Гамбург

Эта статья о городе в Германии. Для других видов использования см. Гамбург (устранение неоднозначности) .

Гамбург Хэмборг   ( низкий немецкий )
Муниципалитет и государство
Бесплатный и гансейтический город Гамбург
Внутреннее озеро Альстер в сумерках Святой Паули Пирс Hafencity Speicherstadt Elbe Philharmonic Hall St. Michael's Church City hall
Flag Coat of arms Brandmark
Hamburg highlighted in Germany
Hamburg Hamburg Show map of GermanyShow map of EuropeShow all
Coordinates: 53°33′N 10°00′E
Country	Germany
Government
• Body	Hamburg Parliament
• First Mayor	Peter Tschentscher (SPD)
• Second Mayor	Katharina Fegebank
• Governing parties	SPD / Greens
• Bundesrat votes	3 (of 69)
• Bundestag seats	16 (of 736)
Area
• City	755.22 km2 (291.59 sq mi)
Population  (2023-12-31)
• City	1,964,021
• Density	2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi)
• Urban	2,496,600
• Metro	5,425,628
Demonym(s)	German: Hamburger (male), Hamburgerin (female) English: Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s)
GDP
• City	€144.220 billion (2022)
• Per capita	€76,910 (2022)
Time zone	UTC+1 (Central (CET))
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (Central (CEST))
Postal code(s)	20001–21149, 22001–22769
Area code(s)	040
ISO 3166 code	DE-HH
Vehicle registration	HH (1906–1945; again since 1956) MGH (1945) H (1945–1947) HG (1947) BH (1948–1956)
NUTS Region	DE6
HDI (2021)	0.972 very high · 1st of 16
Website	hamburg.com

Гамбург ( Немецкий: [ˈambʊʁk] , локально также [ˈ hambʊɪ̯ç] ; Низкий саксон : гамбург [ ), официально свободный и гансейтический город Гамбург , является вторым по величине городом в Германии после Берлина и 6-м по величине в Европейском союзе с населением более 1,9 миллиона человек. Митрополитный регион Гамбурга насчитывает более 5,1 миллиона миллионов и является восьмым по величине столичным регионом благодаря ВВП в Европейском союзе.

На южной оконечности полуострова Джутленд Гамбург стоит на разветвленной реке Элбе во главе 110 км (68 миль) устья в Северном море , в устье Альстера и Билле . Гамбург является одним из трех городских государств Германии рядом с Берлином и Бременом , окруженным Шлезвиг-Гольштейном на севере и нижней саксонии на юге. Порт Гамбург Европы является крупнейшим в Германии и третьим по величине после Роттердама и Антверпена . Локальный диалект представляет собой вариант низкого саксона .

The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary Grand Burghers or Hanseaten. Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.

Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf, Lufthansa and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions, including the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Laboratory DESY. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.

Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions such as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were both born in Hamburg. The former Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, has been the current German chancellor since December 2021.

Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe, and with 5 of the world's 29 tallest churches standing in Hamburg, it is also the city with the highest number of churches surpassing 100 metres (330 ft) worldwide. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the Elbphilharmonie and Laeiszhalle concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including the Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's Reeperbahn is among the best-known European red light districts.

History

Main article: History of Hamburg

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Hamburg.

Origins

Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.

Etymology

The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name Hammaburg, burg meaning castle or fort. The origin of the Hamma term remains uncertain, but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Domplatz.

Medieval Hamburg

Hamburg in 1150

In 834, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.

Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, 600 Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350. Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.

In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg. This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a hanse in London. This was the first time in history that the word hanse was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League. In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, Jordan von Boitzenburg, wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the Ordeelbook (Ordeel: sentence). On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: Rezeß, literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.

In 1356, the Matthiae-Mahl feast dinner for Hanseatic League cities was celebrated for the first time on 25 February, the first day of spring in medieval times. It continues today as the world's oldest ceremonial meal.

Early modern period

Hamburg, c. 1600

In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.

When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years' War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (Neustadt) whose street names still date from the grid system of roads he introduced.

From the autumn of 1696 to the spring of 1697 the Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies was active in Hamburg. While it was unsuccessful in raising capital locally, it commissioned the construction of four vessels in the port. The Caledonia, a ship of 600 tons with 56 guns, and the Instuaration (later renamed the St. Andrew), a vessel of 350 tons, were launched in March 1697.

Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).

In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.

Hamburg in 1811

After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port. The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.

A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.

Second World War

Hamburg Eilbek after the 1943 bombing; today around 25% of Hamburg's buildings are from before WW2

Hamburg was a Gau within the administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, the Allied bombing of Hamburg devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the Hauptbahnhof (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known. About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.

The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.

At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about 25 km (16 mi) outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the destruction of Kriegsmarine vessels housing evacuees at the end of the war.

Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942, the Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reich Association of Jews in Germany (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943, the Reich Security Main Office dissolved the association by a decree. The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished.

Post-war history

Container Terminal at the Port of Hamburg

The city was surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, in the Battle of Hamburg, three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of West Germany in 1949.

On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.

The inner German border – only 50 kilometres (30 mi) east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic countries into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.

Geography

Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, 100 kilometres (60 mi) away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.

The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres (381 ft) AMSL. Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.

Climate

Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies. Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred, the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.

