✖


Jump to content

Рецептор свободных жирных кислот 4

(Перенаправлен из FFAR4 )
FFAR4
Идентификаторы
Псевдонимы FFAR4 , BMIQ10, GPR120, GPR129, GT01, O3FAR1, PGR4, рецептор свободных жирных кислот 4
Внешние идентификаторы Омим : 609044 ; MGI : 2147577 ; Гомологен : 18769 ; GeneCards : FFAR4 ; OMA : FFAR4 - Ортологи
Ортологи
Разновидность Человек Мышь
Входить

338557

107221

Набор

ENSG00000186188

Ensmusg00000054200

Uniprot

Q5NUL3

Q7TM4

Refseq (мРНК)

NM_001195755
NM_181745

NM_181748

Refseq (белок)

NP_001182684
NP_859529

NP_861413

Расположение (UCSC) Chr 10: 93,57 - 93,6 МБ Chr 19: 38.09 - 38,1 МБ
PubMed Search [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Викидид
Посмотреть/редактировать человека Посмотреть/редактировать мышь

Рецептор 4 свободных жирных кислот 4 (FFAR4), также называемый G-белковым рецептором 120 (GPR120), представляет собой белок , который у людей кодируется (т.е. его образование направлено) FFAR4 геном . [ 5 ] Этот ген расположен на длинной (то есть «P») руке хромосомы 10 в положении 23.33 (положении, указанного как 10q23.33). G-белковые рецепторы их родительских клеток (также называемые GPRS или GPCR) находятся на поверхностных мембранах , связывают любой из специфических наборов лигандов , которые они распознают, и, таким образом, активируются, чтобы вызвать определенные ответы в их родительских клетках. [ 6 ] FFAR4-это родопсин, похожий на родопсин GPR в широком семействе GPRS [ 7 ] которые у людей кодируются более чем 800 различными генами. [ 8 ] Он также является членом небольшого семейства структурно и функционально связанных GPR, которые включают как минимум три других рецепторов свободных жирных кислот (FFARS) , а именно, FFAR1 (также называемый GPR40), FFAR2 (также называемый GPR43) и FFAR3 (также называется также называемым GPR41). Эти четыре FFAR связываются и, таким образом, активируются определенными жирными кислотами . [ 9 ]

Белок FFAR4 экспрессируется в широком диапазоне типов клеток. Исследования, проведенные главным образом на культивируемых клетках человека и грызунов и у животных (в основном грызунов), позволяют предположить, что FFAR4 действует в этих клетках для регулирования многих нормальных функций организма, таких как предпочтения пищи, потребление пищи, вкусы пищи, масса тела, сахар в крови (то есть глюкоза) Уровни , воспаление , атеросклероз и ремоделирование костей . Исследования также показывают, что стимуляция или подавление FFAR4 изменяют развитие и прогрессирование нескольких видов рака. [ 10 ] В результате агенты, которые активируют или ингибируют FFAR4, могут быть полезны для лечения чрезмерного потребления жировой пищи, ожирения, диабета 2 типа , патологических воспалительных реакций, атеросклероза, атеросклероза, вызванных сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, восстановлением поврежденных костей,,, вызванных атеросклерозом, сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний , восстановлением поврежденных костей, [ 11 ] остеопороз . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] и некоторые раковые заболевания. [ 10 ] Эти результаты сделали FFAR4 потенциально привлекательной терапевтической биологической мишенью для лечения этих расстройств [ 11 ] и, следовательно, приводят к разработке лекарств, направленных на регулирование деятельности FFAR4. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]

Определенные жирные кислоты , в том числе, в частности, омега-3 жирные кислоты , докозагексаеновые и эйкозапентаеновые кислоты , [ 16 ] были приняты в рационах и добавках для предотвращения или лечения заболеваний тканей и травм , которые, как предполагают недавние исследования, связаны с нарушениями функций FFAR4. Теперь известно, что эти жирные кислоты активируют FFAR4. В то время как диетические и дополнительные омега-3 жирные кислоты оказывают мало или только предельные терапевтические эффекты на эти расстройства (см. Влияние на здоровье добавок жирных кислот омега-3 ), были обнаружены многие лекарства, которые являются более мощными и селективными в активации FFAR4 -3 жирные кислоты [ 16 ] [ 14 ] и один препарат является мощным ингибитором FFAR4. [ 15 ] Это повысило вероятность того, что лекарства могут быть более эффективными при лечении этих расстройств [ 11 ] и вызвало первоначальные исследования, проверяющие их эффективность при расстройствах, нацеленных на жирные кислоты омега-3. [ 17 ] Эти исследования, которые в основном являются доклиническими исследованиями на культивируемых клеток или животных моделях заболевания с несколькими предварительными клиническими исследованиями , рассмотрены здесь.

Дальние гены

[ редактировать ]

Гены для FFAR1, [ 18 ] FFAR2 и FFAR3 [ 19 ] расположены близко друг к другу в краткосрочной (то есть «p») руку хромосомы 19 в положении 13.12 (место, указанное как 19p13.12); Ген FFAR4 расположен на «Q» (то есть длинном) руке хромосомы 10 в положении 23.33 (местоположение, отмеченное как 10Q23.33). [ 5 ] Люди экспрессируют длинную изоформу белка FFAR4, состоящую из 377 аминокислот и изоформы с коротким вариантом сплайсинга, состоящей из 361 аминокислот. Однако грызуны, нечеловеческие приматы и другие изученные животные экспрессируют только короткий белок. Две изоформы работают через различные стимулирующие клеточные пути, чтобы вызвать различные ответы. [ 15 ] Кроме того, люди экспрессируют длинный белок FFAR4 только в раке толстой кишки и рака толстой кишки. Последствия этих различий для исследований, представленных здесь, не были определены. [ 10 ]

Активаторы и ингибиторы рецепторов свободных жирных кислот

[ редактировать ]
Основная статья: рецептор свободного жирного кислоты

FFARs are activated by certain straight-chain fatty acids.[9] FFAR2 and FFAR3 are activated by short-chain fatty acids, i.e., fatty acid chains consisting of 2 to 5 carbon atoms, mainly acetic, butyric, and propionic acids.[20] FFAR1 and FFAR4 are activated by 1) medium-chain fatty acids i.e., fatty acids consisting of 6-12 carbon atoms such as capric and lauric acids; 2) long-chain unsaturated fatty acids consisting of 13 to 21 carbon atoms such as myristic and steric acids; 3) monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic and palmitoleic acids; and 4) polyunsaturated fatty acids such as the omega-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic, eicosatrienoic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids or omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic, gamma-linolenic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic, and docosatetraenoic acids.[21] Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid are commonly regarded as the main dietary fatty acids that activate FFAR4.[16] Since all of the FFAR1- and FFAR4-activating fatty acids have similar potencies in activating FFAR4 and FFAR1 and have FAR-independent means of influencing cells, it can be difficult to determine if their actions involve FFAR4, FFAR1, both FFARs, or FFAR-independent mechanisms.[14]

