй битвы при Чуэнпи в 1841 году был подписан Нанкинский договор между сэром Робертом Пилем от имени королевы Виктории и Линь Цзэсюем от имени императора Сюаньцзуна уступился , по которому 26 января 1841 года Гонконг Соединенному Королевству после соглашения Конвенция Чуэнпи .

Guangzhou is at the heart of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area, the most populous built-up metropolitan area in the world, which extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen and part of Jiangmen, Huizhou, Zhuhai and Macau, forming the largest urban agglomeration on Earth with approximately 70 million residents and part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. Administratively, the city holds subprovincial status and is one of China's nine National Central Cities. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis. The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China. As of the 2020 census, the registered population of the city's expansive administrative area was 18,676,605 individuals (up 47 percent from the previous census in 2010), of whom 16,492,590 lived in 9 urban districts (all but Conghua and Zengcheng). Due to worldwide travel restrictions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, the major airport of Guangzhou, briefly became the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2020. Guangzhou is the fifth most populous city by urban resident population in China after Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen and Chongqing.

In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China. For three consecutive years (2013–2015), Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China. Guangzhou is highly ranked as an Alpha (global first-tier) city together with San Francisco and Stockholm. It is a major Asia-Pacific finance hub, ranking 21st globally in the 2020 Global Financial Centres Index. As an important international city, Guangzhou has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable being the 2010 Asian Games, the 2010 Asian Para Games, and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. The city hosts 65 foreign representatives, making it the major city hosting the third most foreign representatives in China, after Beijing and Shanghai. As of 2020, Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China—after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen—for the number of billionaire residents by the Hurun Global Rich List.

Guangzhou is a major Asia-Pacific research and development hub with a high level of scientific research output, ranking 8th globally and 4th in the Asia-Pacific, and is home to many of China's most prestigious universities, including Sun Yat-sen University, South China University of Technology, Jinan University, South China Normal University, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou University, Southern Medical University, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Medical University, and Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine.

Toponymy

Portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals, the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname "The City of Rams"

Guǎngzhōu is the official romanization of the Chinese name 广州. The name of the city is taken from the ancient Guǎng Prefecture after it had become the prefecture's seat of government. The character 廣 or 广 means 'broad' or 'expansive'.

Before acquiring its current name, the town was known as Panyu (Punyü; 番禺), a name still borne by one of Guangzhou's districts not far from the main city. The origin of the name is still uncertain, with 11 various explanations being offered, including that it may have referred to two local mountains. The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture. From this latter name, Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh as Khanfu (خانفو). Under the Southern Han, the city was renamed Xingwang Fu (興王府).

The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is 穗, pronounced Seoi⁶ in Cantonese and Suì in Mandarin—although the abbreviation on car license plates, as with the rest of the province, is 粤), after its nickname "City of Rice" (穗城. The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams (羊城) or City of the Five Rams (五羊城) from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city's foundation. The former name "City of the Immortals" (仙城/五仙城) came from the same story. The more recent City of Flowers (花城) is usually taken as a simple reference to the area's fine greenery.

The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cidade de Cantão, a blend of dialectal pronunciations of "Guangdong" (e.g., Cantonese Gwong2-dung1). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors. It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou, and remained the official name until its name change to "Guangzhou". As an adjective, it is still used in describing the people, language, cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region. The 19th-century name was "Kwang-chow foo".

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Guangzhou.

Prehistory

The jade burial suit of Zhao Mo in Guangzhou's Nanyue King Museum

A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC. Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of King Nan of Zhou, emperor of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.

Nanyue

Guangzhou, then known as Panyu, was founded on the eastern bank of the Pearl River in 214 BC. Ships commanded by tradespersons arrived on the South China coast in the late antiquity. Surviving records from the Tang dynasty confirm, that the residents of Panyu observed a range of trade missions. Records on foreign trade ships reach upon til the late 20th century.

Panyu was the seat of Qin Empire's Nanhai Commandery, and served as a base for the first invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China. Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years. Upon the fall of the Qin, General Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC. It remained independent throughout the Chu-Han Contention, although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC. Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center: in addition to items from central China, archeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia, India, and even Africa. Zhao Tuo was succeeded by Zhao Mo and then Zhao Yingqi. Upon Zhao Yingqi's death in 115 BC, his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture. By 113 BC, his Chinese mother, the Empress Dowager Jiu (樛) had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire. The native prime minister Lü Jia (呂嘉) launched a coup, killing Han ambassadors along with the king, his mother, and their supporters. A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him. Emperor Wu of Han took offense and launched a massive riverine and seaborne war: six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC.

Imperial China

Canton in the early 1800s

View of Pazhou in 1810

Incorporated into the Han dynasty, Panyu became a provincial capital. In AD 226, it became the seat of Guang Prefecture, which gave it its modern name. The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China. Direct routes connected the Middle East and China, as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas. Relations were often strained: while China was undergoing the An Lushan Rebellion, Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on 30 October 758 and in revenge thousands of Arabs and Persians were killed by Chinese rebels in the Yangzhou massacre (760). In the Guangzhou massacre about 200,000 Arab, Persian and other foreigners were killed by Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with the city's Jews, Christians, and Parsis. The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction.

Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang dynasty, the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a "Great Yue" or "Southern Han" empire, which lasted from 917 to 971. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period. From the 10th to 12th century, there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively men, but included "Persian females". According to Odoric of Pordenone, Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area, and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced. He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes. Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his journey around the world in the 14th century. He detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.

Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor's declaration of the Ming dynasty, he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans (海禁). These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors. Previous maritime intendancies of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningbo were closed in 1384 and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.

Following the Portuguese conquest of the Melaka Sultanate, Rafael Perestrello traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516. His report induced Fernão Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year, but De Andrade's exploration was understood as spying and his brother Simão and others began attempting to monopolize trade, enslaving Chinese women and children, engaging in piracy, and fortifying the island of Tamão. Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children. The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off: they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen and in Xicao Bay; held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca, who had been accounted a Ming vassal; and, after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year, ultimately executed 23 by lingchi. With the help of local pirates, the "Folangji" then carried out smuggling at Macao, Lampacau, and St John's Island (now Shangchuan), until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo (汪柏) and the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord. The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues; three years later, after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies, the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself.

