Piper Cubeba
| Cubeb | |
|---|---|
| |
Научная классификация 
| |
| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Клада : | Трахеофиты |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Piperales |
| Family: | Piperaceae |
| Genus: | Piper |
| Species: | P. cubeba
|
| Binomial name | |
| Piper cubeba | |
Piper Cubeba , Cubeb или хвостовой перец - это растение в роде Piper , культивируемое для его фруктов и эфирного масла . В основном это выращивается в Яве и Суматре , поэтому иногда называется Java Pepper . Фрукты собираются до того, как они созрели, и тщательно высушены. Коммерческий CubeB состоит из высушенных ягод , похожих на черный перец , но с прикрепленными стеблями - «хвосты» в «хвостовом перце». Высушенный перикарп морщинится, а его цветовой варьируется от сероватого коричневого до черного. Семя . твердое, белое и масляничное Запах CubeB описывается как приятный и ароматный , а вкус как острый, едкий, слегка горький и стойкий. Он был описан как дегустация, например, душистый перец , или как нечто среднее между душным перцем и черным перцем. [ 1 ]
Cubeb приехал в Европу через Индию через торговлю с арабами. Название Cubeb происходит от арабского Кабабы ( كبابة ) [ 2 ] через старый французский Quibibes . [ 3 ] Cubeb упоминается в алхимических писаниях по его арабскому названию. В своем театральном ботаникуме Джон Паркинсон рассказывает, что король Португалии (возможно, либо Филипп IV из Испании , либо Джон IV из Португалии , так как этот год был отмечен началом португальской войны в восстановлении ) запретил продажу CubeB для продвижения черного перца ( Piper Nigrum ) около 1640 года. Он испытал краткое возрождение в Европе 19-го века для лекарственного использования, но с тех пор практически исчез с европейского рынка. Он продолжает использоваться в качестве ароматизатора для джинов и сигарет на Западе и в качестве приправы для еды в Индонезии .
History
[edit]
In the fourth century BC, Theophrastus mentioned komakon, including it with cinnamon and cassia as an ingredient in aromatic confections. Guillaume Budé and Claudius Salmasius have identified komakon with cubeb, probably due to the resemblance which the word bears to the Javanese name of cubeb, kumukus. This is seen as a curious evidence of Greek trade with Java in a time earlier than that of Theophrastus.[4] It is unlikely Greeks acquired them from somewhere else, since Javanese growers protected their monopoly of the trade by sterilizing the berries by scalding, ensuring that the vines were unable to be cultivated elsewhere.[2]
In the Tang dynasty, cubeb was brought to China from Srivijaya. In India, the spice came to be called kabab chini, that is, "Chinese cubeb", possibly because the Chinese had a hand in its trade, but more likely because it was an important item in the trade with China. In China, this pepper was called both vilenga and viḍaṅga विडङ्ग (the cognate Sanskrit word), which had denoted embelia ribes before being used to denote the Malayan cubeb (simplified Chinese: 荜澄茄; traditional Chinese: 蓽澄茄; pinyin: bì chéng qié[5]).[6][7] Li Hsun thought it grew on the same tree as black pepper. Tang physicians administered it to restore appetite, cure "demon vapors", darken the hair, and perfume the body. However, there is no evidence showing that cubeb was used as a condiment in China.[6]
In his 1827 dictionary Nhật dụng thường đàm (日用常談; lit. 'Common Words Used Daily'), Vietnamese scholar-official Phạm Đình Hổ glossed 蓽䔲茄 "cubeb" (Sino-Vietnamese: tất đăng gia) as 乙 ớt, which currently denotes chilli pepper from the Americas.[8][9]
The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, compiled in the 9th century, mentions cubeb as a remedy for infertility, showing it was already used by Arabs for medicinal purposes. Cubeb was introduced to Arabic cuisine around the 10th century.[10] The Travels of Marco Polo, written in late 13th century, describes Java as a producer of cubeb, along with other valuable spices.[11]
In the 14th century, cubeb was imported into Europe from the Grain Coast, under the name of pepper, by merchants of Rouen and Lippe.[1] Cubeb eventually came to be thought of as repulsive to demons by the people of Europe. Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, a Roman Catholic priest who wrote about methods of exorcism in the late 17th century, includes cubeb as an ingredient in an incense to ward off an incubus.[12]
After the prohibition of its sale in Portugal in 1640, culinary use of cubeb decreased dramatically in Europe, and only its medicinal application continued to the 19th century. In the early 20th century, cubeb was regularly shipped from Indonesia to Europe and the United States. The trade gradually diminished to an average of 135 t (133 long tons; 149 short tons) annually, and practically ceased after 1940.[13]
Chemistry
[edit]
The dried cubeb berries contain essential oil comprising monoterpenes (sabinene 50%, α-thujene, and carene) and sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene, copaene, α- and β-cubebene, δ-cadinene, germacrene), the oxides 1,4- and 1,8-cineole and the alcohol cubebol.
