Американцы армянского происхождения

Американцы армянского происхождения

Общая численность населения
519 001 (перепись 2020 г.) Армянский отдельно или в любой комбинации 360 166 только армян 800 000–1 500 000 (по другим оценкам) 0,15 – 0,5% населения США
Регионы со значительной численностью населения
Большой Лос-Анджелес (особенно Глендейл ) · Фресно, Калифорния   · Нью-Йорк   · Бостон (особенно Уотертаун ) · Чикаго   · Детройт • другие городские районы
Языки
Armenian · American English
Religion
Christianity (predominantly Armenian Apostolic with Armenian Catholic and Evangelical minorities)

Американцы армянского происхождения ( армянский : ամերիկր , латинизированный : amerikahayer ) — граждане или жители Соединенных Штатов, имеющие полное или частичное армянское происхождение. Они составляют вторую по величине общину армянской диаспоры после армян в России . Первая крупная волна армянской иммиграции в США произошла в конце 19 – начале 20 веков. Тысячи армян поселились в Соединенных Штатах после резни в Хамидиане середины 1890-х годов, резни в Адане 1909 года и геноцида армян 1915–1918 годов в Османской империи . С 1950-х годов многие армяне с Ближнего Востока (особенно из Ливана , Сирии , Ирана , Ирака , Египта и Турции ) мигрировали в США в результате политической нестабильности в регионе. Оно ускорилось в конце 1980-х годов и продолжилось после распада Советского Союза в 1991 году по социально-экономическим и политическим причинам. В районе Лос-Анджелеса проживает самое большое армянское население в Соединенных Штатах.

The 2020 United States census reported that 519,001 Americans held full or partial Armenian roots either alone or combined with another ancestral origin. Various organizations and media criticize these numbers as an underestimate, proposing 800,000 to 1,500,000 Armenian Americans instead. The highest concentration of Americans of Armenian descent is in the Greater Los Angeles area, where 166,498 people have identified themselves as Armenian to the 2000 Census, comprising over 40% of the 385,488 people who identified Armenian origins in the United States at the time. The city of Glendale, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, is widely thought to be the center of Armenian American life (although many Armenians live in the aptly named "Little Armenia" neighborhood of Los Angeles).

The Armenian American community is the most politically influential community of the Armenian diaspora. Organizations such as Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) and Armenian Assembly of America advocate for the recognition of the Armenian genocide by the United States government and support stronger Armenia–United States relations. The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) is known for its financial support and promotion of Armenian culture and Armenian language schools.

History

Early history

Armenian American veterans from Boston in Washington on 14 April 1920

The first recorded Armenian to visit North America was Martin the Armenian, from Iran. He was an Iranian Armenian tobacco grower who settled in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1618. In 1653–54, two Armenians from Constantinople were invited to Virginia to raise silk worms. A few other Armenians are recorded as having come to the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries, but most moved as individuals and did not establish communities. By the 1770s, over 70 Armenians had settled in the colonies. The persecution of Christian minorities under the Ottoman Empire and American missionary activities resulted in a small wave of Armenian migration to the United States in the 1830s from Cilicia and Western Armenia. Hatchik (Christopher) Oscanyan, a Constantinople American missionary school student, arrived in America in 1835 to pursue higher education. He later worked for the New York Herald Tribune and became the New York Press Club president. Many Armenians followed him and went to the US for education.

During the Civil War three Armenian doctors—Simeon Minasian, Garabed Galstian, and Baronig Matevosian—worked at military hospitals in Philadelphia. The only Armenian known to have participated in hostilities was Khachadour Paul Garabedian, who enlisted in the Union Navy. A naturalized citizen from Rodosto, Garabedian served aboard the blockade ships USS Geranium and USS Grand Gulf as a Third Assistant Engineer and later an officer from 1864 until his honorable discharge from the Navy in August 1865.

An Armenian family in Boston, 1908

The number of Armenians rose from 20 in 1854 to around 70 by the 1870s. According to official statistics, 14 Armenians immigrated to the United States in 1878. In the late 1870s, small Armenian communities existed in New York City, Providence, Rhode Island, and Worcester, Massachusetts. By the late 1880s, their number reached 1,500. Many of them were young male students of the American Evangelical Missions spread throughout the Ottoman Empire. About 40% came from the Province of Kharpert. Before 1899, immigrants were not classified by ethnicity, but rather by country of birth, obscuring the ethnic origins of many Armenians. After 1869, however, Armenians from the eastern regions of the Ottoman Empire were registered as "Armenian" in American records. The number of Armenians who migrated to the United States from 1820 to 1898 is estimated to be around 4,000.

First wave of immigration and the Interwar period

Mugar family by their cafe in Boston, 1908

Armenians began to arrive in the United States in unprecedented numbers in the late 19th century, most notably after the Hamidian Massacres of 1894–96, and before, during and after the Armenian genocide. Before this mass migration to the United States, the number of Armenians in the country was from 1,500 to 3,000. The New York Times talked of about 10,000 Armenians in the US in 1895.

Over 12,000 Armenians from the Ottoman Empire went to the United States throughout the 1890s. This period witnessed cultural contact between American and Armenian through Armenian nationalist dissident organizations within the Ottoman Empire and intense activity of American missionaries in the region who were sympathetic to the Armenian cause, making the long road of migration somewhat more bearable. With the exception of Fresno, California, which had land suitable for farming, the earliest Armenian immigrants mostly settled in the northeastern industrial centers, such as New York City, Providence, Worcester, and Boston. Armenian emigrants from the Russian Empire were only a minority in emigration from Armenian lands across the Atlantic (about 2,500 moved in 1898–1914), because Armenians were treated relatively better in Russia than in the Ottoman Empire. Once in America, some Armenians organized political parties to serve various causes in America and in the homeland. Turkish Armenian migration rose gradually in the first decade of the 20th century, partly due to the Adana Massacre of 1909, and the Balkan Wars in 1912–1913. Before the start of the World War I, there were already 60,000 Armenians in the United States. As more Armenians fell victim to the genocide and more Armenians were deported, the Armenian American community grew dramatically.

Built in 1891, the Church of Our Savior in Worcester, Massachusetts, was the first Armenian church in the US.

According to the Bureau of Immigration, 54,057 Armenians entered the United States between 1899 and 1917. The top listed countries of origin were Turkey (46,474), Russia (3,034), Canada (1,577), Great Britain (914), and Egypt (894). Immigrants were asked to indicate which state they were going to settle in; for Armenians, the most popular answers were New York (17,391), Massachusetts (14,192), Rhode Island (4,923), Illinois (3,313), California (2,564), New Jersey (2,115), Pennsylvania (2,002), and Michigan (1,371). The largest Armenian American communities at that time were located in New York City; Fresno; Worcester, Massachusetts; Boston; Philadelphia; Chicago; Jersey City; Detroit; Los Angeles; Troy, New York; and Cleveland.