The drugs which stimulate (i.e., are agonists of) FFAR4 include: GW9508 (the first discovered and most studied FFAR agonist is about 60-fold more potent in activating FFAR1 than FFAR4; it is often used to implicate FFAR4 functions in cells that naturally or after manipulation express no or very low FFAR1 levels);[9] TUG-891 (almost 300-fold more potent in activating FFAR4 than FFAR1 in human cells but only modestly more potent on FFAR4 than FFAR1 in mouse cells);[15][12] TUG-1197 (activates FFAR4 but not FFAR1);[22] metabolex 36 (about 100-fold more potent in activating FFAR4 than FFAR1); GSK137647A (about 50-fold more potent in activating FFAR4 than FFAR1); compound A (Merck & Co.) and compound B (CymaBay Therapeutics) (both potently activate FFAR4 with negligible effects on FFAR1);[14] and GPR120 III (2,000-fold more active on FFAR4 than FFAR1).[23] AH-7614 acts as a negative allosteric modulator to inhibit FFAR4; it is >100-fold more potent in inhibiting FFAR4 than FFAR1[15][12][24] and the only currently available FFAR4 antagonist that inhibits FFAR4.[15] Most of the studies reported to date have examined the effects of two FFAR4 agonists, GW9508 and TUG-891, that have been available far longer than the other listed drugs.

Cells and tissues expressing FFAR4

[edit]

FFAR4 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cell types but its highest levels of expression are in certain intestinal cells (i.e., enteroendocrine K and I cells),[25] taste bud cells, fat cells, respiratory epithelium cells in the lung[15] (i.e., club cells also termed clara cells[25]), and macrophages.[5] It is less strongly expressed in other cell types including: various immune cells besides macrophages,[26] cells in brain, heart, and liver tissues,[27] skeletal muscle cells,[15] blood vessel endothelial cells,[11] enteroendocrine L cells of the gastrointestinal tract, delta cells in the islets of the pancreas, cells involved in bone development and remodeling, some cells in the arcuate nucleus and nucleus accumbens of the hypothalamus,[21] and in some types of cancer cells.[10] However, in comparing animal to human studies the cells and tissues that express FFAR4 can differ and many of these studies have measured FFAR4 messenger RNA (mRNA) but not the product directed to be made by this mRNA, FFRA4 protein. The significance of these issues requires study.[11]

FFAR4 functions and activities

[edit]

Fat tissue development and thermogenesis

[edit]

The two forms of fat cells, i.e., white and brown fat cells, develop from precursor stem cells. Brown fat cells promote thermogenesis, i.e., the generation of body heat.[28] Studies have reported that: 1) FFAR4 levels rose in the fat tissues of mice exposed to cold;[29] 2) TUG‐891 and GW9508 stimulated 3T3-L1 mouse stem-like cells to mature into fat cells; 3) mice lacking a functional ffar4 gene (i.e., ffar4 knockout mice; ffar4 is the term for the mouse equivalent to the human FFAR4 gene) had fewer brown fat cells in their subcutaneous adipose (i.e. fat) tissues in response to cold exposure,[28] were cold intolerant, and had poor survival rates in cold temperatures;[30] 4) GW9508 stimulated increases in the brown fat tissue of normal mice; however, in ffar4 gene knockout mice it simulated histology, i.e., microscopic, changes in fat tissue suggesting that thermogenesis was impaired;[28][31] 5) TUG-891 stimulated cultured mouse fat cells to oxidize fatty acids (this oxidation underlies the development of body heat in the non-shivering form of thermogenesis);[28][32] and 6) FFAR1 has not yet been reported to be expressed in the fat tissue of mice or humans.[28] These studies suggest that FFAR4 contributes to the proliferation of brown fat cells and thermogenesis in mice. Studies are needed to determine if FFAR4 has a similar role in humans.[28][33]

Obesity

[edit]

Two rodent studies suggested that FFAR4 functions to limit excessive weight gains: FFAR4 deficient mice developed obesity[28] and mice treated with the FFAR4 agonist, TUG-891, lost fat tissue.[28][32] FFAR4 might play a similar obesity-suppressing role in humans. One study found that FFAR4 mRNA and protein levels were lower in the visceral fat tissues (i.e., fat around internal organs) of obese than lean individuals.[34] However, another study found that the expression of FFAR4 mRNA was higher in the subcutaneous and omental fat tissues of obese than lean individuals.[28] Similarly, one study reported that Europeans who carried a single-nucleotide variant of the FFAR4 gene which encoded a dysfunctional FFAR4 protein (it has the amino acid arginine rather than histidine at position 270 and is notated as p.R270H) increased the risk of becoming obese.[35] However, this relation was not found in later studies on Danish[36] and European populations.[37] It is possible that the loss of FFAR4 expression or activity may contribute to but by itself is insufficient to promote obesity.[17] Other studies have implicated activated FFAR1 in having anti-obese effects in cultured cells, animal models, and possibly humans (see FFAR1 and obesity). For example, Ffar1 gene knockout mice (i.e., mice made to lack Ffar1 genes) became obese when fed a low-fat diet[38] while control mice became obese only when fed a high-fat diet.[39]

Type 2 diabetes

[edit]

The following studies suggest that FFAR4 regulates blood glucose levels and that FFAR4 agonists may be useful for treating individuals with type 2 diabetes.[40] 1) The FFAR4 agonist GSK137647 and docosahexaenoic acid stimulated the release of insulin from cultured mouse and rat pancreatic islets (sites of insulin production and storage)[41] and improved post-feeding hyperglycemia in diabetic mice.[21][41] 2) The FFAR1 agonist TUG-891 stimulated cultured mouse fat cells to take up glucose[28] and lowered fasting and post-feeding blood glucose levels in diabetic rats;[21] it also stimulated insulin secretion[14] and lowered blood glucose levels in mice.[42] 3) FFAR1 agonist compound A (Merck & Co.)[43] and, with greater efficacy, a dual agonist of FFAR1 and FFAR4, DFL23916,[44] improved blood insulin and glucose levels in mice challenged with a glucose tolerance test. 4) Fatty acid activators of FFAR4 promoted the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory peptide (both stimulate insulin secretion) and reduced secretion of ghrelin (which stimulates the drive to eat) in mice.[25] 5) Downregulation (i.e., forced reduction in the cellular levels) of FFAR4 impaired insulin's actions by reducing the levels of the glucose transporter GLUT4 and insulin receptor substrate in 3T3-L1 mouse fat cells.[28] 6) FFAR4-deficient mice developed glucose intolerance (a potential form of prediabetes) when fed a high fat diet.[25] 7) A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids improved insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in muscle and liver tissues in normal but not FFAR4-deficient mice.[28][45] 8) FFAR4 levels in pancreas islets are higher in individuals with higher insulin and lower HbA1c levels (HbA1c levels rise with higher blood glucose levels averaged over the preceding 3 months).[46] And, 9) individuals who carried the FFAR4 gene variant, p.R270H, (codes a hypoactive FFAR4) who regularly consumed low-fat diets had an increased incidence of developing type 2 diabetes; this association did not occur in p.R270H carriers who regularly consumed high-fat diets.[37]