About 15% of a volatile oil is obtained by distilling cubeb with water. Cubebene, the liquid portion, has the formula[1] C15H24 and comes in two forms, α- and β-. They differ only in the position of the alkene moiety, with the double-bond being endocyclic (part of the five-membered ring) in α-cubebene, as shown, but exocyclic in β-cubebene. It is a pale green viscous liquid with a warm woody, slightly camphoraceous odor.[14] After rectification with water, or on keeping, this deposits rhombic crystals of camphor of cubeb.[1]
Cubebin (C20H20O6)[15] is a crystalline organic compound isolated from cubeb oilcake, and can be chemically synthesized from cubebene. It was discovered by Eugène Soubeiran and Hyacinthe Capitaine in 1839, and irritates the mucous membranes.[1]
Uses
[edit]History in folk medicine
[edit]Physicians in the Islamic Golden Age distilled "water of al butm" (turpentine) from a mixture of herbal products, including cubeb.[16]
In Victorian and Edwardian England, cubeb was an antiseptic for gonorrhea treatment.[1] William Wyatt Squire wrote in 1908 that cubeb berries "act specifically on the genitourinary mucous membrane. (They are) given in all stages of gonorrhea"[17] and The National Botanic Pharmacopoeia printed in 1921 stated that cubeb was "an excellent remedy for flour albus or whites".[18] A tincture of the compound appeared in the British Pharmacopoeia, and a gum with 1% cubebin, roughly equivalent to 30-60 grains of cubeb fruit, had become standardized as a drug, also called cubeb.[1]
Culinary
[edit]In Europe, cubeb was one of the valuable spices during the Middle Ages. It was ground as a seasoning for meat or used in sauces.[1] A medieval recipe includes cubeb in making sauce sarcenes, which consists of almond milk and several spices.[19] As an aromatic confectionery, cubeb was often candied and eaten whole.[20] Ocet Kubebowy, a vinegar infused with cubeb, cumin and garlic, was used for meat marinades in Poland during the 14th century (Dembinska 1999, p. 199). Cubeb can be used to enhance the flavor of savory soups.
Cubeb reached Africa by way of the Arabs. In Moroccan cuisine, cubeb is used in savory dishes and in pastries like makrouts, little diamonds of semolina with honey and dates.[10] It also appears occasionally in the list of ingredients for the famed spice mixture Ras el hanout. In Indonesian cuisine, especially in Indonesian gulés (curries), cubeb is frequently used.
Cigarettes and spirits
[edit]
Cubeb was frequently used in the form of cigarettes for asthma, chronic pharyngitis, and hay fever.[1] Edgar Rice Burroughs, being fond of smoking cubeb cigarettes, humorously stated that if he had not smoked so many cubebs, there might never have been Tarzan. Marshall's Prepared Cubeb Cigarettes was a popular brand, with enough sales to still be made during World War II.[21]
In 2000, cubeb oil was included in the list of ingredients found in cigarettes, published by the Tobacco Prevention and Control Branch of North Carolina's Department of Health and Human Services.[22]
Bombay Sapphire gin is flavored with botanicals including cubeb and grains of paradise. The brand was launched in 1987, but its maker claims that it is based on a secret recipe dating to 1761. Pertsivka, a dark brown Ukrainian pepper flavoured horilka with a burning taste, is prepared from infusion of cubeb and capsicum peppers.[23]
Other
[edit]
Cubeb is sometimes used to adulterate the essential oil of patchouli, which requires caution for patchouli users.[24] In turn, cubeb is adulterated by Piper baccatum (also known as the "climbing pepper of Java") and Piper caninum.[25]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Chisholm 1911, p. 607.