The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of 20.1 to 22.5 °C (68.2 to 72.5 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of −0.3 to 1.0 °C (31.5 to 33.8 °F).

hideClimate data for Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel (Hamburg Airport), elevation: 15 m, 1991–2020 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	14.4 (57.9)	17.2 (63.0)	23.0 (73.4)	29.7 (85.5)	33.5 (92.3)	34.6 (94.3)	40.1 (104.2)	37.3 (99.1)	32.3 (90.1)	26.1 (79.0)	20.2 (68.4)	15.7 (60.3)	40.1 (104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	4.2 (39.6)	5.2 (41.4)	8.7 (47.7)	13.9 (57.0)	18.0 (64.4)	20.9 (69.6)	23.2 (73.8)	23.0 (73.4)	18.8 (65.8)	13.6 (56.5)	8.2 (46.8)	5.0 (41.0)	13.6 (56.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	2.1 (35.8)	2.4 (36.3)	4.9 (40.8)	9.1 (48.4)	13.0 (55.4)	16.0 (60.8)	18.3 (64.9)	18.0 (64.4)	14.4 (57.9)	10.0 (50.0)	5.7 (42.3)	2.9 (37.2)	9.7 (49.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−0.5 (31.1)	−0.5 (31.1)	1.1 (34.0)	4.0 (39.2)	7.6 (45.7)	10.8 (51.4)	13.3 (55.9)	13.1 (55.6)	10.1 (50.2)	6.3 (43.3)	2.9 (37.2)	0.4 (32.7)	5.7 (42.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−22.8 (−9.0)	−29.1 (−20.4)	−15.3 (4.5)	−7.1 (19.2)	−5.0 (23.0)	0.6 (33.1)	3.4 (38.1)	1.8 (35.2)	−1.2 (29.8)	−7.1 (19.2)	−15.4 (4.3)	−18.5 (−1.3)	−29.1 (−20.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	66.7 (2.63)	54.9 (2.16)	56.7 (2.23)	39.2 (1.54)	57.8 (2.28)	74.4 (2.93)	81.8 (3.22)	77.5 (3.05)	64.7 (2.55)	63.0 (2.48)	61.1 (2.41)	72.6 (2.86)	770.5 (30.33)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	17.7	16.2	15.2	12.8	13.8	15.3	16.0	15.8	14.5	16.2	16.9	18.0	188.4
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm)	5.9	5.0	2.9	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.2	3.5	18.5
Average relative humidity (%)	85.8	82.6	77.7	71.0	70.8	72.1	72.6	74.3	79.4	83.4	87.1	87.6	78.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	44.9	66.8	119.9	182.8	221.2	210.3	218.8	202.7	152.4	109.3	51.4	36.1	1,616.7
Average ultraviolet index	0	1	2	4	5	6	6	5	4	2	1	0	3
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization
Source 2: DWD and Weather Atlas View climate chart 1986–2016 or 1960–1990

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hamburg

Hamburg population pyramid in 2022

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
950	500	—
1430	16,000	+3100.0%
1840	136,956	+756.0%
1900	705,738	+415.3%
1910	931,035	+31.9%
1920	1,026,989	+10.3%
1930	1,145,124	+11.5%
1940	1,725,500	+50.7%
1945	1,350,278	−21.7%
1950	1,605,606	+18.9%
1961	1,840,543	+14.6%
1970	1,793,640	−2.5%
1975	1,717,383	−4.3%
1980	1,645,095	−4.2%
1985	1,579,884	−4.0%
1990	1,652,363	+4.6%
2001	1,726,363	+4.5%
2011	1,706,696	−1.1%
2022	1,808,846	+6.0%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Largest groups of foreign residents

Nationality	Population (31 December 2022)
Turkey	44,280
Ukraine	33,570
Afghanistan	24,635
Poland	23,310
Syria	17,725
Portugal	11,465
Romania	10,510
Iran	9,725
Russia	9,375
Bulgaria	8,830
North Macedonia	7,770
Italy	7,570
Ghana	7,550
Serbia	7,405
Croatia	6,685
India	6,420
China	6,235
Greece	6,095
Spain	6,040
Iraq	5,400

On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of 755.3 km² (291.6 sq mi). The population density was 2,464/km² (6,380/sq mi). The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on 196/km² (510/sq mi).

There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, and 18.3% were 65 years of age or older. 356 people in Hamburg were over the age of 100.

According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the number of people with a migrant background is at 34% (631,246). Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.

In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.

Portuguese community

Hamburg has the largest Portuguese community in Germany with about 30,000 people with Portuguese diaspora. Many Portuguese sailors and merchants came to Hamburg since the 15th century due to its port. Since 1970s, there is a district in Hamburg called Portugiesenviertel (Portuguese quarter) where many Portuguese people settled there and has many Portuguese restaurants, cafes and shops today which attracts many tourists. There are many statues, squares and streets in Hamburg that are named after Portuguese historical figures including the Vasco da Gama statue on the Kornhaus bridge, which was suggested by Portuguese community to make the Portuguese community in Hamburg visible.

Afghan community

See also: Afghans in Germany

Hamburg has a large Afghan community with about 50,000 people of Afghan diaspora, which makes Hamburg not only the largest Afghan community in Germany, but also in Europe. They first came to Hamburg in the 1970s before expanding during the Afghan conflict in the 1980s and 1990s where many Afghan migrants chose to live in Hamburg. After 2015 the Afghan population almost doubled due to a new influx from the migrant crisis. There is an area in Hamburg behind the central station where many Afghan restaurants and shops are located. Many carpet businesses in Speicherstadt are operated by Afghan traders, with Hamburg still a global leader in the trade of oriental rugs.