Nieuhof's imaginative 1665 map of "Kanton", made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city

In October 1646, the Longwu Emperor's brother, Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou, the last stronghold of the Ming empire. On December 11, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes. He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on January 20, 1647, when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong (李成棟) sacked the city on behalf of the Qing.

The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683. The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned, as did private Muslim, Armenian, and English traders. From 1699 to 1714, the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year; the Austrian Ostend General India Co. arrived in 1717, the Dutch East India Co. in 1729, the Danish Asiatic Co. in 1731, and the Swedish East India Co. the next year. These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel. The first independent American ship arrived in 1784, and the first colonial Australian one in 1788. By that time, Guangzhou was one of the world's greatest ports, organized under the Canton System. The main exports were tea and porcelain. As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.

In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two stories. However, there were notable exceptions such as the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, and the guard tower known as the Five-Story Pagoda. The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves. The brick city walls were about 6 mi (10 km) in circumference, 25 ft (8 m) high, and 20 ft (6 m) wide. Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night. The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which, along with the canals, functioned as the city's sewer, emptied daily by the river's tides. A partition wall with four gates divided the northern "old town" from the southern "new town" closer to the river; the suburb of Xiguan (Saikwan; "West Gate") stretched beyond and the boats of fishers, traders, and Tanka ("boat people") almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 mi (6 km). It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse. The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing—about 1,200 mi (1,931 km) away—in less than 24 hours.

Guangzhou ("Canton") and the surrounding islands of Henan, Pazhou, Changzhou, and Xiaoguwei in 1841

Guangzhou city skyline at dusk in 2011

The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839. Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta, the British captured Canton on March 18, 1841. The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later. Following the Qing's 1842 treaty with Great Britain, Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries, usually including extraterritorial enclaves. Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856), the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died. The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War (1856–1858). The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai.

The concession for the Guangdong–Hankou Railway was awarded to the American China Development Co. in 1898. It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession. J.P. Morgan was awarded millions in damages and the line to Wuchang was not completed until 1936 and the completion of a unified Beijing–Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge in 1957.

Modern China

Revolutions

During the late Qing dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 that were the predecessors of the successful Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city's 72 Martyrs at the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum.

Republic of China

After the assassination of Song Jiaorenn and Yuan Shikai's attempts to remove the Nationalist Party of China from power, the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat-sen after its failure. The city came under national spotlight again in 1917, when Prime Minister Duan Qirui's abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement. Sun Yat-sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords. The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support. Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars. On June 16, 1922, Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili Clique's Beijing government. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established a government in the city for the third time.

From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang (KMT) used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927.

In 1924, the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The Kuomintang-CCP cooperation was confirmed in the First Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT. The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city, of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term. Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars, training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy. In August, the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising. The next year the anti-imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right-wing leader Hu Hanmin, the suspected mastermind, was exiled to the Soviet Union, leaving the pro-communist Wang Jingwei in charge. Opposing communist encroachment, the right-wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT. The "Canton Coup" on March 20, 1926, saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei, the party's left wing, its Communist allies, and its Soviet advisors. By May, he had ended civilian control of the military and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north. Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the April 12 Incident. Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen, resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups. Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui, a general supportive of the Wuhan faction, seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei's faction in the city, the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising. Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city. Soon, control of the city reverted to Li Jishen.

Li was deposed during a war between Chiang and the New Guangxi Clique. By 1929, Chen Jitang had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong. In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti-Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou. The opposition to Chiang included KMT leaders like Wang Jingwei, Sun Fo and others from diverse factions. The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the 4th National Congress of Kuomintang being held separately by three factions in Nanjing, Shanghai and Canton. Resigning all his posts, Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions. While the intraparty division was resolved, Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936. During the WW2, the "Canton Operation" subjected the city to Japanese occupation by the end of December 1938.

People's Republic of China

Amid the closing months before total Communist victory, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republican government. Guangzhou was captured on October 14, 1949. Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau, defeated Nationalist forces blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city, with many of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period.

The People's Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city's boat people to life on land. Since the 1980s, the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese made it one of the first beneficiaries of China's opening up under Deng Xiaoping. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s also helped the city's industrialization and economic development.

The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties. The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005, merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively. The city acquired Nansha and Luogang. The former was carved out of Panyu, the latter from parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, Zengcheng, and an exclave within Huangpu. The National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009; on March 19 of the same year, the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities. In 2014, Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts.

On 16 June 2022 an EF2 tornado struck the city, causing major power outages and knocking out power to the city's subway lines.

History of Guangzhou

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  The Thirteen Factories c. 1805, displaying the flags of Denmark, Spain, the United States, Sweden, Britain, and the Netherlands
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  An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua, one of the most successful suppliers of "export paintings" for Guangzhou's foreign traders.
  
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  Vrooman's 1860 map of the "City and Entire Suburbs of Canton", one of the first made after the treaties of Tianjin and Beijing permitted foreigners full access to Guangzhou's walled city
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  The Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in 1863
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  The Five-story Pagoda atop Yuexiu Hill c. 1880
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  The Sacred Heart Cathedral towering over the one- and two-story homes of old Guangzhou c. 1880
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  The US Navy's Dept of Navigation's 1920 map of "Canton"
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  Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek at the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy on 16 June 1924
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  The Guangzhou Bund in 1930, with rows of Tanka boats
• A short film of Guangzhou in 1937
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  The People's Liberation Army entering Guangzhou on 14 October 1949

Geography

Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON) 廣州) in surrounding region (AMS, 1954)

Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou

The old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) about 80 mi (129 km) from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 mi (483 km) below its head of navigation. It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta, with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait. The present city spans 7,434.4 km² (2,870.4 sq mi) on both sides of the river from 112° 57′ to 114° 03′ E longitude and 22° 26′ to 23° 56′ N latitude in south-central Guangdong. The Pearl is the 4th-largest river of China. Intertidal ecosystems exist on the tidal flat lining the river estuary, however, many of the tidal flats have been reclaimed for agriculture. Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city's "lung" (市肺).

The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front. Tiantang Peak is the highest point of elevation at 1,210 m (3,970 ft) above sea level.

