Сомалийские люди

Эта статья о сомалийской этнической группе. Для общего населения Федеральной Республики Сомали см. Демография Сомали . Для других видов использования см. Сомали (устранение неоднозначности) .

Сомалийские люди

Сомалийцы 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖 Сомалидный
Традиционная область, населенная сомалийской этнической группой
Общая численность населения
26,5 миллиона
Регионы со значительным населением
Рог Африки
Сомали	18,143,378 (2023)
Эфиопия	4,581,793 (2007)
Кения	2,780,502 (2019)
Джибути	560,000 (2024)
Йемен	500,000 (2014)
Великобритания	176,645 (2021)
Соединенные Штаты	164,723 (2022) –221,000 (2020)
Ливия	112,000 (2020)
Объединенные Арабские Эмираты	101,000
Швеция	68,290
Танзания	66,000
Канада	65,550
Германия	60,295
Уганда	51,536
Саудовская Аравия	45,710
Норвегия	43,196
Нидерланды	41,064
ЮАР	27,000–40,000
Финляндия	24,647
Египет	21,000 –200,000
Австралия	18,401
Дания	11,041
Италия	9,349
Швейцария	8,625
Франция	8,000
Австрия	7,101
Турция	5,518
show Другие страны Zambia 3,000–4,000 Malaysia 3,000 Belgium 2,627 Eritrea 2,604 Pakistan 2,500 Ireland 2,150 New Zealand 1,617 Indonesia 1,170
Языки
Сомалийский
Религия
ислам (Суннит)
Связанные этнические группы
Издалека • Saho • oromo • rendille • Кушиты

Сомалийский человек в традиционной шляпе

Сомалийский народ ( сомалийский : сомалийский , Османя : 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖 , священник : صومالِدроб ) - это пушитская этническая группа , родом из Африканского Рога которые разделяют общее происхождение, культуру и историю. Восточный пушитический сомалийский язык - это общий родной язык этнических сомалийцев, который является частью пушитской ветви афроазиатской языковой семьи, и они преимущественно суннитские мусульманина . Образуя одну из крупнейших этнических групп на континенте, они охватывают одну из самых обширных сухопутных массой одной этнической группой в Африке .

По словам большинства ученых, древняя земля Пунта и его родные жители составляли часть этногенеза сомалийского народа. Это древнее историческое королевство - это то, откуда, как говорят, происходит большая часть их культурных традиций и происхождения. Сомалийцы разделяют много исторических и культурных признаков с другими пушитическими народами , особенно с низменными восточно -мягкими людьми, в частности, издалека и Сахо .

Этнические сомалийцы в основном сконцентрированы в Сомали (около 17,6 миллиона), Сомалиленд (5,7 миллиона), Эфиопия (4,6 миллиона), Кения (2,8 миллиона), и Джибути (534 000).

Сомалийские диаспоры также встречаются в некоторых частях Ближнего Востока , Северной Америки , Западной Европы , Великих озер Африки региона , Южной Африки и Океании .

Этимология

Основная статья: Прото-Сомали

Самаале , самый старый общий предок нескольких сомалийских кланов , обычно рассматривается как источник этнонического сомали . Еще одна теория заключается в том, что имя считается, чтобы быть полученным из слов Су и Маал , которые вместе означают «иди и молоко». Эта интерпретация отличается в зависимости от региона с северными сомалийцами, подразумевая, что она относится к тому, чтобы идти и молоко в отношении молока верблюда, Южные сомалийцы используют транслитерацию « sa ' maal », которая относится к коровьему молоку. Это ссылка на вездесущее скотоводство сомалийского народа. Другая правдоподобная этимология предполагает, что термин сомалийский язык вытекает из арабского слова «богатого» ( Zāwamāl ), снова ссылаясь на сомалийские богатства в домашнем скоте.

В качестве альтернативы, считается, что этноним сомали был получен из автомобилей (Asmach), группы воинов из древнего Египта, описанного Геродотом . Считается, что Асмач был их египетским именем, а автомобиль является греческим производным еврейского слова S'Mali (что означает «с левой стороны»).

Китайский документ Tang упомянутый на северном побережье Сомали, который тогда был частью более широкого региона на северо -востоке Африки, известного как Барбария района пушитовые ) ( от 9 -го века н.э. , , в отношении жителей — as Po-pa-li .

Первая четкая письменная ссылка на сомалийский сомали восходит к началу 15 -го века во время правления эфиопского императора Иешака I , у которого один из его судебных чиновников составлял гимн, отмечающий военную победу над султанатом Ифата . Симур также был ответом на псевдоним харари для сомалийского народа.

Сомалийцы в подавляющем большинстве предпочитают Demonym Somany Somali, а не неправильно сомалину, так как первый - эндоним, а последний - это экзоним с двойными суффиксами. Гипернам , термина сомалию из геополитического смысла - Хорнер и из этнического смысла это кушит .

История

Основные статьи: История Сомали , История Сомалиленда и морская история Сомали

Руины султаната Адала в Зейле , королевстве, возглавляемом в 16-м веке Имамом Ахмадом Ибн Ибрихимом аль-Гази (Ахмед Гури).

Происхождение сомалийского народа, который ранее теоретизировал, что было из южной Эфиопии с 1000 г. до н.э. или с Аравийского полуострова в одиннадцатом веке, теперь отменяется новыми археологическими и лингвистическими исследованиями, которые ставят первоначальную родину сомалийского народа в Сомалилендском регионе. , что приходит к выводу, что сомалийцы являются коренными жителями Африканского рога в течение последних 7000 лет.

Древние скалы , которые датируются 5000 лет (по оценкам), были найдены в Сомалилендском регионе. Эти гравюры изображают раннюю жизнь на территории. Самым известным из них является комплекс Laas Geel . Он содержит некоторые из самых ранних известных рок -искусства на африканском континенте и показывает много сложных пасторалистских набросков животных и человеческих фигур. В других местах, таких как область Дхамбалина , изображение человека на лошади постулируется как один из самых ранних известных примеров установленного охотника.