Foreign citizens in Hamburg

Hamburg residents with a foreign citizenship as of 31 December 2016 is as follows:

Citizenship	Number	%
Total	288,338	100%
Europe	193,812	67.2%
European Union	109,496	38%
Asian	59,292	20.6%
African	18,996	6.6%
North and South American	11,315	3.9%
Australian and Oceanian	1,234	0.4%

Language

See also: Hamburgisch dialect

As elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as Hamborger Platt (German Hamburger Platt) or Hamborgsch. Since large-scale standardisation of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-coloured dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois Hanseatendeutsch (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation. All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.

Religion

Religion in Hamburg – 2018
religion			percent
None or other			65.2%
EKD Protestants			24.9%
Roman Catholics			9.9%

65.2% of the population is not religious or adherent other religions than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.

In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. Hamburg is seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany and seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg.

According to the publication Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland ("Muslim life in Germany"), an estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (from nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008. About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in a figure of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population. As of 2021, there were more than 50 mosques in the city, including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city, and which hosts the Islamic Centre Hamburg.

A Jewish community also exists. As of 2022, around 2,500 Jews live in Hamburg.

Government

Further information: Government of Hamburg and List of mayors of Hamburg

Hamburg City Hall (front view)

The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to the one of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.

Since 1897, the seat of the government has been Hamburg City Hall (Hamburg Rathaus), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament. From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust, who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU Hamburg and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.

Boroughs

Main article: Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg

The 7 boroughs and 104 quarters of Hamburg

Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: Bezirke) and subdivided into 104 quarters (German: Stadtteile). There are 181 localities (German: Ortsteile). The urban organisation is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws. Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg, and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg. The Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg established Hamburg as a state and a municipality. Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.

Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: Bezirksversammlung) and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: Bezirksamtsleiter). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.

The part of the North Sea in this aerial picture is called the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park and belongs administratively to the borough of Hamburg-Mitte. Some 50 people live here on the island Neuwerk (visible just above the centre).

Since the latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf, and Harburg.

Hamburg-Mitte ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof, and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg.

Altona is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, and Sternschanze.

Bergedorf consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland, and Tatenberg.

Eimsbüttel is split into nine-quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen, and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel.

Hamburg-Nord contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst, and Winterhude.

Harburg is situated on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf, and Wilstorf.

Wandsbek is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel, and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.

Cityscape

Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the Binnenalster taken from Lombardsbrücke

Architecture

Historicist Palmaille, Altona. Nearly 25.000 buildings in Hamburg are from those Gründerzeit times.

The Marco-Polo-Centre (left) and Unilever HQ Germany

Further information on a building type for school buildings in Hamburg: Kreuzbau

Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and just one skyscraper under construction (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches (Hauptkirchen) St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's (St. Jacobi), and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).

The Chilehaus with a typical brick expressionist façade

The many streams, rivers, and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam, and Venice put together. Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world. The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, Lombardsbrücke, and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.

The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897. The tower is 112 metres (367 ft) high. Its façade, 111 m (364 ft) long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor. The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.

Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 15,000 inhabitants and 45,000 workers. The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie (Elbe Philharmonic Hall), opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects Herzog & de Meuron.

The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the Stadtpark, the Ohlsdorf Cemetery, and Planten un Blomen. The Stadtpark, Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.

Parks and gardens

See also: List of parks and gardens in Hamburg

A water-light concert at Planten un Blomen park

The lavish and spacious Planten un Blomen park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg, which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.

The Botanischer Garten Hamburg is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are water-light-concerts in the Planten un Blomen park, from May to early October.

Culture

Abel Seyler, one of the great theatre principals of 18th century Europe, established Hamburg as a major centre of theatrical innovation in the 1760s.

From the 1760s the theatre director Abel Seyler—the leader of the Hamburg National Theatre and subsequently the Seyler Theatre Company—established Hamburg as one of the leading European centres of theatrical innovation, promoting experimental productions and pioneering a new more realist style of acting, introducing Shakespeare to a German language audience, and promoting the concept of a national theatre in the tradition of Ludvig Holberg, the Sturm und Drang playwrights, and serious German opera.

Today Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums, and 100 music venues and clubs. With 6.6 music venues per 100,000 inhabitants, Hamburg has the second-highest density of music venues of Germany's largest cities, after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin. In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events, and 8,552 taxable companies (average size 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts, and literature. The creative industries represent almost one fifth of all companies in Hamburg. Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.

Theatres

See also: List of theatres in Hamburg

The Deutsches Schauspielhaus in the St. Georg quarter

Theatres in the city include the state-owned Deutsches Schauspielhaus, the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli", and the Kampnagel.

The English Theatre of Hamburg, near the U3 station Mundsburg, was founded in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-language theatre in Germany, with exclusively English-speaking actors in its company.

Museums

See also: List of museums in Hamburg

Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery (Galerie der Gegenwart), the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe (Museum of Art and Design), and the Deichtorhallen (with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art). The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archäologisches Museum Hamburg (Hamburg Archaeological Museum) in the Harburg borough, the Hamburg Museum of Work (Museum der Arbeit), and several museums of local history, such as the Kiekeberg Open Air Museum (Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg) at Kiekeberg in the Harburg Hills, just outside of Hamburg, in Rosengarten. Two museum ships near St. Pauli Piers (Landungsbrücken) bear witness to the freight ship (Cap San Diego) and cargo sailing ship era (Rickmer Rickmers). In 2017 the Hamburg-built iron-hulled sailing ship Peking returned to the city and was installed in the German Port Museum in 2020. The world's largest model railway museum, Miniatur Wunderland, with 15.4 km (9.57 mi) total railway length, is also situated near St. Pauli Piers in a former warehouse.