Natural resources

There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou, including 18 large and medium-sized oil deposits. The major minerals are granite, cement limestone, ceramic clay, potassium, albite, salt mine, mirabilite, nepheline, syenite, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and geothermal mineral water. Since Guangzhou is located in the water-rich area of southern China, it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems, accounting for 10% of the total land area. The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable.

Water resources

The main characteristics of Guangzhou's water resources are that there are relatively few local water resources and relatively abundant transit water resources. The city's water area is 74,400 hectares, accounting for 10.05% of the city's land area. The main rivers include Beijiang, Dongjiang North Mainstream, Zengjiang, Liuxi River, Baini River, Pearl River Guangzhou Reach, Shiqiao Waterway, and Shawan Waterway. Beijiang, The Dongjiang River flows through Guangzhou City and merges with the Pearl River to flow into the sea. The local average total water resources is 7.979 billion cubic meters, including 7.881 billion cubic meters of surface water and 1.487 billion cubic meters of groundwater. Calculated based on the amount of local water resources and the permanent population counted in the sixth census in 2010, there are 1.0601 million cubic meters of water resources per square kilometer, with an average of 628 cubic meters per capita, which is one-half of the country's per capita water resources. The amount of water resources for transit passengers is 186.024 billion cubic meters, which is 23 times the total local water resources. The passenger water resources are mainly concentrated in the southern Wanghe District and Zengcheng District. The passenger water resources diverted from the Xijiang and Beijiang Rivers into Guangzhou City are 159.15 billion cubic meters, and the passenger water resources diverted from the Dongjiang River into the north mainstream of the Dongjiang River are 14.203 billion cubic meters. meters and the water inflow from the upper reaches of the Zengjiang River is 2.828 billion cubic meters. The southern river network area is in the tidal influence area, with large runoff and a strong tidal effect. The three major entrances of the Pearl River, Humen, Jiaomen, and Hongqili, enter the Lingding Ocean and exit the South China Sea in the south of Guangzhou City. The annual high tide volume is 271 billion cubic meters and the annual ebb tide volume is 408.8 billion cubic meters. The annual runoff of the three major entrances is 137.7 billion cubic meters. Compared with meters, the annual tide can bring a large amount of water, part of which is freshwater resources that can be utilized.

Biological Resources

Cultivated crops in Guangzhou have the distinctive characteristics of the transition from the tropics to the subtropics, and it is one of the richest regions in China in terms of fruit tree resources, including three major categories of tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones, 41 families, 82 genera and 174 species, totaling more than 500 varieties (among which there are 55 major varieties of lychee). It is the center of origin and variety of lychee, longan, yellow skin, black (white) olive, and so on. Vegetables are known for their high quality and variety, with 15 major categories, 127 species, and more than 370 varieties. Flowers include fresh cut flowers (fresh cut flowers, fresh cut leaves, fresh cut branches), potted plants (potted flowers, bonsai, flower bed plants), ornamental seedlings, edible and medicinal flowers, industrial and other uses of flowers, lawns, seedlings, etc. More than 3,000 traditional varieties and in recent years the introduction of new varieties, development, and utilization. Grain, cash crops, livestock, poultry, aquatic products, wild animals, and a wide variety of famous and excellent varieties, including Zengcheng Simiao rice is the first protected variety in Guangzhou City to obtain geographical indications.

Mineral Resources

The geological structure of Guangzhou City is quite complex, with good conditions for mineralization. Forty-seven kinds of minerals (including subspecies) have been discovered, with 820 mineral sites and 25 large and medium-sized mining areas. The main minerals are granite for construction, limestone for cement, ceramic clay, potassium, sodium feldspar, salt mines, manganese, nepheline orthoclase, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and thermal mineral water. Energy minerals and non-ferrous minerals in the area are in short supply, sporadically distributed, small in scale, and unstable in grade.,

Climate

Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity, and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. Monthly averages range from 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 22.4 °C (72.3 °F). Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time. The relative humidity is approximately 76 percent, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,950 mm (77 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March to 51 percent in October, the city receives 1,559 hours of bright sunshine annually, considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 39.4 °C (102.9 °F). The last recorded snowfall in the city was on January 24, 2016, 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall.

hideClimate data for Guangzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	28.4 (83.1)	29.4 (84.9)	32.1 (89.8)	33.3 (91.9)	39.4 (102.9)	38.9 (102.0)	39.1 (102.4)	38.3 (100.9)	37.6 (99.7)	36.2 (97.2)	33.4 (92.1)	29.6 (85.3)	39.4 (102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	18.7 (65.7)	20.0 (68.0)	22.3 (72.1)	26.4 (79.5)	30.0 (86.0)	32.0 (89.6)	33.3 (91.9)	33.2 (91.8)	32.0 (89.6)	29.3 (84.7)	25.3 (77.5)	20.7 (69.3)	26.9 (80.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	13.8 (56.8)	15.5 (59.9)	18.3 (64.9)	22.5 (72.5)	26.0 (78.8)	27.9 (82.2)	28.9 (84.0)	28.6 (83.5)	27.4 (81.3)	24.4 (75.9)	20.2 (68.4)	15.4 (59.7)	22.4 (72.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	10.6 (51.1)	12.5 (54.5)	15.5 (59.9)	19.6 (67.3)	23.1 (73.6)	25.1 (77.2)	25.8 (78.4)	25.5 (77.9)	24.2 (75.6)	20.9 (69.6)	16.7 (62.1)	11.9 (53.4)	19.3 (66.7)
Record low °C (°F)	0.1 (32.2)	1.3 (34.3)	3.2 (37.8)	7.7 (45.9)	13.7 (56.7)	18.8 (65.8)	21.6 (70.9)	20.9 (69.6)	15.5 (59.9)	9.5 (49.1)	4.9 (40.8)	0.0 (32.0)	0.0 (32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	51.1 (2.01)	56.1 (2.21)	101.0 (3.98)	193.8 (7.63)	329.0 (12.95)	364.9 (14.37)	242.6 (9.55)	270.3 (10.64)	203.2 (8.00)	67.3 (2.65)	37.4 (1.47)	33.4 (1.31)	1,950.1 (76.77)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	7.2	9.4	13.8	15.3	17.4	19.4	17.0	16.8	12.0	5.7	5.7	5.7	145.4
Average relative humidity (%)	72	76	80	82	81	82	79	80	77	70	69	67	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	112.9	77.5	61.6	69.1	103.4	127.5	179.0	166.4	167.0	182.2	159.7	152.7	1,559
Percent possible sunshine	33	24	17	18	25	32	43	42	46	51	49	46	36
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center all-time extreme temperature