Надписи были найдены под многими рок -картинами, но археологи до сих пор не смогли расшифровать эту форму древнего письма. В каменный век культура Doian и Hargeisan процветала здесь с их соответствующими отраслями и фабриками.

Самое старое свидетельство захоронения в Африканском роге на кладбищах в Сомали, начиная с 4 -го тысячелетия до н.э. Каменные орудия с Джалело участка в Сомали, как говорят, являются наиболее важным звеном в свидетельстве универсальности в палеолитические времена между Востоком и Западом .

В древности предки сомалийского народа были важным звеном в Африканском роге, связывающем торговлю региона с остальным древним миром. Сомалийские моряки и торговцы были основными поставщиками ладана , мирры и специй , предметов, которые считались ценной роскошью древними египтянами , феникийцами , микенцами и вавилонянами .

Королева Ати из земли Пунта, изображенная на стенах Дейр-эль-Бахари

По словам большинства ученых, древняя земля Пунта и его родные жители составляли часть этногенеза сомалийского народа. Древние пунтиты были нацией людей, которые имели тесные отношения с фараоническим Египтом во времена фараона Сахуре и Королевы Хатшепсут . Пирамидальные сооружения , храмы и древние дома одетого камня, усеянные вокруг Сомали, могут быть датированы этим периодом.

В классической древности макробийцы , которые , возможно, были наследственными для автомобилей или древних сомалийцев, создали мощное племенное королевство, которое управляло большой частью современной Сомали . Они были известны за их долголетие и богатство, и, как говорили, являются самыми высокими и красивыми из всех мужчин ». Макробийцы были пастухами воина и моряками. Согласно отчету Геродота, император Ахэменид Камбиз II , после его завоевания Египта в 525 году до нашей эры , отправил послов в макробию, принеся роскошные подарки для макробийского короля, чтобы соблазнить его представление. Макробийский правитель, который был избран на основе своего роста и красоты, вместо этого ответил с проблемой для своего персидского коллеги в форме неразрушенного лука: если персы смогли его нарисовать, они будут иметь право вторгнуться в его страну; Но до тех пор они должны поблагодарить богов, что макробийцы никогда не решили вторгаться в свою империю. Макробианцы были региональной властью, известной своей передовой архитектурой и золотым богатством, что было настолько обильным, что они карачили своих заключенных в золотых цепях.

Несколько древних городских государств, таких как Opone , Essina , Sarapion , Nikon , Malao , Damo и Mosylon, недалеко от мыса Guardafui , который конкурировал с сабайцами , парфянами и аксумитами за богатую индо - греко-римскую торговлю, также процветали в Сомали.

Царство Sultanate IFAT в 14 веке.

Ислам был введен в этот район в начале первых мусульман Мекки, бегущих по обвинению во время первой Хеджиры , когда Масджид Аль-Циблатайн был построен до того, как Кибла столкнулась с Меккой . Город Зейла из двух- Михраб Масджид аль-Клатайн датируется 7-м веком и является одной из старейших мечетей в Африке.

Следовательно, сомалийцы были одними из самых ранних неработников, которые обратились в ислам. Мирное обращение сомалийского населения сомалийских мусульманских ученых в следующие века древние городские государства в конечном итоге превратились в исламский могадишо , бербера , Зейла , Барава , Хафун и Мерка , которые были частью цивилизации Бербери. Город Могадишо стал известен как город Ислам , и контролировал восточную африканскую торговлю золотом в течение нескольких веков.

Султанат Ифата , возглавляемый династией Валашмы с его столицей в Зейле , управлял над частями того, что сейчас является Восточной Эфиопией, Джибути и Сомалилендом. Историк Аль-Умари записывает, что IFAT находился недалеко от побережья Красного моря , и заявляет, что его размер как на 15 дней путешествует на 20 дней. Его армия насчитывала 15 000 всадников и 20 000 футов солдат. Аль-Умари также приписывает Ифату семью «Матерскими городами»: Белкульзар, Кулджура, Шими, Шева , Адал, Джамм и Лабу.

В средние века несколько мощных сомалийских империй доминировали в региональной торговле, включая султанат аджуран , который преуспел в гидравлической инженерии и строительстве крепости , Адал Султанат , чей генерал Ахмад Ибн Ибрагим аль-Хази (Ахмед Гури) был первым командиром , который использовал пушечную войну на континенте во время завоевания Адала в Эфиопской империи , и султанат Гельди , чье военное доминирование заставило губернаторов Оманской империи к северу от города Ламу отдать дань уважения сомалийскому султану Ахмеду Юсуфу . Харла , ранняя группа, которая населяла части Сомали, Чертчера и других районов в роге, также воздвигла различные тумали . Считается, что эти масоны были наследственными для сомалийцев («Прото-сомали»).

Цитадель аджуран Гондерше средневековой была важным местом в империи .

Бербера был самым важным портом Африканского рога между 18–19 -м веками. На протяжении веков Бербера имел обширные торговые отношения с несколькими историческими портами на Аравийском полуострове . Кроме того, сомалийские и эфиопские интерьеры очень зависели от бербера для торговли, откуда прибыла большая часть товаров для экспорта. Во время торгового сезона 1833 года в Порт -Тауне растет более 70 000 человек, и более 6000 верблюдов, нагруженных товарами, прибыли с интерьера в течение одного дня. Бербера был основным рынком во всем сомалийском побережье для различных товаров, закупленных в интерьере, таких как скот , кофе , ладан , мирра , акация , шафран , перья , топленое масло , шкуру (кожа) , золото и слоновая кость . Исторически, порт Бербера контролировался коренным образом между торговцами торговцами Авалем Авала Ахмеда и Рира Юнис Нунис Нунис Нунис Нунис Нунис .