BallinStadt, a memorial park and former emigration station, is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.

Music

The 110-metre-high (361-foot) Elbphilharmonie concert hall

Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other major orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, Musikhalle Hamburg. The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.

Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.

Since the German premiere of Cats in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including The Phantom of the Opera, The Lion King, Dirty Dancing, and Dance of the Vampires (musical). This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company Stage Entertainment being based in the city.

In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls, and theatres, the cityscape is characterised by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organisers based in Hamburg. Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track, and Hamburg City Park.

Hamburg was an important centre of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.

Pop musicians from Hamburg include Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind, and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in the city.

An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-80s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighbourhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "Hamburg scene" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.

Hamburg is the origin of the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for alternative music bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the Golden Pudel Club in Altona's old town, near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun, and Helena Hauff.

Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, Edel SE & Co. KGaA, Believe Digital, and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Âge d'or also belonged to these.

In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the Sternschanze.

The city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild, and Grave Digger started in Hamburg. The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.

In the late 1990s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped the city's hip-hop style and made it a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues". In addition to Beginner, German hip-hop acts from Hamburg include Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot, and 187 Strassenbande.

Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.

Festivals and regular events

Annual Hafengeburtstag (Port Anniversary)

Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the LGBT pride Hamburg Pride festival or the Alster fair (German: Alstervergnügen), held at the Binnenalster. The Hamburger DOM is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year. Hafengeburtstag is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade. The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers. Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places. The long night of museums (German: Lange Nacht der Museen) offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight. The sixth Festival of Cultures was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life. The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s Film Days (German: Film Tage) — presents a wide range of films. The Hamburg Messe and Congress offers a venue for trade shows, such hanseboot, an international boat show, or Du und deine Welt, a large consumer products show. Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin, the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters, and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby.

Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 and 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events. Hamburg's festivals include the Elbjazz Festival Archived 20 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbour and HafenCity.

Shellac performing live in Hamburg @Kampnagel, Nov. 1, 2014

For contemporary and experimental music, the "blurred edges Archived 20 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district. This is followed at the end of September by the Reeperbahn Festival, which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide. In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Hamburg

Fried plaice, Finkenwerder style

Original Hamburg dishes are Birnen, Bohnen und Speck (green beans cooked with pears and bacon). Aalsuppe (Hamburgisch Oolsupp) is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (Aal/Ool translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon allns [aˑlns], meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners. There is Bratkartoffeln (pan-fried potato slices), Finkenwerder Scholle (Low Saxon Finkwarder Scholl, pan-fried plaice), Pannfisch (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce), Rote Grütze (Low Saxon Rode Grütt, related to Danish rødgrød, a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish rødgrød med fløde), and Labskaus (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes, and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian lapskaus and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas).

Alsterwasser (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (Zitronenlimonade), the lemonade being added to the beer.

A regional dessert pastry called "Franzbrötchen" is similar in preparation to a croissant, but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is Schrippe (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, Rundstück ("round piece" rather than mainstream German Brötchen, diminutive form of Brot "bread"), a relative of Denmark's rundstykke. The cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.

The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's Frikadeller: a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt, and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a Hamburger steak in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America. The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.

There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.

Main sights

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  Elbphilharmonie ("Elphi")
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  Port of Hamburg
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  St. Pauli Piers and cruise ship
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  Speicherstadt (Warehouse district)
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  Hamburg City Hall
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  St. Michael's Church ("Michel")
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  Reeperbahn, nightlife district of St. Pauli
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  Miniatur Wunderland (Miniature Wonderland)
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  Große Freiheit ("Great Freedom")
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  Nikolai Memorial
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  HafenCity
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  Dockland at night
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  View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz-Turm
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  Planten un Blomen
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  Jungfernstieg Boulevard
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  Hills and mansions in Blankenese
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  Laeiszhalle concert venue
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  Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, the busiest railway station in Germany
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  Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court
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  Highrises in St. Pauli (Hafenkrone)
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  Köhlbrand Bridge
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  TV Tower
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  Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity
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  View over Hamburg and the Alster

Rote Flora in the Sternschanze neighbourhood, Hamburg

Alternative culture

Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze, and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.

During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.

After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.

British, American and English-speaking culture

The English Theatre of Hamburg at Lerchenfeld 14

There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V., Professional Women's Forum, The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850 within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany under the United Grand Lodges of Germany works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at St Thomas Becket Church.

American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V., the American Women's Club of Hamburg, the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club, and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. The American Chamber of Commerce handles matters related to business affairs. The International School of Hamburg serves school children.

William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg. Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt".

A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf". ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas".

Memorials

A memorial for English engineer William Lindley, who, beginning in 1842, reorganised the drinking water and sewerage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall railway station in Vorsetzen street. 53.544198°N 9.979411°E / 53.544198; 9.979411

In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" (Stolpersteine) were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.

Economy

The gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was 119.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €59,600 or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average. The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The median gross salary in 2021 was €47,544, which is 9.29% higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall.