According to estimates, around 77,980 Armenians lived in the United States by 1919. An unprecedented number of Armenians entered the country in 1920, when the newly established Soviet Union forcefully annexed the First Republic of Armenia, but the Immigration Act of 1924, that restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe as well as Asia, barred many other Armenians from emigrating to the United States. Most of the post-World War I immigrants were women and children, in contrast to the prewar immigration, which was predominantly young and male. Like Italians, for whom this practice was known as campanilismo, Armenian communities were often formed by people from the same village or town in the Ottoman Empire. This practice almost entirely disappeared after World War II.

In total, 81,729 Armenians entered the United States from 1899 to 1931, according to the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Second wave of immigration

Armenian American dancers in New York City in July 1976 during the United States Bicentennial

A new wave of Armenian immigrants moved in the late 1940s, including Soviet Armenian prisoners of war who were able to make their way westward after being freed from Nazi camps. The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 allowed people displaced during the World War II to immigrate to the US. From 1944 to 1952, 4,739 Armenians migrated to the United States, many with the help of George Mardikian's American National Committee to Aid Homeless Armenians (ANCHA).

However, the true second wave of immigration did not begin until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished national origins quotas. After the passage of that act, Armenians from the Soviet Union, Turkey, Lebanon, Iran, and other Middle Eastern countries began migrating in large numbers, many fleeing political instability in their host countries. In the 1950s, most Armenian immigrants in the United States were from Soviet Armenia and Turkey. The Istanbul pogrom in 1955 frightened the local Turkish Armenian population, which looked to the West for a safe and more prosperous life.

Soviet Armenians, on the other hand, were mostly genocide survivors who never fully integrated into Soviet life after their repatriation in the 1940s. The large-scale emigration of Soviet Armenians, mainly to Western countries, began in 1956. About 30,000 Soviet Armenians entered the country from 1960 to 1984, and another 60,000 moved throughout the late 1980s, during the Perestroika era. The total number of Soviet Armenian emigrants from 1956 to 1989, over 80% of them to the United States, is estimated at 77,000.

The 15-year-long Lebanese Civil War that started in 1975 and the Iranian revolution of 1979 greatly contributed to the influx of Middle Eastern Armenians to the United States. The Armenian communities in these Middle Eastern countries were well established and integrated, but not assimilated, into local populations. Armenians in Lebanon and Iran are even represented in the parliaments as ethnic minorities. Many lived in luxury in their former countries, and more easily handled multilingualism, while retaining aspects of traditional Armenian culture. This wave of newcomers revitalized the Armenian American community, especially in the Los Angeles area, where most second-wave Armenian immigrants settled. In 1970 about 65,000 Armenians resided in Southern California, and two decades later, in 1989, the number of Armenian Americans was estimated at 200,000. Although the 1980 US Census put the number of Armenians living in Los Angeles at 52,400, of which 71.9% were foreign born: 14.7% in Iran, 14.3% in the USSR, 11.5% in Lebanon, 9.7% in Turkey, 11.7% in other Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, etc.), and the rest in other parts of the world.

The New York Times estimated 500,000 Armenian Americans in the 1980s, including 50,000 in the New York metropolitan area.

Contemporary period

Armenian ancestry
(US Census Bureau)

Year	Number
1980	212,621
1990	308,096
2000	385,488
2010	474,559
2017	485,970

Armenian-born population in the U.S.
(UN DESA)

Year	Number
1990	41,481
2000	66,937
2010	72,388
2019	101,757

Immediately before and continuing into the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, waves of Armenians from Armenia and other former Soviet republics arrived for political reasons and economic opportunities, settling in older established Armenian communities across the country. The 1988 Armenian earthquake and the energy crisis in Armenia during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War caused an estimated number of 700,000 Armenians to leave the country, most of whom ended up in Russia, still others in the United States, and some in Europe. Annually, on average, 2,000 people from Armenia migrated to the US since 1994, not including ethnic Armenians from Middle Eastern countries. According to the 2000 US Census, there were 65,280 Armenian-born people in the United States. Almost 90% had moved in the previous two decades (57,960) and lived in California (57,482). According to the 2011 American Community Survey, there were 85,150 Armenian-born people in the United States, about 20,000 more than in 2000. The Armenian-born population grew to 101,757 by 2019. Meanwhile, Armenian immigration from the Middle East continues, contributing to California's distinction of having, by far, the highest Armenian American population of any state.

According to Dr. Anny Bakalian, "country of birth and childhood socialization, generation, and even cohort effect are important variables in understanding the behavior and attitudes of people of Armenian descent". The main subgroups of foreign-born Armenian Americans are Hayastantsis (Armenians from Armenia), Parskahays (Armenians from Iran), and Beirutsis (Armenians from Beirut, Lebanon). A 1990 University of California, Los Angeles, study showed that, by education and occupation, native-born and Iranian-born Armenians "tend to have the highest socioeconomic status... while those from Turkey have the lowest", although Turkish Armenians boast the highest rate of self-employment. In 1988, The New York Times article claimed that Middle Eastern Armenians prefer to settle in Glendale, California, while Armenian immigrants from the Soviet Union were attracted to Hollywood, Los Angeles.

Armenians from Lebanon, where they had effectively established an active community, are more politicized, while Turkish Armenians are mostly connected with the Armenian Apostolic Church. About 1/3 of all Turkish Armenians in America are self-employed. A group of Armenian Americans from Istanbul founded the Organization of Istanbul Armenians (OIA) in 1976, which claimed over 1,000 members in Southern California as of 2011. Iranian Armenians are known for fast integration into American society; for example, only 31% of Armenian Americans born in Iran claim not to speak English well.

Armenian American criminal organizations have received widespread media attention, such as during the 2010 Medicaid fraud. However, in the city of Glendale, California, where Armenians compose 27% of city's total population, only 17% of the crime in the city were committed by Armenians in 2006.

According to the 2000 US Census, there were 385,488 Americans of Armenian ancestry at that time. The 2017 American Community Survey estimate found 485,970 Americans with full or partial Armenian ancestry. Higher estimates, of 800,000 to 1,500,000, are offered by many Armenian and non-Armenian organizations, media and scholars. The German ethnographer Caroline Thon puts their number at 800,000, a number also offered by Dr. Harold Takooshian of Fordham University. Prof. Dennis R. Papazian of University of Michigan–Dearborn claimed that there were 1,000,000 people of Armenian ancestry living in the US. Armenian Mirror-Spectator, the German news website Spiegel Online, and The New York Review of Books reported the estimate of 1,200,000, while the World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, U.S. News & World Report, and Los Angeles Times put the number at 1,400,000. The Armenian National Committee of America, The Armenian Weekly, The Armenian Reporter, and Reuters offer the highest number, at around 1,500,000 Armenian Americans.

Geographic distribution

Distribution of Armenians in Los Angeles County, 2000

Most Armenian Americans are concentrated in major urban areas, especially in California and the Northeast, and to a lesser extent in the Midwest. The highest concentrations of Americans of Armenian ancestry are in Los Angeles, New York, and Boston. According to the 2000 Census, the states with largest Armenian populations were California (204,631), Massachusetts (28,595), New York (24,460), New Jersey (17,094), Michigan (15,746), Florida (9,226), Pennsylvania (8,220), Illinois (7,958), Rhode Island (6,677), and Texas (4,941).

