Война против Исламского государства
| Война против Исламского государства | |||||||
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| Часть войны с террором , Вторая ливийская гражданская война , война в Ираке (2013–2017) , гражданская война в Сирии и распространение гражданской войны Сирии , Синайский мятеж , мятеж Боко харам , мятеж в Северном Кавказе , Конфликт Моро , повстанческий Кабо Дельгадо , Кандала Кампания и война Сахеля | |||||||
Карта нынешней военной ситуации в Ираке, Сирии и Ливане Карта нынешней военной ситуации в Ливии Карта нынешней военной ситуации в Нигерии Карта нынешней военной ситуации в Синае Карта нынешней военной ситуации в Йемене | |||||||
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| Воинственники | |||||||
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В нескольких регионах:
В Ираке: В Сирии:
В Газе: В Ливии: В Афганистане: В Западной Африке: |
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| Командиры и лидеры | |||||||
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 Радуллан Сахирон † (со-лидер Абу Сайяф) | ||||||
| Сила | |||||||
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Соединенные Штаты: Австралия: Канада: Германия: Италия: Россия: Иран: Нигерия: Камерун: Африканский союз: Сирийское спасение правительство: |
ИГИЛ: | ||||||
| Потери и потери | |||||||
 Ирак:  Запад:  Сирия:  Сирийская оппозиция:  Курдистанский регион:  Египет:  Чад:  Турция:  Нигерия:  Иран:  Россия:  Нигер:  Соединенные Штаты:  Камерун:  Саудовская Аравия:  Канада:  Франция  Великобритания  Иордания: |
 Исламское государство Ирак и Левант: 8000000 боевиков убиты в целом [ 92 ] | ||||||
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13 568+ иракских гражданских лиц убит исламским государством [ 60 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ]
8,317–13,190 гражданских лиц, убитых авиаударами коалиции в Ираке и Сирии (по воздушным средствам )
4096–6 085 гражданских лиц, убитых российскими авиаударами в Сирии [ 104 ] 3 300 000 иракских гражданских лиц перемещены [ 105 ] | |||||||
Многие государства начали вмешиваться против Исламского государства , как в Сирийской гражданской войне , так и в войне в Ираке (2013–2017) , в ответ на его быстрые территориальные выгоды от его наступлений в северном Ираке 2014 года , повсеместно осужденных казни , нарушения прав человека и Страх дальнейших побочных эффектов Сирийской гражданской войны . Эти усилия называются войной против Исламского государства или войной против ИГИЛ . также были незначительными В последующие годы некоторые государства против IS-связанных групп в Нигерии и Ливии . Все эти усилия значительно ухудшили возможности Исламского государства примерно в 2019–2020 годах. В то время как умеренные боевые действия продолжаются в Сирии, по состоянию на 2024 год, ИГИЛ содержится в управляемой небольшой области и силовых возможностях.
В середине июня 2014 года Иран , согласно американской и британской информации, начал летать беспилотниками над Ираком , и, по словам Рейтер , иранские солдаты были в Ираке, борьба с. Одновременно Соединенные Штаты заказали небольшое количество войск в Ирак и начали летающие экипажные самолеты над Ираком. В июле 2014 года, согласно Международному институту стратегических исследований , Иран отправил Sukhoi Su-25 самолеты в Ирак , а Хезболла якобы отправила тренеров и советников в Ирак, чтобы помочь шиитским милициям контролировать движения ИГИЛ. В августе 2014 года США и Иран отдельно начали кампанию авиаударов по целям ИГИЛ в Ираке. С тех пор четырнадцать стран в коалиции под руководством США также выполнили авиаудары по ИГИЛ в Ираке и в Сирии . Начиная с сентября 2014 года, Соединенные Штаты начали тесно сотрудничать с Саудовской Аравией и Иорданией , чтобы вести координированную кампанию по бомбардировке с аэрофотосъемками против ИКЕР и Сирии. [ 106 ]
В сентябре 2015 года российские войска начали свое военное вмешательство в Сирию, чтобы поддержать союзника этой страны Башар Асад в борьбе с Исламским государством . Хотя Москва официально изображала свое вмешательство как анти-ИС-кампания и публично объявила поддержку «патриотической сирийской оппозиции », подавляющее большинство ее взрывов было сосредоточено на уничтожении баз сирийских оппозиционных милиций Свободной сирийской армии (FSA) и юга Передний . [ 107 ] С другой стороны, Соединенные Штаты и их западные союзники были против баатистского режима за его предполагаемое государственное спонсорство терроризма , насильственные репрессии сирийской революции и широкое использование химического оружия . Коалиция, возглавляемая США, обучила, оборудованной и поддерживала светские свободные сирийские и курдские ополченцы, выступившие против правительства Асада во время его анти-IS. [ 108 ] В течение нескольких месяцев после начала обеих воздушных кампаний ИГИЛ начал терять позиции как в Ираке , так и в Сирии . [ 109 ] Гражданские смерти от авиаударов начали расти в 2015 и 2016 годах. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] В середине 2016 года США и Россия планировали начать координировать свои авиаудары; Однако эта координация не материализовалась. [ 112 ] [ 113 ]
По оценкам, по состоянию на декабрь 2017 года ИГИЛ не контролирует территорию в Ираке и 5% сирийской территории после длительных действий. [ 114 ] 9 декабря 2017 года Ирак объявил победу в борьбе с ИГИЛ и заявил, что война в Ираке закончилась. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] 23 марта 2019 года ИГИЛ потерпел поражение от территориального в Сирии после проигрыша битвы при Багхуз Фаукани , после чего группа была вынуждена попасть в мятеж . [ 117 ] Лидер ИГИЛ, Абу Бакр аль-Багдади , умер во время специальных операций рейда в США в северной Сирии в октябре 2019 года [ 118 ] и сменил Абу Ибрагим аль-Хашими аль-Кураши . Организация Объединенных Наций в августе 2020 года, что более 10 000 бойцов ИГИЛ оставалось в Сирии и Ираке , в основном в качестве спящих клеток . [ 119 ]
Международные коалиции против Исламского государства
[ редактировать ]Коалиции под руководством США
[ редактировать ]На полях 4/5 сентября 2014 года НАТО саммита в Уэльсе , 5 сентября 2014 года, госсекретарь США Джон Керри пригласил министров Австралии , Канады , Дании , Франции , Германии , Италии , Турции и Великобритании для отдельного встреча [ 120 ] [ 121 ] в котором он заставил их поддержать борьбу с ИГИЛ в военном и финансовом отношении. [ 122 ] Эти девять стран согласились сделать это, поддерживая анти-ИЗИЛИ в Ираке и Сирии с поставками и авиационной поддержкой, согласно заявлению в тот день от Керри и министра обороны США и министра обороны . [ 122 ] В сентябре 2014 года иорданские и Саудовские воздушные силы начали координацию с Соединенными Штатами , чтобы вести совместную кампанию по бомбардировке в воздухе против баз на своих территориях по всему Ираку и Сирии. [ 123 ] [ 124 ]
17 октября 2014 года Министерство обороны официально создано объединенная совместная целевая группа-Операция, присущая решимости (CJTF-OIR)-«Для формализации текущих военных действий против растущей угрозы, связанной с ИГИЛ в Ираке и Сирии ». [ 125 ]
3 декабря 2014 года в штаб -квартире НАТО в Брюсселе , дипломаты [ 126 ] и иностранные министры [ 127 ] из 59 стран собрались, чтобы застроить путь вперед против угрозы ИГИЛ. [ 126 ] Государственный секретарь США Джон Керри сказал собранию, что «победить идеологию, финансирование, набор персонала» Daesh (ISIL), должно быть основным направлением их обсуждения, более важным, чем авиаудары и другие военные действия. [ 126 ]
Страны, представленные 3 декабря, были: девять стран вышеупомянутой коалиции 5 сентября в Уэльсе (см. Выше); дополнительные 18 стран из Коалиции, возглавляемой Францией 15 сентября в Париже (см. Ниже), за исключением Китая и России ; и 33 дополнительные страны: Албания , Австрия , Босния-Герцеговина , Болгария , Хорватия , Кипр , Эстония , Финляндия , Греция, Венгрия , Грузия , Исландия , Ирландия , Литва , Косово , Латвия , Люксембург , Молодова , , Македония , Молджеа , Македония , Монтеноа , Монтеноа , Мороклия, Ньюбург Морок Зеландия , Португалия , Южная Корея , Румыния , Сербия , Сингапур , Словакия , Словения , Сомали , Швеция , Тайвань и Украина . [ 128 ]
Они называли себя глобальной коалицией для противодействия Исламскому государству Ирак и Леванту (ИГИЛ) , и согласились с стратегией, которая включала:
- разоблачение истинной природы ИГИЛ;
- сокращение финансирования и финансирования ИГИЛ;
- поддержка военных операций. [ 128 ]
Коалиция под руководством Франции
[ редактировать ]15 сентября 2014 года на «Международной конференции по миру и безопасности в Ираке », организованной президентом французского президента Франсуа Холланда в Париже , было представлено 26 стран: страны коалиции, возглавляемой США , которая 5 сентября в Уэльсе (см. Выше) согласился с коалицией против ИГИЛ, кроме Австралии и Польши , и, кроме того, Бахрейн , Египет , Ирак, Иордан , Кувейт , Ливан , Оман , Катар , Саудовская Аравия , Объединенные Арабские Эмираты , Бельгия , Китай , Чешская республика , Япония , Нидерланды , Норвеги , Россия и Испания . [ 129 ] Они посвятили себя поддержке иракского правительства военной помощи в борьбе с ИГИЛ, и они подтвердили свою приверженность резолюции ООН 2170 от 15 августа (осуждая всю торговлю с ИГИЛ и призывая к предотвращению всех финансовых пожертвований и всех выплат выкупа в ИГИЛ) В [ 130 ] Так сообщили о французском правительстве . [ 129 ]
В ответ на атаки в Париже за ноябрь 2015 года значительно военно -воздушные силы Франции усилили авиаудары по целям ИГИЛ в Сирии , поразившись среди других целей по сирийскому городу Ракка , де -факто столицы ИГИЛ. Французский флот развернул авианосец Чарльза де Голля с восемнадцатью Rafale , восемью Mirage 2000 , двумя E-2 Hawkeye и 4 вертолетами. Самолетный перевозчик путешествовал с фрегатом Chevalier Paul и HMS Kent .
Коалиция под руководством России
[ редактировать ]В конце сентября 2015 года Россия , Ирак , Иран и Сирия создали «совместный информационный центр» в Багдаде , чтобы собрать, обрабатывать и анализировать разведывание в отношении ИГИЛ и операций вблизи границы Сирии-Ирак. [ 131 ] 30 сентября 2015 года Россия начала свою воздушную кампанию на стороне и в поддержку сирийского правительства .