In a phase II clinical trial (NCT02444910 https://www.clinicaltrials.gov), nine adults with previously untreated insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes were treated orally with increasing doses of KDT501 (an isohumulone derivative that is a relative weak FFAR4 activator and partial agonist of PPARγ) for up to 29 days. After treatment, the participants had significantly lower blood plasma triglyceride and TNF-α levels and higher levels of adiponectin, a regulator of blood glucose levels.[14] However, there were no significant changes in these individuals' oral glucose tolerance test results or measurements of insulin sensitivity.[47] Further studies including the usage of more potent and selectively acting FFAR4 agonists are needed to determine their effectiveness in regulating blood glucose levels and treating type 2 diabetes.[46] Two separate studies have reported that the selective FFAR1 agonists MK‐8666 and TAK-875 greatly improved blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients but also appeared to cause unacceptable liver damage (see FFAR1 and type 2 diabetes). These studies have been regarded as proof that FFAR1 contributes to regulating glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and therefore is a target for treating these patients with FFAR1 agonists that do not have significant adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity.[48][49] Recent preclinical studies are examining other FFAR1 agonists for their liver and other toxicities.[15]

Taste

[edit]

Human and rodent[33] taste buds and other areas of their tongues contain cells that express taste receptors which detect the five taste perception elements viz., saltiness, sourness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. One well-studied site that has these receptor-bearing cells is in the mouse and human taste buds of their tongues' circumvallate papillae.[50][51] TUG-891 stimulated cultured mouse and human taste bud cells to mobilize several cell activation pathways. Furthermore: 1) application of TUG-891 to the tongues of mice caused alterations in their blood levels of cholecystokinin (one of its functions is to mediate satiety) and adipokines (i.e., signaling proteins secreted by fat tissues[51]);[14][52] 2) dietary fatty acids that activate FFAR4 altered the taste of and preferences for fats in rats;[37] 3) FFAR4-deficient mice were less likely to consume fatty meals;[21] 4) the injection of the FFAR4 agonist GPR120 III[23] into the arcuate nucleus and nucleus accumbens brain areas of mice reduced their food intake and suppressed the rewarding effects of high-fat and high-sugar foods;[33] and 5) TUG-891 enhanced humans' fatty orosensation (i.e., false sensation of taste obtained by tongue stimulation) when added to FFAR4-activating dietary fats but not when added to fat-free mineral oil. The latter finding suggests that in humans FFAR4 agonists enhance the sensation of fats but by themselves do not directly evoke it.[53] It should be noted, however, that one study found that mice with non-functional Ffra4 genes retained their preferences for oily solutions and long chain fatty acids.[54] Follow-up studies are essential to confirm the functional roles of FFAR4 in taste perceptions and preferences.[37]

Inflammation

[edit]

FFAR4 is expressed by a variety of cell types involved in inflammation such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils,[26] neutrophils, and T cells.[16] FFAR4 activators inhibited: human eosinophils from secreting a pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 4;[55] mouse RAW 264.7 and peritoneal macrophages from secreting the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (i.e., TNF-α) and interleukin-6; bone marrow-derived mouse dendritic cells from secreting the pro-inflammatory cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, TNF-α, interleukin 6, interleukin-12 subunit alpha, and interleukin-12 subunit beta;[45][56] and mouse helper and cytotoxic T cells from releasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma, interleukin 17, interleukin-2, and TNF-α.[16] These findings suggest that FFAR4 acts to suppress inflammation, a view supported by the following studies. FFAR4-deficient mice have increased levels of inflammation in their fat tissues.[28] Furthermore, FFAR4 agonist drugs and/or omega-3 fatty acids reduced: 1) the chronic inflammation that develops in the fat and liver tissues of db/db mice;[57] 2) cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis (i.e., urinary bladder inflammation) in rats; 3) the liver inflammation which follows transient blockage of its blood supply in mice; 4) chronic sleep deprivation-induced inflammation of visceral fat tissues in mice; 5) diet-induced inflammation in the islets of the pancreas in mice (this reduction did not occur in mice lacking a functional FFAR4 gene); 6) 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced mouse contact dermatitis[14] (this reduction did not occur in FFAR4 gene-deficient mice[26]); 7) dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice;[58] and 8) brain inflammation due to the reduction of blood flow to the brains of mice caused by experimentally induced cerebral infarction.[14]

The short-term (i.e., less than 29 days) phase II clinical trial (NCT02444910 https://www.clinicaltrials.gov) found that nine diabetic adults treated with the FFAR4 agonist KDT501 developed higher plasma levels of adiponectin. Biopsied specimens of these individual's subcutaneous fat tissues obtained up to 3 days after the end of KDT501 treatment released greater amounts of adiponectin than biopsies obtained before KDT501 treatment.[59] Adiponectin has various anti-inflammatory actions.[60]

Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

[edit]

Arterial atherosclerosis is initiated by damage to these blood vessels' endothelial cells, i.e., their single layers of cells which face the blood. This damage opens a passage for circulating low-density lipoproteins to enter the vessel and move to its innermost layer, the tunica intima, where they are metabolized to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (i.e., oxLDL). Circulating monocytes attach to the damaged endothelium, move to the tunica intima, ingest the oxLDL, and differentiate into M1 macrophages, i.e., macrophages that promote inflammation. These M1 cells continue to ingest oxLDL and may eventually become cholesterol-laden foam cells that promote the development of atheromatous plaques, i.e., hardened accumulations of macrophages, lipids, calcium, and fibrous connective tissue. Over time, the plaques may grow to sizes that narrow or occlude the arteries in which they reside to cause peripheral artery disease, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, and heart damage.[11] The following studies suggest that the suppression of vascular inflammation by FFAR4 agonists reduces the development of atherosclerosis and its associated disorders.[17] 1) The FFAR1/FFAR4 activating drug, GW9508, stimulated cultured human THP-1 macrophage foam cells and RAW264.7 mouse macrophages to secrete their cholesterol and reduce their levels of cholesteryl esters.[61] 2) In cell cultures, GW9508 and TUG-891 inhibited THP-1 monocytes from attaching to human aortic endothelial cells.[11][62] 3) Long-term administration of GW9508[63] or TUG-891[64] to APOE−/− mice (these mice develop atherosclerosis due to lack of the apolipoprotein E gene) converted M1 macrophages to inflammation-suppressing M2-macrophages and resulted in less vascular inflammation and smaller atherosclerotic plaques (TUG-891's actions were reversed by the FFAR4 antagonist, AH-7614[64]). 4) Following constriction of their aortas (using an experimental procedure termed transverse aortic constriction which forces the heart to beat against excessively high blood pressures), the hearts of FFAR4-deficient male but not female mice had pathologically thickened ventricle walls which contracted dysfunctionally compared to mice with normal FFAR4 levels. 5) Cardiac tissue FFAR4 levels were lower in humans with congestive heart failure.[11] And, 6) compared to women, men carrying the defective p.R270H FFAR4 gene had several cardiac abnormalities including larger left ventricle masses, larger left ventricle diameters as measured at the end of diastole, increased maximum left cardiac atrium sizes, and a trend toward somewhat lower minimum cardiac ejection fractions.[65] Many but not all clinical trials have found that dietary regimens enriched with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids lower the risk of coronary artery heart disease, congestive heart failure, and sudden death due to cardiac disease.[66] Further studies are needed to determine if the therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in mice and humans involve FFAR4 activation and if potent, selectively acting FFAR4 drugs are more effective than omega-3 fatty acids in preventing and/or treating these and the other cited atherosclerosis-associated disorders.[66]