California

See also: History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles

The first Armenian arrived in California in 1874 and settled in Fresno. Fresno and the Central Valley in general were the center of California Armenian community, but in the later decades, especially since the 1960s, when significant number of Middle Eastern Armenians arrived in the United States, Southern California attracted more and more Armenians.

Los Angeles and the surrounding area is, by far, the most crowded Armenian community in the United States. It holds a little less than half of all Armenians living in the US, making it one of the most populous Armenian communities outside of Armenia. The estimated numbers of Armenians of Southern California vary greatly: 250,000, 350,000, 400,000, 450,000, 500,000, although the 2000 census reported 152,910 Armenians in Los Angeles County. Just eleven years later, the 2011 American Community Survey one-year estimates put the number of Armenians in Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana area 214,618, about 29% growth from 2000. The city of Los Angeles itself had an Armenian population of 64,997 in 2000. Several districts of Los Angeles have high concentrations of Armenians, particularly in San Fernando Valley: North Hollywood, Van Nuys, and Encino. On 6 October 2000, a small community in East Hollywood was named Little Armenia by the Los Angeles City Council. The city council file on the adoption states that "the area contains a high concentration of Armenian businesses and residents and social and cultural institutions, including schools, churches, social, and athletic organizations".

Glendale, California has the highest concentration of Armenians in the nation and the highest outside of Armenia.

Glendale, just a few miles away from Downtown Los Angeles, has a population of about 200,000, of which, according to some estimates, 40% is Armenian. According to the 2000 Census, 53,840 people, or 27% of the population, identified themselves Armenian in Glendale. Glendale also home to the highest percentage of people born in Armenia. Other than Glendale and Los Angeles proper, significant Armenian populations reside in Burbank (8,312), Pasadena (4,400), Montebello (2,736), Altadena (2,134), and La Crescenta-Montrose (1,382). The Armenian Genocide Martyrs Monument, the oldest and largest Armenian Genocide memorial in the United States, is located in Montebello.

Dr. Seta Kazandjian described the community in her 2006 dissertation as follows:

Waves of immigration into the Los Angeles area have resulted in the formation of strong communities in neighborhoods and cities such as Hollywood, Glendale. and North Hollywood. In these neighborhoods, an Armenian can live a very active social and occupational life and receive many services without speaking a word of English and interacting only with Armenians. Armenian-speaking food vendors, pharmacists, physicians, dentists, lawyers, tailors, hair stylists, shop owners and mechanics are all available. Up to three different 24-hour Armenian language television and radio channels are available. There are various social activities to attend for the Armenian community every day. Therefore, individuals exist who are not acculturated at all to the dominant American culture, as well as those who have chosen to separate from the Armenian community and acculturate completely, and many who are in the middle of acculturation spectrum.

Fresno, California, was the first major Armenian community in the Western United States. It was a major destination for early Armenian immigrants from the Ottoman Armenia, many of whom were engaged in agriculture. Armenians were the largest minority group in Fresno County. The city is also widely known as the birthplace of William Saroyan, many of whose stories are set there. Today, an estimated number of about 40,000 Armenian live in Fresno. According to the 2000 Census, 9,884 Armenians lived in Fresno County at the time. The area around the Holy Trinity Church is called Old Armenian Town.

The Northern Californian Armenian population is not as populous as the Southern portion of the state. Armenians are mostly concentrated in and around the cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. The 2000 Census reported only 2,528 Armenians in San Francisco, but Hayk, the Ubiquitous Armenian, stated that "the actual number is probably much higher, since the census is usually lower than actuals".

Northeast

Armenians came to the Northeastern United States fleeing ethnically motivated violence starting around 1890. When the Hood Rubber Company (later joined with B.F. Goodrich) opened in Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1896, Armenian, Syrian, Greek, and Italian immigrants made Hood Rubber the biggest producer of rubber soles in the United States, and thus made Watertown, MA, the first center of Armenian America.

New York was also a destination for Armenian immigrants in the early 20th century. The area between East 20th Street, Lexington Avenue, and First Avenue, where a compact Armenian population lived and Armenian shops existed, was called "Little Armenia" until the 1960s. The area was mentioned in 1914 book Our Mr. Wren: The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man by Sinclair Lewis (the 1930 Nobel Prize Winner). Today, according to estimates, there are 150,000 Armenians in the Tri-State area. Queens is home to some 50,000 Armenian Americans, Manhattan has 10,000 Armenian population centered in Gramercy Park, Kips Bay, and Murray Hill, where St. Vartan Armenian Cathedral is.

The Armenian Heritage Park in downtown Boston

Stepan Zadori, a Hungarian Armenian, is the first known Armenian to come to Boston, The Armenian community in Boston was not founded until the 1880s. Today, estimates say that Armenians number from 50,000 to 70,000 in the Greater Boston area. The Armenian Heritage Park, dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide, was opened in downtown Boston on May 22, 2012. Watertown, Massachusetts, is the center of Boston Armenians, where according to estimates about 8,000 people of Armenian origin reside, though the 2000 Census put the number only at 2,708. Worcester, Massachusetts, was also a major center for Armenian immigrants in the early part of the twentieth century. The Armenian Library and Museum of America is located in Watertown. The National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR) is located in Belmont, and "starting in early 2018, NAASR will undertake top-to-bottom renovations...to transform it into a welcoming hub and first-class Armenian Studies research center for scholars and myriad others, Armenians and non-Armenians alike". Other towns in the area with significant Armenian populations are Worcester (1,306), Belmont (1,165), Waltham (1,091), and the city of Boston (1,080).

Other major northeastern cities with significant Armenian populations include Philadelphia and Providence. Like other Armenian communities in America, Armenian communities in these cities have their roots in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Currently, Philadelphia holds about 15,000 Armenian American population and over 7,000 live in Providence. There is also a small Armenian community in Portland, Maine; this community was founded in 1896 and is currently represented by the Armenian Cultural Association of Maine (ACAME). One of the ACAME's first projects (in 2003) was to build a monument dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide, located at the intersection of Cumberland Avenue and Franklin Arterial in Portland.

Other communities

Other sizable Armenian American communities exist in the Midwest and in the South, but in much smaller numbers than the Northeastern states and California.

The early Armenian immigrants in Detroit were mostly laborers. In later decades, particularly since the 1960s, Middle Eastern Armenians immigrated to Michigan. The Armenian community has been described as "highly educated, professional and prospering". Today, they number about 22,000. Chicago's Armenians also first settled in the city in the late 19th century in small numbers, but it increased through the 20th century, reaching about 25,000 by today. As of 2003 more than 8,000 Armenian Americans lived in Washington, D.C. The Armenian Genocide Museum of America is also located in the capital. Since the turn of the century there been a trend towards an increase in number of Armenians living outside of traditional settlement areas. For instance, the number of Armenians in Nevada increased from 2,880 in 2000 to 5,845 in 2010, Florida from 9,226 to 15,856, and Texas from 4,941 to 14,459.

The Pacific Northwest has a growing Armenian community as well, primarily centered around the Seattle Metropolitan area, which consists anywhere from 6,000 to 8,000 Armenian Americans, along with a church. Many of the Armenian Americans in Washington State immigrated to the area in the 1990s and have since established a sizable community, especially in and around the Eastside.