Illustration of Berbera, 1884

Согласно торговому журналу, опубликованному в 1856 году, Бербера был описан как «самый свободный порт в мире и самое важное торговое место во всем Аравийском заливе».:

“The only seaports of importance on this coast are Feyla [Zeila] and Berbera; the former is an Arabian colony, dependent of Mocha, but Berbera is independent of any foreign power. It is, without having the name, the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf. From the beginning of November to the end of April, a large fair assembles in Berbera, and caravans of 6,000 camels at a time come from the interior loaded with coffee, (considered superior to Mocha in Bombay), gum, ivory, hides, skins, grain, cattle, and sour milk, the substitute of fermented drinks in these regions; also much cattle is brought there for the Aden market.”

As a tributary of Mocha, which in turn was part of the Ottoman possessions in Western Arabia, the port of Zeila had seen several men placed as governors over the years. The Ottomans based in Yemen held nominal authority of Zeila when Sharmarke Ali Saleh, who was a successful and ambitious Somali merchant, purchased the rights of the town from the Ottoman governor of Mocha and Hodeida.

Allee Shurmalkee [Ali Sharmarke] has since my visit either seized or purchased this town, and hoisted independent colours upon its walls; but as I know little or nothing save the mere fact of its possession by that Soumaulee chief, and as this change occurred whilst I was in Abyssinia, I shall not say anything more upon the subject.

However, the previous governor was not eager to relinquish his control of Zeila. Hence in 1841, Sharmarke chartered two dhows (ships) along with fifty Somali Matchlock men and two cannons to target Zeila and depose its Arab Governor, Syed Mohammed Al Barr. Sharmarke initially directed his cannons at the city walls which frightened Al Barr's followers and caused them to abandon their posts and succeeded Al Barr as the ruler of Zeila. Sharmarke's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he maneuvered to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as Harar and the Ogaden.

In 1845, Sharmarke deployed a few matchlock men to wrest control of neighboring Berbera from that town's then feuding Somali local authorities. Sharmarke's influence was not limited to the Somali coast as he had allies and influence in the interior of the Somali country, the Danakil coast and even further afield in Abyssinia. Among his allies were the Kings of Shewa. When there was tension between the Amir of Harar Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan and Sharmarke, as a result of the Amir arresting one of his agents in Harar, Sharmarke persuaded the son of Sahle Selassie, ruler of Shewa, to imprison on his behalf about 300 citizens of Harar then resident in Shewa, for a length of two years.

Dervish commander Haji Sudi on the left with his brother in-law Duale Idres. Aden, 1892.

In the late 19th century, after the Berlin Conference had ended, the Scramble for Africa reached the Horn of Africa. Increasing foreign influence in the region culminated in the creation of the first Darawiish, an armed resistance movement calling for the independence from the European powers. The Dervish had their leaders, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Haji Sudi and Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman, who sought a state in the Nugaal and began one of the longest African conflicts in modern history.

The news of the incident that sparked the 21 year long Dervish rebellion, according to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler, was spread or as he claimed was concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. The incident in question was that of a group of Somali children who were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French Catholic Mission at Berbera in 1899. Whether Sultan Nur experienced the incident first hand or whether he was told of it is not clear but what is known is that he propagated the incident in June 1899, precipitating the religious rebellion of the Dervishes.

The Dervish movement successfully stymied British forces four times and forced them to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish movement received support from the Ottomans and Germans. The Ottoman government also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the German government promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire.

After a quarter of a century of military successes against the British, the Dervishes were finally defeated by Britain in 1920 in part due to the successful deployment of the newly-formed Royal Air Force by the British government.

Ali Yusuf Kenadid, 2nd Sultan of the Hobyo Sultanate.

Majeerteen Sultanate was founded in the early-1700s and rose to prominence in the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud. His Kingdom controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaaal, and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Majeerteen Sultanate maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.

The Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly dismantled in the late-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor Osman Mahamuud and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid who founded the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878. Initially Kenadid wanted to seize control of the neighbouring Sultanate. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. Both sultanates maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.

Sultan Abdillahi Deria, a prominent Grand Sultan of British Somaliland of the delegation sent from British Somaliland Protectorate to the British government in London to appeal for the return of Haud Reserve Area, a territory ceded by the British to Ethiopia in 1954.

In late 1888, Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italian government, making his Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian protectorate known as Italian Somalia. His rival Boqor Osman Mahamuud was to sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Majeerteen Sultanate the following year. In signing the agreements, both rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories. The Italians, for their part, were interested in the territories mainly because of its ports specifically Port of Bosaso which could grant them access to the strategically important Suez Canal and the Gulf of Aden. The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the Sultanates' respective administrations. In return for Italian arms and an annual subsidy, the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions. The Italians also agreed to dispatch a few ambassadors to promote both the Sultanates' and their own interests. The new protectorates were thereafter managed by Vincenzo Filonardi through a chartered company. An Anglo-Italian border protocol was later signed on 5 May 1894, followed by an agreement in 1906 between Cavalier Pestalozza and General Swaine acknowledging that Baran fell under the Majeerteen Sultanate's administration. With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of Italian colonial rule, both Kingdoms were eventually annexed in the early 20th century. However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.

Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somalia as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somalia, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somalia remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.

To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali Republic state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts.

Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British ceded official control of the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was brought under British protection via treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against raids by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to purchase back the Somali lands it had turned over. The British government also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to the Kenyan government despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.

Mahmoud Harbi, a Somali politician who campaigned for French Somalia to join a united Somali state.

A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991).

British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somalia) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as president of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the president of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. The constitution was rejected by the people of Somaliland. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke.

On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.

Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.

The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU).

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Somalia and Somali clans

Clans

Somalis are ethnically of Cushitic ancestry, but have genealogical traditions of descent from various patriarchs associated with the spread of Islam. Being one tribe, they are segmented into various clan groupings, which are important kinship units that play a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clan families are patrilineal, and are divided into clans, primary lineages or subclans, and dia-paying kinship groups. The lineage terms qabiil, qolo, jilib and reer are often interchangeably used to indicate the different segmentation levels. The clan represents the highest kinship level. It owns territorial properties and is typically led by a clan-head or Sultan. Primary lineages are immediately descended from the clans, and are exogamous political units with no formally installed leader. They comprise the segmentation level that an individual usually indicates he or she belongs to, with their founding patriarch reckoned to between six and ten generations.

