Пандемия COVID-19 в Германии

Пандемия COVID-19 в Германии
Duration: 1 minute and 55 seconds.1:55 7-дневная распространенность (на 100 тысяч человек) до 8 февраля 2022 г.
Болезнь	COVID-19
Штамм вируса	SARS-CoV-2
Расположение	Германия
First outbreak	Wuhan, Hubei, China
Index case	Bavaria
Arrival date	27 January 2020 (4 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
Confirmed cases	38,437,756
Recovered	4,328,400 (estimate)
Deaths	174,979
Fatality rate	0.46%
Vaccinations	64,876,299 (total vaccinated) 63,563,414 (fully vaccinated) 192,221,468 (doses administered)

Пандемия COVID-19 в Германии привела к гибели 38 437 756 человек. подтвержденных случаев COVID-19 и 174 979 летальные исходы.

27 января 2020 года первый случай заболевания в Германии был подтвержден недалеко от Мюнхена , Бавария . К середине февраля возникшая группа случаев была полностью локализована. 25 и 26 февраля многочисленные случаи, связанные со вспышкой заболевания в Италии были выявлены в Баден-Вюртемберге . Карнавал 15 февраля в Хайнсберге , Северный Рейн-Вестфалия, 25 февраля посетил мужчина, у которого был выявлен положительный результат; во время вспышки, которая впоследствии развилась среди инфицированных участников, власти по большей части больше не могли отслеживать вероятные цепочки инфекций. 9 марта о первых двух смертельных случаях в Германии сообщили в Эссене и Хайнсберге. Новые кластеры были внедрены в другие регионы через Хайнсберг, а также через людей, прибывших из Китая, Ирана и Италии. откуда ненемцы могли прибыть самолетом до 17–18 марта . С 13 марта немецкие земли обязали закрыть школы и детские сады, отложить академические семестры и запретить посещение домов престарелых, чтобы защитить пожилых людей. Двумя днями позже были закрыты границы с Австрией, Данией, Францией, Люксембургом и Швейцарией. К 22 марта комендантский час был введен в шести землях Германии, в то время как другие земли запретили физический контакт более чем с одним человеком, не принадлежащим к дому.

On 15 April 2020, Chancellor Angela Merkel spoke of "fragile intermediate success" that had been achieved in the fight against the pandemic. The same day, a first loosening of restrictions was announced, continued in early May, and eventually, holiday travels were allowed in cooperation with other European countries. A number of state premiers pressed for faster relaxation of restrictions, putting them at odds with Merkel, who favoured a more cautious approach, a pattern that repeated itself later that year. Substantial local outbreaks in meat processing plants drew public attention beyond the epidemiological context to poor working conditions. By late August, infection numbers had returned to the levels of April, and a possible second wave of the pandemic was under debate. By mid October, it was believed by experts to be inevitable. A partial lockdown from 2 November only temporarily halted the rise in case numbers; the total number of reported infections since the start of the pandemic crossed one million on 27 November. A hard lockdown from 15 December made FFP2 masks or other clinical masks mandatory on public transport and in shops. Repeated lockdown extensions were mainly motivated by the appearance of the Alpha variant and other mutations. Death rates in nursing homes remained high until late January 2021 but dropped strongly in February, likely due to residents and workers at these facilities having been prioritised in the vaccination campaign. The second wave peaked in January.

In March 2021, the Alpha variant drove a third wave of infections. The average age of the infected, as well as of those requiring intensive care, was much younger than in the first two waves. A reform of the Infection Protection Act in late April increased federal government powers, allowing it to mandate pandemic measures in hard-hit districts; in November 2021, the measures were ruled by the Federal Constitutional Court to have been legal. From late April, infection numbers started to continuously decrease; the third wave was seen as broken by early May. The Delta variant became dominant among the new infections by the end of June, and from early July, cases started to increase again. On 20 August, the RKI assessed the country to have entered the fourth wave of the pandemic, again with most of the cases coming from the younger age groups. With effect from 23 August, the so-called 3G rule gave those who were vaccinated, had recovered, or had a negative test result no older than 24 hours more freedom to visit numerous venues. From mid October, infections and intensive care unit admissions started to increase again. On 4 November, as almost 34,000 reported infections set a new record since the beginning of the pandemic, Health Minister Jens Spahn spoke of a "massive pandemic of the unvaccinated", which was criticized by scientists for underrating the role of the vaccinated in the pandemic. Unprecedentedly high infection numbers led Germany to reintroduce free coronavirus testing in November, a month after they had been phased out, and to launch a booster campaign. Booster vaccinations were declared by new Health Minister Karl Lauterbach to be central to the government strategy of combating the Omicron variant. Warnings of a "massive fifth wave" driven by Omicron in December proved to be no exaggeration as daily case numbers rose up to over 200,000 by mid February 2022, and remained at a high level in March. Experts considered the absence of a decrease to be due to the BA.2 subvariant of Omicron, which had ushered in the sixth wave of the pandemic, and expected more cases after the easing of pandemic measures scheduled to begin on 21 March.

Vaccinations with the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine began on 27 December 2020 (unofficially one day earlier); vaccinations with the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, the AstraZeneca vaccine and the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine began in mid January, early February, and mid March 2021 respectively. Vaccinations with AstraZeneca were stalled on 16 March 2021 due to concerns about rare and potentially lethal side effects but resumed on 19 March after the European Medicines Agency deemed the vaccine "safe and effective". On 30 March, German vaccination commission STIKO recommended limiting the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine to those aged 60 or over, but revised this on 22 April to allow for use in younger ages, subject to their consent to medical advice about the risks. Vaccinations accelerated in April, with a total of 15 million shots given that month. On 6 May, the AstraZeneca vaccine was made available to all adults, with the Johnson & Johnson vaccine following on 10 May and all others on 7 June. Vaccination with AstraZeneca ceased on 1 December 2021. On 3 February 2022, the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine was approved. As of 25 November 2021, 68.1 per cent of the total population had completed their vaccination, with considerable regional variation across states. In mid-January 2022, the RKI reported that just under 75 per cent had received at least one vaccination.

Background

Outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan, Hubei, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.

The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 is lower than SARS of 2003, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.

Infection Protection Act

In the implementation of federal and state guidelines to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, the Infection Protection Act (Infektionsschutzgesetz, IfSG) has played a central role. Enacted in 2000, the IfSG authorises state governments to issue regulations to control communicable diseases, and to order protective measures including quarantine, thus granting them considerable power in relation to the federal government, whose primary task is to coordinate the measures taken. Pressure by state premiers repeatedly forced Chancellor Merkel to soften anti-pandemic measures.