The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.

Year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Unemployment rate in %	8.9	8.3	9.0	9.9	9.7	11.3	11.0	9.1	8.1	8.6	8.2	7.8	7.5	7.4	7.6	7.4	7.1	6.8	6.3	6.1

The Hamburg Stock Exchange

Banking

Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO, and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.

Port

Main article: Port of Hamburg

Queen Mary 2 at the Port of Hamburg

The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide, with transshipments of 8.9 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016. International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated 110 kilometres (70 mi) up the Elbe, it is considered a sea port due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.

Industrial production

Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.

Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.

HafenCity

Main article: HafenCity

Western HafenCity area and Speicherstadt

The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city centre, west and south by the Elbe, and to the east, bounded by the upper harbour, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about 2.2 square-kilometres.

HafenCity has 155 hectares in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.

Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighbourhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialisation of HafenCity, HafenCity Hamburg GmbH, half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.

Tourism

City logo of Hamburg

Neuer Wall, one of Europe's most luxurious shopping streets

In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city. The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).

The area of Reeperbahn, in the quarter St. Pauli, is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars, and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight"), in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood Schanze, with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.

In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg. The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays), and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays). The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).

The Queen Mary 2 has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards.

Creative industries

Der Spiegel headquarters

Media businesses employ over 70,000 people. The Norddeutscher Rundfunk, which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen, is based in Hamburg, including the news program Tagesschau, as are the commercial television station Hamburg 1, the Christian television station Bibel TV, and the civil media outlet Tide TV. There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, and Bauer Media Group, are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines, such as Der Spiegel and Die Zeit, are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as Financial Times Deutschland. Hamburger Abendblatt and Hamburger Morgenpost are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.

A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city. The Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft and the Clubkombinat represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by RockCity Hamburg e.V. Archived 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine.

Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film Tomorrow Never Dies. The Reeperbahn has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film Backbeat. The film A Most Wanted Man was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in An American Tail, where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.

Infrastructure

Health systems

Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds. The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.

Transport

Основная статья: Транспорт в Гамбурге

Порт Гамбург на реке Эльбе

Баумволла Станция Гамбурга У-Бана

Новый и Фриафен-Эльббрюкке

Гамбург является основным транспортным центром, соединенным с четырьмя Autobahnen (автомагистралями) и самым важным железнодорожным соединением на маршруте с Скандинавией.

Мосты и туннели соединяют северные и южные районы города, такие как старый туннель Эльбы ( Alter Elbtunnel ) или St. Pauli Elbtunnel (официальное название), которое открылось в 1911 году, сегодня главное туристическое зрелище и туннель Elbe ( Elbtunnel ), пересечение автомагистрали .

Аэропорт Гамбурга - самый старый аэропорт в Германии, все еще работающий. Существует также меньший аэропорт Гамбурга Финкенвердера , который используется только в качестве аэропорта компании для Airbus . Некоторые авиационные аэропорты авиакомпании в Любеке в качестве обслуживания Гамбурга.

Гамбурга Префикс номерного знака был «HH» (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg) в период с 1906 по 1945 год и с 1956 года, а не единственная буква, обычно используемая для крупных городов с момента федеральной реформы регистрации в 1956 году, например B для B Берлин или м для Мюнхена. «H» был префиксом Гамбурга в годы между 1945 и 1947 годами (использовался Ганновером с 1956 года).

Общественный транспорт

Карта транзитных железнодорожных линий в Гамбурге

Общественный транспорт по железной дороге, автобусам и кораблю организован гамбургером Verkehrsverbund («Управление по транзиту гамбурга») (HVV). Билеты, продаваемые одной компанией, действительны для всех других услуг HVV. HVV был первой организацией такого рода во всем мире.

33 железнодорожные линии массового транспорта по всему городу являются основой общественного транспорта. S -Bahn (система пригородного поезда) состоит из шести строк, а U-Bahn четыре строки - U-Bahn коротко для Untergrundbahn (подземная железная дорога). Приблизительно 41 км (25 миль) в 101 км (63 мили) U-Bahn-под землей; Большинство из них находится на набережной, виадуке или на уровне земли. Пожилые жители все еще говорят о системе как Хохбан (повышенная железная дорога), также потому, что операционной компанией метро является гамбургер Хочбан . Железная дорога AKN соединяет спутниковые города в Шлезвиг-Гольштейне с городом. На некоторых маршрутах региональные поезда главной железнодорожной компании Германии Deutsche Bahn AG и региональные метрономные поезда могут использоваться с билетом HVV. Региональные поезда останавливаются на различных станциях в пределах города, таких как четыре крупные станции, Хаупбанхоф , Даммер , Альтона и Харбург , а также Гамбург Хассельбрук и Гамбург Бергедорф. Трамвайная система была открыта в 1866 году и закрыта в 1978 году.

Промежутки в железнодорожной сети заполняются более чем 669 автобусными маршрутами, управляемые однопадными двумя, трех- и четырех осевыми дизельными шинами. Гамбург не имеет трамваев или троллейбусов , но имеет автобусы с водородом. Автобусы часто работают в рабочее время, а автобусы на маршрутах Metrobus работают каждые десять минут с 6 до 21:00. На специальных ночных линиях в будние дни интервалы могут составлять 30 минут или более, в то время как в обычные дни (понедельник по пятницу) нормальные автобусы останавливаются ночью (некоторые строки бегают 24 часа в сутки, каждый день года, по крайней мере, каждые полчаса).