Administrative divisions

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou

Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts:

Liwan Yuexiu Haizhu Tianhe Baiyun Huangpu Panyu Huadu Nansha Conghua Zengcheng

hideAdministrative divisions of Guangzhou Division code Division Area (km2) Population (2022) Seat Postal code Subdivisions Subdistricts Towns Residential communities Administrative villages 440100 Guangzhou 7,434.40 18,734,100 Yuexiu 510000 136 34 1533 1142 440103 Liwan 59.10 1,123,700 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22   195   440104 Yuexiu 33.80 1,028,500 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18   267   440105 Haizhu 90.40 1,798,300 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18   257   440106 Tianhe 96.33 2,221,700 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21   205   440111 Baiyun 795.79 3,637,000 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118 440112 Huangpu 484.17 1,191,800 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28 440113 Panyu 529.94 2,807,400 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177 440114 Huadu 970.04 1,706,200 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188 440115 Nansha 783.86 929,400 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128 440117 Conghua 1,974.50 739,700 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221 440118 Zengcheng 1,616.47 1,550,400 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282

showAdministrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations English Chinese Pinyin Guangdong Romanization Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an Liwan District 荔湾区 Lìwān Qū lei6 wan1 kêu1 lai4 van1 ki1 Yuexiu District 越秀区 Yuèxiù Qū yud6 seo3 kêu1 yet6 siu4 ki1 Haizhu District 海珠区 Hǎizhū Qū hoi2 ju1 kêu1 hoi2 zu1 ki1 Tianhe District 天河区 Tiānhé Qū tin6 ho4 kêu1 tien1 ho2 ki1 Baiyun District 白云区 Báiyún Qū bak6 wan4 kêu1 pak6 yun2 ki1 Huangpu District 黄埔区 Huángpǔ Qū wong4 bou3 kêu1 vong2 bu4 ki1 Panyu District 番禺区 Pānyú Qū pun1 yu4 kêu1 pan1 ngi2 ki1 Huadu District 花都区 Huādū Qū fa1 dou1 kêu1 fa1 du1 ki1 Nansha District 南沙区 Nánshā Qū nam4 sa1 kêu1 nam2/lam2 sa1 ki1 Conghua District 从化区 Cónghuà Qū cung4 fa3 kêu1 vung2 fa3 ki1 Zengcheng District 增城区 Zēngchéng Qū zeng1 xing4 kêu1 zen1 sang2 ki1 Guangzhou City 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shì guong2 zeo1 xi5 kong3 ziu1 si4

Economy

Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2021, its GDP reached ¥2,823 billion (US$444.37 billion in nominal), making it the 2nd largest economy in the South-Central China region after Shenzhen. Guangzhou's GDP (nominal) was $444.37 billion in 2021, exceeding that Guangzhou's per capita was ¥151,162 ($23,794 in nominal). Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China. Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020. Guangzhou is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in terms of nominal GDP in 2035 (together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics, and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above $42,000 in 2030. Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally (between Washington, D.C., and Amsterdam) and 8th in the whole Asia & Oceania region (behind Shanghai, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, Shenzhen and Dubai) in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index (GFCI). Owing to rapid industrialization, it was once also considered a rather polluted city. After green urban planning was implemented, it is now one of the most livable cities in China.

Zhujiang New Town

Zhujiang New Town is the central business district of Guangzhou in the 21st century. It covers 6.44 km² in Tianhe District. Multiple financial institutions are headquartered in this area.

• 
  Zhujiang New Town
• 
  Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town
• 
  Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town
• 
  Haixin Bridge and Canton Tower near Zhujiang New Town
• 
  Zhujiang New Town at night

Canton Fair

The Canton Fair, formally the "China Import and Export Fair", is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the fair is a major event for the city. It is the trade fair with the longest history, highest level, and largest scale in China. From the 104th session onwards, the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (广州国际会展中心) in Pazhou, from the older complex in Liuhua. The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1. Since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases.

• 
  The first Canton Fair (1957) at the Sino-Soviet Friendship Building
• 
  The former Canton Fair site at Yuexiu's Liuhua Complex
• 
  The new Canton Fair Complex
• 
  Interior of the Canton Fair Complex

Local products

• Cantonese cuisine is one of China's most famous and popular regional cuisines, with a saying stating simply to "Eat in Guangzhou" (食在廣州).
• Cantonese sculpture includes work in jade, wood, and (controversially) ivory.
• Canton porcelain developed over the past three centuries as one of the major forms of exportware. It is now known within China for its highly colorful style.
• Cantonese embroidery is one of china's four main styles of the embroidery.
• Zhujiang Beer, a pale lager, is one of China's most successful brands.

Industry

Automobile manufacturer GAC Group headquartered in Guangzhou

• GAC Group
• Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
• Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone

  The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km² (0.53 sq mi). It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated 54 km (34 mi) (a 70 minutes drive) south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port. It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal.

• Guangzhou Free Trade Zone

  The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport. The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing and computer software. Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District. Next to the industries above, new sectors are being introduced to the business environment, including new energy, AI, new mobility, new materials, information and communication technology and new transport. It is also home to the Guangzhou IP Court.

• Guangzhou Science City

Business Environment

Guangzhou is a hub for international businesses. According to an article by China Briefing, over 30,000 foreign-invested companies had settled in Guangzhou by 2018, including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies with projects and 120 Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters or regional headquarters in the city.

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1950	2,567,645	—
1960	3,683,104	+43.4%
1970	4,185,363	+13.6%
1980	5,018,638	+19.9%
1990	5,942,534	+18.4%
2000	9,943,000	+67.3%
2002	10,106,229	+1.6%
2005	9,496,800	−6.0%
2006	9,966,600	+4.9%
2007	10,530,100	+5.7%
2008	11,153,400	+5.9%
2009	11,869,700	+6.4%
2010	12,701,948	+7.0%
2011	12,751,400	+0.4%
2012	12,832,900	+0.6%
2013	12,926,800	+0.7%
2014	13,080,500	+1.2%
2018	14,904,400	+13.9%
Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions.