Также сообщалось, что Россия достигла соглашений о координации операций в Сирии с Иорданией и Израилем . [ 132 ] [ 133 ]
14 марта 2016 года президент России Владимир Путин объявил о частичном выводе с сирийской территории, сославшись на успех продолжающегося прекращения огня и большую безопасность сирийского правительства . [ 134 ]
10 декабря 2017 года Владимир Путин приказал аналогично выводу российских сил из Сирии , заявив, что полное увольнение будет зависеть от продолжающейся ситуации. [ 135 ]
Коалиция мусульманских государств
[ редактировать ]14 декабря 2015 года заместитель наследного принца и министра обороны Саудовской Аравии Мохаммед бин Салман Аль Сауд объявил, что 34 страны присоединятся к борьбе с мусульманским экстремизмом , которую он назвал «болезнью». Базирующийся из Эр -Рияда , Саудовская Аравия , Коалиция включает в себя Бахрейн , Бангладеш , Бенин , Чад , Коморс , Кот д'Ивуар , Джибути , Египет , Габон , Гвинея , Иордан , Кувейт , Ливан , Ливия , Мальдии , Мали , Малайцы , Марокко, Марок, Марок , Марок . Мавритания , Нигер , Нигерия , Пакистан , Палестина , Катар , Саудовская Аравия, Сенегал , Сьерра -Леоне , Сомали , Судан , Турция , Того , Тунис , Объединенные Арабские Эмираты и Йемен . [ 136 ]
Сирия
[ редактировать ]Вмешательство под руководством США в Сирии
[ редактировать ]
Попытка спасения заложников
[ редактировать ]4 июля 2014 года, США . Бомбил военную базу «Усамы бен Ладен» ИГИЛ в деревне Укейриш, Сирия . Два дюжина американских операторов дельта -сил затем прикоснулись к тому, чтобы спасти заложников, включая Джеймса Фоули . Усилия провалились, когда заложники были перенесены в другое местоположение дней до этого. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] В серии видео , Фоли, Стивен Джоэл Сотлофф и еще несколько заложников были убиты. [ 141 ] [ 142 ]
Воздушное наблюдение
[ редактировать ]26 августа 2014 года, США . начал отправлять рейсы наблюдения , включая беспилотники , в Сирию , чтобы собрать разведку. Сирийская арабская Республика не была просит разрешения. [ 143 ] [ 144 ]
28 августа, говоря о борьбе с ИГИЛ в Сирии , президент Обама сказал: «У нас еще нет стратегии». [ 145 ]
Британские Королевские ВВС работают над Сирией в роли наблюдения с 21 октября 2014 года, что делает Великобританию первой западной страной, кроме Соединенных Штатов , которая работала как в Ираке , так и в Сирии одновременно. [ 146 ]
Вооружение и тренировка повстанцев
[ редактировать ]
В направлении президента Обамы Центральное разведывательное управление США сыграло активную роль с первых стадий Сирийской гражданской войны . [ 147 ] [ 148 ] США . Первоначально предоставил проверенные ополченцы свободной сирийской армии несмертельной помощью, но вскоре переродился к предоставлению обучения, денег и интеллекта для командиров повстанцев. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] [ 151 ] на обучение, вооружение и поддержку проверила бесплатные сирийские ополченцы в качестве противодействия режиму Асада и . В июне 2014 года Обама запросил разрешение на Конгресс в размере 0,5 млрд. Долл. США [ 152 ] [ 153 ]
17 сентября 2014 года Палата представителей проголосовала за авторизацию предложения о обучении и вооружении прозападных свободных сирийских ополченцев с целью обучения 5000–10 000 военнослужащих. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] [ 156 ] сирийской оппозиции Национальная революционная коалиция приветствовала объявление Обамы о расширении кампании по борьбе с бомбардировкой в Сирию, заявив: «
«Сирийская коалиция ... готова и готова сотрудничать с международным сообществом не только для того, чтобы победить ИГИЛ, но и избавить сирийца от тирании режима Асада » [ 157 ]
Соединенное Королевство объявило в марте 2015 года, что он отправит 75 военнослужащих, чтобы помочь обучить бесплатные сирийские ополченцы в использовании стрелкового оружия, пехотной тактики и основных медицинских навыков. Обучение должно было пройти в Турции в рамках усилий США . [ 158 ]
По данным Министерства обороны Соединенных Штатов , Саудовская Аравия предложила, чтобы они могли провести обучение сирийским повстанцам , чтобы они могли вернуться в Сирию и боевой ИГИЛ. [ 159 ] Усилия по обучению большой силы сирийских повстанцев из фракций анти-Асада в конечном итоге потерпели неудачу, и только 54 бойца в дивизионе 30 обучены, и многие захвачены, убиты или не сражаются. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ]
Многонациональные авиаудары
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Президент США Обама объявил 10 сентября 2014 года, что он начнет продлевать воздушную кампанию до Сирии с одобрением Конгресса или без него. [ 163 ] Многие сенаторы были против политики Обамы в отношении одностороннего вмешательства, не требуя мандата Конгресса. [ 164 ] Хотя Обама признал широкий консенсус в разведывательном сообществе США , который не был «текущей угрозой» для Соединенных Штатов, он утверждал, что это представляет будущую опасность для США, ссылаясь на антиамериканскую риторику лидерства. [ 157 ] Руководство Пентагона предпочла больше участвовать в ботинках США, но это было отвергнуто Обамой, которая вместо этого предпочитала работать с иракскими сухопутными войсками , пешмергой и сирийскими ополченцами. [ 164 ]
Начиная с 22 сентября 2014 года, США , Бахрейн , Иордан , Катар , Саудовская Аравия и Объединенные Арабские Эмираты начали многочисленные масштабные авиаудары против целей ИГИЛ в Сирии [ 165 ] с бойцами, бомбардировщиками и морями круизных ракет Томагавк . [ 166 ] Ударные удары были крупнейшими операциями по воздушной бомбардировке, против которых IS IS -целей с тех пор, как США начали свою военную кампанию против IS в августе 2014 года. [ 167 ]
Хади аль-Бахра , президент Национальной коалиции сирийских революционных и оппозиционных сил , заявил, что удары были «необходимы», чтобы помочь борьбе сирийского народа с ИГИЛ и призвал коалиционные силы держаться подальше от жертв гражданского населения. [ 167 ] Соединенные Штаты исключили любое сотрудничество с Башаром Асадом в борьбе против IS, вместо этого выпуская предупреждения сирийским военным для отстранения от самолетов коалиции. Представительница Государственного департамента не было выпущено никаких уведомлений Джен Псаки заявила, что в режиме Асада в отношении операций США в сирийском воздушном пространстве . [ 167 ]
Кроме того, в первую ночь американские войска также нанесли восемь ударов в круизной ракете против Аль -Каиды, связанного с Хорасаном . [ 168 ] Многие авиаудары были сосредоточены на объектах командования и контроля, тренировочных лагерей, складах снабжения, военных объектов и т. Д. В Ракке и его окрестностях . [ 169 ] [ 167 ] Ударные удары продолжают происходить в Сирии ежедневно. В начале ноября в начале декабря 2014 года США нанесли дополнительные авиаудары против той же группы. В ноябре 2014 года Марокко отправила 3 F-16 для развертывания в ОАЭ, чтобы сражаться с ИГИЛ в Ираке и Сирии в рамках операций под руководством США. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ]
24 декабря 2014 года ИГИЛ сбил иорданский истребитель над Сирией и захватил своего пилота, ВВС Джордан лейтенанта Муат аль-Касасбех . Аль-Касабе был предложен в обмен на захваченных бойцов ИГИЛ. Джордан предложил сначала сделать обмен, но сначала потребовал «доказательство жизни». Тем не менее, аль-Касабэ уже был казнен подсудимым. Когда было выпущено видео о исполнении пилота, мораторий на казнях в Иордании был снят , и были казнены оперативники «Аль-Каида» , Саджида аль-Ришави и Зиад аль-Карбули . [ 173 ] [ 174 ]
21 августа 2015 года три борца ИГИЛ, два с национальностью Великобритании, были предназначены и убиты в Ракке , Сирия, со стороны британского нападающего Reseper Reseper Reseper Reseper. Премьер -министр Дэвид Кэмерон сделал заявление парламенту, что один из целевых британских граждан замышлял нападения в Соединенном Королевстве . Другой британский гражданин был убит в отдельном воздушном ударе американскими войсками в Ракке 24 августа. [ 175 ]
В октябре и ноябре 2015 года США . Увеличил свои авиаудары на нефтяные помещения, удерживаемые ИГИЛ, в операции под названием « Приливная волна II » после Второй мировой войны кампании против оси нефтяных целей в Румынии . Американская стратегия, направленная на то, чтобы «выбить конкретные инсталляции в течение шести месяцев до года», сосредоточившись на объектах возле Дейр-эль-Зура . Нефтяное месторождение Омара, которое производило 30 000 баррелей нефти в день и от 1,7 до 5,1 млн. Долл. США дохода в месяц по полной мощности 21 октября, что сократило его примерно на треть своей мощности. Французские самолеты также участвовали в ударах. [ 176 ]
16 ноября 2015 года вырситель Arance Tidal Wave Wave II уничтожил 116 топливных банок ИГИЛ, сгруппированные возле Абу Камала , города на сирийской границе с Ираком . Четыре A-10 Thunderbolt IIS и два призрачных боевых корабля AC-130 приняли участие в рейде. Прежде чем атаковать грузовики, самолеты провели несколько низкоуровневых проходов. [ 177 ]
2 декабря 2015 года парламент Соединенного Королевства проголосовал за (с 397 по 223) за разрешение на воздушные удары в Сирии . [ 178 ] В течение нескольких часов RAF Tornado Jets выполнил свои первые воздушные удары, нацеленные на нефтяные месторождения Омара в восточной Сирии, которые находились под контролем ИГИЛ. [ 179 ] Торнадо GR-4 самолетов использовались для наблюдения, и еще шесть тайфунов покинули RAF Lossiemouth , Шотландия , чтобы объединить усилия в RAF Akrotiri , Кипр . [ 180 ]
4 декабря 2015 года Германия вмешалась в ответ на атаки в Париже в ноябре 2015 года фрегат Аугсбург (F213) и Panavia Tornado Reconnaissance. , отправив в регион [ 181 ] Аугсбург завершил свое первое развертывание в марте 2016 года, повторно развернувшись в сентябре и завершив свою миссию 14 ноября 2016 года. [ 182 ]
29 января 2016 года Нидерланды объявили о своем намерении расширить свои авиаудары в Сирию . [ 183 ]
Русское вмешательство
[ редактировать ]11 сентября 2015 года сирийский военный источник упомянул российские войска, присутствующие в Сирии, чтобы помочь сирийскому правительству в его борьбе с ИГИЛ в рамках операции «Спасение» . [ 184 ] [ 185 ] 17 сентября сирийские военные самолеты выполнили волну авиаударов в удержанный ИГИЛ-город Ракка с российским оружием, поставляемое русскими вооруженными силами . [ 186 ] 20 ноября Россия утверждала, что убила более 600 террористов, использующих круизные ракеты в одной миссии. [ 187 ]
Турецкое вмешательство
[ редактировать ]ИГИЛ подозревается в участии в или ответственности за террористические атаки в Турции в мае 2013 года в Рейханли и март 2014 года на турецкую полицию , в июне 2014 года , 5 июня г. 2015 похищая 49 турецких дипломатов активисты. До июля 2015 года правительство Турции атаковало ИГИЛ только один раз, в январе 2014 года. В сентябре 2014 года Турция присоединилась к коалиции под руководством США «для борьбы с ИГИЛ» .