The five major clan families are the traditionally nomadic pastoralist Dir, Isaaq, Darod, Hawiye and the sedentary agropastoralist Rahanweyn. Minor Somali clans include Asharaf.

The Dir, Hawiye, Gardere (Gaalje'el, Degodia, Garre), Hawadle and Ajuran trace agnatic origins to the patriarch Samaale. The Darod have separate paternal traditions of descent through Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Sheikh Darod), who is said to have Banu Hashim origins through Aqiil Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib. He arrived at a later date from the Arabian Peninsula in the 10th or 11th centuries. Sheikh Darod is asserted to have married a woman from the Dir (while some accounts say Hawiye), thus establishing matrilateral ties with the Samaale family. The Isaaq clan trace paternal descent to the Islamic leader Ishaaq bin Ahmed al-Hashimi (Sheikh Isaaq). The Digil & Mirifle (Rahanweyn) trace their ancestry back to the patriarch Sab. Both Samaale and Sab are supposed to have descended from a common ancestor with origins in the Arabian Peninsula. Contemporary genetic studies indicate that Somalis in general do not possess any noticeable Arab ancestry. The traditions of descent from noble elite forefathers who settled on the littoral are debated, although they are based on early Arab documents and northern folklore.

A comprehensive genealogy of Somali clans can be found in Abbink (2009), providing detailed family trees and historical background information.

The tombs of the founders of Darod, Dir and Isaaq as well as the Abgaal subclan of Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this area as the ancestral homeland of the Somali people.

Religion

The Mosque of Islamic Solidarity in Mogadishu is the largest mosque in the Horn region.

According to data from the Pew Research Center, the creed breakdown of Muslims in the Somali-majority Djibouti is as follows: 77% adhere to Sunnism, 8% are non-denominational Muslim, 2% are Shia and 13% declined to answer, and a further report inclusive of Somali Region stipulating 2% adherence to a minority sect (e.g. Ibadism, Quranism etc.). In the neighboring country of Somalia, 99.8% of the population is Muslim according to the Pew Research Center. The majority belong to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence. Sufism, the mystical sect of Islam, is also well established, with many local jama'a (zawiya) or congregations of the various tariiqa or Sufi orders. The constitution of Somalia likewise defines Islam as the state religion of the Federal Republic of Somalia, and Islamic sharia law as the basic source for national legislation. It also stipulates that no law that is inconsistent with the basic tenets of Shari'a can be enacted. There are some nobles who believe with great pride that they are of Arabian ancestry, and trace their stirp to Muhammad's lineage of Quraysh and those of his companions. Although they do not consider themselves culturally Arabs, except for the shared religion, their presumed noble Arabian origins genealogically unite them. The purpose behind claiming genealogical traditions of descent from the Arabian Peninsula is used to reinforce one's lineage and the various associated patriarchs with the spread of Islam.

Languages

Main article: Somali language

Old Somali stone tablet: After Somali had lost its ancient writing script, Somali scholars over the following centuries developed a writing system known as Wadaad writing to transcribe the language.

The Somali language (Af-Soomaali) is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages with academic studies dating from the 19th century.

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Speech sample in Standard Somali.

The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 16.3 million speakers of Somali within Somalia and 25.8 million speakers globally. Recent estimates had approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in Greater Somalia of which around 17 million resided in Somalia. The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.

Somali language books on display.

Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benadiri, and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benadiri (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southwestern areas of Somalia.

A number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language. It uses all letters of the Latin alphabet, except p, v, and z. Besides the Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad writing. Other writing systems developed in the twentieth century including the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare scripts, which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare respectively.

In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to millennia-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Somalia

Somali woman shows traditional incense during an event to showcase traditional Somali culture

Somali woman building a Somali aqal or buul

The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India and Southeast Asia.

The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of Bards" including, among others, the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence.

According to Canadian novelist and scholar Margaret Laurence, who originally coined the term "Nation of Poets" to describe the Somali Peninsular, the Eidagale clan were viewed as "the recognized experts in the composition of poetry" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:

Among the tribes, the Eidagalla are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalla may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. "if you had a hundred Eidagalla men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning."

All of these traditions, including festivals, martial arts, dress, literature, sport and games such as Shax, have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage.

Music

Main article: Music of Somalia

Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale, such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or Arabia, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (midho), songwriters (laxan) and singers (Codka or "voice").

Musicians and bands

Somali singer Saado Ali Warsame.

• Aar Maanta – UK-based Somali singer, composer, writer and music producer.
• Abdi Sinimo – Prominent Somali artist and inventor of the Balwo musical style.
• Abdullahi Qarshe – Somali musician, poet and playwright known for his innovative styles of music, which included a wide variety of musical instruments such as the guitar, piano and oud.
• Ali Feiruz – Somali musician from Djibouti; part of the Radio Hargeisa generation of Somali artists.
• Dur-Dur – Somali band active during the 1980s and 1990s in Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia.
• Hasan Adan Samatar – popular male artist during the 1970s and 80s.
• Hibo Nuura – popular Somali singer.
• Jonis Bashir – Somali-Italian actor and singer
• Khadija Qalanjo – popular Somali singer in the 1970s and 1980s.
• K'naan – award-winning Somali-Canadian hip hop artist.
• Magool (2 May 1948 – 19 March 2004) – prominent Somali singer considered in Somalia as one of the greatest entertainers of all time.
• Maryam Mursal (born 1950) – Somali musician, composer and vocalist whose work has been produced by the record label Real World.
• Mohammed Mooge – Prominent Somali artist from the Radio Hargeisa generation.
• Poly Styrene – Somali-British punk rock singer; best known as being the lead singer of X Ray Spex.
• Saado Ali Warsame – Somali singer-songwriter and modern Qaraami exponent.
• Waaberi – Somalia's foremost musical group that toured through several countries in Northeast Africa and Asia, including Egypt, Sudan and China.
• Waayaha Cusub – Somali music collective. Organized the international Reconciliation Music Festival in 2013 in Mogadishu.