In March 2020, the federal government drafted a change to the IfSG to allow the federal government more power over the federal states. Among others it would allow the health ministry to prohibit border crossings, track the contacts of infected persons and enlist doctors, medicine students and other health care workers in the efforts against an infectious disease. A condition for use of the additional powers is the determination of an epidemic situation of national significance (de:Epidemische Lage von nationaler Tragweite). The Bundestag made this determination on 25 March, the same day it approved the amendments to the IfSG. The amendments became law on 27 March. The determination was extended repeatedly, for the fourth time on 25 August 2021 for tentatively three months. In a 11 November Bundestag debate, chancellor-in-waiting Olaf Scholz pushed for the state of emergency to end on 25 November as scheduled; in justification of this measure, which was expected to go ahead, fellow Social Democrat Dirk Wiese said that "lockdowns for the entire republic and de-facto occupational bans ... we no longer consider proportionate". On the same occasion, Scholz called for parliamentary support for a catalogue of new measures that would replace the state of emergency.

On 18 November 2020, a reform of the IfSG which had been proposed by the ruling Grand coalition was passed in the Bundestag with 415 votes in favour, 236 against, and eight abstentions. The regulations of the law include a specification of the scope of measures which may be taken by individual states to combat a health emergency such as the current pandemic. The purpose of the law was to put measures that had been previously enacted by decree on a more firm legal basis. It also addressed complaints from across the political spectrum about what they saw as diminished role of the parliament. The opposition parties in parliament remained dissatisfied with the reformed law.

A further revision of the IfSG came into force on 22 April 2021, allowing the federal government to mandate curfews from 24 April.

National Pandemic Plan

Three ways to sign in for contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

Germany has a common National Pandemic Plan, which describes the responsibilities and measures of the health care system actors in case of a huge epidemic. Epidemic control is executed both by the federal authorities such as Robert Koch Institute and by the German states. The German states have their own epidemic plans. On 4 March, the RKI published an extension of the national plan, which it had produced in collaboration with several other entities, for the handling of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Four major targets are included in this plan:

• Reduce morbidity and mortality
• Ensure treatment of infected persons
• Upkeep of essential public services
• Reliable and accurate information for decision-makers, medical professionals, media and public

The plan has three stages, which might eventually overlap due to regional differences in the evolution of the pandemic:

• Containment (circumstances of dedicated cases and clusters)
• Protection (circumstances of further spreading infections and unknown sources of infections)
• Mitigation (circumstances of widespread infections)

In the containment stage health authorities are focusing on identifying contact persons who are put in personal quarantine and are monitored and tested. Personal quarantine is overseen by the local health agencies. By doing so, authorities are trying to keep infection chains short, leading to curtailed clusters. As of 4 March 2020, the pandemic was managed in the containment stage. In the protection stage the strategy will change to using direct measures to protect vulnerable persons from becoming infected. The mitigation stage will eventually try to avoid spikes of intensive treatment in order to maintain medical services.

Criticism over slow procurement of protective materials

As early as January 2020, the German Bundestag was fully informed about the dangers of the global spread of a coronavirus pandemic. A risk analysis predicted how dangerous a global coronavirus outbreak could be. It stated that "children [...] have [...] minor disease progressions" and that the risk of death of "over-65-year-olds [is] at 50%". It further stated that a "vaccine" is "unavailable", so all the more important is the "use of protective equipment such as protective masks, goggles and gloves". But until 24 March, the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK) had never set up appropriate stores or had talks with manufacturers and suppliers to prepare for such a situation, was the criticism of some experts.

Timeline by state

For a day-by-day chart, see Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Germany medical cases chart.

Cases

Deaths

Baden-Württemberg

A test centre in Sindelfingen, Baden-Württemberg. Viral throat swabs are taken in a tent outside to avoid contaminating the laboratory.

On 25 February, a 25-year-old man from Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg, who had recently returned from Milan, Italy, tested positive and was treated in Klinik am Eichert. On 26 February, Baden-Württemberg confirmed three new cases. The 24-year-old girlfriend of the 25-year-old man from Göppingen and her 60-year-old father, who worked as a chief physician at University Hospital Tübingen, tested positive and were admitted to the same hospital in Tübingen. A 32-year-old man from Rottweil, Baden-Württemberg, who had visited Codogno, Italy with his family on 23 February, tested positive and was admitted to a hospital for isolation.

On 27 February, Baden-Württemberg confirmed four new cases, for a total of eight cases in the region. Two women and a man from Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald and Freiburg, respectively, tested positive. They had had contact with an Italian participant at a business meeting in Munich; he was subsequently tested positive in Italy. A man from the district of Böblingen, who had had contact with the travel companion of the patient from Göppingen, also tested positive.

On 28 February, Baden-Württemberg confirmed five new cases, bringing the total number of cases in the state to thirteen. A man from Ludwigsburg with flu symptoms who had tested negative for influenza virus was automatically tested for SARS-CoV-2 and confirmed positive. A man from Rhine-Neckar returning from a short ski holiday with mild cold symptoms checked himself in to the emergency department of the University Hospital Heidelberg and tested positive. A 32-year-old man in Heilbronn tested positive and was admitted to a hospital. He had been in Milan on 21 February and fallen ill with flu symptoms on 23 February. A man from Nuremberg who was in Karlsruhe on business was admitted to the Karlsruhe City Hospital after testing positive. His family in Nuremberg was also ill with respiratory symptoms. A man from Breisgau who had travelled to Bergamo, Italy also tested positive and underwent isolation.

After the ease of lockdown, a group of Germans who had been working in China was allowed to return. On arrival in Tianjin on 29 May 2020, Chinese authorities tested a 34-year-old engineer from Blaustein positive for the coronavirus. A test on departure in Frankfurt had shown no infection.

Bavaria

On 27 January 2020, the Bavarian Ministry of Health announced that a 52-year-old employee of Webasto, a German car parts supplier at Starnberg, Bavaria had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. He contracted the infection from a Chinese colleague who had received a visit in Shanghai from her parents from Wuhan. His was the first known case of a person contracting the virus outside of China from a non-relative – the first known transmission of the virus outside China being father to son in Vietnam.

On 28 January, three more cases were confirmed, a 27-year-old and a 40-year-old man as well as a 33-year-old woman. All three were also employees of Webasto. They were monitored and quarantined at the München Hospital in Schwabing.