Cancer

[edit]

FFAR4 has been detected in various types of cultured human cancer cells and found to promote or inhibit their proliferation,[9] migration, survival, and/or resistance to anti-cancer drugs.[11] The direction of their effects depended on the type of cancer cell and response examined.[10] Studies have reported that: 1) GW9508 (which activates FFAR1 but at higher concentrations also activates FFAR4) stimulated migration of human SW480 and HCT116 colon cancer cells (since neither cell line expressed FFRA1, GW9508 appeared to stimulate this migration by activating FFAR4);[10][67] 2) GW9508 inhibited the migration and proliferation of human A375 and G361 melanoma cells but was less effective on FFAR4 knockdown A375 cells (i.e. cells that have been forced to express low levels of FFAR4; this result suggests that GW5098 acted through both FFAR4 and FFAR1 in these two melanoma cell types); 3) GW9508 stimulated the migration and invasiveness of human MG-63 bone osteosarcoma cells but this stimulation did not occur in FFAR4 gene knockdown cells and therefore appeared to involve FFAR4 activation; 4) the FFAR4 agonist TUG-891 reduced the ability of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids to stimulate the proliferation of human DU145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cells (this result suggests that activated FFAR1 inhibited these cells proliferation);[10] and 5) the effects of FFAR4 and FFAR1 gene knockdowns and TUG-891 treatment in PANC-1 human pancreas cancer cells suggested that FFAR4 stimulated and FFAR1 inhibited these cells motility, invasiveness, and formation of colonies in cell culture assays.[10][68] Activated FFAR1 also stimulates or inhibits the malignant behaviors of various cancer includend some of those discussed here (see FFAR1 and cancer). Finally, one study reported that individuals carrying a single-nucleotide polymorphism, i.e. SNP, variant allele of the FFAR4 gene (variant described as 9469C>A in which adenine replaces cytosine at position 9469 of the gene's nucleic acid sequence) had increased family histories and personal risks of developing lung cancer.[10][69] Further animal model, clinical, and gene studies are needed to define the roles of FFAR4 and FFAR1 in these and other cancers.[10]

Breast cancer

[edit]

Breast cancer studies on FFAR4 have been more extensive than those on other cancers. Cell culture studies showed that the knockdown of FFAR4 levels in cultured human MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 breast cancer cells slowed their proliferation and increased their death by apoptosis and that GW9508 and TUG-891 inhibited the proliferation and migration of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells.[9][10][70] Animal studies found that Ffar4 gene knockdown MBA-MB-231 cells transplanted into mice formed more rapidly growing and larger tumors than those formed by normal MBA-MB-231 cell transplants;[9] and that GW9508-treated mice transplanted with FFAR4 gene knockdown MBA-MB-231 cells had more lung metastases than mice transplanted with normal MBA-MB-231-cells. These findings suggest that FFAR4 and FFAR1 contribute to inhibiting breast tumor growth but FFAR1, not FFAR4, inhibits these cell's metastasis.[9][71] Clinical observation studies reported that: 1) FFAR4 was expressed in patients' breast cancers but not in the normal epithelium lining their breasts' ducts and lobules; 2) the proportions of five fatty acids which activate FFRA4 and FFAR1 (viz., stearic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic, docosatetraenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) were higher in patients' cancerous than adjacent normal breast tissues; 3) patients with ER(+) breast cancer, (i.e., breast cancers containing cells that express estrogen receptors) had higher cancer tissue levels of FFAR4 than patients with estrogen receptor negative, i.e., ER(-), breast cancer; 4) among all ER(+) breast cancer patients who were treated with tamoxifen (a selective estrogen receptor modulator commonly used to treat breast cancer), those with high cancer cell FFAR4 levels had a significantly lower 10 year recurrence-free survival rate (percentage of individuals disease-free 10 years after diagnosis) and lower 10 year breast cancer-specific survival rate (percentage of individuals alive 10 years after diagnosis) than those with lower FFAR4 expression levels or ER(-) breast cancer patients; 5) individuals with higher cancer tissue FFAR4 levels who had a luminal A, luminal B HER2(–), or luminal B HER(2+) breast cancer subtype (see breast cancer subtypes) had worse prognoses than individuals with low FFAR4 levels in these respective cancer subtypes (individuals with non-luminal HER2(+) or triple-negative breast cancer subtypes did not show this relationship).[9][72] These clinical findings allow that one or more of the five FFAR4/FFAR1-activating fatty acids in breast cancer tissues contributes to this cancers development and/or progression; that high levels of FFAR4 in ER(+) breast cancers confer resistance to tamoxifen therapy and thereby reduce survival; and that high levels of FFAR4 are associated with poorer survival in certain breast cancer subtypes. Studies are needed to determine if a high FFAR4 level can be a clinically useful marker for predicting the severity and prognosis of breast cancers, a contraindication to using tamoxifen to treat breast cancers, and a target for treating ER(+) breast cancers with, e.g., a FFAR4 inhibitor.[9][72]

Bone remodeling

[edit]