Cinema and theatre

Main article: Cinema of Somalia

Somali film producer and director Ali Said Hassan.

Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. Hassan Sheikh Mumin was considered one of the most prolific and early playwrights and composers in Somali literature. Mumin's most important work is Shabeel Naagood (1965), a piece that touches on the social position of women, urbanization, changing traditional practices, and the importance of education during the early pre-independence period. Although the issues it describes were later to some degree redressed, the work remains a mainstay of Somali literature. Shabeel Naagood was translated into English in 1974 under the title Leopard Among the Women by the Somali Studies pioneer Bogumił W. Andrzejewski, who also wrote the introduction. Mumin composed both the play itself and the music used in it. The piece is regularly featured in various school curricula, including Oxford University, which first published the English translation under its press house.

During one decisive passage in the play, the heroine, Shallaayo, laments that she has been tricked into a false marriage by the Leopard in the title:

"Women have no share in the encampments of this world

And it is men who made these laws, to their own advantage.

By God, by God, men are our enemies, though we ourselves nurtured them

We suckled them at our breasts, and they maimed us:

We do not share peace with them."

The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry.

Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish movement. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution.

Art

Main article: Somali art

A Somali woman with kohl eyes.

Somali women knitting

Somalis have old visual art traditions, which include pottery, jewelry and wood carving. In the medieval period, affluent urbanites commissioned local wood and marble carvers to work on their interiors and houses. Intricate patterns also adorn the mihrabs and pillars of ancient Somali mosques. Artistic carving was considered the province of men, whereas the textile industry was mainly that of women. Among the nomads, carving, especially woodwork, was widespread and could be found on the most basic objects such as spoons, combs and bowls. It also included more complex structures, such as the portable nomadic house, the aqal. In the last several decades, traditional carving of windows, doors and furniture have given way to workshops employing electrical machinery, which deliver the same results in a far shorter time period.

Additionally, henna is an important part of Somali culture. It is worn by Somali women on their hands, arms, feet and neck during wedding ceremonies, Eid, Ramadan and other festive occasions. Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula, often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes. The palm is also frequently decorated with a dot of henna and the fingertips are dipped in the dye. Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place. Somali women have likewise traditionally applied kohl (kuul) to their eyes. Usage of the eye cosmetic in the Horn region is believed to date to the ancient Land of Punt.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Somalia

Mo Farah the most decorated athlete in British athletics history

Football is the most popular sport amongst Somalis. Important competitions are the Somalia League and Somalia Cup. The Ocean Stars is Somalia's multi-ethnic national team.

Basketball is also played in the country. The FIBA Africa Championship 1981 was hosted in Mogadishu from 15 to 23 December December 1981, during which the national basketball team received the bronze medal. The squad also takes part in the basketball event at the Pan Arab Games. Other team sports include badminton, baseball, table tennis, and volleyball.

In the martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren. The Somali National Olympic committee has devised a special support program to ensure continued success in future tournaments. Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in K1 and Thai Boxing. Other individuals sports include judo, boxing, athletics, weight lifting, swimming, rowing, fencing and wrestling. Somalis have also produced many world-class distance runners like their neighboring countries with Mo Farah, Abdi Bile and Mohammed Ahmed.

Attire

Somali man wearing a macawis sarong.

Traditionally, Somali men typically wear the macawis. It is a sarong that is worn around the waist. On their heads, they often wrap a colorful turban or wear the koofiyad, which is an embroidered fez.

Due to Somalia's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula, many Somali men also wear the jellabiya (jellabiyad or qamiis). The costume is a long white garment common in the Arab world.

Somali woman in traditional Guntino.

During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino. It is a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. The cloth is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile that is common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders. For more formal settings, such as at weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac. It is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of silk, chiffon, taffeta or saree fabric. The gown is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Known as the gorgorad, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. The dirac is usually sparkly and very colorful, the most popular styles being those with gilded borders or threads.

Married women tend to wear headscarves referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn.

Additionally, Somali women have a long tradition of wearing gold jewelry, particularly bangles. During weddings, the bride is frequently adorned in gold. Many Somali women by tradition also wear gold necklaces and anklets.

Ethnic flag

Somali woman wearing a Somali flag dress.

The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia.

Cuisine

Main article: Somali cuisine

Women from Fafan village in the Somali Regional State offering camel milk.

The Somali staple food comes from their livestock, however, the Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. In the interiors, the cuisine is mainly local with usage of Ethiopian grains and vegetables while in the coast it is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.

Breakfast (quraac) is an important meal for Somalis, some drink tea (shahie or shaah) others coffee (qaxwa or bun). The tea is often in the form of haleeb shai (Yemeni milk tea) in the north. The main dish is typically a pancake-like bread (canjeero or canjeelo) similar to Ethiopian injera, but smaller and thinner, or muufo a Somali flat bread traditionally baked on a clay oven. These breads might also be eaten with a stew (maraqe) or soup at lunch or dinner. Qado or lunch is often elaborate, varieties of bariis (rice), the most popular being basmati are usually served as the main dish alongside goat, lamb or fish. Spices like cumin, cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and garden sage are used to aromatize these different rice delicacies. Somalis eat dinner as late as 9 pm. During Ramadan, supper is often served after Tarawih prayers; sometimes as late as 11 pm.

In some regions, xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense (lubaan) or incense (cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad.

Literature

Main article: Somali literature

Award-winning author Nadifa Mohamed.

Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Most of the early Somali literature is in the Arabic script and Wadaad writing. This usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems (qasidas), recitations and chants. Among these texts are the Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic.