On 30 January, a man from Siegsdorf who worked for the same company tested positive; on 31 January and 3 February respectively, both his children tested positive. His wife also tested positive on 6 February. A 52-year-old Webasto employee from Fürstenfeldbruck tested positive.

On 1 February, a 33-year-old Webasto employee living in Munich tested positive. On 3 February, another employee was confirmed positive. On 7 February, the wife of a previously diagnosed man tested positive. On 11 February, a 49-year-old Webasto employee tested positive, as did a family member of a previously diagnosed employee.

According to reconstruction analysis published in September 2020, the outbreak at Webasto had not seeded the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, with the evidence pointing instead to the latter outbreak having been initiated by cases imported directly from China.

On 27 February, Bavaria confirmed that a man from Middle Franconia tested positive after he had contact with an Italian man who later tested positive as well.

On 8 March, an 83-year-old resident of the St. Nikolaus home of the elderly in Würzburg was brought into hospital and died four days later diagnosed with COVID-19, becoming the first reported death of the virus in Bavaria. By 27 March, ten more residents of the St. Nikolaus home of the elderly had also died of the virus and 44 residents and 32 employees tested positive. The residency complained about a lack of personnel and protective equipment.

On 12 August 2020, Bavarian health authorities admitted that they had not yet informed over 44,000 returning travellers about the results of their COVID-19 tests, mostly taken at mobile testing centres at highways. It was believed that there had been over 900 positive cases among these. The government explained the glitch with missing software and an unexpected large number of volunteers tested. Health Minister Melanie Huml reportedly offered her resignation to premier Soeder, whose decision to leave her in office was met with sharp criticism by the parliamentary opposition. In January 2021, Huml was moved to a position in the Bavarian State Chancellery.

From 18 January 2021, pursuant to a 12 January decision, Bavaria made the wearing of FFP2 masks mandatory on public transport and in supermarkets, excepting bus drivers, ticket inspectors, and children aged up to 14 years. The new rule would not be policed until 24 January. The Bavarian government said it would provide masks free of charge to low-income groups and social welfare recipients.

Due to the number of occupied intensive care beds reaching 609 on 8 November 2021, thereby exceeding the threshold of 600, the Corona-Ampel (corona traffic light) jumped to red in the state, triggering a tightening of pandemic restrictions. It had been green just days earlier. With immediate effect, access to gyms and sports facilities, as well as museums and cultural facilities, was reduced from that under the 3G rule, covering the fully vaccinated, the recovered, or those who had recently tested negative, to the 2G rule, which excluded the third mentioned group. Only to those under the age of 12, for which age group no COVID-19 vaccine had been approved, would the 3G rule still applied, as well as to discretionary cases on medical grounds. Restaurants, hairdressers, universities and libraries were to continue to apply the 3G rule.

Berlin

A closed off playground in Lankwitz, Berlin

The first case detected in the capital, Berlin, was reported on 2 March 2020. On 17 March, the government of Berlin announced plans to open a 1,000-bed hospital for COVID-19 patients on the grounds of Messe Berlin in the Westend locality of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The hospital opened on 11 May 2020.

On November 15, 2021, Berlin banned unvaccinated citizens from restaurants, bars, cinemas and other entertainment venues, and now require them to present a negative COVID test to travel by bus or train. The measures have been implemented due to the largest increase in case counts to date.

In January 2022, a spokesman of the Berlin government told Reuters that public services including transportation, police and child care were reshuffling operations to cope with an increasing number of staff in quarantine.

Hamburg

Near-empty red-light district in Hamburg on 17 March

Hamburg's first case, a male paediatric member of staff at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, was confirmed on 27 February. As of 15 March 2020, there are 196 active cases.

Hesse

On 28 February, Hesse officials confirmed three new cases in Lahn-Dill, Hochtaunuskreis and Giessen. The cases in Lahn-Dill and Giessen were linked to the cluster in NRW, and the case in Hochtaunuskreis to the one in Lahn-Dill.

After the ease of lockdown for religious groups on 1 May, a church service on 10 May in Frankfurt led to a cluster that grew to 112 cases by 25 May. The service was later determined to have breached several regulations, including those that the major churches had given themselves. The church evaded penalties through participation in a study by the RKI, whose scientists had expressed great interest in studying the outbreak in detail. All of the infected had recovered by 24 June.

Lower Saxony

On 1 March 2020, Lower Saxony reported its first case. After the ease of lockdown in early May 2020 about 40 people met on 15 May for a private party in a restaurant in Moormerland. By 24 May at least 10 of the participants had tested positive and quarantine was ordered for 70 people.

On 31 May 2020, a new cluster with 36 confirmed infections was reported in Göttingen. The local authorities checked Hookah lounges to find the source of the infections. Mayor Rolf-Georg Köhler informed the public on 2 June that the cluster originated in Eid al-Fitr celebrations by several families on 23 May where social distancing rules had been ignored. On 4 June 2020, the city reported 86 infections from the cluster and some 216 people had been ordered in quarantine. All schools were closed again and all contact and team sports were prohibited for 2 weeks.

North Rhine-Westphalia

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia

On 25 February, a 47-year-old man tested positive in Erkelenz, Heinsberg at North Rhine-Westphalia. He had been previously treated at University Hospital of Cologne on 13 and 19 February for a pre-existing medical condition. 41 medical staff members and patients were identified to have had contact with him at the hospital; one person from medical staff showed symptoms and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.

On 26 February, the man's wife, a kindergarten teacher, tested positive; both were isolated at University Hospital of Düsseldorf. His colleague and her partner also tested positive.

On 27 February, Heinsberg confirmed fourteen new cases: nine from Gangelt, two from Selfkant, one from the city of Heinsberg, one from Düsseldorf and one from Herzogenrath. Multiple cases were linked to the Gangelter Carnival. All of them were placed in home isolation. This brought the current total to twenty in the district. A medical doctor in Mönchengladbach tested positive and was quarantined at home. He had attended the same carnival event in Gangelt.

On 28 February, Aachen confirmed the first COVID-19 case in the region, a woman from Herzogenrath (Aachen district), who had attended the carnival event in Gangelt on 15 February and underwent home isolation. Heinsberg confirmed 17 new cases, bringing the current total to 37 cases in the district.

On 29 February, the number of confirmed cases in Heinsberg rose to sixty. Additionally, one case was confirmed in Bonn, three more in the Aachen district (one in Aachen and two in Würselen), and one in Lüdenscheid. Cologne, Mönchengladbach and Duisburg also each reported two cases. The first cases in Münster were confirmed.