The 2010 census found Guangzhou's population to be 12.78 million. As of 2014, it was estimated at 13,080,500, with 11,264,800 urban residents. Its population density is thus around 1,800 people per km². The built-up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities. The built-up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17,573 km² (6,785 sq mi) and has been estimated to house 22 million people, including Guangzhou's nine urban districts, Shenzhen (5.36m), Dongguan (3.22m), Zhongshan (3.12m), most of Foshan (2.2m), Jiangmen (1.82m), Zhuhai (890k), and Huizhou's Huiyang District (760k). The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The area's fast-growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge "floating population" of migrant workers; thus, up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year. In 2008, about five million of Guangzhou's permanent residents were hukouless migrants.

Ethnicity and language

Most of Guangzhou's population is Han Chinese. Almost all Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language, while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin. In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population, although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well. In 2018, He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen. Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69% could still speak and understand Cantonese, 20% can understand Cantonese, but unable to speak it, and 11% completely had no knowledge of Cantonese. Jinan University's study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese, roughly 40%-50% of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51.4% of them in mobile games, 47% in Social Platforms, 44.1% in TV shows, and 39.8% in Books and Newspapers. Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese, it is faring better in survival, popularity, and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture, as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment, which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language. As of the 2020s, additional renewed efforts were introduced to preserve the local Cantonese language and culture with some limited Cantonese language classes now being taught in some schools as well as hosting Cantonese appreciation cultural events along with hosting activities that cater to the local Cantonese culture and language as well as many local Cantonese speaking families are now placing much stronger emphasis on their children to speak Cantonese to preserve the culture and language. In a 2018 report study by Shan Yunming and Li Sheng, the report showed that 90% of people living in Guangzhou are bilingual in both Cantonese and Mandarin, though fluency will vary depending on if they are locally born to the city and the surrounding Guangdong province or migrants from other provinces, which shows how much importance the Cantonese language still has in the city despite the strict policy rules from the government to be using Mandarin as the country's official language. Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country. While most areas of China have 112–120 boys per 100 girls, the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls.

Guangzhou also possesses a large resident population who are Hakka people. There are seven administrative districts in Guangzhou with a considerable Hakka population: Zengcheng District, Huadu District, Conghua District, Baiyun District, Tianhe District, Yuexiu District and Panyu District. It is estimated that in Zengcheng district and Huadu district of Guangzhou, Hakka speakers account for about 40 percent and a third of the district's population.

Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants, with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people. This huge influx of people from other areas, called the floating population, is due to the city's fast-growing economy and high labor demands. Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that, while the city had 10.33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number, the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million. According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng, the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million, which means the city is facing a great strain, mostly due to a high population of unregistered people.

According to the 2000 National Census, marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and is particularly important for women as 29.3% of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage [Liang et al.,2004]. Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life. but like elsewhere in the People's Republic of China, the household registration system (hukou) limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution. In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.

Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th- and 20th-century Chinese diaspora; in fact, many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the United States, Canada, and Australia.

Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese, but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists, workers, and residents from the usual locations such as the United States. Notably, it is also home to thousands of African immigrants, including people from Nigeria, Somalia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Metropolitan area

The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 25 million.

Development of Guangzhou

Gong et al 2018 report on the development of Guangzhou from 1990 until 2020, showing how in 1990, the developed residential districts were almost exclusively concentrated in a small part of western Guangzhou whereas other parts of Guangzhou had a smaller limited amount of developed residential communities being overwhelmingly surrounded by agricultural and forest lands. However, from 2005 until 2020, other parts of the city eventually began to develop more so residential communities and in the 2020 map report, it showed fully developed residential communities going from west to east of the city whereas the very southern part and large portions of northern Guangzhou still remain mainly agricultural and forest lands with very limited developed residential communities.

Transportation

Urban mass transit

Main article: Guangzhou Metro

Guangzhou Metro

When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. Currently the metro network is made up of sixteen lines, covering a total length of 652.81 km (405.64 mi). A long-term plan is to make the city's metro system expand to over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation. In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on December 31, 2014.

The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GBRT) system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road. It has several connections to the metro and is the world's 2nd-largest bus rapid transit system with 1,000,000 passenger trips daily. It handles 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota. The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges.

Motor transport

See also: List of bus routes in Guangzhou

Buses in Guangzhou

In the 19th century, the city already had over 600 long, straight streets; these were mostly paved but still very narrow. In June 1919, work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways. The demolition took three years in total.

In 2009, it was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city. At present, Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis.

A GAC Aion S yellow taxi of Guangzhou

Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong's urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated. The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.

Airports

Baiyun International Airport Terminal 2

Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Baiyun District; it opened on August 5, 2004. This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city's rapidly growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned. Terminal 2 opened on April 26, 2018. Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning.

Guangzhou is served by Hong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier. There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA.

Rail

Further information: Guangzhou railway station, Guangzhou East railway station, Guangzhou South railway station, Guangzhou North railway station, and Guangzhou Baiyun railway station

Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Guangzhou–Shenzhen, Guangzhou–Maoming and Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou conventional speed railways. In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway started service, with multiple unit trains covering 980 km (608.94 mi) at a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). In December 2014, the Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway and Nanning-Guangzhou railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and 200 km/h (124 mph), respectively. The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city. A number of regional railways radiating from Guangzhou started operating such as the Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway and the Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing intercity railway.

Water transport

There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong.

• Transport in Guangzhou
• 
  Panyu Square station of the Guangzhou Metro
• 
  Trains used by the Guangzhou Metro
• 
  GBRT station
• 
  Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District
• 
  CRH380A at Guangzhou South Railway Station
• 
  Guangzhou Tram

Culture

Guangzhou Opera House

Guangzhou's culture is mainly Cantonese culture, which is a subset of the larger "Southern" or the "Lingnan" culture, followed by Hakka culture. Notable aspects of Cantonese cultural heritage include:

• Cantonese language, the local and prestige variant of Yue Chinese.
• Cantonese cuisine, one of China's eight major culinary traditions.
• Cantonese opera, usually divided into martial and literary performances.
• Xiguan (Saikwan), the area west of the former walled city.

The Guangzhou Opera House & Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style. Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music, while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock-and-roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong.