Authors and poets

• Elmi Boodhari (1908–1940) – Early 20th century poet and pioneer in the genre of Somali love poems. He is popularly known by Somalis as the King of romance (Boqorki Jacaylka)
• Abdillahi Diiriye Guled - Literary scholar and discoverer of the Somali prosodic system
• Ali Bu'ul (Cali Bucul) – 19th century poet, military leader and sultan, many of the most well known geeraar (short styled poems recited on a horse) came from his tongue and are still known today.
• Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi' – songwriter, philosopher, and Somali Poet Laureate; also dubbed the Somali Shakespeare.
• Hassan Sheikh Mumin – 20th century poet, playwright, broadcaster, actor and composer.
• Nuruddin Farah (born 1943) – Somali writer and winner of the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.
• Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade (1920–1973) – prominent Somali poet known for his nationalist poems such as Kana siib Kana Saar.
• Mohamud Siad Togane (born 1943) – Somali-Canadian poet, professor, and political activist.
• Maxamed Daahir Afrax – Somali novelist and playwright. Afrax has published several novels and short stories in Somali and Arabic, and has also written two plays, the first being Durbaan Been ah ("A Deceptive Drum"), which was staged in Somalia in 1979. His major contribution in the field of theatre criticism is Somali Drama: Historical and Critical Study (1987).
• Gaarriye (1949–2012) – Somali poet, most notable for his famous poem Hagarlaawe.
• Nadifa Mohamed – Somali novelist. Winner of the 2010 Betty Trask Prize.
• Musa Haji Ismail Galal (1917–1980) – was a Somali writer, scholar, linguist, historian and polymath
• Farah Mohamed Jama Awl – Somali author best known for his historical fiction novels.
• Diriye Osman – Somali writer and visual artist. Winner of the 2014 Polari First Book Prize.
• Sofia Samatar – Somali professor and writer. Winner of the 2014 World Fantasy Award.

Law

Main article: Xeer

Federal legislator Muna Khalif chairing a political workshop.

Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of customary law, which they call xeer. Xeer is a polycentric legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted. It is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century. Given the dearth of loan words from foreign languages within the xeer's nomenclature, the customary law appears to have evolved in situ.

Mohamed Osman Jawari, speaker of the Federal Parliament.

Xeer is defined by a few fundamental tenets that are immutable and which closely approximate the principle of jus cogens in international law: payment of blood money (locally referred to as diya or mag), assuring good inter-clan relations by treating women justly, negotiating with "peace emissaries" in good faith, and sparing the lives of socially protected groups (e.g. children, women, the pious, poets and guests), family obligations such as the payment of dowry, and sanctions for eloping, rules pertaining to the management of resources such as the use of pasture land, water, and other natural resources, providing financial support to married female relatives and newlyweds, donating livestock and other assets to the poor. The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.

Architecture

Main article: Somali architecture

Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures, cisterns, aqueducts, and lighthouses. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somali architecture with Western designs in contemporary times.

In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style. Hundreds of these dry stone monuments are found around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the Wargaade Wall.

The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures. This practice would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries.

Geographic distribution

Main article: Somali diaspora

A Somali-owned grocery in Columbus, Ohio.

Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They also comprise around 60% of the inhabitants in Djibouti.

Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.

UN migration estimates of the international migrant stock 2015 suggest that 1,998,764 people from Somalia were living abroad.

Somali women at a political function in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, the Office for National Statistics estimates that 98,000 people born in Somalia were living in the United Kingdom in 2016. This includes secondary migration of Somalis from mainland European countries. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population in 2001. There are also significant Somali communities in continental Europe such as Sweden: 63,853 (2016); Norway: 42,217 (2016); the Netherlands: 39,465 (2016); Germany: 33,900 (2016); Denmark: 21,050 (2016); and Finland: 20,007 (2017).

In the United States, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Columbus, San Diego, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Nashville, Green Bay, Lewiston, Portland, Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations.

ONLF separatist rebels fighting for the right to self-determination for Somalis in the Somali Region of Ethiopia.

Sign on Somali Road in the London Borough of Camden.

An estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of Minnesota in the mid-1990s and the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and Saint Paul) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America. The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including leather shoes, jewelry and other fashion items, halal meat, and hawala or money transfer services. Community-based video rental stores likewise carry the latest Somali films and music. The number of Somalis has especially surged in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis.

A Somali high school student in Cairo, Egypt.

There is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iranians exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai.

Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in Greater Somalia, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in Egypt. In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople. More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya, investing over $1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone. In South Africa, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province.

Известные люди диаспоры

• Абдулрахим Эбби Фара Генеральный секретарь Объединенных Наций 1979–1990 гг., Постоянный представитель Сомали в Организацию Объединенных Наций 1965–1972 годы.

Экономист Абдусалам Х. Омер .

• Абдусалам Х. Омер - Сомалийский экономист и политик. Бывший министр иностранных дел Сомали и губернатор Центрального банка Сомали.
• Абди Юсуф Хасан - сомалийский политик, дипломат и журналист. Бывший директор IRIN и УВКБ ООН по внешнему и СМИ по связям со СМИ на юго -западе и Центральной Азии .

Журналист Рейге Омаар .

• Ахмед Хуссен - сомалийский адвокат. Министр иммиграции Канады. Президент канадского сомалийского конгресса .
• Абдулкави Юсуф - видная сомалийская международная адвоката и нынешний президент Международного суда .
• Абдирахим Хусейн Мохамед - сомалийский политик. Избранный председатель молодежи Хельсинки в 2007 году и председатель сети сотрудничества Moniheli для многокультурных организаций.
• Абдирашид Дуал -отмеченный наградами сомалийский предприниматель, филантроп и генеральный директор многонационального предприятия Дахабшил .
• Адан Мохаммед - сомалийский банкир, предприниматель и политик. Ранее он занимал должность управляющего директора Barclays Bank в Восточной и Западной Африке и в настоящее время является министром кабинета индустриализации Кении.

Ильхан Омар , первый сомалийский избран в Конгресс Соединенных Штатов .