On 1 March, cases in Heinsberg rose to 68. A case was confirmed in Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, affecting a woman from Overath.

On 2 March, the number of positive cases in Heinsberg increased to 79. The Unna district reported its first case, a 61-year-old woman.

On 3 March, cases in Heinsberg rose to 84. Two more cases were confirmed in Münster. The first case was confirmed in Neuss.

Entrance control at the Cologne Cathedral on 21 March to allow admission only to people who want to pray.

On 4 March, the first case in Bochum was confirmed when a 68-year-old man returning from holiday in Italy tested positive.

On 5 March 195 cases were confirmed by laboratory test in Heinsberg. The local authorities announced that all schools, kindergartens, daycare facilities and interdisciplinary early intervention centres would remain closed until at least 15 March 2020. Six people tested positive in Münster, of which four were pupils and one a child in a day care centre. The school and the day care centre were closed as a precaution.

On 6 March, confirmed cases in Heinsberg rose to 220. A mobile medical care unit was deployed in Gangelt-Birgden. Bochum's second case was confirmed, after the wife of the city's first confirmed case also tested positive.

On 7 March, three cases were confirmed in Remscheid and one in Wermelskirchen. Bochum reported its third case, a 58-year-old man from Weitmar who had returned from a holiday in Italy.

On 8 March, the count of cases in the state rose to 484. Of these, 277 were in Heinsberg. Bochum recorded its fourth case after a woman tested positive after returning from a holiday in South Tyrol, Italy. She went into quarantine at home. A 44-year-old Münster resident tested positive and underwent quarantine with his family. Düsseldorf confirmed its fourth case, a man who had contact with individuals in Heinsberg. All cases in Düsseldorf were reported to be asymptomatic, or with mild symptoms. There were six new infections in Erkrath, Mettmann district. An additional three people were infected with the virus in Bergkamen, Unna district. They are believed to have come into contact with an infected person during a visit to Hamburg.

On 9 March, the first COVID-19 deaths in Germany, an 89-year-old woman in Essen and a 78-year-old man in Heinsberg, were reported.

By the evening of 10 March, the count of cases in the state rose to 648. All mass events in North Rhine-Westphalia with more than 1000 participants were banned with immediate effect.

On 11 March, the number of positive cases in North Rhine-Westphalia increased to 801, including three deaths.

On 13 March, all schools and kindergartens were closed by the government of North Rhine-Westphalia.

In September, the city of Hamm became a hotspot after the obligation to wear masks and to keep distance had been ignored at three events with some 500 guests surrounding a Turkish wedding in early September. By 24 September, some 179 individuals from that wedding were described as "acute infected" by the local government. The number of infections per 100,000 citizens rose to 100 and new restrictions were introduced: Masks would have to be worn in schools for upper secondary education, events with more than 25 people would have to file an application and with 50 up to 150 participants, a concept for infection prevention would be required. On 6 October some 300 infected were linked to the wedding.

In October, the city of Cologne presented its #diesmalnicht (English: #notthistime) campaign discouraging gatherings, parades and similar hazardous behaviour for the commencement of the Cologne Carnival at 11:11 a.m. on 11 November 2020. Mayor of Cologne Henriette Reker announced that there would be a ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol outside of restaurants and pubs on 11 November 2020, with many establishments voluntarily remaining closed or not selling alcohol on that date.

Rhineland-Palatinate

On 26 February, a 41-year-old soldier who worked in Cologne-Wahn military airport and had attended a carnival event in Gangelt with the 47-year-old patient from North Rhine-Westphalia was admitted to Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Koblenz, the first case in Rhineland-Palatinate.

On 27 February, a 32-year-old man from Kaiserslautern, who had been in Iran, tested positive and was admitted to Westpfalz-Klinikum.

On 4 March, a woman and a child from Wachenheim tested positive and were quarantined.

Saxony-Anhalt

On 10 March 2020, Saxony-Anhalt reported eight confirmed cases of COVID-19, making it the last federal state to be affected by the disease. As of 26 March, the subdivisions of Jessen and Schweinitz in the municipality of Jessen (Elster) are under quarantine, with no one apart from emergency workers allowed in or out. The cause is reported to be an increased number of COVID-19 infections in a retirement home there.

Other

In late March 2020, a group of patients from Lombardy in Italy and the border region of Alsace in France were treated in Germany.

Repatriated German citizens

On 1 February 2020, around 90 German citizens left Wuhan on a flight arranged by the German government. Upon arrival, they were quarantined in Rhineland-Palatinate for 14 days.

On 2 February, two of the arrivals from China tested positive and were moved from the quarantine location in Germersheim to an isolation unit at the University Hospital Frankfurt.

Virus variants

The first case of what was later named the Alpha variant was confirmed by authorities on 24 December 2020. It was detected in a woman who had been travelling by plane from London to Frankfurt.

On 21 January 2021, an analysis by the Berlin Charité hospital of a coronavirus sample from a patient in a recent outbreak in Garmisch-Partenkirchen was published. The report said that, contrary to initial concerns, the sample did not show a new mutation, but rather a variant of the virus that had first been detected in March 2020. Up to the time of the report, 66 patients and staff at a hospital in Germisch-Partenkirchen had tested positive for that variant.

The first case in Germany of the Beta variant was confirmed by authorities on 22 January 2021 in a traveller who had arrived at Frankfurt airport from Brazil one day earlier. He showed no symptoms. Also on 22 January, the total death toll in Germany crossed the 50,000 mark, according to the Robert Koch Institute.

On 24 April 2021, Germany banned flights from India with effect from 26 April, due to concern about the Delta variant that had emerged in that country and was suspected to be responsible for the steep rise in COVID-19 cases there. Germans and foreigners with German residence permit, among others, would be exempt upon presentation of a negative test result before entry; a 14-day mandatory quarantine would still be required. As of 23 April, there were 21 cases of infections with the variant reported in Germany.

On 7 July 2021, the RKI announced that, based on data from 21 to 27 June, the Delta variant had become the dominant strain, making up 59 per cent of newly reported infections within that week.

By late November 2021, several cases of the Omicron variant had been reported in Germany.

After their emergence, the Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants successively went on to become the dominant strain of the coronavirus in the country.

Government response

Main article: German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic

Vaccination

Main articles: COVID-19 vaccination in Germany and German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic

Federal Ministers of Health during the pandemic: until 8 December 2021 Jens Spahn (left) and from 8 December 2021 Karl Lauterbach (right).