Osteoclasts absorb bone tissue in a physiological process needed to maintain, repair, and remodel bones. Osteoclasts develop by a process of cellular differentiation termed osteoclastogenesis from cells in the mononuclear phagocyte system. In a mouse bone marrow culture model of bone reabsorption, GW9508 inhibited osteoclast activity by reducing the differentiation of cells to osteoclasts as well as the survival and function of the osteoclasts. Since FFAR4 expression was 100-fold higher than FFAR1 in the osteoclasts and knockdown of FFAR4 in the osteoclasts blocked GW9508's effects,[14] studies suggest that activated FFAR4 functions to block osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.[14][73] In support of this view, Ffar4 gene knockdown mice developed osteoarthritis more rapidly than control mice in a model of knee osteoarthritis; docosahexaenoic acid inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors in cultured human chondrocytes; and the levels of FFAR4 protein in the osteoarthritic and/or nearby fat tissue of humans with osteoarthritis were higher than those with non-osteoarthritic bone disease.[16][74] These studies suggest that FFAR4 inhibits bone resorption and may prove to be useful for treating excessive bone resorption, i.e., osteoporosis.[12][13][21]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000186188 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000054200 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c Codoñer-Alejos A, Carrasco-Luna J, Carrasco-García Á, Codoñer-Franch P (April 2022). "Reduced Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 Gene Expression is Associated With Extreme Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Children". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 74 (4): 535–540. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000003360. PMID 35703949. S2CID 244894271.
  6. ^ Weis WI, Kobilka BK (June 2018). "The Molecular Basis of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Activation". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 87: 897–919. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033910. PMC 6535337. PMID 29925258.
  7. ^ Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB (November 2003). "Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 381–8. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01196-7. PMID 14623098. S2CID 11563502.
  8. ^ Liang C, Li J, Tian B, Tian L, Liu Y, Li J, Xin L, Wang J, Fu C, Shi Z, Xia J, Liang Y, Wang K (December 2021). "Foresight regarding drug candidates acting on the succinate-GPR91 signalling pathway for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 144: 112298. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112298. PMID 34649219. S2CID 238990829.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Karmokar PF, Moniri NH (December 2022). "Oncogenic signaling of the free-fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4 in human breast carcinoma cells". Biochemical Pharmacology. 206: 115328. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115328. PMID 36309079. S2CID 253174629.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Senatorov IS, Moniri NH (April 2018). "The role of free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) in human cancers and cancer cell lines". Biochemical Pharmacology. 150: 170–180. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.011. PMC 5866782. PMID 29452095.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Stuttgen GM, Sahoo D (August 2021). "FFAR4: A New Player in Cardiometabolic Disease?". Endocrinology. 162 (8). doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab111. PMC 8218936. PMID 34043793.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Moniri NH (June 2016). "Free-fatty acid receptor-4 (GPR120): Cellular and molecular function and its role in metabolic disorders". Biochemical Pharmacology. 110–111: 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.021. PMC 6415295. PMID 26827942.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang Z (February 2023). "Recent Advance in Regulatory Effect of GRP120 on Bone Metabolism". Aging and Disease. 14 (5): 1714–1727. doi:10.14336/AD.2023.0216. PMC 10529742. PMID 37196107.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Son SE, Kim NJ, Im DS (January 2021). "Development of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120) Agonists in Health Science". Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 29 (1): 22–30. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2020.213. PMC 7771848. PMID 33372166.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Grundmann M, Bender E, Schamberger J, Eitner F (February 2021). "Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (4): 1763. doi:10.3390/ijms22041763. PMC 7916689. PMID 33578942.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Duah M, Zhang K, Liang Y, Ayarick VA, Xu K, Pan B (February 2023). "Immune regulation of poly unsaturated fatty acids and free fatty acid receptor 4". The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 112: 109222. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109222. PMID 36402250. S2CID 253652038.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b c Lay AC (October 2021). "Does FFAR4 Agonism have Therapeutic Potential in Cardiometabolic Disease?". Endocrinology. 162 (10). doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab145. PMC 8354430. PMID 34282845.
  18. ^ Kalis M, Levéen P, Lyssenko V, Almgren P, Groop L, Cilio CM (November 2007). "Variants in the FFAR1 gene are associated with beta cell function". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1090. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1090K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001090. PMC 2042513. PMID 17987108.
  19. ^ Liaw CW, Connolly DT (November 2009). "Sequence polymorphisms provide a common consensus sequence for GPR41 and GPR42". DNA and Cell Biology. 28 (11): 555–60. doi:10.1089/dna.2009.0916. PMID 19630535.
  20. ^ Ang Z, Xiong D, Wu M, Ding JL (January 2018). "FFAR2-FFAR3 receptor heteromerization modulates short-chain fatty acid sensing". FASEB Journal. 32 (1): 289–303. doi:10.1096/fj.201700252RR. PMC 5731126. PMID 28883043.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M (January 2020). "Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease". Physiological Reviews. 100 (1): 171–210. doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2018. PMID 31487233. S2CID 201845937.
  22. ^ Dragano NR, Solon C, Ramalho AF, de Moura RF, Razolli DS, Christiansen E, Azevedo C, Ulven T, Velloso LA (April 2017). "Polyunsaturated fatty acid receptors, GPR40 and GPR120, are expressed in the hypothalamus and control energy homeostasis and inflammation". Journal of Neuroinflammation. 14 (1): 91. doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0869-7. PMC 5405534. PMID 28446241.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Auguste S, Fisette A, Fernandes MF, Hryhorczuk C, Poitout V, Alquier T, Fulton S (July 2016). "Central Agonism of GPR120 Acutely Inhibits Food Intake and Food Reward and Chronically Suppresses Anxiety-Like Behavior in Mice". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 19 (7): pyw014. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw014. PMC 4966276. PMID 26888796.
  24. ^ Watterson KR, Hansen SV, Hudson BD, Alvarez-Curto E, Raihan SZ, Azevedo CM, Martin G, Dunlop J, Yarwood SJ, Ulven T, Milligan G, Chow YW, Pietranico R, Mukerji A (June 2017). "Probe-Dependent Negative Allosteric Modulators of the Long-Chain Free Fatty Acid Receptor FFA4". Molecular Pharmacology. 91 (6): 630–641. doi:10.1124/mol.116.107821. PMC 5438128. PMID 28385906.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Zhao YF (2022). "Free fatty acid receptors in the endocrine regulation of glucose metabolism: Insight from gastrointestinal-pancreatic-adipose interactions". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 13: 956277. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.956277. PMC 9554507. PMID 36246919.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c Son SE, Park SJ, Koh JM, Im DS (October 2020). "Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) activation ameliorates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis by increasing regulatory T cells in mice". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 41 (10): 1337–1347. doi:10.1038/s41401-020-0435-1. PMC 7609340. PMID 32555509.