The Salt Lake City, Utah area has about 2,000 Armenians.

Culture

In Glendale, California crosswalk warnings in Spanish, English and Armenian were stenciled at several intersections in 2011.

Language

The language spread of Armenian in the United States

As of 2000, 53% of the Armenians living in the United States speak the Armenian language. For comparison, about 6% of Italian Americans, 32% of Greek Americans, and 70% of Albanian Americans speak their ancestral language.

The Armenian language has two distinct standardized forms: Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian, both widely spoken among the Armenian American community. Armenians from Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, and few other countries speak the Western dialect, which was spoken in Turkish (Western) Armenia, the eastern regions of Turkey with historical Armenian presence. Eastern Armenian is primarily spoken in Armenia and Iran, though the Iranian Armenians have their own dialect; in the United States, speakers of Eastern Armenian are primarily immigrants from the former Soviet Union, who mostly arrived during the 1990s, or their children. Furthermore, Western and Eastern Armenian use two different spellings. In Armenia, the reformed orthography is used, while most Armenians in the diaspora (including Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, and Iran) use the classical orthography.

Between 1910 and 1970, the language of only the foreign-born population in the United States was taken into account. In 1910, the number of Armenian speakers in the US was 23,938. It grew up to 37,647 in 1920, 51,741 in 1930, 40,000 in 1940, 37,270 in 1960, and 38,323 in 1970. According to the 1980 US Census, 100,634 people in the nation spoke Armenian, 69,995 of them were foreign-born. The 1990 US Census revealed 308,096 people of Armenian ancestry at the time and 149,694 people who indicated Armenian as their native language. A majority of Armenian-speakers (115,017) were foreign-born.

According to the 2000 US Census, there were 385,488 ethnic Armenians living in the United States, and 202,708 people identified Armenian as 'Language Spoken at Home'. The overwhelming majority of Armenian-speakers lived in California (155,237). Other states with significant number of Armenian-speakers were New York (8,575) and Massachusetts (8,091). About 2/3 of Armenians speakers call Los Angeles County home. The 2009–2013 American Community Survey estimates put the number of Armenian-speakers at 237,840.

A 2007 study showed that 16% of Armenians born in Lebanon, 29% in Armenia (including Soviet Armenia), 31% in Iran, and 36% in Turkey are not proficient in English. Many foreign-born Armenians are multilingual, speaking at least one language other than Armenian and English. For instance, Armenians from Armenia or the rest of the former Soviet Union might know Russian, those from Lebanon and Syria may know Arabic and French, almost all Iranian Armenians speak Persian, and Istanbul Armenians speak Turkish.

A 1999 paper delivered by Bert Vaux described Armenian as "severely endangered" in the United States.

Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian School in Little Armenia neighborhood of East Hollywood is one of the largest Armenian schools in the United States, with more than 500 students.

Education

See also: List of Armenian schools in the United States

Early Armenian immigrants were one of the most literate ethnic groups to enter the US with 76% literacy. In comparison, 46% of southern Italians, 74% of Eastern European Jews and 99% of Finns were literate. As of 2007, 41% of US-born Armenians had at least a 4-year college degree. The rate is lower for foreign-born Armenians.

The first Armenian Sunday school in the US was founded in the late 1880s in New York by Barsegh Vardukyan. Since the 1960s many Armenian bilingual schools have been established in communities throughout the country. Ferrahian Armenian School, founded in 1964, is the oldest Armenian daily school in America. Besides this, there are over 100 Armenian schools that operate on weekends only. Mashdots College in Glendale, founded in 1992, is the only Armenian higher education institution in the country.

Armenian Americans constitute a highly educated community. Of the 339,732 Armenian Americans who are 25 or above, 26% are with a college degree, and 26.1% hold a bachelor's degree.

Religion

Most Armenian Americans are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the largest Oriental Orthodox church in the United States. It possesses over 90 churches throughout the nation. It was reported that 80% of Armenian Americans are Armenian Apostolic, 10% are Protestant (mostly Armenian Evangelical), and 3% are Armenian Catholic.

The Armenian Apostolic Church is the oldest national church in the world and had a major role in protecting the Armenian identity through the centuries of foreign domination. Many Armenian communities in the country are concentrated around churches that serve as community centers. The first Armenian Apostolic church in America, named Church of Our Savior, was built in 1891 in Worcester. The American Diocese of the Church was established in 1898 by Catholicos Mkrtich Khrimian. In 1916 there were 34 Armenian parishes with 27,450 members with a predominantly male population. The top states with Armenian church followers were Massachusetts, Michigan, California and New York. The Western Diocese was established in 1927.

St. Vartan Cathedral in midtown Manhattan

After the Soviets took over Armenia in 1920, the Armenian American community was divided into two camps: one supporting Soviet Armenia (mostly members of the Hunchak and Ramgavar parties), another one against it (mostly made up of ARF members). During the 1933 World's Fair, Leon Tourian, the primate of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America, refused to give a speech because the Armenian tricolor of the 1918–1920 Republic was hanging behind him, while Etchmiadzin, the seat of the Catholicos of All Armenians, was in Armenia that was then part of the Soviet Union and used a different flag. This upset the Dashnak members present in the ceremony. The conflict reached a crisis on 24 December 1933, when several members of ARF assassinated Archbishop Tourian during the Christmas Eve service in New York's Holy Cross Armenian Apostolic Church.

On October 12, 1957, during the peak of the Cold War, a number of parishes of the Armenian Apostolic Church in America, which were unaffiliated since 1933, came together under the Holy See of Cilicia with the headquarters in Lebanon, close to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. After the World War II, Archbishop Tiran Nersoyan led the church through a second founding, which saw the framing of by-laws to govern the diocese, the creation of a nationwide youth organization. the initiation of a project to build an Armenian cathedral in Manhattan and the entry of the Armenian Church into the ecumenical movement. The middle 1950s saw an uptick in immigration and a building boom of Armenian churches, with new communities proliferating across the US. A generation of leaders born in America also began to exert itself. The first American-born Armenian priest was ordained in 1956. In 1961, St. Nersess Armenian Seminary was established in Illinois (later, it would move to New York). A spirit of renewed vigor was embodied by Archbishop Torkom Manoogian, who governed the diocese as primate from 1966 to 1990. The period saw a large influx of Armenian immigrants. These developments refocused the priorities of the Armenian Church in America. The need for humanitarian relief to the Armenian homeland, as well as outreach to refugees settling throughout the US (concentrated in New York and Los Angeles), led to the creation of the Fund for Armenian Relief—through which the church delivers material and medical aid to Armenia.

Today, more than 120 Armenian parish communities exist on the continent, with two-thirds operating as fully organized churches with sanctuaries. Archbishop Khajag Barsamian is primate of the Eastern Diocese (since 1990); Archbishop Hovnan Derderian of the Western Diocese (since 2003). The dioceses maintain strong connections to the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, and the current Supreme Patriarch, Karekin II, the 132nd Catholicos of All Armenians.

Armenian Evangelical form the second largest denomination among Armenian Americans, with 1 out of 10 being a follower. As of 1993 there were 28 Armenian Protestant Churches. A small number of Armenian Americans are followers of the Armenian Catholic Church. Their number is estimated to be around 25,000. In 1990 there were 6 Armenian Catholic Churches in the United States.