COVID-19 vaccination centre in Traunstein, Bavaria

On 9 November 2020, the German vaccination commission STIKO, an independent advisory group which is part of the RKI, published a position paper jointly with the German Ethics Council and the Leopoldina Academy of Sciences on how access to a future COVID-19 vaccine should be regulated, given that sufficient quantities of such a vaccine would not immediately be available to everybody willing to undergo vaccination. The document highlighted the need to comply with medical, legal and ethical principles, and urged for the prioritisation scheme to be made transparent to the public.

On 18 December, Health Minister Jens Spahn unveiled the government vaccination plan at a press conference. He warned that "we will have to live with this virus for a long time yet." The plan deviated from a STIKO proposal published the previous day in that it subdivided the population into three groups, instead of five as proposed by STIKO; and it allowed for priorisation within each of the groups, which Spahn defended against criticism from general practitioners and police as "allow[ing] a certain flexibility on the ground".

The first 9,750 doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine were delivered to Germany's 16 states on 26 December. The state of Saxony-Anhalt started vaccinations the same day, one day before the official start. The first to receive the vaccine were German residents over the age of 80, as well as caregivers and hospital staff who were considered to be at particular risk.

A first batch of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, of about 63,000 doses, arrived in Lower Saxony on 11 January 2021.

By early January 2021, criticism was mounting over the slow progress of the vaccination program. The government tasked the RKI with investigating if, as in other countries, the second jab could be postponed in order to use available doses for more people. On 8 January, the German Health Ministry announced that regulators of the European Medicines Agency had approved the extraction of six, instead of five, doses of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine from each vial, and that this practice would be immediately adopted in Germany.

Production issues hampered the rollout of vaccines in the European Union and consequently also in Germany, as the country had ordered its vaccines through the bloc. On 22 January, it transpired that AstraZeneca would, after the expected approval of its vaccine by the European Union on 29 January, only be able to deliver 31 million doses, instead of the agreed 80 million doses. There were also difficulties reported with the delivery of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. AstraZeneca said on 31 January that it would supply 9 million additional doses during the first quarter, while BioNTech said that its new production plant in Marburg would allow them to increase their supply to the European Union from the initially planned 1.3 billion to 2 billion.

On 3 February, Spahn said that he expected that citizens would be able to choose between the three EU-approved vaccines in a few months. He flagged that the Russian Sputnik V vaccine could be produced in Germany. Spahn had said in late January that Germany would be open to the adoption of vaccines from Russia and China after EU approval, provided that they were safe and effective.

By 10 February, the number of second vaccinations – two vaccinations being necessary for each of the three vaccines approved as of that date – had risen to above 1.1 million, comprising about 1.32 per cent of the population. Difficulties with vaccine delivery had prompted authorities to retain vaccines for use in the second vaccination and consequently, a decrease in the daily number of first vaccinations.

On 11 March, the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine was permitted for use in Germany as part of an EU permit.

By 15 March, 6,507,159 people have been given the first dose of the vaccine.

On 15 March, Germany temporarily suspended the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine "as a precaution" according to the Health Ministry, with Health Minister Spahn saying that the risk of blood clots developing after administration of the vaccine was low but could not be ruled out. While the German Medical Association supported the decision, others including epidemiologist Karl Lauterbach criticised it. Vaccinations with AstraZeneca resumed on 19 March after the European Medicines Agency deemed the vaccine "safe and effective".

On 30 March, on recommendations of Germany's vaccine panel, the use of AstraZeneca was restricted to patients 60 and older, except for patients for whom a COVID-19 infection was expected to pose a high risk, and who additionally had agreed to take the vaccine despite the small risk of serious side effects. The Vaccination Commission revised this on 22 April to allow for use in younger ages, subject to their consent to medical advice about the risks.

On 8 April, Spahn said that as the European Commission was not intending to buy the Sputnik V vaccine for the entire bloc, Germany would enter exclusive negotiations with Russia, in spite of an agreement of the bloc in early 2021 to shun exclusive negotiations with suppliers. Any purchases would be subject to approval from the European Medicines Agency.

On 6 May, the AstraZeneca vaccine was made available to all adults. Previously the vaccination campaign had considerably gained speed. On 10 May, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was likewise made generally available. As with the AstraZeneca vaccine, a prior consultation about the risks was mandated for under 60-year olds.

Rüdiger von Kries, a member of the vaccination commission STIKO, said on 25 May that, as "practically nothing" was known about long-term adverse effects of vaccinations on 12- to 15-year-old children and adolescents, STIKO would likely recommend them only for children with other risk factors. On 10 June, STIKO made such a limited recommendation, while also saying that healthy teenagers may also be vaccinated with the consent of themselves, their parents, and doctors. In explaining the recommendation, which was more restrictive than that at EU level, STIKO head Thomas Mertens cited the concerns of von Kries, adding that very children fell ill with COVID-19 as opposed to older people. In the light of new safety data from the United States and new research on the infection risk for children and adolescents in the age range from 12 to 17 years, STIKO updated its guidance on 16 August to include a recommendation for vaccination for that age range.

A digital vaccination pass was rolled out on 10 June. Health Minister Spahn announced that day that the pass was expected to be available to everyone in Germany who is fully vaccinated, by the end of June; and that it was planned to make it an acceptable proof of vaccination status also in other countries.

On 5 August, it was reported that Germany, along with France and Israel, would give booster doses to immunocompromised patients, the very elderly and nursing home residents from September. In response to recent criticism from WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus to halt boosters until at least the end of September due to global inequity in vaccine supply, the German health ministry said that it would donate at least 30 million vaccine doses to poorer countries and "support the vaccination of as many people in the world as possible".

A study by the Robert Koch Institute published on 9 August found that vaccinations had prevented an estimated 38,000 deaths from COVID-19, as well as prevented over 76,000 hospitalizations and almost 20,000 admissions to intensive care units. The study used data from the preceding six and a half months, from the approximate beginning of the third wave of the pandemic.

Health minister Spahn said on 22 September that unvaccinated workers who were forced to quarantine after returning from travels to high-risk areas would no longer receive governmental subsidies for lost income from 11 October at latest. He argued that the taxpayer could not be expected to pay for the costs incurred by those who were able to choose to get vaccinated but did not do so.

On 5 November, against the background of rapidly rising case numbers in the fourth wave of the pandemic, Health Minister Spahn said that he had agreed with state ministers to offer a third dose of the vaccine to everyone six months after their previous injection.

On 10 November, national advisory committee STIKO revised its recommendations, saying that those under 30 should only receive the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, as the Moderna vaccine had shown a larger incidence of heart inflammation in that age group. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was also recommended as the only vaccine for pregnant women of all ages.