- ^ Jump up to: a b (Katzer 1998)
- ^ (Hess 1996, p. 395)
- ^ (Cordier & Yule 1920) Chapter XXV.
- ^ Wiseman, Nigel (2022) Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Medical Terms. link to unnumbered page
- ^ Jump up to: a b (Schafer 1985, p. 151)
- ^ "विडङ्ग viḍaṅga". Dictionnaire Héritage du Sanscrit.
m. bio. bot. Embelia Ribes, arbuste primulacée, aux fruits rouge-noirs ; c'est une plante médicinale importante — n. son fruit, employé comme vermifuge.
- ^ Phạm Đình Hổ (author) (1827), 日用常談 (Nhật dụng thường đàm "Common Words Used Daily"); textually studied and transliterated by Lê Văn Cường. entry "ớt": Hán-Nôm text: (蓽䔲茄羅乙); Quốc Ngữ: "tất đăng gia là ớt". Giáp Thị Hải Chi's English gloss: "chilli"; p. 29 of 121, 3rd column from right.
- ^ "ớt". Hồ Ngọc Đức's Vietnamese dictionary.
- ^ Jump up to: a b (Hal 2002, p. 32)
- ^ "Mongols in World History | Asia for Educators". afe.easia.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- ^ (Sinistrari 2003, pp. 56–57). "...Incubus none the less persisted in appearing to her constantly, in the shape of an exceptionally handsome young man. At last, among other learned men, whose advice had been taken on the subject, was a very profound Theologian who, observing that the maiden was of a thoroughly phlegmatic temperament, surmised that that Incubus was an aqueous Demon (there are in fact, as is testified by Guazzo (Compendium Maleficarum, I. 19), igneous, aerial, phlegmatic, earthly, and subterranean demons who avoid the light of day), and so he prescribed a continual suffumigation in the room. A new vessel, made of earthenware and glass, was accordingly introduced, and filled with sweet calamus, cubeb seed, roots of both aristolochies, great and small cardamom, ginger, long-pepper, caryophylleae, cinnamon, cloves, mace, nutmegs, calamite storax, benzoin, aloes-wood and roots, one ounce of fragrant sandal, and three quarts of half brandy and water; the vessel was then set on hot ashes in order to force forth and upwards the fumigating vapour, and the cell was kept closed. As soon as the suffumigation was done, the Incubus came, but never dared enter the cell."
- ^ ( Weiss 2002 , p. 180).
- ^ ( Lawless 1995 , p. 201)
- ^ «Краткое составление Cubebin Compound - PubChem - NCBI» . pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov .
- ^ Вопросы 1995 , с. 315
- ^ Сквайр 1908 , с. 462.
- ^ Scurrah 1921 , p. 34
- ^ ( Hieatt 1988 ) «Сделайте Thykke Mylke of Almondys, ударил в горшок с Floure of Rys, Safron, Gynger, Macys, Quibis , Canel, Sygure: и Rynse the Disch с толстым бульоном. и Месси ударил ".
- ^ Засаханный кубеб упоминается в Томаса Пинчона , радуге гравитации установленной в 1940-х годах: «Под его глазурью тамаринда бомба миллс оказывается сочной пепсином, вкусом ноугата, наполненной беременными ячеечками кубба и брызга . -Центр ( Pynchon 1973 , p. 118)
- ^ ( Шоу 1998 ).
- ^ "Сигаретные ингредиенты" . ТАБАКО ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ И БОНГАНИЯ, МЕСТЕРСКИЙ МЕСТИНСКИЙ И СУДЕЛЕНИЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ И СЕВЕРСТВА. 2000 . Получено 2006-02-11 .
- ^ ( Grossman 1983 , p. 348)
- ^ ( Long 2002 , p. 78)
- ^ ( Seidemann 2005 , стр. 290)
Работы цитируются
[ редактировать ]- Адамс, Э. (1847), Семь книг Паулюса Аэгинеты, перевод с греческого, том 3 , Лондон: Общество Сиденхэма .