Media

The first Armenian-language newspaper in the US, named Aregak (Արեգակ, "Sun"), was published in Jersey City in 1888. Over 300 newspapers have been published since then. Today, numerous Armenian newspapers (both in Armenian and English) are published throughout the country. Asbarez (Ասպարէզ, "Arena") is the only daily, published in Los Angeles since 1908. Hairenik (Հայրենիք, "Fatherland") is published since 1899 in Boston. Both are affiliated with the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Other notable weeklies include The Armenian Weekly, Armenian Mirror-Spectator, Nor Hayastan (Նոր Հայաստան, "New Armenia"), The Armenian Reporter.

Traditions

Armenian cuisine, and Mediterranean cuisine in general, is popular among Armenian Americans. A number of restaurants function in the Los Angeles area and other locations with high concentration of Armenian Americans. Zankou Chicken, a family-owned chain of Armenian, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern fast casual restaurants within the Los Angeles area, is among the most famous Armenian restaurants.

Tens of amateur Armenian folk-dance ensembles have been founded in the United States in the last decades.

Homenetmen, an Armenian Revolutionary Federation-affiliated sports organization, is very active in the United States, also engaged in scouting. The Western US branch of Homenetmen holds the Navasartian Games in the Los Angeles area every summer since 1975. Today, it brings together more than 6,000 athletes from 300 teams, 2,000 scouts. More than 35,000 people come to watch the event.

Discrimination

In 2023, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) found that Citi unlawfully discriminated against Armenian Americans and treated them like criminals. The regulator ordered Citi to pay a fine of $25.9 million.

Politics

See also: Armenia – United States relations and Diaspora politics in the United States

Armenian National Committee of America headquarters in Washington

Early period

All three of the major Armenian political parties of the late 19th century and early 20th century – the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (also known as the ARF or Dashnaktsutyun), the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchak) and the Armenakan Party (later referred to as Ramgavar) established a presence in the United States shortly after their respective founding; with each running their own newspaper directed at the diaspora community in North America: Hairenik and Asbarez by Dashnaks and Baikar by Ramgavars. After the Bolsheviks invaded and annexed Armenia in 1920, Ramgavars and Hunchaks formed a coalition supporting Soviet Armenia, while the ARF, which had been the ruling party of the Republic of Armenia from 1918 to 1920, remained anti-Soviet in the diaspora. The 1988 Spitak earthquake and the Karabakh movement brought the separate groups of the Armenian community together.

Armenian lobby

Main article: Armenian lobby in the United States

The Armenian American community has been described as the "most influential" Armenian community in the world, though smaller in size than the one in Russia. The Armenian American lobby is one of the most influential ethnic lobbies in the United States. The Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) and the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) have as their main lobbying agenda the pressing of Congress and the US president for the reduction of economic and military assistance to Turkey and efforts to include reaffirmation of a genocide by Ottoman Turkey in 1915. According to one scholar, the political clout of the Armenian community in the United States "countervails the powerful big-oil lobby in Washington that promotes Azeri interests".

According to Shawn Dorman, the author of Inside a US embassy, the main goal of Armenian lobby is the "persuasion of US Congress to favor Armenian interests, especially to recognize the Armenian genocide". She then claims that "it had significant role in the United States providing financial support to Armenia. From 1992 to 2010 the US provided nearly $2 billion, the highest per capita amount for a post-Soviet state." Fund for Armenian Relief is a humanitarian organization providing long-term programs focusing on human development. Armenia Fund raises millions of dollars every year for infrastructural development in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh.

In 1992, Dr. Dickran Kouymjian of the California State University, Fresno, stated:

All have refocused their efforts toward Armenia, providing financial and professional skill. The identification of Armenians with those in Erevan and Karabagh has been greatly facilitated by Armenia's membership in the United Nations and the regular reporting of its problems in the American press. Diasporan history has been transformed by the Republic: nowhere is this more strongly felt than in America. The unifying force of the Genocide has been superseded by that of the Republic, while religious freedom in Armenia has revitalized the church in America and given it a mission. As the largest and most prosperous community in the world, as inheritors of a Protestant American work ethic, coupled with American self-righteousness, Armenian Americans feel they have a special role in the survival and success of the new state. They take pride in their support of Etchmiadzin, in the massive humanitarian aid given since the 1988 earthquake, in Armenians in high government positions, and particularly in the establishment of the American University of Armenia, the first major experiment in American higher education in the former Soviet Union. As English quickly becomes the second language of the new republic, Armenians in America feel closer to the homeland, suffering Armenia's tragedies and rejoicing in its successes. The Karabagh crisis, economic chaos, lack of basic amenities, and the threat of war fill all diasporan Armenians with an anxiety unknown before, because they know that their efforts may determine Armenia's fate.

Montebello Genocide Memorial

Armenian genocide

See also: Armenian Genocide Museum of America

The official recognition of the Armenian genocide by the US federal government was seen one of the most vital steps in international and full recognition of the 1915–1923 events. Many Armenians think that the United States has the ability to force Turkey to recognize the past and pay Armenians and Armenia their reparations, that includes (for some) the return of the so-called Wilsonian Armenia to the Republic of Armenia.

Several official US documents describe the events as "genocide" (1975, 1984, 1996); President Ronald Reagan also described the events as "genocide" in a speech on 22 April 1981. On 4 March 2010, the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs recognized the massacres of 1915 as "genocide". Also, 49 of the 50 US states have made individual proclamations recognizing the events of 1915 to 1923 as genocide.

Armenian Americans gather in multiple towns and cities every year on 24 April for the recognition of the Armenian genocide. The largest of such gatherings occurs in the Los Angeles area. The Armenian National Institute lists 30 Armenian Genocide memorials in the United States; the oldest one is Montebello Genocide Memorial, which was completed in 1965. Khachkars across America were erected in honor of the 1.5 million victims of the Genocide. Recently, the Armenian Heritage Park was opened in Boston, MA. In 2021, the United States formally recognized the Armenian genocide.

2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh

See also: 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh

Armenians in Washington, D.C., held a protest in front of the White House on 21 September 2023 due to Azerbaijan's attack on Nagorno-Karabakh.

Between 19 and 20 September 2023, the Azerbaijani military launched a large-scale attack on the majority Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, which led to a mass exodus of about 80% of the region's population. In Los Angeles, members of the Armenian community used a trailer truck to block a major freeway for several hours to draw attention to the situation in Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September, causing major traffic jams. In this event and several other protests around the same time, they called on US president Joe Biden to withdraw support and impose sanctions against Azerbaijan and provide humanitarian aid to Nagorno-Karabakh. Actress Kim Kardashian, who is of Armenian descent, called on US President Joe Biden "to stop another Armenian genocide" on social media.

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Armenian Americans.

Armenians in the United States have attained success and prominence in diverse areas, including business, politics, entertainment, sciences, sports, and the arts.

Arts and entertainment

System of a Down is composed of four Armenian Americans.