With the number of COVID-19 deaths passing the 100,000 mark on 25 November and the health care system being under strain from the increasing number of cases, there were increasing calls for making vaccination mandatory. Among the supporters of this step were also the state leaders Volker Bouffier and Winfried Kretschmann, and Berlin mayor Michael Müller.

Therapy

On 25 January 2021, the Health Ministry announced that Germany had bought 200,000 doses of experimental antibody cocktails for €400 million, to be administered at university hospitals only, and to be used only on high-risk patients at an early stage of the illness. The drugs, Bamlanivimab and REGN-COV-2, had been used on US President Donald Trump after he caught the virus in October 2020. The use of the drugs, which had not received approval by the European Medicines Agency, was permitted under a compassionate use clause.

On 28 December 2021, the German government announced that it had ordered one million doses of Paxlovid. Health minister Lauterbach said he had liaised with the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices about emergency approval for the drug, which he expected to be granted in time for the first deliveries before the end of January 2022. Wholesale marketers started to receive the drug on 23 February. Its uptake appeared to be quite slow in the first months, however, with one German newspaper reporting that by April it had been prescribed less than 9,000 times. In a tweet on 21 May 2022, health minister Lauterbach expressed his satisfaction about new research results indicating the high efficacy of the drug, but said that more preparation was still needed to determine its "optimal use".

In January 2024, it was reported that several pharmacies in Germany were being investigated on suspicion of having illegally re-sold Paxlovid which they had ordered.

Impact

Economy

Germany officially entered a recession given that its economy contracted 2.2% during the first quarter of 2020.

As of 1 April 2020, almost half a million companies in Germany had sent their workers on a government-subsidized short-time working scheme known as Kurzarbeit. The German short-time work compensation scheme is similar to schemes in France and Britain.

On 8 April, Germany reverted a travel ban for seasonal agricultural workers, allowing 80,000 Eastern Europeans to enter between April and May to harvest seasonal foods.

In a press release from 29 April, the Federal Government predicted that gross domestic product to decline by 6.3 per cent in 2020, with the sharpest drop in economic output, and the peak in Kurzarbeit short-time working, occurring in the second quarter.

On 22 May, in an article published in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, the German Council of Economic Experts stated its views on the design of the planned coronavirus recovery package. In particular, it weighed in on the debate about whether the recovery package should include a higher cash incentive for buying electric cars, a plan which the Merkel government had favoured. The Council recommended against any sector specific aid measures, and advocated focusing on investments in education and infrastructure, lowering the cost of energy, and allowing companies to balance losses with gains from previous and expected gains for future years.

On 3 June, the Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) announced that the jobless figure in Germany had risen in May to 2.813 million, a year-on-year increase of 577,000, bringing the unemployment rate to 6.1 per cent. In his analysis, BA director Detlef Scheele stated that even though the coronavirus crisis had hit the labour market with unprecedented severity, it was coping reasonably well in his opinion.

According to the Federal Statistical Office, exports dropped in April by 31 per cent compared to the previous year, which was unprecedented since 1950, when trade balance statistics began to be collected.

In late August 2020, the Federal Statistical Office reported a decrease in gross domestic product of 9.7% in the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the first. This was attributed to the collapse in exports as well as health protection measures during the pandemic; the latter had shut down whole industries such as those related to conferences and concerts. Economists expected a rebounding of the economy in the third quarter due to the easing of coronavirus related restrictions, but saw the possibility of a second wave of infections hanging as a threat over those predictions.

Based on preliminary calculations, the Federal Statistical Office reported on 14 January 2021 that the gross domestic product had shrunk by 5.0 per cent in 2020 as compared to the previous year. While price-adjusted private consumption had shrunk by a record 6.0 per cent, this had been partly offset by a government consumption increase of 3.4 per cent, in which the purchase of protective equipment and hospital costs had played a role. For the first time since 2011, Germany recorded a budget deficit, which at 4.8 per cent was second only to that of 1995, when the debts of the Treuhand were transferred to the federal budget.

On 26 March, the Federal Constitutional Court stopped a German law for the roll-out of an aid package totalling €750 billion that had been agreed by the European Council in summer 2020. The legal challenge had been mounted by Bernd Lucke and others, who rejected the repayment of debts in the name of all EU countries jointly. The European Commission expressed optimism that the package could still be rolled out from the end of June 2021 as planned. On 24 April, the court rejected the legal challenge. The main court proceedings were still pending.

According to a study by the Cologne Institute for Economic Research whose results were published on 20 April 2021, private consumption had dropped in 2020 by 6.1 per cent, the largest amount in 70 years, translating to €1,250 per capita. The drop was ascribed to an increased savings ratio and lower incomes during the pandemic.

Введение требований к маскам

31 марта город-графство Йена в Тюрингии стал первым крупным немецким городом, который с 6 апреля весьма успешно ввел обязанность носить маски или самодельные маски, включая шарфы, в супермаркетах, общественном транспорте и зданиях с общественным движением. 2 апреля Институт Роберта Коха , федеральный эпидемический орган, изменил свою предыдущую рекомендацию о том, что маски должны носить только люди с симптомами, включив в нее также людей без симптомов. Район Нордхаузен в Тюрингии последовал примеру Йены, начиная с 14 апреля. город Эрфурт 22 апреля.

Канцлер Германии Меркель и губернаторы штатов впервые дали «настоятельный совет» носить маски в общественных местах начиная с 20 апреля. Саксония сделала это обязательным с этого дня, Саксония-Анхальт последовала за ним с 23 апреля и (остальная часть) Тюрингия с 24 апреля, затем, наконец, губернаторы согласились сделать его обязательным, поэтому большинство других земель последовали этому примеру, начиная с 27 апреля, за исключением Шлезвиг-Гольштейна . который ввел требования начиная с 29 апреля, и Берлин, где магазины первоначально были исключены, но затем были включены, начиная с 29 апреля.

По состоянию на 24 апреля в большинстве земель Германии не было никаких наказаний за отсутствие маски. Однако отсутствие масок в Мекленбурге-Передней Померании может повлечь за собой штраф в размере 25 евро, в Гессене — штраф в 50 евро, а в Баварии неношение маски в общественном транспорте или в магазине может повлечь за собой штраф в размере 150 евро. впервые совершившие преступление. Есть исключения для ношения масок маленькими детьми, людьми с тяжелыми формами инвалидности или людьми с респираторными заболеваниями, такими как астма .

Дефицит масок и споры

См. Также: Дефицит, связанный с пандемией COVID-19.