It is worth noting that Cantonese language, Cantonese cuisine and Cantonese opera are the shared culture of the whole Guangdong region, not just the important cultural components of Guangzhou city. With a population of diverse background, the culture of Guangzhou also includes other categories, such as Hakka culture and language.

In the Hakka people inhabited areas of Guangzhou, Hakka culture has been well developed and preserved, and in the long history, the integration of Canton culture and Hakka culture has derived new cultural characteristics. Zengcheng, Guangzhou is a district with a history of more than 1800 years, with the harmonious coexistence of Canton culture and Hakka culture, the derived food culture has not only the non-heritage food such as Zhengguo Wonton, Lanxi Rice Noodle, and Goose Soup, but also the special food such as Yuecun Dace Fish Skin, Paitan Roasted Chicken, and Shitan Whole Cattle Banquet.

Religions

Before the postmodern era, Guangzhou had about 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples. Today, in addition to the Buddhist Association, Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association, a Jewish community, as well as a history with Christianity, reintroduced to China by colonial powers.

Taoism

Taoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city's temples. Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals, dedicated to the Five Immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city. The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames. However, the temple has not been restored as a Taoist temple status yet. Other famous temples include the City God Temple of Guangzhou and Sanyuan Palace. During the Cultural Revolution, all Taoist temples and shrines were practically destroyed or damaged by the red guards. Only a handful of them like Sanyuan Palace were restored during the 1980s. Guangzhou, like most of southern China, is also notably observant and continues the practice of Chinese ancestral worship during major festive occasions like the Qing Ming Festival and Zhong Yuan Festival.

Buddhism

Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou. The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official; it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande, the last of the Nanyue kings, and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple ("Temple of Bright Filial Piety") since the Ming dynasty. The Buddhist missionary monk, Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasty (5th or 6th century). Around AD 520, Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there. The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song. The Xilai Monastery was renamed as the Hualin Temple ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the Qing dynasty.

The temples were badly damaged by both the Republican campaign to "Promote Education with Temple Property" (廟產興學) and the PRC's Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s. The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island, once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery.

Christianity

Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road, but suffered during Emperor Wuzong's 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000. The Qing-era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War, although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou is housed at Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral, known locally as the "Stone House". A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction, its original Latin and French stained-glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution; they have since been replaced by English ones. The Canton Christian College (1888) and Hackett Medical College for Women (1902) were both founded by missionaries and now form part of Guangzhou's Lingnan University. Since the opening up of China in the 1980s, there has been renewed interest in Christianity, but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials. The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years; however, his present successor is recognized by both the Vatican and China's Patriotic Church.

Islam

Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the Tang dynasty. Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30, 758; the port was subsequently closed for fifty years. Their presence came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with that of the Jews, Christians, and Parsis. Nowadays, the city is home to halal restaurants.

• Religious sites in Guangzhou
• 
  Guangzhou's Temple of the Five Immortals
• 
  The Hall of the 500 Arhats at the Flowery Forest Temple (Hualin) in the 1870s
• 
  The Temple of Bright Filial Piety
• 
  Guangzhou's City God Temple
• 
  The sacred pigs of the Ocean Banner Temple (Hoi Tong) in the 1830s

• 
  The Flower Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (Liurong)
• 
  The Thousand Buddha Tower at the present-day Hoi Tong Monastery
• 
  Sacred Heart Cathedral
• 
  Tianhe Church, built in 2017

Sports

Guangdong Olympic Stadium

The 11,468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was a 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup venue.

From November 12 to 27, 2010, Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games. The same year, it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19. Combined, these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted.

Tianhe Stadium

Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events:

• 1987 The 6th National Games of China
• 1991 The 1st FIFA Women's World Cup
• 2001 The 2001 National Games of China
• 2007 The 8th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People's Republic of China 
• 2008 The 49th World Table Tennis Championships
• 2009 The 11th Sudirman Cup: the world badminton mixed team championships

Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include:

Sports	League	Tier	Club	Stadium
Soccer	China League One	2nd	Guangzhou	Huadu Stadium
Esports (Overwatch)	Overwatch League	1st	Guangzhou Charge	Tianhe Gymnasium
Basketball	Chinese Basketball Association	1st	Guangzhou Loong Lions	Tianhe Gymnasium
Baseball	China Baseball League	1st	Guangdong Leopards	Tianhe Sports Center baseball field

Guangzhou Baoneng Qoros Arena

In the 2010s, Guangzhou became a Chinese soccer powerhouse, having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019. The team has also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015. The club has competed at the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 in the semifinal stage to the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich and the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League winners FC Barcelona, respectively.

Restaurants

In the 1990s the local press prolifically published reviews of restaurants in Guangzhou. The local newspapers introduced lifestyle pages and relied on infotainment to encourage the purchase of a daily newspaper.

Destinations

Eight Views

Main articles: Eight Views and Eight Views of Guangzhou

Canton Tower

The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou's eight most famous tourist attractions. They have varied over time since the Song dynasty, with some being named or demoted by emperors. The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011:

• "Towers Shining through the New Town"
• "The Pearl River Flowing and Shining": The Pearl River from Bai'etan to Pazhou
• "Cloudy Mountain Green and Tidy": Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area
• "Yuexiu's Grandeur": Yuexiu Hill and Park
• "The Ancient Academy's Lingering Fame": The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall and its folk art museum
• "Liwan's Wonderful Scenery": Liwan Lake
• "Science City, Splendid as Brocade"
• "Wetlands Singing at Night": Nansha Wetlands Park

Bombax ceiba, Guangzhou's official flower

Parks and gardens

• Baiyun Mountain
• Nansha Wetland Park
• People's Park
• South China Botanical Garden
• Yuexiu Park
• Guangdong Tree Park
• Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园; 東山湖公園)
• Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园; 流花湖公園)
• Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园; 荔灣湖公園)
• Luhu Park (麓湖公园; 麓湖公園)
• Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园; 廣州起義烈士陵園)
• Pearl River Park (珠江公园; 珠江公園)
• Yuntai Garden (云台花园; 雲臺花園)
• Shimen National Forest Park(石门国家森林公园; 石門國家森林公園)
• Haizhu Lake Park(海珠湖公园; 海珠湖公園)