Rouben Mamoulian was a film and theater director, and also known as co-producer of the first feature film (Becky Sharp, 1935) to use the three-strip Technicolor process. Sev Ohanian is a film screenwriter and producer of Searching, Fruitvale Station, and Run.

Armenian Americans have found a lot of success in the field of entertainment. The career of singer Cher, born Cherilyn Sarkisian, spans over 60 years. The metal band System of a Down is composed of four Armenian members of the diaspora: Serj Tankian, Daron Malakian, Shavo Odadjian, and John Dolmayan. Composer Alan Hovhaness, born to an Armenian father and a Scottish-American mother, "wrote more than 400 pieces, among them 67 symphonies of varying quality". Sebu Simonian, one of two founders of the band Capital Cities, is Lebanese Armenian. Ross Bagdasarian Sr. (known by the moniker David Seville) created Alvin and the Chipmunks. In 1959, at the First Grammys, he won 2 awards: Best Recording for Children and Best Comedy Performance. Mike Conners (born Krekor Ohanian) is the actor who starred in the long-running TV series Mannix, for which he earned a Golden Globe award in 1970. His acting career spanned over 6 decades.

Numerous Armenian musicians have been successful in American pop culture. Los Angeles is considered one of the main centers of Armenian music production of the last decades. Armenian-born singers that have lived or live in the United States include rock singer pop singers Harout Pamboukjian and Armenchik.

Andrea Martin, comedian and film and television actor, best known as a regular on the Canadian television comedy show SCTV, and as Aunt Voula in My Big Fat Greek Wedding and My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, is from a paternal and maternal, Armenian-American family.

Reality TV show star Kim Kardashian is a controversial figure among Armenians. Her father, Robert Kardashian, was an attorney in the O. J. Simpson murder case, and her sisters, Khloe Kardashian and Kourtney Kardashian, and brother Rob Kardashian are also reality television stars.

Уильям Сароян , «один из самых выдающихся литературных деятелей середины 20 века»

Literature

Армянская американская литература представляет собой разнообразную литературу, в которую входят американские писатели армянского происхождения. Охватывая множество литературных жанров и форм, американские писатели армянского происхождения часто включают в себя некоторые общие темы (например, геноцид армян), сохраняя при этом очень личный литературный стиль. Базирующийся в Нью-Йорке ежеквартальный журнал «Арарат» , издающийся с 1959 года, был основным местом для написания американских армянских писателей. «Арарат» издается на английском языке AGBU , а также включает в себя переводы произведений армянских писателей со всего мира. Среди выдающихся американских писателей армянского происхождения Уильям Сароян , Леон Сюрмелян , А. И. Беззеридес , Майкл Арлен , Марджори Хаспиан Добкин и другие. Американские писатели армянского происхождения во втором поколении включают Питера Балакяна , Нэнси Крикорян , Кэрол Эдгарян , Майкла Дж. Арлена , Артура Нерсесяна , Мишлин Агаронян Марком , Храга Вартаняна и других.

Изобразительное искусство

Скульптор Хейг Патигян , художник Овсеп Пушман и, в первую очередь, Аршил Горки (урожденный Восданиг Адоян) являются одними из самых известных американских художников армянского происхождения. Другие известные личности включают скульптора Рубена Накиана , художники Джон Алтун , Эдвард Аведисян , Чарльз Гарабедян , Людвиг Мактариан и Арман Манукян .

В области современного искусства и перформанса среди известных американских художников армянского происхождения Нина Качадурян , Эрик Богосян , Tabboo! (он же Стивен Ташджян), Питер Саркисян , Арам Джибилян , Линда Ганджян , Далия Эльсайед , Эмиль Казаз , Эндрю Оганесян и другие.

Ларри Гагосян — крупный арт-дилер, владелец галереи Гагосяна . В 2011 году британский журнал ArtReview поместил Гагосяна на четвертое место в ежегодном опросе «самого влиятельного человека в мире искусства». Уроженец Сирии Храг Вартанян является основателем и главным редактором художественного журнала Hyperallergic .

Академия, наука и медицина

Вардан Грегорян , родившийся в Иране, был президентом Университета Брауна и Нью-Йоркской публичной библиотеки , а также президентом Корпорации Карнеги в Нью-Йорке . Он был награжден Национальной гуманитарной медалью и Президентской медалью Свободы .

Юрист Грегори Адамян занимал пост президента Университета Бентли с 1970 по 1991 год, в течение которого он наблюдал за резким ростом университета.

Арам Чобанян занимал пост президента Бостонского университета с 2003 по 2005 год.

Ричард Ованнисян — историк и почетный профессор Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе.

Хачиг Тёлёлян , родившийся в Сирии, был профессором английского языка и сравнительной литературы в Уэслианском университете и считается основателем академической дисциплины исследований диаспоры .

Дарон Аджемоглу , экономист турецкого происхождения из Массачусетского технологического института , является одним из наиболее цитируемых экономистов в мире.

Раймонд Дамадиан , лауреат Национальной медали технологий , внес значительный вклад в изобретение МРТ .

Кристина Маранчи — профессор армянского искусства и архитектуры имени Артура Х. Дадиана и Ара Озтемеля в Университете Тафтса.

Джек Кеворкян был противоречивым человеком. патологоанатом и активист эвтаназии , широко известный как «Доктор Смерть», чьи родители были армянскими иммигрантами. Его отец, Левон, родился в селе Пассен , близ Эрзурума , а мать, Сатениг, родилась в селе Говдун, близ Сиваса .

Доктор Мозес Хаспян , американский врач армянского происхождения, родившийся в армянском селе Кесаб в Сирии , был медицинским работником по оказанию помощи в российской Армении во время геноцида армян . Его сын, доктор Эдгар Хауспян , был нейрохирургом, педагогом и соучредителем Фонда помощи Армении .

Биолог Ардем Патапутян , американец армянского происхождения, родившийся в Ливане, получил Нобелевскую премию по физиологии и медицине 2021 года за «открытие рецепторов температуры и прикосновения» (совместно с Дэвидом Джулиусом )

Политики

Джордж Докмеджян , губернатор Калифорнии с 1983 по 1991 год.

Основная статья: Список американских политиков армянского происхождения

Ряд армян занялись политикой. Первым армянином, занявшим высокий пост, был республиканец Стивен Дерунян , армянин болгарского происхождения, представлявший Нью-Йорк с 1953 по 1965 год в Палате представителей . Джордж Докмеджян стал губернатором Калифорнии от республиканской партии в 1983 году и покинул этот пост в 1991 году. Ранее он занимал должности члена законодательного собрания штата (1963–1967), сенатора штата (1967–1979) и генерального прокурора Калифорнии (1979–1983). Ряд американцев армянского происхождения были избраны в законодательные собрания штатов, особенно в Калифорнии. В Массачусетсе Джордж Кевериан занимал должность представителя в Государственной палате , в конечном итоге став ее спикером с 1985 по 1991 год.