В марте 2020 года производители автомобилей объявили о пожертвовании нескольких сотен тысяч масок больницам и органам здравоохранения. Daimler пожертвовал 110 000 масок из своего резерва для защиты от пандемии, а BMW — 100 000 дыхательных масок. Volkswagen объявил о пожертвовании 200 000 масок типов FFP-2 и FFP-3 и рассматривает возможность производства деталей для медицинского оборудования. 8 апреля генеральный директор BMW объявил Оливер Зипсе о производстве масок FFP-2 как для широкой публики, так и для своих работников с целью выпуска сотен тысяч масок каждый день, а также пожертвования Баварии в размере двух миллионов более простые маски в течение следующих двух недель. 28 марта более трех миллионов защитных масок, купленных Volkswagen, прибыли в аэропорт Франкфурта из Шанхая. Это была первая партия медицинского оборудования стоимостью 40 миллионов евро, которое было доставлено в больницы и федеральные учреждения в Гессене и Нижней Саксонии.

30 марта Deutsche Bank пожертвовал 375 000 хирургических масок, которые они приобрели во время эпидемии атипичной пневмонии .

В апреле немецкая компания разместила онлайн-заказ на 10 миллионов масок на сумму 15 миллионов евро на мошеннически клонированном веб-сайте голландской компании-поставщика. Ирландская полиция и власти Нидерландов вернули 880 000 евро со счета в Нидерландах и 498 000 евро со счета в Нигерии, оба связаны с мошенничеством.

3 апреля сенатор внутренних дел Берлина Андреас Гайзель обвинил агентов США в присвоении партии из 200 000 масок для лица производства 3M , предназначенных для берлинской полиции, из аэропорта Бангкока . Андреас Гайзель счел это «актом современного пиратства», исполняющий обязанности председателя СДПГ Рольф Мютцених потребовал от правительства расследования и ответа. а мэр Берлина Михаэль Мюллер обвинил в этом Трампа и назвал это «бесчеловечным и неприемлемым». Однако эти претензии были отклонены официальными лицами 3M, которые заявили, что у них «нет записей о заказе респираторных масок из Китая для полиции Берлина», а полиция Берлина позже признала, что партия не была конфискована властями США, но, как полагают, была был куплен по более выгодной цене, возможно, немецким купцом или Китаем. В результате член берлинской оппозиции Буркард Дреггер обвинил берлинский сенат в обмане с целью сокрытия отказа предоставить маски. Politico Europe сообщило, что «берлинцы берут страницу прямо из пьесы Трампа и не позволяют фактам мешать хорошей истории».

Немецкие официальные лица сообщили, что покупатели из США платили за маски гораздо больше рыночной цены и перебивали цену европейских покупателей.

В начале марта 2021 года депутаты немецкого парламента Николас Лебель и Георг Нюссляйн ушли из правящей партии ХДС/ХСС из-за разгоревшегося скандала, связанного с тем, что они якобы заработали шестизначные суммы на посреднических контрактах на продажу масок для лица. Лебель также ушел из парламента. Позже Альфред Заутер , депутат баварского земельного парламента, был втянут в тот же скандал и ушел из ХСС. Скандал (который стал известен в Германии как Maskenaffäre , «дело масок») привел к публичной дискуссии о прозрачности и этике таких сделок. В ответ на скандал партия ХДС/ХСС ужесточила соответствующие правила. Накануне она показала плохие результаты на двух выборах в штатах, что, по мнению наблюдателей, было связано с потерей популярности из-за скандала. В ноябре 2021 года Верховный земельный суд в Мюнхене снял с Нюсляйна и Заутера обвинения в коррупции, заявив, что эти двое не действовали в своих парламентских ролях, а вместо этого использовали свои полномочия и контакты, и к этой ситуации соответствующий закон о коррупции не распространялся. В июле с Лебеля уже были сняты обвинения.

В выходные 5 и 6 июня немецкий еженедельник Der Spiegel сообщил, что несертифицированные маски для лица, заказанные в начале 2020 года, рассматривались Министерством здравоохранения для распространения среди бездомных и людей с ограниченными возможностями. В заявлении для прессы от 6 июня министр здравоохранения Спан резко отверг обвинения в том, что он намеревался раздать некачественные маски уязвимым группам, как «возмутительные», заявив, что рассматриваемые маски были тщательно проверены и соответствуют всем необходимым требованиям безопасности. Тем не менее, менее чем за неделю этот спор стал считаться основным предметом разногласий в правящей Большой коалиции , поскольку страна приближалась к федеральным выборам в Германии 2021 года, которые состоятся в конце сентября. Анализ Tagesschau показал, что существует два разных стандарта на медицинские товары и товары для труда; и что остается неясным, действительно ли маски способны надежно защитить своего владельца.

Дефицит потребительских товаров

См. Также: Дефицит, связанный с пандемией COVID-19.

29 февраля 2020 года сообщалось, что в таких сетях супермаркетов, как Aldi и Lidl , наблюдается рост спроса, особенно на консервы, лапшу и туалетную бумагу (продажи которых выросли на 700% с февраля по март). и дезинфицирующие средства. Министерство здравоохранения земли Северный Рейн-Вестфалия посоветовало не панически скупать , особенно маски, лекарства и дезинфицирующие средства, оставить их тем, кто действительно в них нуждается, заверив, что недостатка в товарах не будет даже в случае карантина. Днем ранее, после недавнего резкого повышения цен и дефицита, особенно масок, лекарств и дезинфицирующих средств, который стал результатом резкого увеличения спроса, потребителям были обращены призывы оставить эти продукты для больниц и медицинских учреждений.

Протесты против введенных правительством ограничений; антивакцинация

Основная статья: Протесты против политики COVID-19 в Германии

См. Также: Дезинформация, связанная с пандемией COVID-19.

С апреля 2020 года в Германии прошло несколько акций протеста в ответ на пандемию COVID-19. Хотя первоначальной причиной протестов были меры правительства по борьбе с пандемией, в частности введенный в марте карантин и требование ношения масок, вступившее в силу в конце апреля, они также были подогреты негативными настроениями в отношении будущей вакцины от коронавируса, которая правительство Германии – как и другие страны мира – представило это как окончательный выход из пандемии. Скептики вакцинации, или «антипрививочники», частично основывались на верованиях антропософской медицины .

