Anti-Indian sentiment

This article is about prejudice and discrimination against Indian people from South Asia. For prejudice and discrimination against native Canadian and American populations commonly referred to as "Indian", see Racism against Indigenous peoples in Canada and Racism against Native Americans in the United States.

Anti-Indian sentiment or anti-Indianism, also called Indophobia, refers to prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination which is directed at Indian people for any variety of reasons. It may be rooted in a person's negative perception of India, Indian culture, or Indian history, among other factors. According to Kenyan-American academic Ali Mazrui, Indophobia is "a tendency to react negatively towards people of Indian extraction, against aspects of Indian culture and normative habits." As such, it is the opposite of Indomania, which refers to a pronounced affinity for Indians and their culture, history, and country. Anti-Indian sentiment is frequently a manifestation of racism, particularly in cases in which Indians are targeted alongside other South Asians or simply alongside any other people of colour. Regardless of their motivation, Indophobic individuals often invoke stereotypes of Indians to justify their feelings or attitudes towards them.

Results of 2017 BBC World Service poll
Views of India's influence by country
(sorted by net positive, Pos – Neg)

Country polled	Pos.	Neg.	Neutral	Pos – Neg
Pakistan	11%	62%	27%	-51
Brazil	23%	57%	20%	-34
Germany	1%	33%	66%	-32
China	35%	56%	9%	-21
France	39%	53%	8%	-14
Spain	23%	35%	42%	-12
Turkey	32%	44%	24%	-12
Greece	19%	27%	54%	-8
Canada	41%	44%	15%	-3
Nigeria	47%	39%	14%	+8
Mexico	42%	33%	25%	+9
United States	49%	37%	14%	+12
Australia	49%	34%	17%	+15
United Kingdom	56%	38%	6%	+18
Kenya	48%	26%	26%	+22
Russia	41%	10%	49%	+31
Indonesia	50%	18%	32%	+32

History

British India

The relationship between Indomania and Indophobia in the British Indology during the Victoria era was discussed by American academic Thomas Trautmann who found that Indophobia had become a norm in the early-19th century British discourse on India as the result of a conscious agenda of evangelicalism and utilitarianism, especially by Charles Grant and James Mill. Historians noted that during British rule in India, "evangelical influence drove British policy down a path that tended to minimize and denigrate the accomplishments of Indian civilization and to position itself as the negation of the earlier British Indomania that was nourished by belief in Indian wisdom."

In Grant's highly controversial 1796 work Observations on the ... Asiatic subjects of Great Britain, he criticized the Orientalists for being too respectful to Indian culture and religion. His work tried to determine the Hindus' "true place in the moral scale" and he alleged that the Hindus are "a people exceedingly depraved". Grant believed that Great Britain's duty was to civilise and Christianize the natives.

Lord Macaulay, serving on the Supreme Council of India between 1834 and 1838, was instrumental in creating the foundations of bilingual colonial India. He convinced the Governor-General to adopt English as the medium of instruction in higher education from the sixth year of schooling onwards, rather than Sanskrit or Arabic. He claimed: "I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India." He wrote that Arabic and Sanskrit works on medicine contain "medical doctrines which would disgrace an English Farrier – Astronomy, which would move laughter in girls at an English boarding school – History, abounding with kings thirty feet high reigns thirty thousand years long – and Geography made up of seas of treacle and seas of butter".

One of the most influential historians of India during the British Empire, James Mill was criticised for prejudice against Hindus. Horace Hayman Wilson wrote that the tendency of Mill's work was "evil". Mill claimed that both Indians and Chinese people are cowardly, unfeeling and mendacious. Both Mill and Grant attacked Orientalist scholarship that was too respectful of Indian culture: "It was unfortunate that a mind so pure, so warm in the pursuit of truth so devoted to oriental learning, as that of Sir William Jones, should have adopted the hypothesis of a high state of civilization in the principal countries of Asia."Dadabhai Naoroji spoke against such anti-India sentiment.

Stereotypes of Indians intensified during and after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, known as India's First War of Independence to the Indians and as the Sepoy Mutiny to the British, when Indian sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company's rule in India. Allegations of war rape were used as propaganda by British colonialists in order to justify the colonization of India. While incidents of rape committed by Indian rebels against British women and girls were virtually non-existent, this was exaggerated by the British media to justify continued British intervention in the Indian subcontinent.