• Али сказал, что Факи - ученый сомалийцев и ведущий исследователь по проектированию и интерпретации токсикологических исследований в исследовательском центре MPI в Маттаване, штат Мичиган .
• Амина Мога Херси -отмеченный наградами сомалийский предприниматель, которая запустила несколько многомиллионных проектов в Кампале , Уганда , таких как роскошный торговый центр Oasis Center и корты Laburnam. Она также управляет Kingstone Enterprises Limited, одним из крупнейших дистрибьюторов цемента и других аппаратных материалов в Кампале.
• Амина Мохамед - сомалийский адвокат и политик. Бывший председатель Международной организации миграции и Генерального совета Всемирной торговой организации и нынешний секретарь по иностранным делам Кении.
• Аяан и Идил Мохаллим - сомалийские дизайнеры моды и владельцы бренда Mataano .
• Аяан Хирси Али - феминистская и атеистическая активистка, писатель и политик, известный своими взглядами, критикующими ислам и женское обрезание .

Я Хирси Али

• Аюб Дауд - сомалийский международный футболист , который играет в качестве нападающего/атакующего полузащитника ФК Кротоне по кредиту от Ювентуса .
• Faisal Hawar - Сомалийский инженер и предприниматель. Председатель Международного фонда развития Сомали и ресурсной компании Маахир.
• Халима Ахмед - политический активист сомалийца с молодежным реабилитационным центром и потенциальным кандидатом в федеральный парламент Сомали .
• Халима Аден - Сомалийская американская модель. Первая женщина из Миннесоты, чтобы носить хиджаб на конкурсе мисс Миннесота, США, США
• Ханан Ибрагим - Сомалийский общественный активист. Получил награду королевы за добровольное обслуживание в 2004 году и была сделана MBE в 2010 году.
• Хасан Абдиллахи - Сомалийский журналист. Президент Ogaal Radio, крупнейшего сомалийского общественного участка в Канаде.
• Хибаак Осман - Сомалийский политический стратег. Основатель и председатель ThinkTank для арабских женщин, фонда достоинства и Карамы.
• Ходан Ахмед - сомалийский политический активист и старший сотрудник программы в Национальном демократическом институте.
• Ходан Налайе - сомалийский руководитель СМИ и предприниматель. Президент Агентства культурной интеграции и вице -президент по продажам и разработке программ Cameraworks Productions International.
• Идил Ибрагим - сомалийский американский режиссер, писатель и продюсер. Основатель Zeila Films.

Международный адвокат Амина Мохамед .

• Ильхан Омар - сомалийский американский политик, первый сомалийский член Конгресса в Соединенных Штатах. В настоящее время Омар представляет 5 -й округ Конгресса Миннесоты .
• Иман Мохамед Абдулмаджид - Международная икона моды, супермодель , актриса и предприниматель; Профессионально известен как Иман .
• Джавахир Ахмед - Сомалийская американская модель. Служила мисс Сомали в 2013 году Мисс Объединенные Нации США.
• Лейла Абукар -сомалийский политический активист. Получатель столетия медали.
• Мохамед Абдуллахи Мохамед (Фармаджо) - Сомалийский политик и дипломат. Бывший премьер -министр Сомали и основатель политической партии Тайо .
• Мо Фара -олимпийский . олимпийский призер олимпийских игр и чемпион мира на длинные дистанции
• Musse Olol - Сомалийский американский общественный активист. Получатель премии руководства директора 2011 года.
• Мустафа Мохамед -сомалишский шведский бегун на расстоянии, который в основном участвует в 3000-метровой крутой . Выиграл золото на чемпионате Nordic Cross Country 2006 года и на 1-м Spar European Team Championships в Лейрии , Португалия , в 2009 году. Преодолел 31-летний шведский рекорд в 2007 году.
• Натиф Джама Адам - ​​сомалийский банкир и политик. Бывший старший вице -президент и глава инвестиционного отделения Исламского банка Шарджи и международного банковского отделения, а также губернатор округа Гарисса.
• Шадья Ясин -сомалийский общественный активист, поэт и учитель.
• Омар Абди Али - сомалийский предприниматель, бухгалтер, финансовый консультант, филантроп и специалист по исламским финансам . Был бывшим генеральным директором Dar Al-Maal Al-Islami (DMI Trust), который под его руководством увеличил свои активы с 1,6 млрд. Долл. США до 4,0 млрд. Долл. США. В настоящее время он является председателем и основателем Multinational Real Estate Corporation Integrated Property Investments Limited и ее дочерней компании Quadron Investments.
• Rageh Omaar - ведущий и писатель для сомалийских телевизионных новостей. Бывший корреспондент BBC News в 2009 году, он перешел на новый пост в Al Jazeera English , где в настоящее время представляет документального фильма свидетелем «Ночная неделя» .
• Сулеха Али , сомалийский музыкант.
• Варис Дири - Сомалийская модель, автор, актриса и общественный активист. ООН Специальный посол с 1997 по 2003 год.
• Yasmin Warsame - сомалийская модель, которая была названа «самой заманчивой канадцем» в опросе Fashion журнала .
• Захра Абдулла - Сомалийский политик в Финляндии и член городского совета Хельсинки, представляющий зеленую лигу .

Генетика

Uniparental Lineages

Согласно исследованиям Y -хромосомы Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), сомалийцы находятся отцовски тесно связаны с другими афроазиатскими группами в северо -восточной Африке . Помимо составляющих большую часть Y-ДНК в сомалийцах, E1B1B (ранее E3B) гаплогруппа также составляет значительную долю отцовской ДНК эфиопов , суданских , египтян , берберов , арабов- североафриканских арабов , а также многих среди средиземноморских населения. Sanchez et al. (2005) наблюдали подклад E-M78 E1B1B1A примерно в 70,6% их сомалийских мужчин. Согласно Cruciani et al. (2007), присутствие этой субхаплогруппы в области рога может представлять следы древней миграции из Египта / Ливии .

После гаплогруппы E1B1B второй наиболее часто встречающейся гаплогруппой Y-ДНК среди сомалийцев-это западная азиатская гаплогруппа T (M184). Клада наблюдается у более чем 10% сомалийских мужчин в целом, С пиковой частотой среди членов сомалийского клана в Джибути (100%) и сомалийцы в Dire Dawa (82,4%), город с большинством . Гаплогруппа T, как и гаплогруппа E1B1B, также обычно встречается среди других популяций северо -восточной Африки, Магриба , Ближнего Востока и Средиземного моря.