По состоянию на май 2020 года только меньшинство населения Германии (около 3%) полностью отказалось от любых прививок. а процент людей, ответивших в мае, что они готовы принять вакцину от COVID-19, был выше по сравнению с Соединенными Штатами (63% в Германии против 55% в США). Однако это число снизилось на 16 процентов по сравнению с месяцем ранее, когда 79% были уверены в том, что сделают прививку. Представители здравоохранения Германии и другие эксперты выразили обеспокоенность тем, что пандемия может позволить немецкому движению против вакцинации расширить свою базу поддержки.

Помимо общего убеждения, что меры правительства представляют собой крайне непропорциональное ущемление основных конституционных прав, цели протестующих сильно различались: то, что было описано как «причудливая смесь людей» включая теоретиков заговора , радикальных экстремистов , антисемитов , футбольных хулиганов и противников вакцинации. а также «мамы-хиппи» и сторонники альтернативной медицины . Многие протестующие выместили свой гнев на канцлере Меркель, министре здравоохранения Спане и вирусологе Дростене. Гнев протестующих также регулярно нападал на Билла Гейтса , которого они подозревали в намерении имплантировать микрочипы в манипулятивных целях посредством будущей вакцинации от COVID-19. Некоторые протестующие сравнили себя с преследуемыми в нацистской Германии. что вызвало резкие упреки со стороны политиков.

Еженедельные митинги, которые стали известны как Hygienedemos (демонстрации гигиены), прошли в нескольких городах, включая Берлин , Лейпциг, Мюнхен , Франкфурт и Штутгарт . Гигиенедемо . в Берлине 25 апреля 2020 года собрало около 1000 участников В мае посещаемость Hygienedemos в целом резко снизилась. Наблюдатели объяснили это множеством факторов, включая ослабление карантина и высокий уровень удовлетворенности населения тем, как правительство справляется с кризисом. Еще одним фактором считалось участие правой партии « Альтернатива для Германии» (АдГ), а в некоторых случаях — агрессивных или крайне правых лиц, распространяющих теории заговора. в том числе шеф-повар-веган Аттила Хильдманн на митингах. Хильдманн был задержан полицией в Берлине в июле 2020 года. и обвинен в подстрекательстве к мятежу .

Возобновление протестов произошло с середины года, когда число случаев заболевания снова начало расти, и правительство рассмотрело возможность второго карантина. Группа Querdenken стала главной силой в организации протестов в Штутгарте. - что привело к названию Querdenken 711 по телефонному коду города - и других городов. Два отдельных митинга 29 августа 2020 года собрали в общей сложности около 38 000 участников, при этом полиция произвела около 300 арестов. Протест привлек особое внимание попыткой штурма Рейхстага , в котором находится немецкий парламент, несколькими сотнями человек, некоторые из которых держали в руках знаки отличия движения «Рейхсбюргер» . Растет обеспокоенность тем, что митинги становятся платформой для крайне правых и даже экстремистских взглядов.

После перерыва в крупных протестах, продолжавшегося несколько месяцев, протест в Касселе 20 марта 2021 года собрал более 20 000 человек; В тот день произошли жестокие драки с полицией. Когда в период с апреля по июнь 2021 года третья волна пандемии пошла на убыль, протестов стало меньше; Политолог Йозеф Холнбургер рассказал телекомпании MDR , что тенденция к снижению числа подписчиков в социальных сетях движения Кверденкен наблюдалась им и его коллегами еще в ноябре 2020 года, что они связывают с неоднократными неудачами в организации крупных уличных демонстраций с тех пор. Однако Холнбургер выразил обеспокоенность по поводу радикализации некоторых частей чатов, которые он наблюдал.

18 сентября 2021 года радикальный противник мер по сдерживанию пандемии смертельно застрелил 20-летнего студента, работавшего на заправочной станции в Идар-Оберштайне . Студент отказался продавать пиво 49-летнему преступнику, поскольку на нем не было маски. Преступник покинул заправку, но через некоторое время вернулся с пистолетом и выстрелил кассиру в голову. Сдавшись полиции, он заявил, что «хотел подать пример». Этот акт был осужден широкими слоями средств массовой информации, политиков и населения, в то время как все более радикализирующиеся отрицатели короны и игроки на короне прославляли преступника и этот поступок в своих местах отступления в Интернете. Канцлер Ангела Меркель назвала этот поступок «отвратительным». Все три основных претендента на федеральных выборах 26 сентября выразили свое потрясение по поводу убийства. Министр юстиции Кристин Ламбрехт заявила, что стране необходимо «противодействовать радикализации отрицателей коронавируса, которые готовы применять насилие всеми возможными средствами».

Статистика

Основная статья: Статистика пандемии COVID-19 в Германии

См. также

• 2020 год в Германии
• Уровень смертности от пандемии COVID-19 по странам
• Пандемия COVID-19 в Европе
• Пандемия COVID-19 по странам и территориям
• Национальные меры реагирования на пандемию COVID-19

Дальнейшее чтение

• Дростен, Кристиан (21 марта 2020 г.) [20 марта 2020 г.]. Шуман, Флориан (ред.). « Нам нужно разобраться с делами сейчас. Иначе мы не успеем»: вирусолог Кристиан Дростен ведет Германию через пандемию. Разговор о комендантском часе, продолжительности кризиса — и о том, как он меняет нашу жизнь» [Мы должны снизить количество заболевших сейчас. Иначе мы не справимся]. Die Zeit (Интервью) (на немецком и английском языках). Архивировано из оригинала 22 марта 2020 года . Проверено 22 марта 2020 г. Кристиан Дростен: «Мы должны сократить количество случаев сейчас. Иначе мы не справимся» | ВРЕМЯ ОНЛАЙН

Внешние ссылки

• «Обновления и новости о коронавирусе в Германии» [Последние новости и статистика коронавируса в Германии.] (на английском, немецком, французском, испанском, португальском, итальянском, шведском, норвежском, финском, эстонском и русском языках) . Проверено 4 апреля 2020 г.
• Коронавирус в Германии Карта в реальном времени с цифрами из 401 округа Германии и статистикой по другим странам
• Коронавирус: карта в реальном времени показывает количество инфекций в Германии, Европе и во всем мире - карта с некоторыми статистическими данными о вирусе в Германии и во всем мире.
• CoronaMapper – карта с различной обновленной статистикой
• Esri (немецкий): Панель мониторинга COVID-19 (данные RKI для штатов и округов)
• Веб-страница SurvStat@RKI 2.0 (survstat.rki.de) для запроса заболеваний и патогенов, о которых сообщается в RKI, включая COVID-19. Вариант вывода на английском языке.
• Викиверситет:COVID-19/Смерти от всех причин/Германия