есть восемь паромных линий Вдоль реки Эльбе , управляемых Хадагом , которые попадают под эгиду ВВВ. В основном используемые гражданами и работниками дока, они также могут использоваться для экскурсий.

Airbus A321 на финальной сборочной линии 3 на Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder заводе

Международный аэропорт, обслуживающий Гамбург, аэропорт Гамбурга Хельмут Шмидт ( IATA : HAM, ICAO : EDDH), является пятым по величине и старым аэропортом в Германии, который был основан в 1912 году и расположенный около 5 миль (8 километров) от центра города. Около 60 авиакомпаний предоставляют услуги 125 аэропортам назначения, в том числе несколько направлений на большие расстояния, такие как Ньюарк, Нью-Джерси на United Airlines , Dubai on Emirates и Tehran на Iran Air . Гамбург является вторичным центром для Lufthansa , который является крупнейшим перевозчиком в аэропорту, и авиакомпания также управляет одним из своих крупнейших Lufthansa Technik объектов обслуживания . Второй аэропорт расположен в Гамбург-Финкунвердере , официально названный аэропортом Гамбурга Финкенвердера ( IATA : XFW, ICAO : Edhi). Он находится примерно в 10 км (6 миль) от центра города и является непубличным аэропортом для завода Airbus . Это второй по величине завод Airbus после Тулузы и третий по величине авиационное производство после Сиэтла и Тулузы; Завод содержит окончательные сборочные линии для A318, A319, A320, A321 и A380 . Самолет

Статистика общественного транспорта

Среднее количество времени, когда люди проводят поездок с общественным транспортом в Гамбурге, например, на работу и с работы, в будний день - 58 минут. 16% гонщиков общественного транзита, ехать более двух часов каждый день. Среднее количество времени, когда люди ждут на остановке или станции для общественного транспорта, составляет 11 минут, в то время как 11% гонщиков ждут в среднем более 20 минут каждый день. Среднее расстояние, которое люди обычно едут в одной поездке с общественным транспортом, составляет 8,9 км, а 21% проходят более 12 км в одном направлении.

Коммунальные услуги

Электричество для Гамбурга и Северной Германии в значительной степени предоставляется Vattenfall Europe , ранее государственным гамбургишэ Electricitäts-Werke . Vattenfall Europe использовалась для эксплуатации атомной электростанции Brunsbüttel и атомной электростанции Krümmel , оба извлеченные из службы в рамках поэтапной ядерной энергетики . Кроме того, E.ON управляет атомной электростанцией Brokdorf , недалеко от Гамбурга. Существуют также угольные, водные , тифстак и Мурбургский ТХП завод, а также электростанция топливных клеток в квартале Hafencity. Vera Klärschlammverbrennung использует биосолиды завода по очистке сточных вод гамбурга; Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht - это электростанция на насосах, а электростанция сжигания твердых отходов - Müllverwertung Borsigstraße .

В июне 2019 года Гамбург представил закон, регулирующий фазирование из выработки тепловой и электрической энергии на угле («Kohleausstiegsgesetz»). Этот шаг был результатом переговоров между парламентскими партиями и представителями кампании под названием Tschuess Kohle] («Прощай, уголь»). В 2020 году Министерство окружающей среды и энергетики города объявило о партнерстве с Намибией как потенциального поставщика древесной биомассы, полученного в результате поддержания ландшафта в районах, затронутых посягательством на лесу , для замены угля.

Спорт

Основная статья: спорт в Гамбурге

Гамбург Сити Человек 2007 в Binnenalster

Barclays Arena

Volksparkstadion

Hamburger SV - футбольная команда, играющая в 2. Бундеслига . HSV был шесть раз чемпионом немецкого языка, трижды победителем Немецкого Кубка, и одержал победу в Кубке Европы в 1983 году, а также участвовал в групповых этапах Лиги чемпионов дважды : в 2000–01 и 2006–07 годах. Они играют в Volksparkstadion (средняя посещаемость в сезоне 12–13 составила 52 916). HSV был самой старой командой Бундеслиги, играющей в лиге с начала 1963 года, пока смена результатов не увидела их, вылеченные из Бундеслиги в 2018 году. Кроме того, ФК Сент -Паули - футбольный клуб Бундеслиги , который пришел во втором. Место в 2009–10 сезоне Bundesliga и квалифицировано, чтобы играть вместе с Hamburger SV в первом дивизионе впервые с сезона 2001–02 . В настоящее время они являются подразделением выше ВПГ впервые после повышения в Бундеслиге в сезоне 2023-24 . Домашние игры Святого Паули проходят на Stadion Millerntor .

Гамбургские морозильники представляли Гамбург до 2016 года в Del , главной хоккейной лиге в Германии.

HSV Handball представлял Гамбург до 2016 года в немецкой лиге гандбола . В 2007 году HSV Handball выиграла Кубок Европейского Кубка. Клуб выиграл лигу в сезоне 2010–11 года и в том же году посещал 10,690 в O2 World Hamburg . Самым последним успехом для команды была победа Лиги чемпионов EHF в 2013 году. С 2014 года клуб страдает от экономических проблем и почти не позволила игровую лицензию на сезон 2014–15; Но из -за экономической поддержки со стороны бывшего президента/спонсора клуба Андреаса Рудольфа клубу была разрешена лицензии в последнюю минуту. Однако 20 января 2016 года их лицензия была удалена из -за нарушений после продолжающейся экономической борьбы. В 2016–17 годах им не разрешили играть в первой или второй лиге. Команда живет через свою бывшую вторую команду (ныне их главную команду) в третьем дивизионе (2016–2018) и во втором дивизионе (с 2018 года).