Июль 2015 г. Операция спецназа
[ редактировать ]23 июля, согласно различным турецким новостным агентствам, 60 оперативников элитных спецназа (ökk), как сообщается, проникли в деревню Элбейли-Айясе, в 9 километрах от границы с Сирии-Турция в Сирии и забрали ее у боевиков ИГИЛ. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Турецкие танки обстреляли деревню в тот же день наземной работы. [ 191 ] Согласно сообщениям, операция длилась более часа и убила более 100 боевиков ИГИЛ. [ 189 ] Генеральный штаб Турции не подтвердил и не отклонил набег спецназа, но подтвердил обстрел в деревне. [ 192 ] [ 193 ]
В тот же день Турция позволила Соединенным Штатам использовать авиационные базы ̇ncirlik и diyarbakır на юге Турции для авиаударов по ИГИЛ в Сирию , и после предполагаемого нападения ИГИЛ на турецкую границу погранично боевики в Сирии, убивая одного боевика и уничтожая несколько автомобилей ИГИЛ .
24 июля на веб-сайте турецкой газеты появился анонимный отчет, в котором говорилось, что Соединенные Штаты согласились с Турцией в «частичной безумной зоне» на северной Сирии .
24 и 25 июля начала военную операцию под названием « Martyr Martyr Yalzın » против ИГИЛ в Сирии и Курдистанской рабочей партии (РПК) в Ираке , развернув не менее 70 F-16 истребителей .
Курдская война
[ редактировать ]Рохава - крупный театр в войне против Исламского государства в Сирии. Во время гражданской войны в Сирии курдские силы во главе с подразделениями Народной защиты (YPG) взяли под контроль северную Сирию и начали кампании, чтобы взять под контроль зоны, контролируемые исламистами. Сирийские демократические силы продолжали забрать существенную территорию от Исламского государства и сыграли главную роль в освобождении Ракки и в борьбе за Дейр Эзор , положив конец правлению Исламского государства в Сирии.
Ливан
[ редактировать ]В июне 2015 года Hezbollah лидер Хасан Насралла заявил, что ИГИЛ и Нусра зашли в Ливан в Ливане , и что между ними и Хезболлой бушевали ожесточенные битвы. [ 194 ]
Египет
[ редактировать ]Ирак
[ редактировать ]Вмешательство под руководством США
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После начала летающих экипаж самолетов над Ираком и отправив несколько войск в июне, в августе 2014 года американские военные начали поставлять иракскую курдскую пешмерга оружием, бросая еду для беженцев, бежавших из ИГИЛ, и авиаудары против ИГИЛ в Ирак .
9 августа, выступая о авиаударах США в Ираке , президент Барак Обама сказал: «Это будет долгосрочный проект». [ 195 ] С тех пор девять стран [ 196 ] Связанные с США также выполнили авиаудары по ИГИЛ в Ираке, и различные страны внесли военную и гуманитарную помощь правительству Ирака и сухопутным войскам иракским курдам.
16–19 августа, по данным США, курдские и иракские правительственные силы с помощью авиаударов США забрали плотину Мосула , самую большую плотину в Ираке . (Для дальнейших побед и убытков в Ираке против ИГИЛ см. Иракскую гражданскую войну (2014–2017) ). Президент Обама объявил 10 сентября 2014 года, что количество авиаударов в Ираке увеличится и что он отправил там еще 500 войск США. [ 163 ]
10 сентября 2019 года ВВС ВВС F-35 и F-15E Strike Eagles упали бомбы весом на 36 000 кг на иракском острове, «зараженном» ИГИЛ. [ 197 ]
Военная помощь
[ редактировать ]5 августа 2014 года Залмей Халилзад , бывший посол США в Ираке и ООН , написал в Вашингтон пост , что Соединенные Штаты участвуют в «прямом поставке боеприпасов на курдов и, с соглашением Багдада, поставки некоторых иностранных Военные продажи (FMS) Программное оружие для курдов ». [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Соединенные Штаты переехали от косвенно поставки Курдистана со стрелковым оружием через ЦРУ, чтобы непосредственно давая им оружие, такие как антитанковые системы, с переносными системами . [ 200 ]
В соответствии с согласованными усилиями, возглавляемыми Соединенными Штатами , многие союзные страны, в том числе члены НАТО и ближневосточные партнеры, поставили или планируют снабжать иракские и/или курдские силы тяжелой военной техникой, стрелковым оружием, боеприпасами, несмертельным военным снаряжением и обучением поддерживать.
Программа «Партнер-партнер по строительству» (BPC) предназначена для того, чтобы помочь иракскому правительству подготовить силы для контратаки против ИГИЛ и восстановления ее территории. Согласно Министерству обороны США , к маю 2015 года дюжина стран посвятила себя программе BPC: Австралия , Бельгия , Канада , Дания , Франция , Германия , Италия , Нидерланды , Новая Зеландия , Норвегия , Испания , Великобритания и Соединенные Штаты и 6500 иракских сил были обучены BPC.
Гуманитарные усилия
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Соединенные Штаты , Великобритания и Австралия , поддерживаемые международными партнерами, предприняли крупные гуманитарные усилия по поддержке беженцев, оказавшихся в северном Ираке. Это включало в себя дробление воздуха десятков тысяч еды и тысяч галлонов питьевой воды для беженцев езидов , оказавшихся в Синджарских горах и угрожают продвижению сил ИГИЛ, между 7–14 августа 2014 года, в том, что позже было описано как «первый массовый воздух Доставка гуманитарного груза с момента начала насилия в Восточном Тиморе в 1999 году ». [ 201 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ]
Тысячи езидов и других иракских гражданских лиц бежали в этот район после нападений на их деревни и город Синджар в конце июля и начале августа 2014 года.
Несколько организаций по правам человека и наблюдателей в регионе сообщили, что те, кто бежал в горы, подвергались голоду, и в течение нескольких месяцев не хватало чистой питьевой воды и медицинской помощи, поскольку их окружали боевики ИГИЛ . Сотни мужчин, женщин и детей были похищены и убиты.
В ответ на непосредственную угрозу для примерно 30 000 человек, пойманных в ловушку на горе, самолет коалиции начал падение гуманитарной помощи. Эти воздушные капли включали основные принадлежности, такие как еда, вода и укрытие, и проводились на низких уровнях полета коалиционными транспортными самолетами под угрозой атак на поверхность-воздух ИГИЛ.
При прямой поддержке гуманитарных падений помощи, CF-18S предоставил лучшую прикрытие для транспортного самолета Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) C-130 Hercules 20 ноября, что обеспечивает безопасную парашютную поставки для ожидающих беженцев внизу. Канадские истребители оставались в непосредственной близости от транспортного самолета, чтобы защитить его от угроз или атак на поверхность-воздух ИГИЛ . [ 206 ]
США военные операции
[ редактировать ]первоначально не было дано вмешательство 2014 года против ИГИЛ В отличие от своих партнеров по коалиции, и в отличие от предыдущих американских боевых операций, правительство США . [ 207 ] Решение сохранить конфликт безымянный вызвало значительную критику в СМИ. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] [ 210 ] [ 211 ] [ 212 ] Американские военнослужащие по -прежнему не имеют права на медали кампании и другие украшения обслуживания из -за продолжающегося неоднозначного характера продолжающегося участия США в Ираке. [ 213 ]
15 октября 2014 года Центральное командование Соединенных Штатов объявило, что воздушная кампания под руководством США против ИГИЛ в Ираке и Сирии отныне была обозначена как операция, присущая решающему . [ 214 ] В пресс -релизе Centcom отмечается:
"По словам должностных лиц Centcom, имя, присущее решающему решению, предназначено для того, чтобы отразить непоколебимую решимость и глубокую приверженность США и партнерских стран в регионе и по всему миру, чтобы устранить террористическую группу ИГИЛ и угрозу, которую они представляют Ираку, региону и Более широкое международное сообщество. [ 214 ]
Авиаудары США
[ редактировать ]В июне 2014 года американские войска начали выполнять разведывательные миссии над Северным Ираком. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ]
7 августа президент Обама дал живое обращение, описывающее ухудшающиеся условия в Ираке и что посадок Yazidis , убедившись, что военные действия США были необходимы для защиты американских жизней, защиты групп меньшинств в Ираке и остановить возможное ИГИЛ продвижение по Эрбилу , столице курдского автономного региона . [ 218 ] 8 августа Соединенные Штаты начали бомбить цели ИГИЛ в Ираке. [ 219 ] [ 220 ] К 10 августа, помогая эти воздушные атаки, курдские силы утверждали, что восстановили города Махмор и Гвеир [ 221 ] от контроля Исламского государства. дополнительные иракские авиаудары, проведенные в Синджаре, убили 45 боевиков ИГИЛ и ранены еще 60 боевиков. Сообщалось, что [ 222 ] 11 августа представитель Пентагона заявил, что авиаудары замедлили продвижение ИГИЛ в северном Ираке, но вряд ли ухудшили возможности или операции ИГИЛ в других областях. [ 223 ] В период с 8 до 13 августа авиаудары США и курдские сухопутные силы позволили от 35 000 до 45 000 беженцев Yazidi сбежать или эвакуироваться из Синджарских гор . [ 224 ]
16 августа Air Power начала тесную воздушную кампанию , направленную на поддержку продвижения курдских бойцов, движущихся к плотине Мосула . Курдские источники прокомментировали, что это была «самая тяжелая американская бомбардировка воинствующих позиций с момента начала воздушных ударов». [ 225 ] [ 226 ] Президент Обама 17 августа защищал это использование американских сил в качестве поддержки иракской и курдской борьбы в целом против ИГИЛ, что действительно вышло за рамки рассуждений Обамы за запужение авиаударов 7 августа. [ 227 ]
8 сентября иракская армия с тесной авиационной поддержкой из США . Изменила ключевую плотину Хадиты и захватила город Барвана , убив 15 бойцов ИГИЛ. [ 228 ] ИГИЛ ответило публичным исполнением Дэвида Хейнса . [ 229 ] К концу сентября 2014 года Соединенные Штаты провели 240 авиаударов в Ираке и Сирии , а также 1300 миссий по дозарованию танкеров в общей сложности 3800 вылетов по всем типам самолетов. Тактическое расположение с курдскими и иракскими силами и видео о беспилотниках используются для координации тесной воздушной поддержки без необходимости американских войск в наземном бою. [ 230 ]
19 декабря 2014 года генерал США Джеймс Терри объявил, что количество авиаударов США по ИГИЛ увеличилось до 1361. [ 231 ]