At the time, British newspapers had printed various apparent eyewitness accounts of British women and girls being raped by Indian rebels, but cited little physical evidence. It was later found that some were fictions created to paint the native people as savages who needed to be civilized, a mission sometimes known as "The White Man's Burden". One such account published by The Times, regarding an incident where 48 British girls as young as 10–14 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi, was criticized by Karl Marx, who pointed out that the story was propaganda written by a clergyman in Bangalore, far from the events. A wave of anti-Indian vandalism accompanied the rebellion. When Delhi fell to the British, the city was ransacked, the palaces looted and the mosques desecrated in what has been called "a deliberate act of unnecessary vandalism".

Despite the questionable authenticity of colonial accounts regarding the rebellion, the stereotype of the Indian "dark-skinned rapist" occurred frequently in English literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The idea of protecting British "female chastity" from the "lustful Indian male" had a significant influence on the British Raj's policies outlawing miscegenation between Europeans and Indians. While some restrictive policies were imposed on white women in India to "protect" them from miscegenation, most were directed against Indians. For example, the 1883 Ilbert Bill, which would have granted Indian judges the right to judge offenders regardless of ethnicity, was opposed by many Anglo-Indian people on the grounds that Indian judges could not be trusted in cases alleging the rape of white women.

Leo Amery wrote in his private diaries that upon learning Indian separatists were refusing to resist the Japanese and contribute to the war effort, Winston Churchill, in private conversation, said out of frustration, he "hated Indians" and considered them "a beastly people with a beastly religion". According to Amery, during the Bengal famine, Churchill stated that any potential relief efforts sent to India would accomplish little to nothing, as Indians "breeding like rabbits". Leo Amery likened Churchill's understanding of India's problems to King George III's apathy for the Americas. Amery wrote "on the subject of India, Winston is not quite sane" and that he did not "see much difference between [Churchill's] outlook and Hitler's".

South Asia

Pakistan

Further information: Islamization in Pakistan

According to Christophe Jaffrelot and Jean-Luc Racine, Pakistan's nationalism is primarily anti-Indian, even though both were part of the British Indian Empire (before 1947). This, he argued, is part of the essence of the country's identity. However anti-Indian sentiments have waxed and waned in the country since its independence. According to Tufts University professor Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, anti-India sentiment in Pakistan increased with the ascendancy of the Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami under Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi.

Two-Nation Theory and Partition of India

Main articles: Two-Nation Theory and Partition of India

Some British Indian Muslims feared the Hindu majority that would gain political ascendance after the abolition of the colonial system of following the end of British rule. This view was bolstered by religious riots in British India such as the 1927 Nagpur riots. The Two-Nation Theory was enunciated by Allama Iqbal, which was supported by the All-India Muslim League and eventually culminated in the independence from British colonial rule of both India and of Pakistan in 1947.

Violence at the time of the partition of British India and even prior led to communal tensions and enmity among Hindus and Muslims. In Pakistan, this contributed to Indophobia. In an interview with Indian news channel CNN-IBN Pakistani cricketer and politician Imran Khan said in 2011: "I grew up hating India because I grew up in Lahore and there were massacres of 1947, so much bloodshed and anger. But as I started touring India, I got such love and friendship there that all this disappeared."

Antagonizing of Hindus

Further information: Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan

The Two-Nation Theory is predicated on the belief that at the time of Partition, the Indian Subcontinent was not a nation and in its extreme interpretation, it postulates the belief that Indian Hindus and Indian Muslims constituted nations that cannot co-exist "in a harmonious relationship".

According to Husain Haqqani, Pakistan faced multiple challenges to its survival after the partition. At the time Pakistan's secular leaders decided to use Islam as a rallying cry against perceived threats from predominantly Hindu India. Unsure of Pakistan's future, they deliberately promoted anti-Indian sentiment with "Islamic Pakistan" resisting a "Hindu India".

According to Nasr, anti-Indian sentiments, coupled with anti-Hindu prejudices have existed in Pakistan since its formation. With the ascendancy of the Jamaat-e-Islami under Maududi, Indophobia increased in Pakistan.

Commenting on Indophobia in Pakistan in 2009, former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice termed the Pakistan-India relationship as shadowed by Indophobia.

In his article "The future of Pakistan" published by Brookings Institution American South Asia expert Stephen P. Cohen describes the Pakistan-India relationship as a neverending spiral of sentiments against each other.

Falsified narratives in school textbooks

Main article: Pakistani textbooks controversy

According to Sustainable Development Policy Institute since the 1970s Pakistani school textbooks have systematically inculcated hatred towards India and Hindus. According to this report, "Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible".

A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace, a nonprofit organization in Pakistan, found that Pakistan studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. "Vituperative animosities legitimize military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbor", the report stated. "The story of Pakistan's past is intentionally written to be distinct from often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious." Further, the report stated "Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today's students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these blatant lies."