BCJ Hamburg играл в баскетбольной Бундеслиге с 1999 по 2001 год. Позже гамбургские башни стали главной командой города. Башни продвинулись в высшее подразделение Германии в 2019 году. В 2022 году они уже достигли плей -офф. Башни играют в свои домашние игры на Adel-Optics.de Arena в Вильгельмсбурге .

Гамбург является национальной хоккейной столицей и доминирует как мужская, а также женская Бундеслига. В Гамбурге есть много лучших команд, таких как хоккейный клуб Уленхорстера, хоккейный клуб Harvesterhuder и Club An Der Alster.

Гамбургские воины являются одним из лучших клубов лакросса в Германии. Клуб значительно вырос за последние несколько лет и включает в себя по крайней мере одну молодежную команду, три мужчины и две женские команды. Команда участвует в Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. Гамбургские воины являются частью Harvestehuder Tennis- Und Hockey-Club EV (HTHC).

Hamburg Blue Devils был одной из выдающихся американских футбольных команд, играющих в немецкой футбольной лиге до выхода в 2017 году. Hamburg Sea Devils - это команда Европейской лиги футбола (ELF), которая является запланированной профессиональной лигой, которая станет первой полностью профессиональной лигой в Европе после кончины Европы НФЛ . Морские дьяволы начнут играть в игры в июне 2021 года.

Есть также гамбургские докеры , австралийский футбольный клуб правил. Команда ФК Сент -Паули доминирует в регби в Германии. Другие команды первой лиги включают VT Aurubis Hamburg (волейбол) и гамбургер-поло. Эймсбюттелер играет в немецкой женской волейбольной бундеслиге . Есть также несколько спортивных клубов меньшинства, в том числе четыре крикета клуба .

Am Rothenbaum является главным теннисным стадином Международного Германии Открытом .

Центральный суд тенниса Am Rothenbaum с вместимостью 13 200 человек является крупнейшим в Германии.

Гамбург так проходит конные мероприятия в Reitstadion Klein Flottbek (немецкое дерби в прыжках и выездке) и Хорнер Реннбан ( немецкий дерби Flat Racing ). Город также владеет гоночным треком Harness " Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld ". Гамбургский марафон является крупнейшим марафоном в Германии после Берлина. В 2008 году было зарегистрировано 23 230 участников. События чемпионата мира по велосипеде, соревнование UCI Protour Euroeyes Cyclassics , и Triathlon ITU . мероприятие Кубка мира по футболу здесь также проводятся

Volksparkstadion использовался в качестве места для чемпионата мира 2006 года . В 2010 году УЕФА провел финал Лиги Европы УЕФА на арене.

Гамбург сделал заявку на Олимпийские игры 2024 года , но 51,7 процента этих жителей города, участвующих в референдуме в ноябре 2015 года, проголосовали против продолжения заявки Гамбурга на проведение игр. Тем временем, партнер Гамбурга Сити Киль проголосовал за проведение мероприятия, и почти 66 процентов всех участников поддерживали заявку. Противники заявки утверждали, что проведение 33 -й Олимпийских игр будет стоить городу слишком дорого в государственных средствах.

Образование

См. Также: Образование в Гамбурге и образование в Германии

Основное здание Университета Гамбурга

Музыкальный университет и театр

Школьная система управляется Министерством школ и профессиональной подготовки ( авторитет для школьной и профессиональной подготовки ). Система имела около 191 148 учеников в 221 начальной школе и 188 средних школ в 2016 году. В Гамбурге есть 32 публичных библиотек.

Девятнадцать университетов расположены в Гамбурге, в общей сложности около 100 589 студентов университетов, в том числе 9 000 студентов -резидентов. Шесть университетов являются общественными, в том числе крупнейший, Университет Гамбурга (Университет Гамбурга) с Университетским медицинским центром Гамбург-Эппендорф , Университет музыкального и театра , Университет прикладных наук Гамбург , Университет Хафенцита и Университет Гамбурга Технология . Семь университетов являются частными, такие как юридическая школа Bucerius , Университет логистики Kühne и Школа делового администрирования в Гамбурге HSBA . В городе также есть небольшие частные колледжи и университеты, в том числе многие религиозные и специальные учреждения, такие как Университет Гельмута Шмидта (ранее Университет Федеральных вооруженных сил Гамбурга). Гамбург является домом для одной из старейших международных школ в Германии, Международной школы Гамбурга .

Города -близнецы - Сестринские города

См. Также: Список городов -близнецов и родственных городов в Германии

Гамбург с двойной :

• Сент -Петербург , Россия (1957)
• Марсель , Франция (1958)
• Шанхай , Китай (1986)
• Дрезден , Германия (1987)
• Леон , Никарагуа (1989)
• Осака , Япония (1989)
• Прага , Чешская Республика (1990)
• Чикаго , США (1994)
• Dar Es Salaam , Tanzania (2010)

Примечательные люди

Дополнительная информация: Категория: люди из Гамбурга

В Гамбурге трудно найти родного гамбургера. Специальный и поверхностный поиск обнаруживает только раков, люди из Пиннеберга и люди из Бергедорфа . Один сопровождает довольных маленьких киперов из стремящегося общества; скумбрии с Стейда , подошва из Финкенвердера , сельди из Cuxhaven Play в ожидаемых толпах по улицам моего города, и омары патрулируют фондовую биржу с открытыми когтями ... Первый так называемый безжиганный взгляд всегда приземляется на дне моря и попадает в сумерки аквариума. У Генриха Гейне был такой же опыт, когда он пытался, с его культивируемым презрением и одаренной меланхолией, чтобы найти народ Гамбурга.