25 декабря 2014 года Хасан Саид Аль-Джабури, губернатор ИГИЛ Мосула , который также был известен как Абу Талуут, был убит подлеточиком Коалиции в Мосуле, возглавляемом США. Также сообщалось, что США планировали вернуть город Мосул в январе 2015 года. [ 232 ]
15 января 2015 года сообщалось, что коалиция была проведена более 16 000 авиаударов. выполнили Военно -воздушные силы США около 60 процентов всех ударов. Среди них F-16 выполнил 41 процент всех вылетов, за которым следуют F-15E в 37 процентов, а затем A- 10-11 процентов, бомбардировщик B-1- восемь процентов, а F-22-3 процента. Оставшиеся 40 процентов были проведены военно -морским флотом США и союзными странами. [ 233 ]
20 января 2015 года SOHR сообщил, что аль-Багдади, лидер ИГИЛ, был ранен на авиаударе в Аль-Каиме , пограничном городке Ирака, и в результате ушел в Сирию . [ 234 ]
21 января 2015 года США начали координировать авиаудары с курдским наступлением, запущенным, чтобы помочь им начать запланированную операцию по возврату города Мосул . [ 235 ]
21 июля 2015 года было сообщено, что с августа 2014 года было пролетело почти 44 000 вылетов. [ 236 ]
В течение 2015 года подавляющее большинство бомб и ракет, запущенных США ( приблизительно 22 000 из 23 000) были направлены на цели в Ираке и Сирии , согласно совету по международным отношениям . [ 237 ]
В 2019 году американские военные провели авиабитр в городе Багхуз в Сирии, что привело к смерти 64 женщин и детей, отмечая крупнейшие гражданские случаи войны против Исламского государства . Инцидент был скрыт военнослужащими США [ 238 ] И это было сообщено New York Times впервые 14 ноября 2021 года. [ 239 ]
В июне 2020 года коалиционный самолет уничтожил три лагеря ИГИЛ в северном Ираке. [ 240 ]
Сухопутные силы США
[ редактировать ]В июле президент Обама объявил, что из-за продолжающегося насилия в Ираке и растущего влияния негосударственных организаций, таких как Исламское государство Ирак и Левант , Соединенные Штаты повысят свои обязательства по безопасности в регионе. Приблизительно 800 американских войск обеспечили американские инсталляции, такие как посольство в Багдаде и консульство в Эрбиле, а также взяли под контроль стратегические места, такие как аэропорт Багдад в сотрудничестве с иракскими войсками. [ 241 ]
Американские силы также предприняли миссию по «оценке и консультированию [ иракских сил безопасности ], когда они сталкиваются с [ISIL] и сложной ситуацией безопасности на местах». [ 242 ] Отчеты этих американских подразделений о возможностях иракских военных были неизменно мрачными, рассматривая их как «скомпрометированные» сектантскими интересами. [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ]
13 августа 2014 года, США . Развернули еще 130 военных консультантов в северном Ираке [ 246 ] и до 20 морских пехотинцев и военнослужащих спецназа приземлились на гору Синджар с самолетов V-22, чтобы координировать эвакуацию беженцев -езидов , присоединяющихся к британским SA, уже в этом районе. [ 247 ]
3 сентября 2014 года Обама объявил о увеличении американских сил в Ираке до 1213. [ 248 ] 10 сентября Обама выступил с выступлением, повторяющую, что американские войска не будут сражаться в бою, но в Ирак будет отправлено еще около 500 войск, чтобы помочь обучить иракские силы. [ 163 ]
В начале ноября 2014 года Обама объявил, что удвоит присутствие в США в Ираке примерно 3000 человек. [ 249 ] К началу декабря 2014 года число наземных войск США в Ираке увеличилось до 3100. [ 250 ]
9 декабря 2014 года Комитет Сената Соединенных Штатов по иностранным отношениям уполномочил военную силу США против ИГИЛ . Тем не менее, это ограничивает военную силу до трех лет, требует, чтобы администрация сообщала Конгрессу каждые 60 дней и запрещает развертывание боевых войск США, за исключением конкретных случаев, таких как те, которые связаны с спасением или защитой солдат США или для разведки операции. [ 251 ]
В ранние утренние часы 14 декабря 2014 года сухопутные силы США якобы столкнулись с ИГИЛ вдоль иракской армии и племенными силами возле авиабазы Айн аль-Асад , к западу от Анбара , в попытке оттолкнуть их с базы, в которой он включает около 100 США, советники, когда ИГИЛ попыталось переоценить базу. По словам полевого командира иракской армии в мухафазе Аль-Анбара , заявила, что «силы США, оснащенные легким и средним оружием, при поддержке F-18 , смогла нанести жертвы против боевиков организации ИГИЛ, и вынудили их отступить от Область Аль-Долаба, которая находится в 10 километрах от основания Айн аль-Асад ». Шейх Махмуд Нимрави, известный лидер племени в регионе, добавила, что «американские силы вмешались из-за ИГИЛ, начавшегося приближаться к базе, на которую они размещаются в таком случае из самообороны»,-ответил он, приветствуя вмешательство США и и Сказав: «Я надеюсь, что не будет последним». [ 252 ] [ 253 ] [ 254 ] Говорят, что это была первая встреча между Соединенными Штатами и Исламским государством , за четыре года . Тем не менее, это утверждение было заявлено о том, что Пентагон был «ложным» . [ 255 ]
5 января 2015 года Пентагон признал, что ИГИЛ неэффективно загадывает базу . [ 256 ]
В конце февраля 2015 года в Ираке было развернуто еще 1300 солдат США , увеличив число наземных войск США в Ираке до 4400. [ 257 ]
9 марта 2020 года Пентагон опубликовал заявление, в котором утверждается, что два американских морских пехотинца были убиты 8 марта 2020 года во время антиизисной операции в гористой районе Северного Центрального Ирака. [ 258 ] Полковник Майлз Б. Каггинс III, представитель коалиции OIR, позже идентифицировал морских пехотинцев как сержант -стрелок. Диего Д. Понго, 34 года, из Сими -Вэлли , штат Калифорния , и капитан Моизес А. Навас, 34 года, из Джермантауна , штат Мэриленд , которые также были Марсоком Рейдерами, и что они погибли во время операции, которая также занесла жизнь четырех бойцов ИГИЛ Во время операции, возглавляемой американцем, которая включала в себя очистку пещерного комплекса ИГИЛ в горах Махмур, к югу от Эрбила . [ 259 ]
Коалиция официально завершила свою боевую миссию в Ираке 9 декабря 2021 года, но американские войска остались в Ираке, чтобы консультировать, тренировать и оказать помощь иракским силам безопасности против продолжающегося мятежа ИГИЛ , включая предоставление воздушной поддержки и военной помощи. [ 260 ] [ 261 ]
Австралийские авиаудары
[ редактировать ]3 октября 2014 года премьер-министр Тони Эбботт и австралийский кабинет министров одобрили для бомбардировщиков Super Hornet истребителей RAAF Boeing F/A-18F, чтобы начать авиаудары против боевиков Исламского государства. Эбботт сказал: «Именно в нашем национальном интересах мы делаем это, именно в интересах цивилизации мы делаем это. В интересах каждого, что убийственная ярость культуры Смерти ИГИЛ проверяется и откатится, и это то, что мы в «Решен, чтобы сделать». [ 262 ]
6 октября главный маршал авиации Марк Биннкин объявил, что два супер Хорнетса провели вооруженные боевые миссии над Ираком, хотя вооружения не были потрачены. Австралийская группа Air Task Group KC-30A и эпохи E-7A Wedgetail Airborne Endwarne Swarning and Control также летают в поддержку бомбардировщиков-истребителей, принадлежащих к войскам коалиции. KC-30A выполняет воздушную дозаправку для коалиционных самолетов. [ 263 ] Binskin сказал: «Один из наших пакетов Super Hornet в первую ночь ... имел идентифицированную цель, которую он отслеживал, и эта конкретная цель перешла в городскую область, где риск проведения удара по этой цели увеличился до точки, где она превышала Наши ожидания в отношении побочного ущерба, поэтому они прекратили атаку в этот момент ». [ 264 ]
9 октября премьер -министр Тони Эбботт подтвердил, что RAAF Super Hornets был вовлечен в «забастовочные миссии на позиции ИГИЛ в Ираке». [ 265 ] Самолет сбросил две бомбы на изолированное здание, которое ИГИЛ использовало в качестве центра командования и управления. [ 266 ]
По состоянию на 17 октября военно -воздушные силы Королевской Австралии провели 43 боевых вылета по Ираку. [ 267 ] Недавние удары имели нацеленные на оборудование, с «по крайней мере два», что привело к потери ИГИЛ после того, как австралийские самолеты увеличили количество выполненных миссий, чтобы позволить нам . и коалиционные силы, чтобы помочь курдским бойцам вокруг Кобани , в северной Сирии. [ 268 ] [ 269 ]
После более чем 2 лет участия в коалиции Австралия объявила о прекращении своих авиаударов в Ираке , после информирования Ирака и других союзников. [ 270 ]
Британские авиаудары
[ редактировать ]
12 августа 2014 года Великобритания развернуло шесть Tornado GR4 самолетов в RAF Akrotiri на Кипре, чтобы помочь координировать воздушные кадровые кадры гуманитарной помощи в северном Ираке. [ 271 ] 16 августа 2014 года, после завершения воздушных кадров гуманитарной помощи, Tornado GR4, а также самолеты RC-135, разведыватели разведывательные , были повторно заданы для обеспечения воздушного наблюдения для коалиционных сил. [ 272 ]
В начале сентября 2014 года премьер -министр Великобритании Дэвид Кэмерон начал озвучить свою поддержку британских авиаударов против ИГИЛ в Ираке . [ 273 ] Несколько недель спустя парламент был отозван, и члены обсуждали, разрешают ли авиаудары. Семьчасовые дебаты привели к подавляющей поддержке авиаударов, с 524 голосами за 43 голоса против. [ 274 ]
произошла первая вооруженная видация 27 сентября 2014 года в Ираке . Пара торнадо GR4S оставил Кипр, вооруженную лазерными бомбами, поддерживаемыми Voyager аэрофотоснилом . В конечном счете, самолет не обнаружил никаких целей, требующих немедленной воздушной атаки, и вместо этого собрал разведку для коалиционных сил. [ 275 ] Королевские ВВС (RAF) провели свой первый авиаудак 30 сентября 2014 года. Пара торнадо GR4 задействовала позицию с тяжелым оружием ИГИЛ и вооруженный пикап с использованием бомбы с лазером и ракету с воздушным до поверхностью. [ 276 ]
3 октября 2014 года RAF развернул два дополнительных самолета торнадо, чтобы довести развернутый флот до восьми самолетов. [ 277 ] В том же месяце было также подтверждено, что Королевский флот был вовлечен в антиизолирующие операции в роли поддержки, а эсминца ПВО HMS защитник обеспечивал сопровождение ВМС США авианосца USS Джордж Буш, когда она запустила самолеты в Ирак и Сирия. Полем [ 278 ] Ник Клегг , тогдашний заместитель премьер -министра , также раскрыл во время интервью, что была подводная лодка ядерной атаки, вооруженная круизными ракетами Томагавк . в регионе [ 279 ]