Пол Роберт Игнатиус занимал пост министра военно-морского флота США с 1967 по 1969 год в администрации Линдона Джонсона. Кен Хачигян был главным спичрайтером президента Рональда Рейгана. Он также известен тем, что Рейган охарактеризовал события 1915 года как «геноцид» 1981 года. Дипломат Эдвард Джереджян был послом США в Сирии, а затем в Израиле в 1990-х годах. Гарри Тутунджян был от республиканской партии мэром Трои, штат Нью-Йорк, , с 2003 по 2012 год. Билл Папариан был избран в городской совет Пасадены в 1987 году и стал мэром в 1995 году. Джо Симитиан был сенатором штата Калифорния с 2004 года. в то время как Пол Крекорян был избран в городской совет Лос-Анджелеса в 2010 году от округа 2 , где сконцентрировано армянское население Лос-Анджелеса. две конгрессмены армянского происхождения, Анна Эшу и Джеки Спейер , обе демократы из Калифорнии. В настоящее время в офисе находятся

Небольшое количество американцев армянского происхождения переехало в Армению в начале 1990-х годов, некоторые из них стали известными на своей прародине. Раффи Ованнисян , уроженец Фресно, американский юрист армянского происхождения в третьем поколении, переехал в Армению в 1991 году и вскоре был назначен первым министром иностранных дел Армении, где он оставался до 1992 года. Сегодня Ованнисян является крупным оппозиционным деятелем в Армении и лидером партия «Наследие» . Себух (Стив) Ташджян, калифорнийский армянин родом из Иерусалима, занимал пост министра энергетики, а уроженец Ливана Джерард Либаридян , историк из Бостона, был президента Левона Тер-Петросяна . советником

Военный

сержант Виктор Магакян , считающийся одним из самых титулованных солдат Второй мировой войны, в японской семье, 1944 год.

Джеффри Л. Харригян занимал пост командующего ВВС США в Европе и Африке в 2019–2022 годах.

Монте Мелконян , уроженец Калифорнии, был видным лидером армянских сил во время Первой Нагорно-Карабахской войны . Ему посмертно присвоено звание Национального героя Армении .

Во время Второй мировой войны в вооруженных силах США служило около 18,5 тысяч армян . Некоторые из них были награждены за свою службу, в том числе полковник Эрнест Дервишян , уроженец Вирджинии , награжден Почетной медалью . Морской пехотинец США Гарри Кизирян считается самым титулованным солдатом штата Род-Айленд. Другой капитан морской пехоты, Виктор Магакян , считается одним из самых титулованных американских солдат той войны. Самым высокопоставленным американцем армянского происхождения во время Второй мировой войны был бригадный генерал Хейг Шекерджян (который ранее служил в экспедиции Панчо Вилья и был американским военным атташе на ближневосточном театре Первой мировой войны ). Он был назначен командующим лагерем Сиберт, штат Алабама. Архивировано 25 июля 2020 года, в Wayback Machine , который широко использовался в качестве основного тренировочного лагеря для войск химической войны, и оставался на этой должности до 1945 года. Шекерджян также выступил с многочисленными речами во время война побуждает американцев армянского происхождения вступать в армию.

Самым высокопоставленным американцем армянского происхождения, служащим в армии США, является генерал-майор Стивен Дж. Маранян из Натика, штат Массачусетс, который служил с 1988 по 2023 год. Генерал-майор Маранян является ветераном войн в Ираке и Афганистане и служил в качестве Комендант Школы полевой артиллерии США, комендант Военного колледжа армии США , а затем командующий 56-м артиллерийским командованием .

Несколько крупных деятелей армянского национально-освободительного движения начала 20 века жили и/или умерли в Соединенных Штатах. Среди них был Андраник Озанян , военачальник, считающийся среди армян национальным героем, который жил во Фресно, штат Калифорния, с 1922 года и умер в Калифорнии в 1927 году. Другой известный военачальник, Гарегин Нжде , с 1933 по 1937 год жил в Бостоне, штат Массачусетс, где основал Федерацию армянской молодёжи . Драстамат Канаян (Дро), министр обороны Армении с 1918 по 1919 год, после Второй мировой войны жил в Америке и вскоре был арестован за сотрудничество с нацистами. Его похороны прошли в Троицкой церкви в Бостоне в 1956 году. Шахан Натали , дашнакская активистка, организовала операцию «Немезида» в начале 1920-х годов , в ходе которой были убиты многочисленные виновники Геноцида армян. С 1910 по 1912 год он учился в Бостонском университете и умер в Уотертауне, штат Массачусетс, в 1983 году.

Спорт

Пожалуй, самый известный американский спортсмен армянского происхождения — теннисист, бывший номер один. 1, Андре Агасси . Шахматисты армянского происхождения Татев Абрамян и Варужан Акобян представляли США на шахматной олимпиаде . Первый в истории призер Олимпийских игр армянский Хэл Хейг Приест завоевал бронзовую медаль в прыжках в воду на Играх в Антверпене 1920 года . Женская сборная США по водному поло выиграла чемпионат мира 2010 года и Олимпийские игры 2012 года под руководством Адама Крикоряна . Зак Богосян – первый игрок НХЛ армянского происхождения. Тренер Джерри Тарканян превратил Университет Невады в Лас-Вегасе (UNLV) в «национальный центр студенческого баскетбола» и был включен в Зал баскетбольной славы в 2013 году. Бывший WWE и ROH чемпион мира в тяжелом весе Сет Роллинз имеет армянское происхождение по отцовской линии. высшей лиги Питчеры Стив Бедросян и его сын Кэм Бедросян имеют армянское происхождение.

Компания Avedis Zildjian — крупнейший производитель тарелок в мире.

Бизнес

В число известных американцев армянского происхождения, занимающихся бизнесом, входят основатель Masco Алекс Манукян , семья Мугар (владелица Star Market в Новой Англии), сети супермаркетов Кеворк Овнанян , основатель Hovnanian Enterprises , Аведис Зилджян, основатель Zildjian Company (крупнейшего в мире тарелок производителя ), Жерар Гафесчян и Алексис Оганян (основатель интернет-сервиса Reddit ). Кирк Керкорян , известный как «отец мегакурорта», до своей смерти в 2015 году считался самым богатым человеком Лос-Анджелеса. Керкорян родился в семье армян во Фресно и через свой фонд «Линси» выделил в Армению более 1 миллиарда долларов на благотворительность. Он был основан в 1989 году и в основном занимался оказанием помощи в восстановлении северной Армении после Спитакского землетрясения 1988 года. Фонд был распущен в 2011 году, после 22 лет деятельности. Christmas Tree Shops Сеть небольших магазинов была основана Чарльзом Билезикяном и его женой.

Разнообразный

Среди других известных американцев армянского происхождения — астронавт Джеймс П. Багян , который стал первым армянином, побывавшим в космосе в 1989 году. Утверждается, что он взял армянский трехцветный флаг. с собой в космос

Среди других известных американцев армянского происхождения: Оскар Х. Банкер (изобретатель автоматических трансмиссий для автомобилей) и Лютер Симджян (изобретатель банкоматов ).