- Зигфрид Ленц , у людей Гамбурга (народ Гамбурга) ISBN   978-3-423-11538-4 .

Портрет Бартолда Генриха Брокеса

Живопись Феликс Мендельсон Бартолди, 1833

Портрет Йоханнеса Брамса , 1899

• Лукас Холстениус (1596–1661), немецкий католический гуманист, географ, историк и библиотекарь
• Андреас Шлютер ( ок. 1659 - ок. 1714 ), немецкий барочный скульптор и архитектор
• Бартольд Генрих Брокес (1680-1747), немецкий поэт
• Герман Сэмюэль Реймарус (1694–1768), немецкий философ и писатель Просвещения
• Конрад Эхоф (1720–1778 гг.), Главный немецкий актер 18 -го века
• Иоганн Бернхард Баспинг (1724–1790), немецкий образовательный реформатор, учитель и писатель
• Meta Klopstock (1728–1758), писатель
• Абель Сейлер (1730–1800), один из главных директоров театра Европы 18 -го века, который сделал Гамбург центром театральных инноваций
• Мари Элизабет де Лафит (1737–1794), Немецкий переводчик и автор
• Иоганн Иоахим Эсченбург (1743–1820), немецкий критик и литературный историк
• Иоганн Элерт Боде (1747–1826), астроном. Он назвал и определил орбиту Урана .
• Иоганн Домикус Фиорилло (1748–1821), немецкий художник и историк искусства
• Кристиан, граф Столберга-Столберга (1748–1821), поэт, брат Фредерика Леопольда
• Фридрих Леопольд Граф Зу Столберг-Столберг (1750–1819), немецкий адвокат и переводчик
• Георг Фридрих фон Мартенс (1756–1821), немецкий юрист и дипломат
• Ludwig Erdwin Seyler (1758–1836), banker and politician
• Иоганн Франц Энке (1791–1865), астроном. Он измерил расстояние от Земли до солнца.
• Ami Boué (1794-1881), геолог французского гугенотного происхождения
• Густав Фридрих Ваген (1794–1868), немецкий искусство -историк
• Иоганн Кристиан Поггендорф (1796–1877), физик. Он имел дело с электричеством и магнетизмом.
• Schleiid ) ( 1804–1881
• Самсон Рафаэль Хирш (1808–1888), православный раввин. Он основал Тору Им Дереч Эрец .
• Феликс Мендельсон (1809–1847), немецкий композитор, пианист, органист и дирижер
• Людвиг Предуллер (1809–1861), немецкий филолог и антикварный
• Фридрих Герстцкер (1816–1872), Германское путешествие, писатель и писатель
• Юстус Людвиг Адольф Рот (1818–1892), немецкий геолог и минералогист
• Генрих Барт (1821–1865), немецкий исследователь Африки и ученый
• Джейкоб Бернайс (1824–1881), немецкий филолог и философский писатель
• Юлиус Опперт (1825–1905), француз-герман ассириолог
• TheReise Times (1831–1877), нагрузка оперы и ораторо Sophano
• Йоханнес Брамс (1833–1897), немецкий композитор, пианист и дирижер
• Майкл Бернайс (1834–1897), немецкий литературный историк, ученый Гете и Шекспир
• Вильгельм Рудольф Фиттиг (1835–1910), немецкий химик. Он обнаружил реакцию связи Пинакола .
• Вильгельм Кюн (1837–1900), немецкий физиолог. Он придумал слово « фермент » в 1878 году.
• Карл Роза (1842–1889), музыкальный импресарио. Он основал оперную компанию Carl Rosa в Лондоне.
• Карл Хагенбек (1844–1913), торговец дикими животными, которые поставляли много европейских зоопарков
• Ганс Хинрих Вендт (1853-1928), немецкий протестантский богослов
• Ганс фон Бартельс (1856–1913), немецкий художник
• Генрих Герц (1857–1894), физик, который впервые доказал существование электромагнитных волн
• Гельмут Шмидт (1918–2015), политик и канцлер Западной Германии с 1974 по 1982 год
• Марион Ингрэм (родился в 1935 году), выживший Холокост, активист по гражданским правам, автор и художник.
• Анжела Меркель (родилась в 1954 году), политик и ученый в отставке, канцлер Германии с 2005 по 2021 год
• Олаф Шольц (родился в 1958 году), политик, первый мэр Гамбурга с 2011 по 2018 год и нынешний канцлер Германии с 2021 года
• Террористы гамбург -клеток совершили атаки 11 сентября

Смотрите также

• Новый Гамбург

Внешние ссылки

• Официальный сайт
• Географические данные, связанные с Гамбургом в OpenStreetMap
• Чисхолм, Хью , изд. (1911). «Гамбург (город)» . Encyclopædia Britannica (11 -е изд.). Издательство Кембриджского университета.
• Гамбург панорама вид