16 октября 2014 года Министерство обороны объявило, что развернет беспилотники MQ-9 Reaper , чтобы помочь с надзором, хотя министр обороны Майкл Фэллон заявил, что беспилотники могут также проводить авиаудары, если это необходимо. [ 280 ] Первый удар беспилотника Reaper произошел через несколько недель в Байджи , к северу от Багдада , против группы боевиков ИГИЛ, которые укладывали импровизированные взрывные устройства. [281] As of September 2015, a year after operations first began, more than 330 ISIL fighters had been killed by British airstrikes in Iraq, without any civilian casualties.[282][283]
In addition to operations over Iraq, the United Kingdom had also intervened in Syria by 21 October 2014, making it the first Western country, other than the United States, to do so.[146] However, British aircraft were not permitted to carrying out airstrikes until Parliament had voted to give its authorization. Despite this, the Royal Air Force carried out a drone strike in Syria on 21 August 2015, against two UK-born ISIL fighters which had been plotting attacks against the United Kingdom. Prime Minister David Cameron insisted that it was a lawful act of self-defense.[284]
Since the authorization of airstrikes in Iraq, Prime Minister David Cameron had made persistent calls for airstrikes in Syria; however, he affirmed that no airstrikes would take place until after a vote in Parliament.[285] On 2 December 2015, following the November 2015 Paris attacks and United Nations Security Council Resolution 2249, David Cameron opened a ten-hour debate in Parliament on Syrian airstrikes, which ended with a final vote. 397 MPs voted in favour of airstrikes, whilst 223 voted against.[286] Airstrikes commenced two hours after the vote, taking place in eastern Syria against the ISIL-held Oman oilfield.[281] Defence Secretary Michael Fallon also subsequently announced that the UK's "strike force" based in Cyprus would double, with the addition of six Eurofighter Typhoons and two Tornado GR4s.[286]
In addition to airstrikes, the United Kingdom has also made significant contributions towards the coalition's ISTAR capabilities. The Royal Air Force has deployed Sentinel R1, Sentry AEW1, RC-135W Rivet Joint and Shadow R1 aircraft to gather surveillance, in addition to Tornado GR4 and MQ-9 Reaper strike aircraft. In September 2015, the United Kingdom was responsible for a third of all coalition surveillance flights over Iraq and Syria, with the Tornado GR4s RAPTOR reconnaissance pod accounting for 60% of the coalition's entire tactical reconnaissance in Iraq alone.[287][288]
In December 2016, the Telegraph reported that Secretary of State for Defence Sir Michael Fallon said "The British Army have trained over 31,000 Iraqi and Peshmerga who are taking the fight to Daesh"[289] It was also reported that the Royal Air Force is operating at its most intense for 25 years in a single theatre of operation which far outstripped the UK involvement in the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan (2001–2014), with RAF jets having dropped 11 times more bombs on Syria and Iraq in the preceding 12 months than they had in the busiest year of action in Afghanistan a decade previously.[289]
Canadian airstrikes
[edit]Canada took part in airstrikes against ISIL from 2 November 2014 until 22 February 2016 when following the election of Justin Trudeau to Prime Minister withdrew its CF-18s fighter jets and ended all airstrikes in Syria and Iraq.[290]
The Canadian contribution was code-named Operation Impact by the Canadian Department of National Defence.[291][292] Canadian aircraft left for the Middle East to join in airstrikes on 21 October 2014. In total, six CF-18 fighter jets, an Airbus CC-150 Polaris air-to-air refueling tanker and two CP-140 Aurora surveillance aircraft were sent, along with 700 military personnel.
Canadian CF-18 fighter jets completed their first operational flights departing from Kuwait on 31 October.[293] The first Canadian airstrikes began on 2 November.[294] Canada also flew an extra CF-18 to Kuwait to be used as a spare if the need arises, however a maximum of six are authorized to fly with the coalition missions.[295]
On 4 November 2014, Royal Canadian Air Force CF-18s destroyed ISIL construction equipment using GBU-12 bombs. The construction equipment was being used to divert the Euphrates River to deny villages water, and to flood roads, diverting traffic to areas with IEDs.[296]
On 12 November 2014, Canadian jets destroyed ISIL artillery just outside the Northern Iraqi town of Baiji.[297] Airstrikes continued throughout December and into January, 2015, totaling 28 strike missions.[298] It was then reported that Canadian special forces troops, which had been highlighting targets for airstrikes, had engaged in fighting after coming under attack.[298][299]
On 19 January 2015, Canadian special operations forces came under ISIL attack for the first time in Iraq, and returned sniper fire to "neutralize" the threat. Canadians are "enabling airstrikes from the ground," meaning they are actively finding targets for jets flying overhead.[300]
On 29 January 2015, Canadian special forces in Iraq came under fire from ISIL forces, causing the Canadian troops to return fire, killing some ISIL militants.[301] On 6 March, a Canadian soldier was killed in a friendly fire incident by Kurdish forces while returning to an observation post.[302]
On 8 April 2015, two CF-18s carried out their first airstrike against ISIL in Syria, hitting one of the group's garrisons.[303]
From 2 Nov 2014 to 13 May 2015 the Canadian armed forces struck 80 ISIL fighting positions, 19 ISIL vehicles, and 10 storage facilities.
On 21 October 2015, Canadian Prime Minister-designate Justin Trudeau informed U.S. President Barack Obama that he intended to withdraw Canadian aircraft from operations over Iraq and Syria but increase training missions on the ground.[304][305]
On 8 February 2016, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the CF-18s would be withdrawn from the bombing mission no later than 22 February 2016. However, the surveillance aircraft and air-to-air jet refueller would continue. In addition, the amount of training troops would triple.[306]
The Canadian Government would extend the Operation until 31 March 2025.[307]
Dutch airstrikes
[edit]On 24 September 2014, the Dutch government announced its participation in "the military campaign" against ISIL which, as they claimed, had been started by the United States, and sent six F-16 fighter jets to Iraq to bomb ISIL. Their motivations to join this war: ISIL's advance in Iraq and Syria, while displaying "unprecedented violence" and "perpetrating terrible crimes against population groups", formed "a direct threat for that region"; ISIL's advance in Iraq and Syria "causes instability at the borders of Europe" which threatens "our own [Dutch] safety". Figures requested by RTL Nieuws in August 2015 showed that the Netherlands was among the most active countries within the coalition, third behind only the United States and the United Kingdom.[308] In January 2016, the Netherlands extended their bombings of ISIL to Syrian territory. By the end of July 2016 the Dutch Air Task Force flew more than 2100 missions and carried out over 1800 air strikes.[309] At the end of the Dutch contribution to the Air Task Force, in December 2018, the Royal Netherlands Air Force had flown over 3000 missions and conducted approximately 2100 air strikes.[310]
French airstrikes
[edit]On 19 September 2014, the French Air Force used its Rafale jets to conduct airstrikes on ISIL targets in Mosul. The airstrikes were approved by French President François Hollande, which indicated that France was committed to fighting ISIL using air power alongside the United States.[311] Hollande mentioned that no ground troops would be used in the conflict. To conduct its airstrikes, France deployed 9 Rafale fighters to the United Arab Emirates, 6 Dassault Mirage 2000 fighters to Jordan, in addition to an Atlantique 2 maritime patrol aircraft, a Boeing E-3 Sentry airborne early warning and control aircraft, and a Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker aerial refueling tanker.[312]
On 23 February 2015, the French Navy also deployed its Task Force 473 carrier strike group to the Persian Gulf with the intent on conducting airstrikes from the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. The Charles de Gaulle contributed 12 Rafale fighters, 9 Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard strike aircraft, and 2 E-2C Hawkeye airborne early warning and control aircraft. The task force also included the French frigate Chevalier Paul (D621), a Rubis-class submarine, a Durance-class tanker, and the British frigate HMS Kent.[313] After eight weeks of operations, the task force left the Persian Gulf on its way to India, heralding the end of its contribution to Operation Chammal.[312]
On 5 November 2015, it was announced that the Charles de Gaulle would resume operations in Syria to fight ISIL.[314]
On 15 November 2015, after the November 2015 Paris attacks, the French Air Force launched its largest airstrike of the bombing campaign sending 12 planes, including 10 fighters, that dropped 20 bombs in training camps and ammunition facilities in Raqqa, the de facto capital of ISIS.[315]
Jordanian airstrikes
[edit]After the downed Jordanian pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh was executed by ISIL by being burned to death, King Abdullah II vowed revenge and temporarily took the lead in the bombing raids on ISIL during February 2015. On 8 February, Jordan claimed that during the course of 3 days, from 5–7 February, their airstrikes alone had killed 7,000 ISIL militants in Iraq and Syria, and also reportedly degraded 20% of the militant group's capability.[316]
Moroccan airstrikes
[edit]In December 2014 Morocco sent 4 F-16s to bomb ISIL positions, initially in the outskirts of Baghdad and other undisclosed locations.[317] The planes operated under the command of the UAE and suspended operations in February 2015.[318]
Turkish contributions
[edit]See overview in section Turkish intervention.