Армянские организации

• Армянская Ассамблея Америки - Организация, способствующая повышению осведомленности об армянских проблемах.
• Армянская церковная молодежная организация Америки - продвигает спорт среди американской молодежи армянского происхождения.
• Фонд Армении - организация по сбору средств, базирующаяся в Лос-Анджелесе, для капитального ремонта в Армении.
• Армянский всеобщий благотворительный союз – некоммерческая армянская организация, основанная в Каире, Египет; после начала Второй мировой войны он перенес свою штаб-квартиру в Нью-Йорк.
• Армянское лобби в США – общий термин для обозначения широкой коалиции организаций и частных лиц, которая объединяется, чтобы влиять на политику США в отношении Армении.
• Армянский национальный комитет Америки - крупнейшая массовая армяно-американская организация в США.
• Армянское профессиональное общество [1] - Армяно-американская профессиональная ассоциация, основанная в 1958 году для развития стипендий и образования.
• Армянское общество милосердия – несектантская благотворительная организация, удовлетворяющая гуманитарные, социальные и образовательные потребности как армян, так и неармян. Это неправительственная организация, действующая в 27 странах, включая США.
• Ассоциация армянских студентов [2] – Поощряет образовательные усилия американцев армянского происхождения.
• Отделения Армянской федерации молодежи в США - Молодежное подразделение отделений Армянской революционной федерации в США.
• Фонд «Дети Армении» – фонд создан для сокращения сельской бедности в Армении
• Фонд помощи Армении со штаб-квартирой в Нью-Йорке - гуманитарная организация , которая предоставляет краткосрочную чрезвычайную помощь и долгосрочные программы, ориентированные на защиту детей, экономическое развитие, образование, здравоохранение, уход и социальные услуги.

См. также

• Армянская диаспора
• Отношения Армения-США
• Список американцев армянского происхождения
• Вильсониан Армения

Ссылки

Библиография

• Адалян, Рубен Поль (2010). Исторический словарь Армении . Лэнхэм, Мэриленд: Scarecrow Press. ISBN  978-0-8108-7450-3 .
• Авакян, Арра С. (1977). Армяне в Америке . Миннеаполис: Публикации Лернера. ISBN  0-8225-0228-3 .
• Перумян, Рубина; Авакян, Кнарик (2003). «Соединенные Штаты Америки (США)». Айвазян, Ованес (ред.). Энциклопедия армянской диаспоры (на армянском языке). Том. 1. Ереван. Издательство Армянской энциклопедии . стр. 33–85. ISBN:  5-89700-020-4 .
• Бакалян, Анни (1993). Американцы армянского происхождения: от бытия к ощущению армянства . Нью-Брансуик, Нью-Джерси: Издатели транзакций. ISBN  1-56000-025-2 .
• Малком, М. Вартан (1919). Армяне в Америке . Бостон: Пилигрим Пресс. ISBN  1-112-12699-6 .
• Ованнисян, Ричард Г. (1997). Армянский народ от древности до современности: от иностранного владычества к государственности: пятнадцатый век - двадцатый век . Бейзингсток: Макмиллан. ISBN  978-0-333-61974-2 .
• Сабах, Жорж; Бозоргмер, Мехди; Дер-Мартиросян, Клаудия (1990). Субэтнос: Армяне в Лос-Анджелесе . Институт социальных исследований Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе.
• Самкян, Артине (2007). Конструирование идентичности, восприятие жизни: восприятие идентичности и образования армянскими старшеклассниками . ISBN  978-0-549-48257-4 .
• Александра Циолковска-Бём , Польский опыт во время Второй мировой войны: лучший день не настал , Предисловие: Нил Пиз; Лэнхэм, Мэриленд: Lexington Books, 2013, ISBN   978-0-7391-7819-5 ; 2015, ISBN   978-1-4985-1083-7 .

Дальнейшее чтение

• Апкарян-Рассел, Памела Э. Армяне Вустера . Чарльстон, Южная Каролина: Издательство Arcadia, 2000.
• Армяне в Америке: празднование первого столетия . Бостон: Армянская ассамблея Америки . 1987. ISBN  978-0-925428-02-8 .
• Атамян, Саркис (1955). Армянская община . Философская библиотека. ISBN  978-0-8022-0043-3 .
• Джендиан, Мэтью А. (2008). Стать американцем, оставаясь этническим: случай американцев армянского происхождения в Центральной Калифорнии . Нью-Йорк: Научный паб LFB. ISBN  9781593322618 .
• Больсаджян, Моник (2018). «Армянская диаспора: миграция и ее влияние на идентичность и политику» . Журнал глобальных обществ . 6 (1).
• Джордан, Роберт Пол и Гарри Налчаян. Гордые армяне , National Geographic 153, вып. 6 (июнь 1978 г.), стр. 846–873.
• Кернаклян, Пол (1967). Армяно-американская структура личности и ее связь с различными состояниями этнической принадлежности . Сиракузский университет. OCLC   5419847 .
• Кулханджян, Гэри А. (2023). Калейдоскоп армянской иммиграции в Америку: истоки современной диаспоры . Лос-Анджелес: Издательство Harrcrawf & Carroll. ISBN  979-8395876935 .
• Кулханджян, Гэри А. (1975). Краткое изложение исторических и социологических аспектов армянской иммиграции в США, 1890–1930 гг . Сан-Франциско: R and E Research Associates. ISBN  978-0-88247-309-3 .
• ЛаПьер, Ричард (1930). Армянское поселение в округе Фресно . Стэнфордский университет. OCLC   20332780 .
• Энтони П. Мезоян. Армянский народ Портленда, штат Мэн. (Дарем, Нью-Гэмпшир: Университет Нью-Гэмпшира, 1985 г.
• Мирак, Роберт. «Армяне». в Тернстреме, Стефан ; Орлова, Анна; Хэндлин, Оскар , ред. Гарвардская энциклопедия американских этнических групп , издательство Гарвардского университета, ISBN   0674375122 , (1980), стр. 136–49. Онлайн
• Мирак, Роберт (1976). Армянские иммигранты: живы и здоровы в Новом Свете . Бостон: Комитет двухсотлетия Армении Массачусетса. OCLC   733944190 .
• Мирак, Роберт (1983). Разрыв между двумя землями: армяне в Америке, с 1890 года до Первой мировой войны . Кембридж, Массачусетс: Издательство Гарвардского университета. ISBN  978-0-674-89540-9 .
• О'Грейди, Ингрид Пошманн (1979). Арарат, Эчмиадзин и Хейг (нация, церковь и род): исследование символической системы американских армян . Католический университет Америки. OCLC   23314470 .
• Филлипс, Дженни (1989). Символ, миф и риторика: культурная политика среди армянского населения Америки . Нью-Йорк: AMS Press. ISBN  978-0-404-19433-8 .
• Такушян, Гарольд. «Американские армяне». Энциклопедия мультикультурной Америки Гейла под редакцией Томаса Риггса (3-е изд., т. 1, Гейл, 2014 г.), стр. 151–164. онлайн
• Тарпиниан, Анни (2012). Армянская иммиграция в США: 1830-1975 гг . Калифорнийский государственный университет, Нортридж.
• Вальдштрайхер, Дэвид (1989). Американцы армянского происхождения . Нью-Йорк: Дом Челси. ISBN  978-0-87754-862-1 .
• Верцман, Владимир (1978). Армяне в Америке, 1618–1976 гг . Доббс Ферри, Нью-Йорк: Oceana Publications. ISBN  978-0-379-00529-5 .