Туристические достопримечательности

Мемориальный зал Сунь Ятсена

Ежегодно Гуанчжоу привлекает более 223 миллионов посетителей, а общий доход от туризма превысил 400 миллиардов в 2018 году. Есть много туристических достопримечательностей, в том числе:

• Кантонская башня
• Зал предков клана Чэнь , в котором находится музей народного искусства Гуанчжоу.
• Длинный колокольный рай
• Аквапарк Chime-Long ( упрощенный китайский : аквапарк Chimelong ; традиционный китайский : аквапарк Chimelong )
• Провинциальный музей Гуандуна
• Зоопарк Гуанчжоу  
• Малберри-парк , общественный центр, где демонстрируется выращивание шелковицы и изготовление шелка.
• Музей мавзолея короля Наньюэ
• Институт обучения крестьянского движения , важный маоистский объект.
• Собор Святого Сердца (Каменный дом)
• Храм светлой сыновней почтительности (Гуансяо)
• Храм Шести баньянов (Люронг), место Цветочной пагоды
• Саньюаньский дворец
• Шамиан или остров Шамин, старый торговый комплекс.
• Мемориальный зал Сунь Ятсена , место бывшего президентского дворца Гуанчжоу.
• Сигуань (Сайван), западный пригород старого города.

Пешеходные улицы

В каждом районе есть множество торговых зон, где люди могут гулять по тротуарам; однако большинство из них не являются пешеходными улицами.

Шансяцзю Пешеходная улица

Популярные пешеходные улицы:

• Пешеходная улица Пекинской дороги
• Пешеходная улица Шансяцзю
• Площадь Хуачэн (Площадь Цветочного города)

Торговые центры и торговые центры

В Гуанчжоу много торговых центров и торговых центров. Большинство новых торговых центров расположены в районе Тяньхэ.

Вид с воздуха на торговый центр Parc Central

• 101 Динамика
• Чайна Плаза
• Ливан Плаза
• Сет Плаза
• Победа Плаза
• Ванго Плаза
• Торговый центр Grandview ( Аквариум Grandview Mall )
• Площадь Ванды
• Счастливая долина
• Тайку Хуэй
• Центральный парк
• OneLinkWalk
• Рок-сквер
• Эон Молл
• ГТ Лэнд Плаза
• МФК Плаза
• МГК Молл
• Торговый центр мира
• К11
• Мода Тяньхэ

Основные здания

Основная статья: Список самых высоких зданий Гуанчжоу

См. Также: Список исторических зданий Гуанчжоу.

• СИТИК Плаза
• Кантонская башня
• Гуанчжоу Серкл Особняк
• Олимпийский стадион Гуандуна
• Гуанчжоуский оперный театр
• Телебашня Гуанчжоу
• Башня Жемчужной реки
• Башни -близнецы :
  • Международный финансовый центр Гуанчжоу (Запад)
  • CTF Гуанчжоу (Восток)

• 
  Кантонская таможня (основана в 1916 г.) , одна из старейших сохранившихся в Китае.
• 
  Отель Aiqun , самое высокое здание Гуанчжоу с 1937 по 1967 год.
• 
  Часовня Богоматери Лурдской на Шамиане
• 
  Кантонский цементный завод (основан в 1907 г.) , на котором жил Сунь Ятсен . с 1923 по 1925 г.
• 
  Старая провинциальная столица, ныне Музей истории революции.
• 
  Гуанчжоу Центральный деловой район , включая IFC ( слева ) и CTF ( справа )

СМИ

В Гуанчжоу есть две местные радиостанции: провинциальное Радио Гуандун и муниципальное Радио Гуанчжоу. Вместе они вещают более чем на десятке каналов. Основной язык обеих станций — кантонский диалект . Традиционно только один канал Радио Гуандун посвящен китайскому языку . Однако в последние годы на большинстве кантонских каналов увеличилось количество программ на китайском языке. Радиостанции из городов вокруг Гуанчжоу в основном вещают на кантонском диалекте и могут приниматься в разных частях города, в зависимости от местоположения радиостанций и мощности передачи. Базирующееся в Пекине Китайское национальное радио также транслирует в городе программы на китайском языке. Радио Гуандун имеет 30-минутную еженедельную программу на английском языке Guangdong Today , которая транслируется по всему миру через World Radio Network . Ежедневные программы новостей на английском языке также транслируются по Радио Гуандун.

В Гуанчжоу есть одни из самых известных газет и журналов на китайском языке в материковом Китае , большинство из которых издаются тремя основными газетными группами города: Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation и Yangcheng Evening News Group. Двумя ведущими газетами города являются Guangzhou Daily и Southern Metropolis Daily . Первая с тиражом 1,8 миллиона экземпляров уже 14 лет является самой успешной газетой Китая с точки зрения доходов от рекламы, а Southern Metropolis Daily считается одной из самых либеральных газет в материковом Китае. Помимо изданий на китайском языке в Гуанчжоу есть несколько журналов и газет на английском языке. Наиболее успешным является журнал This's Guangzhou , который начался более десяти лет назад и с тех пор превратился в That's PRD , выпускающий журналы для иностранцев также в Пекине и Шанхае. Он также производит In the Red .

Образование и исследования

Университет Сунь Ятсена

Южно-Китайский сельскохозяйственный университет

Библиотека Гуанчжоу

Мегацентр высшего образования Гуанчжоу , также известный как Университетский город Гуанчжоу ( 广州 大学 城 ), представляет собой крупный комплекс высшего образования, расположенный в юго-восточном пригороде Гуанчжоу. Он занимает весь остров Сяогувэй в районе Паньюй , занимая площадь около 18 км2. ² (7 квадратных миль). Комплекс включает в себя кампусы десяти высших учебных заведений и в конечном итоге может вместить до 200 000 студентов, 20 000 преподавателей и 50 000 сотрудников.

По состоянию на июнь 2023 года в Гуанчжоу находится 84 высших учебных заведения (не считая колледжей для взрослых), занимая 2-е место в стране после Пекина и 1-е место в регионе Южного Китая . В городе имеется множество учебных заведений с высоким рейтингом : семь университетов включены в число 147 ключевых национальных университетов в рамках программы « Двойное первоклассное строительство» , занимая четвертое место в стране (после Пекина , Шанхая и Нанкина ). Гуанчжоу также является важным центром для иностранных студентов и занял 110-е место в мире в рейтинге лучших студенческих городов QS в 2023 году.