Iranian intervention
[edit]In mid-June 2014, according to American and British sources, Iran sent Qasem Soleimani, commanding general of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' Quds Force (IRGC-QF), to Iraq to help the government organize against ISIL.[319] Later that month Iran started flying drones over Iraq,[320] and by August, according to sources like Reuters, Iranian soldiers were in Iraq fighting ISIL.[321] One war correspondent suggested that Iran "joined the air war" against ISIL on 21 June.[322]
In July, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, Iran sent several Su-25 aircraft to Iraq,[323] supported by Iranian/Iraqi ground crews trained in Iran.[1] In early August, those Su-25s began combat against ISIL, according to Business Insider.[1]
By September, according to Business Insider, Iranian Quds Force personnel were deployed to Samarra, Baghdad, Karbala, and the abandoned U.S. military post formerly known as Camp Speicher.[1] At the end of November 2014, an Israeli website claimed to have seen Iranian F-4 Phantom II jet-fighters bombing ISIL in eastern Iraq;[324] a claim the U.S. army verified.[325]
In March and May 2015, American commentators indicated Qasem Soleimani was "leading Iraq's military strategy against ISIL".[326][327]
Hezbollah intervention
[edit]Already "for a long time" before June 2014, Hezbollah had a presence in Iraq of advisers offering guidance to Shia fighters, according to a Hezbollah commander interviewed by The National.[328]
In June 2014, Hezbollah reportedly set up a dedicated command center in Lebanon to monitor developments in Iraq.[329] On 17 June, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah said that the party was "ready to sacrifice martyrs in Iraq five times more than what we sacrificed in Syria in order to protect shrines."[330]
In July 2014, Hezbollah sent more technical trainers and advisers to Iraq, to monitor ISIL's movements, according to a Hezbollah commander.[328] Shortly thereafter, Hezbollah commander Ibrahim al-Hajj was reported killed in action near Mosul.[328]
An August Reuters story reported there were "dozens" of Hezbollah "battle-hardened veterans" in Iraq, while the Christian Science Monitor reported the party had deployed a 250-man unit "responsible for advising, training, and coordinating the Iraqi Shia militias."[331][332]
In February 2015, Nasrallah confirmed that he had sent troops to fight in Iraq.[333]
Libya
[edit]Egyptian airstrikes
[edit]After ISIL killed 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Libya,[334] Egypt conducted airstrikes on ISIL targets in Libya on 16 February 2015, killing a total of 64 ISIL militants (50 in Derna).[335] Warplanes acting under orders from the "official" Libyan government also struck targets in Derna, reportedly in coordination with Egypt's airstrikes.[336] A Libyan official stated that more joint airstrikes would follow.[336]
U.S. surveillance flights
[edit]Concern over ISIL activities in Derna District in Libya in December 2014 led to U.S. drones and electronic surveillance planes making "constant flights" from Italian bases, over the district of Derna.[337]
U.S. airstrikes
[edit]
On 15 November 2015, the United States launched an airstrike in Derna, Libya. Two U.S. F-15E fighter jets targeted senior ISIL leader Abu Nabil al-Anbari in the airstrike, who was the top ISIL commander in Libya.[338][339] In January 2016, ISIL's Libyan faction confirmed Abu Nabil's death in a eulogy to him.[340]
Administration officials are weighing a new campaign plan for Libya that would deepen the United States' military and diplomatic involvement, on yet another front against ISIL. The United States and its allies are increasing reconnaissance flights and intelligence collecting there—and even preparing for possible airstrikes and raids, according to senior American officials. Special Operations forces have met with various Libyan groups over the past months to vet them for possible action against ISIL.[341]
On 19 February 2016, US warplanes carried out an airstrike on multiple ISIL targets in Libya, hitting an Islamic State training camp and a senior extremist leader, the training camp was near Sabratha, Libya, 60 people were present at the camp at the time of the strike, more than 40 people were killed with more wounded, some critically, On 14 February 2016, a U.N.-designated council presented a new 18-member Libyan cabinet in the Moroccan city of Skhirat, weeks after an earlier lineup was rejected. The internationally recognized parliament has to endorse the new unity cabinet. If approved, the new unity government could eventually seek international military intervention against Islamic State extremists who have taken advantage of the country's political vacuum since 2014.
On 1 August 2016, U.S. crewed and uncrewed aircraft carried out airstrikes on ISIL targets in Libya, responding to the U.N.-backed government's request to help push the militants from their stronghold of Sirte, in what U.S. officials described as the start of a sustained campaign against the extremist group in the city. President Barack Obama authorized the airstrikes after a recommendation by U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter; the strikes hit an ISIL tank and two vehicles that posed a threat to forces aligned with Libyan GNA (Government of National Accord). This was the third U.S. air strike against Islamic State militants in Libya, but this time U.S. officials said it marked the start of a sustained air campaign rather than another isolated strike, U.S. airstrikes will continue to target ISIL in Sirte in order to enable the GNA to make a decisive, strategic advance. U.S. AFRICOM command is overseeing the US effort, which is known as Operation Odyssey Lightning, AV-8B Harrier II assigned to the 22nd MEU flying off USS Wasp conducted the airstrikes and uncrewed aircraft launched from undisclosed locations.[342][343][344][345][346][347][348][349] Airstrikes continued, on 2 August, airstrikes hit a rocket launcher, an excavator and a pickup truck with a mounted recoilless rifle and on 3 August airstrikes struck a pickup truck with a mounted recoilless rifle; by 9 August the U.S. conducted 28 strikes against ISIL in Libya, with more than half of the strikes being conducted from uncrewed aircraft.[343][347] By 16 August, U.S. airstrikes hit an ISIL vehicle and 4 militant positions in Sirte, bringing the number of U.S. airstrikes in Libya to 48.[350] On 17 August, U.S. Africa Command officials announced on 16 August airstrikes on ISIL targets in Sirte struck 7 enemy fighting positions, 4 vehicle-borne bombs, 1 pickup truck with a mounted recoilless rifle, 12 enemy fighting positions and 1 command-and-control vehicle, bringing the total number of airstrikes in support of Operation Odyssey Lightning to 57.[351] On 22 August, Stars and Stripes reported that U.S. Marine AH-1W SuperCobra helicopters participated in strikes against ISIL militants in Sirte on 20 and 21 August; a small detachment of US special forces in Sirte provided most of the targeting information for the airstrikes which were then relayed to U.S. forces through Libyan government troops.[352] On 31 August, Stars and Stripes reported that in the past month, the U.S. military conducted 104 airstrikes against IS targets in Libya.[353]
On 22 September, Stars and Stripes reported that the pace of US airstrikes against IS militants in Libya slowed in September as the number of insurgents holed up in a hard-to-target section of Sirte had shrunk, (the US conducted 50 airstrikes against IS targets, compared with 108 in August) with about 200 militants remaining.[354] On 28 September, Fox News reported that as of 26 September, U.S. Marine Corps Harrier jets and attack helicopters as well as drones conducted 175 airstrikes against ISIL in Libya, according to the U.S. military's Africa Command. According to a U.S. official the number of ISIL fighters in Sirte was estimated to be "under 100" and that "ISIS is only in three neighborhoods."[355]
On 3 October, Stars and Stripes reported that on 2 October the US conducted 20 airstrikes (bringing the total number of strikes to 201) in Libya: knocking out a command and control facility, nearly 70 IS fighting positions and several other sites in what was the heaviest day of bombing since the operation began, according to U.S. Africa Command data. The strikes were in support of an offensive by ground forces aligned with the internationally backed Libyan government.[356] On 11 October, Stars and Stripes reported that U.S. warplanes conducted 51 airstrikes against ISIL targets in Libya, particularly in and around Sirte, between 7 and 10 October, marking it as some of the heaviest bombing since the start of the Operation; bringing the total number of U.S. airstrikes in Libya to 261.[357] On 17 October, Fox News reported that US airstrikes against ISIS in Libya doubled in less than a month (bringing the number of airstrikes up to 324).[358] On 21 October 2016, Stars and Stripes reported that USS San Antonio deployed to the Mediterranean Sea as part of Operation Odyssey Lightning to replace USS Wasp that was carrying out operations against ISIS. San Antonio will carry UH-1Y Hueys and AH-1W Cobras from the 22nd MEU's Aviation Combat Unit, VMM-264; Marine Harrier fighters were part of the operation aboard Wasp, however San Antonio does not host fighter jets.[359]
On 4 November 2016, Fox News reported that the U.S. military ended its bombing campaign against ISIS in Sirte after three months of round-the-clock airstrikes the U.S. military conducted a total of 367 airstrikes since 1 August 2016, according to officials, no American airstrikes took place since 31 October; units taking part in the operation received orders on 1 November from AFRICOM to end offensive and collective self-defence airstrikes. A senior defense official said the U.S. military would "continue to provide military support to the GNA ... ISIL-held territory in Sirte is down to a few hundred square meters. We'll continue to discuss with the GNA leadership what additional support they may need moving forward including air strikes."[360]
Sirte was liberated by GNA forces in early December; on 20 December 2016, ABC news reported that AFRICOM said that it carried out 495 airstrikes against militant vehicles and positions in the former IS stronghold of Sirte,[361] Operation Odyssey Lightning concluded on 19 December, following an announcement from the Libyan government of the end of offensive military operations in Sirte.[362]
On 18 January 2017, ABC News reported that two USAF B-2 bombers struck two ISIL camps 28 miles south of Sirte. The airstrikes targeted between 80 and 100 ISIS fighters in multiple camps, an uncrewed aircraft also participated in the airstrikes. One official called the airstrikes "a huge success," with more than 80 ISIL fighters killed, one counterterrorism official told ABC News there were "zero survivors" at the camps. Many of the ISIS fighters in the camps had fled Sirte during the battle, according to another official; Pentagon press secretary Peter Cook said in a statement ISIS fighters had fled to the remote desert camps "in order to reorganize and they posed a security threat to Libya, the region, and U.S. national interests;" The militants were carrying weapons, wearing tactical vests and standing in formation. The airstrikes were authorised by President Obama and were carried out in coordination with GNA; they are considered to be an extension of Operation Odyssey Lightning.[363] BBC News reported that the B-2s flew a round-trip of around 34 hours from Missouri and dropped around 100 bombs on their targets, US Defence Secretary Ash Carter said those targeted were "actively planning" attacks in Europe.[364] NBC News later reported that the number of ISIL fighters killed was revised upward to 90; a U.S. defense official said that "This was the largest remaining ISIS presence in Libya," and that "They have been largely marginalised but I am hesitant to say they've been completely eliminated in Libya."[365]
On 22 September 2017, the US military conducted 6 airstrikes with unmanned aircraft on an ISI: camp 150 miles southeast of Sirte, killing 17 militants and destroying three vehicles. CNN reported an AFRICOM statement that the strikes took place "In coordination with Libya's Government of National Accord and aligned forces" and that "The camp was used by ISIS to move fighters in and out of the country; stockpile weapons and equipment; and to plot and conduct attacks". The strikes marked the first time airstrikes had been carried out in the country under the Donald Trump administration.[366]
Other actions