Kashmir dispute and India–Pakistan conflict

Main articles: Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts and Kashmir conflict

India and Pakistan have had numerous military conflicts which have caused anti-Indian sentiment, with the Kashmir conflict being the most prominent and important one.

In 1971 rising political discontent in East Pakistan, on the other side of India from West Pakistan, led to calls to secede from Pakistan, which were brutally suppressed by Pakistan Army leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War. India intervened, triggering the brief 1971 Indo-Pakistani war that culminated in Pakistan's defeat and the secession of East Pakistan which then became Bangladesh. According to Ardeshir Cowasjee in West Pakistan the region's political and military leadership whipped up the anti-Indian sentiment with the slogan "crush India", in an attempt to convince the people that the only issue in East Pakistan was India's support of a secessionist movement.

Writing for Middle East Research and Information Project the Pakistani nuclear scientist Pervez Hoodbhoy stated that anti-Indian sentiment is instilled in Pakistani soldiers early in their training at Cadet College Hasan Abdal and Cadet College Petaro. He also claimed that in order to prosper, Pakistan needed to overcome its hatred of India.

Bangladesh

The Indo-Bangladeshi relationship began to sour within a few years after the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War. Political disputes such as border killings by Indian forces, allocation of waters on the Padma river from the Farakka Barrage & Teesta river from the Teesta Barrage in West Bengal, alongside illegal infiltration along Indo-Bangladeshi barrier has created rifts between the two countries. Indophobia in Bangladesh is coupled with anti-Hindu sentiments, which has led to accusations of dual loyalty among Bangladeshi Hindu minority by Islamists & right-wing extremists within the Bangladeshi Muslim majority.

These sentiments rose rapidly during the tenure of Narendra Modi, leader of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2019, the Modi government passed the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, easing the procedure for granting Indian citizenship to Bangladeshi Hindu immigrants, whom the BJP saw solely as refugees fleeing religious persecution. Previously Modi's Home Minister & BJP president Amit Shah had declared that passage of the CAA will be followed by a nationwide National Register of Citizens programme to specifically identify & deport Bangladeshi Muslim immigrants (whom the BJP branded as 'infiltrators') on lines of the similar programme carried out in Assam, another Indian state which shares borders with Bangladesh & has seen multiple ethnic clashes (see Bongal Kheda & Assam movement) over uncontrolled immigration from Bangladesh. While campaigning during the 2019 general election, Shah raised the issue of demographic change in surounding states caused by infiltration of Bangladeshi Muslims & derogatorily called Bangladeshi Muslims as 'termites'. In March 2021, protests against government's decision to invite Modi to commemorate 50 years of Bangladesh's independence on grounds of his government's role in CAA, NRC & the December 2020 Delhi riots, organised by the Islamic fundamentalist organization Hefazat-e-Islam soon turned into widespread anti-Hindu violence. In 2023, Indian Parliamentary Affairs minister Prahlad Joshi's tweet calling for the creation of an Akhand Bharat alongside a mural of South Asia supposedly portraying the expanse of the Mauryan Empire situated in the newly inaugurated Parliament building caused much controversy in Bangladesh & other neighbouring countries of India.

Modi government's 'unconditional support' towards the Awami League government of Sheikh Hasina (who is widely supported by the Hindu minority due to her multiple pro-Hindu initiatives like returning back land belonging to the largest Hindu temple in the country, the Dhakeshwari Temple of Dhaka, that had been encroached upon by local Muslims & setting up a tribunal to conduct trial of the razakars & members of al-Badr who had committed war-crimes during the Bangladesh Liberation War, in which Hindus had been disproportionately targeted), which had significantly improved bilateral ties with India (compared to the previous administration of the BNP-Jamaat alliance headed by Hasina's rival Khaleda Zia) by suppressing anti-India Islamic terror outfits like Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh & Ansarullah Bangla, handing over terrorists causing insurgency in Northeast India & exchanging border enclaves, especially after the 2024 general elections, which were considered by the Western world to be 'not free & fair', saw an increased expression of anti-Indian sentiment. A campaign calling for boycott of Indian goods was launched on social media during the Islamic month of Ramadan, which had obtained a widespread appeal throughout the country, coinciding with a campaign of boycotting Israeli goods in the backdrop of the conflict in Gaza & India's support towards Israel, a country Bangladesh had never recognised. Hasina's opposition to this campaign solidified perceptions of the Hindu nationalist Modi's support to Hasina's dictatorial government. Hasina's inaction towards Indian government unilaterally assigning the state of West Bengal the GI tag for Tangail sarees also worked to foster anti-Indian sentiments. The issue over GI tag, combined with the finalisation of the Akhaura-Agartala railway line escalated fears of the much stronger India gradually taking over Bangladesh. Relations between the 2 countries have soured significantly following the fall of Sheikh Hasina & the subsequent anti-Hindu violence. Widespread allegations of the Indian government orchestrating floods in Bangladesh in revenge of Hasina's ouster were circulated in social media.