Гуанчжоу является крупным центром исследований и разработок в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе, занимая 8-е место в мире, 4-е место в регионах Азии и Океании после ( Пекин , Шанхай и Нанкин ) и 1-е место в Южно-Центрального Китая . регионе

Кампусы высшего образования Мегацентра высшего образования Гуанчжоу:

• Гуандунский фармацевтический университет
• Гуандунский университет иностранных языков
• Гуандунский технологический университет
• Академия изящных искусств Гуанчжоу
• Гуанчжоуский университет
• Гуанчжоуский университет китайской медицины
• Южно-Китайский педагогический университет
• Южно-Китайский технологический университет
• Университет Сунь Ятсена
• Синхайская музыкальная консерватория

Гуанчжоу, присуждающие ученые степени, Другие полностью аккредитованные университеты и колледжи включают:

• Гуандунский институт науки и технологий
• Гуандунский политехнический педагогический университет
• Гуандунский университет финансов и экономики
• Гуандунский университет финансов
• Гуанчжоуский колледж Южно-Китайского технологического университета
• Гуанчжоуский медицинский университет
• Гуанчжоуский спортивный университет
• Цзинаньский университет
• Южно-Китайский сельскохозяйственный университет
• Южный медицинский университет
• Чжункайский университет сельского хозяйства и инженерии

Двумя основными комплексными библиотеками являются библиотека Гуанчжоу и библиотека Сунь Ятсена провинции Гуандун. Библиотека Гуанчжоу — публичная библиотека в Гуанчжоу. Библиотека переехала в новое здание в Новом городе Чжуцзян , которое полностью открылось 23 июня 2013 года. Библиотека Сунь Ятсена провинции Гуандун обладает крупнейшей коллекцией древних книг в Южном Китае.

Дополнительная информация: Средняя школа Гуанчжоу.

Известные люди

• Чо Хао Ли (1913–1987), американский биохимик, эксперт по гормонам.
• Чжи Конг Ли (1993 г.р.), автогонщик
• Сяо Пин Лян (1959 г.р.), каллиграф, выставляющийся на международных выставках
• Куан Сунмоу (1863–?), инженер путей сообщения, бизнесмен и бюрократ.
• Боло Юнг (родился 3 июля 1946 г.), гонконгский мастер боевых искусств, бодибилдер и киноактер.
• Ци Юу (родился 28 ноября 1976 г.), актер из Сингапура.
• Донни Йен (родился 27 июля 1963 г.), гонконгский мастер боевых искусств, режиссер боевиков и хореограф, кинорежиссер и актер.

Международные отношения

Города-побратимы и города-побратимы

Основная статья: Список городов-побратимов и городов-побратимов в Китае

Генеральные консульства/консульства

Смотрите также: Список дипломатических миссий в Китае

По состоянию на апрель 2023 года в Гуанчжоу находится 68 генеральных консульств/консульств иностранных государств, за исключением торгового представительства Гонконга и Макао, что делает его одним из крупнейших городов, принимающих более 50 иностранных представителей в Китае, после Пекина и Шанхая .

См. также

• Кантонская система и торговля Старого Китая
• Крупнейшие города мира
• Исторические столицы Китая
• Женский рынок производителей Мезитли # Премия за инновации в Гуанчжоу
• Взрыв в Гуанчжоу в 2021 году

Ссылки

Источники

• Англокитайский календарь на 1845 год, соответствующий году китайского цикла 4482 Эры или 42-му году 75-го цикла Шестидесяти, являющемуся 25-м годом правления Таукванга, Vol. II , Гонконг: Офис китайского репозитория, 1845 г., заархивировано из оригинала 13 июня 2020 г. , получено 31 августа 2017 г.
• Дуглас, Роберт Кеннауэй (1878), «Кантон (1)» , в Бейнсе, TS (редактор), Британская энциклопедия , том. 5 (9-е изд.), Нью-Йорк: Сыновья Чарльза Скрибнера, стр. 37–9.
• Бюллетени и другая государственная разведка , Вестминстер: Ф. Уоттс, 1841 г., заархивировано из оригинала 8 марта 2017 г. , получено 3 февраля 2016 г.
• Бек, Сандерсон (2007), Республиканский Китай в смятении 1912–1926 гг ., заархивировано из оригинала 17 марта 2016 г. , получено 13 июля 2016 г.
• Бутель, Поль (1997), Европейцы и морские пространства: около 1690-около 1790 гг ., Par Cours Universitaires (на французском языке), Бордо: Издательство Bordeaux University Press
• Кортесао, Армандо, изд. (1944), Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, отчет о Востоке, от Красного моря до Китая, написанный в Малакке и Индии в 1512–1515 годах , Нью-Дели: Азиатские образовательные службы, ISBN  9788120605350 , заархивировано из оригинала 24 июня 2016 г. , получено 8 июля 2016 г.
• Дуглас, Роберт Кеннауэй (2006), Европа и Дальний Восток , Adamant Media, ISBN  978-0-543-93972-2
• Данн, Росс Э. (1986), Приключения Ибн Баттуты , University of California Press, ISBN  978-0-520-05771-5
• ДУТРА, Фрэнсис А.; Сантуш, Жоау Камило душ (1995), Фрэнсис А. Дутра; Жоау Камило душ Сантуш (ред.), Материалы Международного коллоквиума по португальцам и Тихоокеанскому региону: Калифорнийский университет, Санта-Барбара, октябрь 1993 г. , Санта-Барбара: Центр португальских исследований Хорхе де Сена, Калифорнийский университет, ISBN  978-0-942208-29-0 .
• Фэрбенк, Джон Кинг. Торговля и дипломатия на побережье Китая: открытие договорных портов, 1842–1854 гг. (Кембридж, Гарвардский университет, 1953 г.) онлайн .
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Внешние ссылки

• Международный Гуанчжоу. Архивировано 27 декабря 2019 года в Wayback Machine : Официальный сайт правительства муниципалитета Гуанчжоу.
• Гуанчжоу, Китайская сеть. Архивировано 20 января 2008 г., в Wayback Machine.
• Географические данные, относящиеся к Гуанчжоу, на OpenStreetMap.