[edit]The U.S. military has been closely monitoring ISIL movements in Libya, and small teams of U.S. military personnel moved in and out of the country over a period of months in early 2016. British, French, Italian and Jordanian special forces as well as the British RAF were also in Libya helping with aerial surveillance, mapping and intelligence gathering in several cities, including Benghazi in the east and Zintan in the west, according to two Libyan military officials who were coordinating with them.[367][368][369] British and American special forces were also carrying out intelligence-gathering operations around Sirte.[370]
Since the beginning of 2016, British Special forces have been escorting teams of MI6 agents to meet with Libyan officials and organise the supplying weapons and training to the Libyan Army and to militias fighting against ISIL.[371][372] On 27 February 2016, The Telegraph reported that British special forces had deployed alongside its U.S. counterparts in the city of Misrata to stop Islamist militants progress, their main role is to give tactical training to local militias and to build an army to fight ISIL.[373] In May 2016, it was reported that British special forces engaged in frontline combat against ISIL in Libya; in particular they destroyed two ISIL suicide vehicles that were targeting Libyan fighters. On 12 May, at the Shaddadah Bridge, 50 miles south of Misrata, the approach of a suicide vehicle sent Libyan forces fleeing in panic, British special forces intervened and destroyed the vehicle with a missile.[374][375] An estimated dozen U.S. special forces operated out of a base near Misrata and were in action near Tripoli.[376]
In a plan disclosed in late 2015, Britain was to offer the Libyan government 1,000 troops as part of a 5,000-strong combined with Italy, to train and equip the Libyan forces rather than take part in frontline fighting.[373] In addition, British defence minister Michael Fallon announced that Britain is sending 20 troops from the 4th Infantry Brigade to Tunisia to help prevent Islamic State fighters from moving into the country from Libya.[377]
In June 2016, it was reported that ISIL militants were retreating from Sirte and some fighters reportedly cutting off their beards and long hair to blend in with civilians as militia fighters allied to the unity government pushed into the city in tanks and armed trucks. The militias, mostly from Misrata, are allied to and are the main fighting force for the U.N.-brokered unity government installed in Tripoli the previous year.[378] On 11 June, the BBC reported that Libyan forces claimed they retook control of part of Sirte after fierce fighting against ISIL militants.[379] In July 2016, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said ISIL fighters in Libya were facing the "distinct possibility" of defeat in their last stronghold and are likely to scatter elsewhere in the country and the region;[349][380] At the beginning of 2016, ISIL was believed to have more than 5,000 fighters in Libya, by August 2016, estimates said there could be less than 1,000 left,[344] and by 9 August, only 350 ISIL fighters remained alive in Sirte.[343] U.S. and British special forces were involved in the battle for Sirte: U.S. troops were operating out of a joint operations center on the city's outskirts, their role was limited to supporting forces unity government forces, providing direct, on-the-ground support.[381] On 22 September, Stars and Stripes reported that Since the start of the battle, many ISIL members fled the city, "looking to hide among the population, relocate to other Libyan towns or attempting to leave Libya altogether."[354]
Afghanistan
[edit]The BBC reported that ISIL's announcement of the establishment of its Afghanistan/Pakistan-based Khorasan Province (ISIL-KP) in January 2015, it was the first time that ISIL had officially spread outside the Arab world. Within weeks, the group appeared in at least five provinces in Afghanistan: Helmand, Zabul, Farah, Logar and Nangarhar-trying to establish pockets of territory from which to expand. In the first half of 2015, ISIL-KP managed to capture large parts of territory in eastern Nangarhar province. This became the de facto "capital" principally for two reasons: its proximity to the tribal areas of Pakistan, home of ISIL-KP's top leaders; and the presence of some people who follow a similar Salafi/Wahhabi interpretation of Islam to ISIL. ISIL-KP is also trying to get a foothold in northern Afghanistan, where it aims to link up with Central Asian, Chechen and Chinese Uighur militants; IS's numerical strength inside Afghanistan vary, ranging from 1,000 to 5,000.[382]
In February 2015, ISIL-KP deputy commander Mullah Abdul Rauf Khadim was killed in a U.S. drone strike along with 5 others, his successor met the same fate a month later, and since then, the Islamic State has been absent from the southern Afghanistan.[383][384]
A report says that, according to a Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) spokesperson, in July 2015, a U.S. drone strike killed Shahidullah Shadid, a senior leader of ISIL-KP and 24 other militants, in Nangarhar province in Afghanistan.[385]
In January 2016, President Obama sent a directive to the Pentagon to make it easier for the military to get approval for strikes in Afghanistan, targeting militias that have sworn allegiance to ISIL.[386] For 3 weeks in that month, the United States military carried out at least a dozen operations, including commando raids and airstrikes, many of these raids and strikes taking place in the Tora Bora region of Nangarhar Province. American commanders in Afghanistan said they believed that between 90 and 100 ISIL militants had been killed in these recent operations.[341] On 1 February 2016, U.S. airstrikes in Nangarhar province eastern Afghanistan killed 29 ISIL fighters and struck the terrorist group's FM radio station.[387] On 21 February, it was reported that just over a week before, Afghan forces supported by U.S. airstrikes pushed ISIL militants out of their stronghold in Nangarhar province in a military operation that had killed a total 43 ISIL militants by 22 February.[388][389][390] On 6 March 2016, Afghanistan's president announced that the ISIL-KP had been defeated in the eastern parts of the country, Afghan forces claimed victory following the 21-day operation in 2 districts in Nangarhar province, claiming at least 200 militants killed.[391] following this operation, an official confirmed that ISIL-KP militants had moved into Kunduz province and into Kunar province.[392][393]
In early April 2016, it was reported that US and Afghan forces had killed 1,979 suspected militants, 736 others wounded and 965 detained between April 2015 and March 2016, ISIS militants have also been trying to flee into Ghazni and Nuristan province, whilst there has been a rise in defections from the group to the government and the Taliban.[394][395] U.S. commanders in Kabul have scaled back their threat assessment for ISIL-KP, since January, the U.S. and its allies launched between 70 and 80 airstrikes on ISIL militants in Afghanistan.[396]
In late June 2016, IS militants attacked police checkpoints in the Kot area of Nangarhar province and heavy fighting ensued, as many as 36 IS militants were killed in the assaults, at least a dozen Afghan security forces and civilians were killed, with another 18 wounded. The latest attacks indicate the group remains a potent threat to a government.[397][398]
On 8 July 2016, The Guardian reported that Prime minister David Cameron increased the number of British troops deployed to Afghanistan from 450 to 500, and that 21 of these additional troops would reinforce the counter-terrorism mission.[399]
On 23 July 2016, following the Kabul bombing, Afghan forces and U.S. special forces backed by U.S. airstrikes began an operation to retake parts on Nangarhar province from ISIL-KP militants. Over 24 and 25 July whilst clearing areas of southern Nangarhar with Afghan special operations troops, 5 U.S. special forces troops were wounded by small arms fire or shrapnel, making it the first reported instance of U.S. troops being wounded in fighting ISIL in Afghanistan. On 26 July, one of the most important leaders of ISIL in the region and one of the founders of the ISIL-KP, Saad Emarati, was killed along with 120 other suspected militants in Kot District, Afghan troops pushed into Kot District, meeting little resistance due to heavy air and artillery bombardment that forced ISIL fighters to flee into nearby mountain areas, Afghan forces found an already destroyed training camp. Overall, the operation reclaimed large and significant parts of eastern Afghanistan, forcing ISIL militants back into the mountains of southern Nangarhar with hundreds of IS militants killed; the estimated size of the ISIL-KP in January 2016 was around 3,000, but by July 2016 the number has been reduced to closely 1,000 to 1,500, with 70% of its fighters come from the TTP. In the operation, Afghan forces, backed by the US, killed an estimated 300 ISIS fighters.[400][401][402][403][404][405]
Between January and early August 2016, U.S. aircraft conducted nearly 140 airstrikes against ISIL targets in Afghanistan, according to the U.S. military.[405]
On 4 October 2016, a US soldier from B Company, 2nd Battalion, 10th SFG was killed by a roadside bomb blast in Achin, Nangarhar province, he was on a patrol with Afghan forces during an operation against ISIL-KP militants.[406] This marked the first time a U.S. serviceman was killed in combat against IS militants in the country.[407]
On 24 December 2016, Military.com reported that Brigadier General Charles Cleveland said that ISIL-KP's presence in the country has been pushed back from nearly a dozen districts to just two or three, the number of its members in Afghanistan had been reduced to about 1,000 from an estimated strength of between 1,500 and 3,000 members the previous year. Overall, U.S. troops in Afghanistan conducted more than 350 operations against the IS and al-Qaeda this year. In early December, General John Nicholson, the international coalition's top military commander in Afghanistan, said U.S.-led counter-terrorism operations and Afghan government forces had killed 12 of the organization's top leaders in the country. U.S. officials have said IS fighters are primarily located in Nangarhar and Kunar Province's.[408] Military.com reported that Nicholson estimated that his forces had killed about 500 ISIS fighters throughout 2016 (including the 12 most senior leaders), these losses accounted for about 25 to 30% of ISIL-KP's total number of fighters and reduced its foothold in the country from 9 districts to 3.[409]
In February 2017, the Washington Post reported that U.S. forces conducted more than 1,000 strikes in Afghanistan in 2016, including 267 against IS-K and 57 targeted al-Qaeda.[410] The BBC also reported that ISIL-KP has largely been eliminated from southern and western Afghanistan by the Afghan Taliban and military operations conducted by Afghan and US/NATO forces. Several hundred ISIL-KP fighters have been killed in clashes with the Afghan Taliban.[382]
In early April 2017, the Washington Post reported that Captain Bill Salvin, a spokesman for NATOs' mission to Afghanistan that Afghan and international forces have reduced ISIL-KP controlled territory in Afghanistan by two-thirds and killed around half of their fighters in the previous 2 years. Since the beginning of 2017, there have been 460 airstrikes against terrorists (with drone strikes alone killing more than 200 IS militants); he added that the affiliate has an estimated 600 to 800 fighters in two eastern Afghan provinces.[411]
The Army Times reported that in early March 2017, American and Afghan forces launched Operation Hamza to "flush" ISIL-KP from its stronghold in eastern Afghanistan, engaging in regular ground battles.[412] Stars and Stripes reported that General Dawlat Waziri, spokesman for Afghanistan's Defense Ministry, said that for four weeks before the 13 April Nangarhar airstrike (which was part of the operation), Afghan special forces unsuccessfully attempted to penetrate the area because of the difficult terrain and improvised explosive device (IEDs) planted by ISIL-KP militants.[413] On 13 April, the Nangarhar airstrike took place, Stars and Stripes reported that 94 ISIL-KP militants, including 4 commanders were killed by a GBU-43/B MOAB bomb that was dropped on an ISIS tunnel complex in Achin District;[413] the Huffington Post reported that the bomb was dropped from a U.S.Lockheed MC-130.[414] In late April Military Times reported that Captain Bill Salvin said an estimated 400 to 700 fighters are active throughout Nangarhar and Kunar provinces.[409]
Sky News reported on 3 September 2018 that British special forces were also targeting IS-K in Afghanistan alongside US special forces.[415]
On 19 November 2019, Stars and Stripes reported that 243 ISIS fighters and nearly 400 family members surrendered to government forces in Nangarhar Province during the previous two weeks. Afghan President Ashraf Ghani declared that "the result is Daesh's backbone was broken".[416]