  27. ^ Patti AM, Giglio RV, Papanas N, Serban D, Stoian AP, Pafili K, Al Rasadi K, Rajagopalan K, Rizvi AA, Ciaccio M, Rizzo M (January 2022). "Experimental and Emerging Free Fatty Acid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes". Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 58 (1): 109. doi:10.3390/medicina58010109. PMC 8779029. PMID 35056417.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Al Mahri S, Malik SS, Al Ibrahim M, Haji E, Dairi G, Mohammad S (February 2022). "Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) in Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook". Cells. 11 (4): 750. doi:10.3390/cells11040750. PMC 8870169. PMID 35203397.
  29. ^ Song T, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Wei H, Peng J (August 2017). "GPR120: a critical role in adipogenesis, inflammation, and energy metabolism in adipose tissue". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 74 (15): 2723–2733. doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2492-2. PMC 11107682. PMID 28285320. S2CID 253594431.
  30. ^ Quesada-López T, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Morón-Ros S, Campderrós L, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Villarroya F (November 2019). "GPR120 controls neonatal brown adipose tissue thermogenic induction". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 317 (5): E742–E750. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00081.2019. hdl:2445/153987. PMID 31361546. S2CID 198998004.
  31. ^ Quesada-López T, Cereijo R, Turatsinze JV, Planavila A, Cairó M, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Peyrou M, Moure R, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Eizirik DL, Villarroya F (November 2016). "The lipid sensor GPR120 promotes brown fat activation and FGF21 release from adipocytes". Nature Communications. 7: 13479. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713479Q. doi:10.1038/ncomms13479. PMC 5118546. PMID 27853148.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Christian M (August 2020). "Elucidation of the roles of brown and brite fat genes: GPR120 is a modulator of brown adipose tissue function". Experimental Physiology. 105 (8): 1201–1205. doi:10.1113/EP087877. PMC 8650997. PMID 32144819.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b c Samovski D, Jacome-Sosa M, Abumrad NA (February 2023). "Fatty Acid Transport and Signaling: Mechanisms and Physiological Implications". Annual Review of Physiology. 85: 317–337. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-032122-030352. PMID 36347219. S2CID 253418290.
  34. ^ Rodriguez-Pacheco F, Garcia-Serrano S, Garcia-Escobar E, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Garcia-Arnes J, Valdes S, Gonzalo M, Soriguer F, Moreno-Ruiz FJ, Rodriguez-Cañete A, Gallego-Perales JL, Martinez-Ferriz A, Rojo-Martínez G, Garcia-Fuentes E (September 2014). "Effects of obesity/fatty acids on the expression of GPR120". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 58 (9): 1852–60. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300666. PMID 24913719.
  35. ^ Ichimura A, Hirasawa A, Poulain-Godefroy O, Bonnefond A, Hara T, Yengo L, Kimura I, Leloire A, Liu N, Iida K, Choquet H, Besnard P, Lecoeur C, Vivequin S, Ayukawa K, Takeuchi M, Ozawa K, Tauber M, Maffeis C, Morandi A, Buzzetti R, Elliott P, Pouta A, Jarvelin MR, Körner A, Kiess W, Pigeyre M, Caiazzo R, Van Hul W, Van Gaal L, Horber F, Balkau B, Lévy-Marchal C, Rouskas K, Kouvatsi A, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Scherag A, Pattou F, Meyre D, Koshimizu TA, Wolowczuk I, Tsujimoto G, Froguel P (February 2012). "Dysfunction of lipid sensor GPR120 leads to obesity in both mouse and human". Nature. 483 (7389): 350–4. Bibcode:2012Natur.483..350I. doi:10.1038/nature10798. hdl:2433/153278. PMID 22343897. S2CID 4427480.
  36. ^ Vestmar MA, Andersson EA, Christensen CR, Hauge M, Glümer C, Linneberg A, Witte DR, Jørgensen ME, Christensen C, Brandslund I, Lauritzen T, Pedersen O, Holst B, Grarup N, Schwartz TW, Hansen T (September 2016). "Functional and genetic epidemiological characterisation of the FFAR4 (GPR120) p.R270H variant in the Danish population". Journal of Medical Genetics. 53 (9): 616–23. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103728. PMID 27068006. S2CID 46864753.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Lamri A, Bonnefond A, Meyre D, Balkau B, Roussel R, Marre M, Froguel P, Fumeron F (October 2016). "Interaction between GPR120 p.R270H loss-of-function variant and dietary fat intake on incident type 2 diabetes risk in the D.E.S.I.R. study". Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases. 26 (10): 931–6. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2016.04.010. PMID 27212621.
  38. ^ Kristinsson H, Smith DM, Bergsten P, Sargsyan E (November 2013). "FFAR1 is involved in both the acute and chronic effects of palmitate on insulin secretion". Endocrinology. 154 (11): 4078–88. doi:10.1210/en.2013-1352. PMID 24035997.
  39. ^ Secor JD, Fligor SC, Tsikis ST, Yu LJ, Puder M (2021). "Free Fatty Acid Receptors as Mediators and Therapeutic Targets in Liver Disease". Frontiers in Physiology. 12: 656441. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.656441. PMC 8058363. PMID 33897464.
  40. ^ Carullo G, Mazzotta S, Vega-Holm M, Iglesias-Guerra F, Vega-Pérez JM, Aiello F, Brizzi A (April 2021). "GPR120/FFAR4 Pharmacology: Focus on Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Drug Discovery". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 64 (8): 4312–4332. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01002. PMC 8154576. PMID 33843223.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b Zhang D, So WY, Wang Y, Wu SY, Cheng Q, Leung PS (February 2017). "Insulinotropic effects of GPR120 agonists are altered in obese diabetic and obese non-diabetic states". Clinical Science. 131 (3): 247–260. doi:10.1042/CS20160545. PMID 27980130.
  42. ^ Wang X, Li X, Wei S, Wang M, Xu Y, Hu W, Gao Z, Liu R, Wang S, Ji G (December 2022). "Discovery of Novel and Selective G-Protein Coupled Receptor 120 (GPR120) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus". Molecules. 27 (24): 9018. doi:10.3390/molecules27249018. PMC 9781217. PMID 36558150.
  43. ^ Oh DY, Walenta E, Akiyama TE, Lagakos WS, Lackey D, Pessentheiner AR, Sasik R, Hah N, Chi TJ, Cox JM, Powels MA, Di Salvo J, Sinz C, Watkins SM, Armando AM, Chung H, Evans RM, Quehenberger O, McNelis J, Bogner-Strauss JG, Olefsky JM (August 2014). "A Gpr120-selective agonist improves insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in obese mice". Nature Medicine. 20 (8): 942–7. doi:10.1038/nm.3614. PMC 4126875. PMID 24997608.
  44. ^ Bianchini G, Nigro C, Sirico A, Novelli R, Prevenzano I, Miele C, Beguinot F, Aramini A (July 2021). "A new synthetic dual agonist of GPR120/GPR40 induces GLP-1 secretion and improves glucose homeostasis in mice". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 139: 111613. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111613. PMID 33895521. S2CID 233399774.
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b Oh DY, Talukdar S, Bae EJ, Imamura T, Morinaga H, Fan W, Li P, Lu WJ, Watkins SM, Olefsky JM (September 2010). "GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects". Cell. 142 (5): 687–98. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.041. PMC 2956412. PMID 20813258.
  46. ^ Jump up to: a b Ghislain J, Poitout V (March 2021). "Targeting lipid GPRs to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus - progress and challenges". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 17 (3): 162–175. doi:10.1038/s41574-020-00459-w. PMID 33495605. S2CID 231695737.
  47. ^ Kern PA, Finlin BS, Ross D, Boyechko T, Zhu B, Grayson N, Sims R, Bland JS (June 2017). "Effects of KDT501 on Metabolic Parameters in Insulin-Resistant Prediabetic Humans". Journal of the Endocrine Society. 1 (6): 650–659. doi:10.1210/js.2017-00202. PMC 5686568. PMID 29264518.
  48. ^ Governa P, Caroleo MC, Carullo G, Aiello F, Cione E, Manetti F (June 2021). "FFAR1/GPR40: One target, different binding sites, many agonists, no drugs, but a continuous and unprofitable tug-of-war between ligand lipophilicity, activity, and toxicity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 41: 127969. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127969. PMID 33771587. S2CID 232375863.
  49. ^ Krug AW, Vaddady P, Railkar RA, Musser BJ, Cote J, Ederveen A, Krefetz DG, DeNoia E, Free AL, Morrow L, Chakravarthy MV, Kauh E, Tatosian DA, Kothare PA (September 2017). "Leveraging a Clinical Phase Ib Proof-of-Concept Study for the GPR40 Agonist MK-8666 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes for Model-Informed Phase II Dose Selection". Clinical and Translational Science. 10 (5): 404–411. doi:10.1111/cts.12479. PMC 5593169. PMID 28727908.
  50. ^ Galindo MM, Voigt N, Stein J, van Lengerich J, Raguse JD, Hofmann T, Meyerhof W, Behrens M (February 2012). "G protein-coupled receptors in human fat taste perception". Chemical Senses. 37 (2): 123–39. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjr069. PMID 21868624.