У сомалийцев время до самого последнего общего предка (TMRCA) оценивалось в 4000–5000 лет (2500 г. до н.э. ) для кластера гаплогруппы E-M78 и 2100–2200 лет (150 г. до н.э.) для сомалийских T-M184 . носителей

Глубокий подклад E-Y18629 обычно встречается в сомалийцах и имеет дату образования 3700 YBP (годы до настоящего времени) и TMRCA 3300 YBP.

Сомалийская школьница.

Согласно исследованиям мтДНК Холден (2005) и Richards et al. (2006), значительная часть материнских линий сомалийцев состоит из гаплогруппы М1 со скоростью более 20%. Эта митохондриальная клада распространена среди эфиопов и североафриканцев, особенно египтян и алжирцев . Считается, что M1 возник в Азии, где его родительская клада представляет большинство линий мтДНК. Считается, что эта гаплогруппа может коррелировать с афро-азиатским языковым семейством: Кроме того, сомалийцы и другие африканские популяции Рога также имеют значительный уровень материнских линий, связанных с Африкой к югу от Сахары.

«Мы проанализировали вариацию мтДНК у ~ 250 человек из Ливии, Сомали и Конго/Замбии, как представители трех регионов, представляющих интерес. Наши первоначальные результаты указывают на острый клид на частотах М1, которые обычно не распространяются на Африку к югу от Сахары. Наши северные и особенно восточноафриканские образцы содержали частоты M1, более 20%, наши образцы к югу от Сахары почти полностью состояли из гаплогрупп L1 или L2. История небольшой примеси между этими регионами это может означать более позднее происхождение для М1 в Африке, поскольку пожилые линии более разнообразны и широко распространены по природе и могут указывать на обратную миграцию в Африку с Ближнего Востока ».

Аутосомное происхождение

Генетические компоненты, присутствующие в некоторых пушитических популяциях

Генетические компоненты, присутствующие в некоторых популяциях Cushitic/HOA (Hollfelder, Nina et al., 2017)

Молодой сомалийский человек.

Исследования показывают, что сомалийцы имеют смесь типа коренного африканского происхождения, уникального и автохтонного для Африканского рога , а также происхождения, происходящего из неафриканской обратной миграции. Согласно изучению аутосомной ДНК Hodgson et al. (2014), афро-азиатские языки, вероятно, были распространены по всей Африке и Ближеству наследственными популяциями, несущей недавно идентифицированный неафриканский генетический компонент, который исследователи назвали «Эфио-Сомали». Этот компонент сегодня наиболее распространен среди афро-азиатскоязычных групп населения Африки. Он достигает частотного пика среди этнических сомалийцев, представляющих большую часть их происхождения. Компонент Ethio-Somali наиболее тесно связан с неафриканским генетическим компонентом Магриби и, как полагают, расходился от всех других неафриканских предков не менее 23 000 лет назад. Исходя из этого, исследователи предполагают, что первоначальная эфио-сомомали, несущая население (ов), вероятно, прибыло в предварительный период с Ближнего Востока, переехав в северо-восточную Африку через Синайский полуостров . Затем население, вероятно, разделилось на две ветви, одна группа направляется на запад к Магрибу , а другая движется на юг в рог. Анализ древнего ДНК указывает на то, что это основополагающее происхождение в регионе Рога сродни неолитическим фермерам южного леванта .

Кроме того, согласно Hodgson et al. Как африканское происхождение (эфиопическое), так и неафриканское происхождение (Эфио-Сомали) в популяциях с подушкой, значительно отличаются от всех соседних африканских и неафриканских предков сегодня. Общее генетическое происхождение пушитовых и семитских популяций в Африканском роге представляет предки, которые не встречаются за пределами популяций HOA. Исследователи заявляют:

«Африканское эфиопское происхождение тесно ограничено популяциями HOA и, вероятно, представляет собой автохтонную популяцию HOA. Неафриканское происхождение в HOA, которое в первую очередь приписывается новым предполагаемым составляющим эфиосомала Африканские предки в Северной Африке, Леванте и Аравии ».

Более того, Hodgson et al. (2014) Далее уточняет:

«Мы обнаруживаем, что большая часть неафриканского происхождения в ТСЖ может быть назначена различным неафриканскому происхождению Эфио-Сомали-компонента, который встречается на самых высоких частотах в пушитических и семитских популяциях HOA».

Molinaro, Ludovica et al. В 2019 году охарактеризовали неафриканское происхождение у эфиопских сомалийцев как полученные из неолитических групп Анатолии (аналогично тунисским евреям). Али, А.А., Аалто М., Джонассон, Дж. И соавт. (2020) Использование анализа основных компонентов показало, что приблизительно 60% сомалийского происхождения являются восточноафриканскими и 40% западной евразийской.

Сомалийские исследования

Новаторский ученый из сомалийских исследований , Осман Юсуф Кенадид .

Основная статья: Сомалийские исследования

Научный термин для исследований, касающихся сомалийцев и больших сомали, является сомалийским исследованием . Он состоит из нескольких дисциплин, таких как антропология , социология , лингвистика , историография и археология . Поле опирается из старых сомалийских хроников , записей и устной литературы, в дополнение к письменным рассказам и традициям о сомалийцах от исследователей и географов на Африканском роге и на Ближнем Востоке. С 1980 года выдающиеся сомалистические ученые со всего мира также собираются ежегодно, чтобы провести Международный конгресс сомалийских исследований.

Смотрите также

• Сомали
• Сомалиленд Сомалиленд
• Издалека
• Культура Сомали
• Демография Сомали
• Большой Сомали

Библиография

• Хэнли, Джеральд, Воины: Жизнь и смерть среди сомалийцев (Eland Publishing Ltd, 2004)

Внешние ссылки

• Оценки населения этнологов для ораторов сомалийцев
• Американская библиотека Конгресса Странового изучения Сомали
• Кана, Фрэнк Ричардсон (1911). "Сомалиленд" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Тол. 25 (11 -е изд.). С. 378–384, см. Стр. 379. Жители.