On 26 August 2021 during the American evacuation from Afghanistan, a member of IS-K detonated a bomb near a gate at Kabul International Airport, killing at least 183 civilians and 13 US soldiers.[417] In the immediate aftermath of the attack, the US conducted a retaliatory strike on a vehicle in Nangarhar province which was believed to be carrying "high-profile ISIS targets" and "planners and facilitators."[418] Two days later, a US drone strike targeted what was believed to be a member of IS-K planning an attack, killing 10 civilians, including 7 children. The Pentagon later called the strike "an honest mistake" and announced that none of the military personnel involved would be subject to any disciplinary actions.[419]
Boko Haram-ISWAP insurgency
[edit]U.S. intervention in Cameroon
[edit]In October 2015, with the approval of the Cameroonian government, the U.S. military deployed 300 personnel to Cameroon, their primary missions will revolve around providing intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights.[420][421]
The Philippines
[edit]On 1 September 2017, the US Secretary of Defence Mattis designated Operation Pacific Eagle – Philippines (OPE-P) as a contingency operation to support the Philippine government and the Armed Forces of the Philippines in their efforts to isolate, degrade, and defeat the affiliates of ISIS (collectively referred to as ISIS-Philippines or ISIS-P) and other terrorist organisations in the Philippines.[422]
Maghreb and Sahel
[edit]Mali
[edit]Niger
[edit]Burkina Faso
[edit]Yemen
[edit]CNN reported that on 16 October 2017, US forces conducted airstrikes against two ISIL training camps located in al Bayda Governorate, Yemen, containing an estimated 50 fighters; a US defence official said that this is the first U.S. strike specifically targeting ISIL in Yemen,[423] the strike disrupted the group's attempts to train more fighters. CNN reported that on 23 October that two U.S. airstrikes in al Bayda Governorate, the first strike killed 7 ISIL terrorists travelling in pickup trucks, a second strike (5 miles west) killed a further 2 ISIL terrorists.[424] Military Times reported that on 25 October, two US airstrikes in al-Bayda Governorate killed 9 ISIL fighters, a CENTCOM statement said that "In the last ten days, U.S. forces have targeted and killed approximately 60 ISIS terrorists in Yemen." Maher Farrukh, an al-Qaida analyst for the Critical Threats Project at the American Enterprise Institute said that "AQAP and ISIS cooperate on a tactical level in central Yemen against al Houthi-Saleh forces, they often co-claim attacks and likely share some militants," and that "ISIS' continued presence in Yemen is likely sustained by its cooperation with AQAP, but it does not appear to be growing at this time."[425]
Gaza
[edit]The Islamic Emirate of Rafah was a short-lived militant state established by the Jund Ansar Allah, an Islamist group, in the town of Rafah in the Gaza Strip. It was declared on August 14, 2009, by Abdul Latif Moussa, also known as Abu Noor al-Maqdisi, during a sermon at the Ibn Taymiyyah Mosque. The emirate aimed to impose strict Islamic law and was aligned with the ideology of al-Qaeda and is believed to have been aided by ISIS.[426]
Background and establishment
[edit]Jund Ansar Allah, translated as "Soldiers of the Followers of God," was founded by Abdul Latif Moussa in 2008. The group quickly garnered attention due to its extreme interpretation of Islam and its opposition to the ruling Hamas government in Gaza. Tensions between Jund Ansar Allah and Hamas escalated when Moussa declared the establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Rafah, challenging Hamas's authority.[427]
Conflict with Hamas
[edit]The proclamation of the Islamic Emirate of Rafah was seen as a direct threat to the Hamas government, which had been the de facto authority in Gaza since 2007. In response, Hamas launched a military operation against Jund Ansarf Allah. The confrontation culminated in a fierce battle at the Ibn Taymiyyah Mosque, where Abdul Latif Moussa and several of his followers were killed many of whom were either Isis operatives. The emirate was dismantled, and Hamas reasserted its control over Rafah.[428]
Somalia
[edit]Military.com reported that on 3 November 2017, that a U.S. drone conducted two airstrikes against Islamic State in Somalia, at least six missiles were used which struck in Buqa, 37 miles north of Qandala, AFRICOM said in a statement that "several terrorists" were killed and that the strikes were carried out in coordination with Somalia's government; the strikes marked first time that the US has conducted airstrikes against ISS terrorists in Somalia.[429] CNN reported that US drone aircraft conducted 5 strikes against al-Shabaab and ISS-linked militants between 9 and 12 November, killing 36 al-Shabaab and 4 ISIS terrorists. The US now estimates there are between 3,000 and 6,000 al-Shabaab fighters and less than 250 ISS operatives in Somalia.[430] The US conducted a three strikes in al Bayda Governorate targeting ISIL in Yemen between 10 and 12 November 2017, killing 5 suspected militants.[431]
Sub-Saharan Africa
[edit]Casualties
[edit]
ISIL
[edit]On 22 January 2015, U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Stuart Jones stated that the coalition airstrikes had degraded ISIL, including killing off half of their leaders in Iraq and Syria.[432]
In early February 2015, the Australian Defence Minister, Kevin Andrews, stated that more than 6,000 ISIL fighters had been killed in coalition airstrikes since they began, and that over 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) had been recaptured; yet ISIL strength was estimated to have grown during this period to around 31,500 core fighters, including 3,000 fighters from Western nations.[433]
On 23 February 2015, U.S. General Lloyd Austin stated that over 8,500 ISIL militants had been killed by Coalition airstrikes in Iraq and Syria.[434] In early March 2015, General Lloyd repeated this statement, saying that "ISIS has assumed a defensive crouch" in Iraq, and that "We are where we said we would be," in relation to the airstrikes.[435] This was in contrast to Jordan's claim that its airstrikes alone had killed 7,000 ISIL militants in Iraq and Syria over the course of 3 days, from 5 to 7 February 2015.[316][436]
In June 2015, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated that over 10,000 ISIL fighters had been killed by Coalition airstrikes against the Islamic State.[437]
On 21 January 2016, France's defence minister Jean-Yves Le Drian stated that over 22,000 ISIL fighters had been killed by Coalition airstrikes in Iraq and Syria.[438]
In August 2016, U.S. Army Lieutenant General Sean MacFarland told reporters at a news briefing "Although it's no measure of success and its difficult to confirm, we estimate that over the past 11 months we've killed about 25,000 enemy fighters. When you add that to the 20,000 estimated killed prior to our arrival, that's 45,000 enemies taken off the battlefield."[439]
In December 2016, a senior US military official told CNN that as many as 50,000 ISIL fighters have been killed since the war against the terror group began.[440]
In 2023, the US Central Command issued a statement announcing that it had killed IS leader Khalid Aydd Ahmed al-Jabouri. According to the statement, al-Jabouri had been involved in planning attacks in the Middle East and Europe. The statement also claimed that no civilians were killed in the strike.[441]
Civilians
[edit]According to Airwars, a team of independent journalists, by August 2015, 450 civilians had been killed by the U.S.-led coalition air campaign against ISIL in Iraq and Syria (of whom roughly 60% in Syria, 40% in Iraq). By that time, the U.S.-led coalition officially acknowledged only two non-combatant deaths.[442] According to Airwars, by January 2016, "between 815 and 1,149 civilian non-combatants appear likely to have been killed in 135 incidents where there is fair reporting publicly available of an event, and where Coalition strikes were confirmed in the near vicinity on that date."[443]
According to Airwars, about 1000 civilians had been killed by the U.S.-led coalition air campaign in March 2017 alone, gathering controversy and concern relating to the presidency of Donald Trump.[444]
According to Airwars, the air strikes and artillery of U.S.-led coalition killed as many as 6,000 civilians in Iraq and Syria in 2017.[445][446] According to Airwars, "In 2017 the war against ISIS [Islamic State] moved into the most densely-populated urban centres controlled by the group, with dire results for civilians."[446]
Amnesty International and monitoring group Airwars report said, more than 1,600 civilians were killed in US-led coalition include, United States, Britain and France, during the four-month airstrike campaign against ISIL group from the Syrian city of Raqqa in 2017. The Coalition states have conducted 34,464 strikes against ISIL targets between August 2014 and end of March 2019, and killed at least 1,291 civilians.[447][448][449][450]
Labeling
[edit]On 1 February 2015, Iraq's Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari stated that the War on ISIL was effectively "World War III", due to ISIL's proclamation of a worldwide caliphate, its aims to conquer the world, and its success in spreading the conflict to multiple countries outside of the Levant region.[451] Speaking of ISIL's destruction of pre-Islamic sites in the region, Syria's head of antiquities, Maamoun Abdul Karim, stated that "this is the entire world's battle".[452] In June 2015, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that ISIL "stands for nothing and depends on people who will fall for anything."[453]
Involvement by country
[edit]
The table below summarizes each country's level of involvement in the overall international intervention against the Islamic State. Several countries that are militarily involved also provide humanitarian aid.
See also
[edit]- 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Arab Winter
- Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve
- Iraq War
- List of wars and battles involving ISIL
- Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)
- Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (August 2014–present)
References
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- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of January 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of February 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of March 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of April 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of May 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of June 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of July 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of August 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of September 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of October 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of November 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of December 2014
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of January 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of February 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of March 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of April 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of May 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of June 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of July 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of August 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of September 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of October 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of November 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of December 2015
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of January 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of February 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of March 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of April 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of May 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of June 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of July 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of August 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of September 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of October 2016
- UN Casualty Figures for the Month of November 2016
- UN Casualties Figures for Iraq for the Month of December 2016
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External links
[edit]- How Tikrit has Changed the War - Counteroffensive in Tikrit March 2015
- Air Superiority Under 2000 Feet: Lessons From Waging Drone Warfare Against ISIL
- Operation Inherent Resolve airstrike updates
- ISIL frontline maps (Iraq and Syria)
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