  51. ^ Jump up to: a b Sun X, Qiu WW, Wu J, Ding SL, Wu RZ (March 2023). "Associations between the levels of circulating inflammatory adipokines and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese male individuals: A case-control study". Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 37 (6): e24875. doi:10.1002/jcla.24875. PMC 10156094. PMID 37003602.
  52. ^ Murtaza B, Hichami A, Khan AS, Shimpukade B, Ulven T, Ozdener MH, Khan NA (February 2020). "Novel GPR120 agonist TUG-891 modulates fat taste perception and preference and activates tongue-brain-gut axis in mice". Journal of Lipid Research. 61 (2): 133–142. doi:10.1194/jlr.RA119000142. PMC 6997603. PMID 31806728.
  53. ^ Iwasaki N, Sakamoto K, Kitajima S, Maruyama Y, Kuroda M (May 2021). "GPR120 agonists enhance the fatty orosensation when added to fat-containing system, but do not evoke it by themselves in humans". Physiology & Behavior. 234: 113383. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113383. PMID 33676959. S2CID 232116893.
  54. ^ Qu Q, Xuan W, Fan GH (January 2015). "Roles of resolvins in the resolution of acute inflammation". Cell Biology International. 39 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1002/cbin.10345. PMID 25052386. S2CID 10160642.
  55. ^ Konno Y, Ueki S, Takeda M, Kobayashi Y, Tamaki M, Moritoki Y, Oyamada H, Itoga M, Kayaba H, Omokawa A, Hirokawa M (2015). "Functional analysis of free fatty acid receptor GPR120 in human eosinophils: implications in metabolic homeostasis". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0120386. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020386K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120386. PMC 4366258. PMID 25790291.
  56. ^ Feng C, Li L, Li Q, Switzer K, Liu M, Han S, Zheng B (August 2021). "Docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates autoimmune inflammation by activating GPR120 signaling pathway in dendritic cells". International Immunopharmacology. 97: 107698. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107698. PMID 33932699. S2CID 233477023.
  57. ^ Yang L, Lei XT, Huang Q, Wang T, Sun HB, Wang HY (March 2021). "A novel GPR120-selective agonist promotes insulin secretion and improves chronic inflammation". Life Sciences. 269: 119029. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119029. PMID 33450256. S2CID 231623431.
  58. ^ Yang W, Liu H, Xu L, Yu T, Zhao X, Yao S, Zhao Q, Barnes S, Cohn S, Dann S, Dann S, Zhang H, Zuo X, Li Y, Cong Y (январь 2022 г.). «GPR120 ингибирует колит посредством регуляции продукции CD4+ T -клеток интерлейкина 10 » Гастроэнтерология 162 (1): 150–1 Doi : 10.1053/ j.gastro.2021.09.0 PMC   8678294 . PMID   34536451
  59. ^ Финлин Б.С., Чжу Б., Кок Б.П., Годио С., Вестгейт П.М., Грейсон Н., Симс Р., Блэнд Дж.С., Саез Е., Керн Па (2017). «Влияние KDT501, нового изоумулона, на функцию адипоцитов у людей» . Границы в эндокринологии . 8 : 255. doi : 10.3389/fendo.2017.00255 . PMC   5626816 . PMID   29033896 .
  60. ^ Khoramipour K, Chamari K, Hekmatikar AA, Ziyaiyan A, Taherkhani S, Elguindy NM, Bragazzi NL (апрель 2021). «Адипонектин: структура, физиологические функции, роль в заболеваниях и эффекты питания» . Питательные вещества . 13 (4): 1180. doi : 10.3390/nu13041180 . PMC   8066826 . PMID   33918360 .
  61. ^ A, Zhang X, Li H, Dou L, Huang X, Man Y, Zhang X, Shen T, Li G, Li J, Tang W (декабрь 2020 г.). «GPR120 облегчает отток холестерина в макрофагах посредством активации сигнального пути AMPK» . Журнал FEBS . 287 (23): 5080–5095. doi : 10.1111/febs.15310 . PMID   32243091 . S2CID   214771384 .
  62. ^ Цзян Т., Цзян Д., ты Д., Чжан Л., Лю Л., Чжао К (январь 2020 г.). «Агонизм GPR120 предотвращает прикрепление моноцитов, вызванных OX-LDL к эндотелиальным клеткам». Химико-биологические взаимодействия . 316 : 108916. Bibcode : 2020cbi ... 31608916J . doi : 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108916 . PMID   31870843 . S2CID   209463926 . (Втянут, см Doi : 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110815 , PMID   38011817 . Если это преднамеренная цитата с втянутой бумагой, пожалуйста, замените {{retracted|...}} с {{retracted|...|intentional=yes}}. )
  63. ^ Суски М., Кипура А., Вишнейская А. А., Куш К, Скалковская А., Стачира К., Стачович А., Гайда М., Корбут Р., Олсанеки Р. (август 2019). «Антереосклеротическое действие GW9508 - активатор рецепторов свободных жирных кислот - у мышей с нокаутированием апо» ». Фармакологические отчеты . 71 (4): 551–555. doi : 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.02.014 . PMID   31129318 . S2CID   86799332 .
  64. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Kiepura A, Stachyra K, Olszanecki R (апрель 2021 г.). «Антереосклеротический потенциал рецептора 4 жирных кислот 4 (FFAR4)» . Биомедицины . 9 (5): 467. doi : 10.3390/biomedicines9050467 . PMC   8146529 . PMID   33923318 .
  65. ^ Мерфи К.А., Харш Б.А., Хили К.Л., Джоши С.С., Хуанг С., Уокер Р.Е., Вагнер Б.М., Эрнсте К.М., Хуанг В., Блок Р.К., Райт К.Д., Тинтл Н., Дженсен Б.К., Уэллс QS, Шарер Г.К., О'Коннелл TD ( Март 2022 г.). «Рецептор свободных жирных кислот 4 реагирует на эндогенные жирные кислоты, чтобы защитить сердце от перегрузки давления» . Сердечно -сосудистые исследования . 118 (4): 1061–1073. doi : 10.1093/cvr/cvab111 . PMC   8930069 . PMID   33752243 .
  66. ^ Jump up to: а беременный О'Коннелл Т.Д., Мерфи К.А., Чжан Н., Пуччини С.Дж., Хили К.Л., Харш Б.А., Чжан М.Дж., Ширер Г.К. (ноябрь 2022). «Передача сигналов через рецептор свободных жирных кислот 4 ослабляет кардиометаболическое заболевание» . Физиология . 37 (6): 311–322. doi : 10.1152/physiol.00007.2022 . PMC   9550565 . PMID   35944007 .
  67. ^ Wu Q, Wang H, Zhao X, Shi Y, Jin M, Wan B, Xu H, Cheng Y, Ge H, Zhang Y (декабрь 2013 г.). «Идентификация рецептора 120, связанного с G-белком, как рецептор, способствующий опухоле, который индуцирует ангиогенез и миграцию при колоректальной карциноме человека». Онкоген . 32 (49): 5541–50. doi : 10.1038/onc.2013.264 . PMID   23851494 . S2CID   13754017 .
  68. ^ Sun X, Chu H, Lei K, Ci Y, Lu H, Wang J, Zhou M, Ren H, Zheng T (сентябрь 2022 г.). «GPR120 способствует метастазированию, но ингибирует рост опухоли при аденокарциноме протоков поджелудочной железы». Панкреатология . 22 (6): 749–759. doi : 10.1016/j.pan.2022.06.006 . PMID   35717305 . S2CID   249419109 .
  69. ^ Poirier JG, Brennan P, McKay JD, Spitz MR, Bickeböller H, Risch A, Liu G, Le Marchand L, Tworoger S, McLaughlin J, Rosenberger A, Heinrich J, Brüske I, Muley T, Henderson Be, Wilkens LR, Zong X, Li Y, Hao K, Timens W, Bossé Y, Sin DD, Obeidat M, Amos CI, Hung RJ (март 2015 г.). «Информированный анализ ассоциации по всему геному с семейной историей как вторичным фенотипом идентифицирует новые локусы рака легких» . Генетическая эпидемиология . 39 (3): 197–206. doi : 10.1002/gepi.21882 . PMC   4554719 . PMID   25644374 .
  70. ^ Zhu S, Jiang X, Jiang S, Lin G, Gong J, Chen W, He Z, Chen YQ (февраль 2018 г.). «GPR120 не требуется для индуцированного ω-3 индуцированного PUFAS ингибирования роста клеток и апоптоза в клетках рака молочной железы». Cell Biology International . 42 (2): 180–186. doi : 10.1002/cbin.10883 . PMID   28980737 . S2CID   22617148 .
  71. ^ Чжан М, Цю С (март 2019 г.). «Активация GPR120 способствует метастазированию рака молочной железы через сигнальный путь PI3K/AKT/NF-κB». Противораковые препараты . 30 (3): 260–270. doi : 10.1097/cad.0000000000000716 . PMID   30520776 . S2CID   54568134 .
  72. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Chu X, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Jiang J, Li Q, Zhou Q, Wu Q, Jin M, Wang H, Gu Y, Wang X, Wang B, He S, He X, Wu C, Zhang F, Zhang Y (Февраль 2019 г.). «Профиль аберрантных жирных кислот и передача сигналов FFAR4 придают эндокринной резистентности при раке молочной железы» . Журнал экспериментальных и клинических исследований рака . 38 (1): 100. DOI : 10.1186/S13046-019-1040-3 . PMC   6387561 . PMID   30795784 .
  73. ^ Ким Х.Дж., Юн Х.Дж., Ким Б.К., Кан Ви, Сеонг С.Дж., Лим М.С., Ким Си, Юн лет (апрель 2016 г.). «G-белок-связанный рецептор 120 передача сигналов отрицательно регулирует дифференцировку, выживание и функцию остеокластов». Журнал клеточной физиологии . 231 (4): 844–51. doi : 10.1002/jcp.25133 . PMID   26280807 . S2CID   21494129 .
  74. ^ Chen Y, Zhang D, Ho KW, Lin S, Mone WC, Zhang H, Zha, Zha Z, La G, Legen PS (Prance PS (Legant PS: Legend PS: Легенда PS (Legend PS). «GPR120 - это и поддерживает воспаление воспалений в развитии остоартрита» . Исследование и терапию артрита . 20 (1): 163. doi : 10.1186 / s13075-018-1660-6 . PMC   6091098 . PMID   30075737 .