- Кордиер, Анри; Йул, Генри (1920), «Путешествия Марко Поло, том 2 Марко Поло и Растичелло из Пизы» , «Путешествия Марко Поло» ,
9 января 2006 г. ,
. - Culpeper, Nicholas (1654), Pharmacopoeia Londoninsis: или London Dispensatorie , Лондон: Питер Коул .
- Davidson, Alan (1999), Оксфордский компаньон Food , Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-211579-9 .
- Дембинска, Мария (1999), еда и напитки в средневековой Польше , Университет Пенсильвании Пресс, ISBN 978-0-8122-3224-0 .
- Гроссман, Гарольд Дж. (1983), Руководство Гроссмана по винам, пиву и духам , Wiley, ISBN 978-0-684-17772-4 .
- HAL, FATEMA (2002), Пища Марокко: подлинные рецепты побережья Северной Африки , Periplus, ISBN 978-962-593-992-6 .
- Харрис, Джессика Б. (1998), Поваренная книга Африки , Саймон и Шустер, ISBN 978-0-684-80275-6 .
- Hess, Karen (1996), Martha Washington's Booke of Cookere and Booke of Sweetmeats , издательство Колумбийского университета, ISBN 978-0-231-04931-3 .
- Хиатт, Констанс Б., ред. (1988), Постановление о Pottage , Prospect Books, ISBN 978-0-907325-38-3 .
- Katzer, Gernot (25 апреля 1998 г.), «Pepper Cubeb (Cubbs, Piper Cubeba)» , Страницы специй Герно Катцера .
- Khare, CP (2004), Индийские травяные лекарственные средства: рациональная западная терапия, аюрведическое и другое традиционное использование, ботаника , спрингер, ISBN 978-3-540-01026-5 .
- Lawless, Julia (1995), Иллюстрированная энциклопедия эфирных масел: полное руководство по использованию масла в ароматерапии и травнике , элементах, ISBN 978-1-85230-721-9 .
- Лонг, Джилл М. (2002), Разрешение на сон: уделить время восстановлению вашего духа , исходных книг, ISBN 978-1-57071-938-7 .
- Mathers, EP (1990), книга тысячи ночей и одну ночь (том 2) , Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-04540-7 .
- Patai, Raphael (1995), еврейские алхимики , издательство Принстонского университета, ISBN 978-0-691-00642-0 .
- Pynchon, Thomas (1973), Rainbow's Gravity , Penguin Classics (Edition 1995 года), ISBN 978-0-14-018859-2 .
- Шафер, Эдвард Х. (1985), Золотые персики Самарканда: исследование экзотики Тан , издательство Калифорнийского университета, ISBN 978-0-520-05462-2 .
- Scurrah, JW (1921), Национальная ботаническая фармакопея, 2 -е изд. , Badford: Woodhouse, Cornthite & Co. Полем
- Seidemann, Johannes (2005), World Spice Plants: экономическое использование, ботаника, таксономия , Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-22279-8 .
- Шоу, Джеймс А. (январь 1998 г.), «Marshall's Cubeb» , сожженные предложения Джима , архивировав с оригинала в 2004-02-23 , извлечены 2013-12-05 .
- Sinistrari, Ludovico M. (2003), Demoniality , перевод Summers, Montague, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7661-4251-0 .
- Сломан, Ларри (1998), «Безумие»: история марихуаны , Гриффин Святого Мартина, ISBN 978-0-312-19523-6 .
- Stearns, Cyrus (2000), отшельник Go Cliffs - Ввременные инструкции тибетского мистического , публикации мудрости, ISBN 978-0-86171-164-2 .
- Squire, W. (1908), компаньон Squire к последнему изданию British Pharmacopoeia, 18 -е изд. , Лондон: Дж. И А. Черчилль .
- Weiss, EA (2002), Spice Curps , Cabi Publishing, ISBN 978-0-85199-605-9 .
Атрибуция
- Эта статья включает в себя текст из публикации, который сейчас в общественном доступе : Чисхолм, Хью , изд. (1911). " Кубебс ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Тол. 7 (11 -е изд.). Издательство Кембриджского университета. п. 607