Смотрите также

[ редактировать ]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_fatty_acid_receptor_4&oldid=1233215294"
Arc.Ask3.Ru: конец переведенного документа.
Arc.Ask3.Ru
Номер скриншота №: 1196ff3e4ce2a6ffc607f99105209d6e__1720379580
URL1:https://arc.ask3.ru/arc/aa/11/6e/1196ff3e4ce2a6ffc607f99105209d6e.html
Заголовок, (Title) документа по адресу, URL1:
Free fatty acid receptor 4 - Wikipedia
Данный printscreen веб страницы (снимок веб страницы, скриншот веб страницы), визуально-программная копия документа расположенного по адресу URL1 и сохраненная в файл, имеет: квалифицированную, усовершенствованную (подтверждены: метки времени, валидность сертификата), открепленную ЭЦП (приложена к данному файлу), что может быть использовано для подтверждения содержания и факта существования документа в этот момент времени. Права на данный скриншот принадлежат администрации Ask3.ru, использование в качестве доказательства только с письменного разрешения правообладателя скриншота. Администрация Ask3.ru не несет ответственности за информацию размещенную на данном скриншоте. Права на прочие зарегистрированные элементы любого права, изображенные на снимках принадлежат их владельцам. Качество перевода предоставляется как есть. Любые претензии, иски не могут быть предъявлены. Если вы не согласны с любым пунктом перечисленным выше, вы не можете использовать данный сайт и информация размещенную на нем (сайте/странице), немедленно покиньте данный сайт. В случае нарушения любого пункта перечисленного выше, штраф 55! (Пятьдесят пять факториал, Денежную единицу (имеющую самостоятельную стоимость) можете выбрать самостоятельно, выплаичвается товарами в течение 7 дней с момента нарушения.)