Bhutan

Anti-India sentiments rose when the Indian government withdrew its subsidy for kerosene and cooking gas to Bhutan in the 2013 election process. Furthermore, anti-India sentiments have also been attributed to the insensitive comments by Indian diplomats and senior political figures. In August 2017 at the height of the India-China standoff in Doklam, Bhutan (disputed territory claimed by China), former foreign secretary Shyam Saran's response was received negatively by the Bhutanese regarding Indian intervention in the expansion of Bhutan's foreign relations. He stated that "…it is really for Bhutan to decide what its comfort level is, in terms of expanding its own engagement with the rest of the world. The only thing which the Indian side would like to be assured of is that there should be no surprises in terms of the move that Bhutan makes. That is the only requirement." Bhutan was considered to have laid the foundation of democracy based on anti-India sentiments.

Misbehavior from some Indian tourists in Bhutan has led to complaints in local media, with the Bhutanese government responding by implementing a 'sustainable development' fee for regional visitors.

Maldives

Anti-India sentiments in the Maldives rose when the "India Out" hashtag started to trend on Twitter in the Maldives on 26 July 2021, the Maldives' Independence Day. Anti-India sentiments dates back when Abdulla Yameen was elected as the President of Maldives in 2013. During the government of Abdulla Yameen, two Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters (ALF) helicopters based on Addu Atoll and Hanimaadhoo that were gifted by India to the Maldives coast guard were returned by the Yameen government citing military intervention and a threat to the sovereignty of Maldives. Furthermore, Yameen accused India of developing intentions of state capture during the internal political turmoil in the country when former Maldives President Mohammed Nasheed solicited Indian intervention. According to Ahmed Azaan of the Maldivian online news organization Dhiyares, "...the "India Out" campaign is a call for the removal of the Indian military from the Maldives." Further, he tweeted that "..It is not a call to cut off diplomatic & trade relations with India" but the Maldives "should be able to forge ties with India without undermining our sovereignty." On 2 July 2021, the country's ruling party, the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), released an official statement citing "concern over the ill-founded and disparaging remarks against Indian diplomats". The MDP alleged that local news outlet Dhiyares and its co-founder and writer Ahmed Azaan, had been involved in a "continuous barrage of anti-India vitriol" that "appears to be a well-funded, well-orchestrated and pre-meditated political campaign with the express purpose of whipping up hatred against the Maldives' closest ally, India."

Nepal

Anti-Indian protests in the United States by the Nepalese community

Despite the centuries-long relationship between the two nations, Nepal has clashed with India over different issues such as territorial disputes, the dispute over the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, intervention on internal issues and for the support of Nepalese ethnic unrest directly responsible for the 2015 Nepal blockade. The #BackoffIndia hashtag on Twitter was used by Nepalese supporters around the world, accusing the Indian Government of interfering in the country's internal matters.

Sri Lanka

See also: Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism § Myths

Anti-Indian prejudice may be caused by the island nation's bad experience with Invasions by Tamil Dynasties (such as the Chola dynasty), their ethnic tensions with Sri Lanka's Tamil minority, who are accused of loyalty to India, India's alleged support and training of the LTTE as well as massacres against Tamil Sri Lankan civilians committed by the Indian army denied by the Indians, such as the Jaffna hospital massacre.

In the 10th century, during the defence against the invading Tamil Chola dynasty, the Sinhalese Resistance killed scores of Hindu Tamils as a retaliation for invading Sri Lanka.

Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War

See also: Sinhala Only Act and Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War

Despite India's alliance with the Sri Lankan government during the Sri Lankan Civil War, anti-Indian views are fairly common among the ethnic Sinhalese, escalated by Buddhist Nationalism and militancy. Attitudes towards Tamils are associated with Indophobia and the Tamils were suspected of spying for the Indians. Indian traders and businessmen, patronized by the Tamil minority, have been shunned and attacked by the Sinhalese.

During the 1950s, discriminatory measures taken by the Sri Lankan government targeted Indian traders (typically from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala), forcing the traders out of Sri Lanka. Following this, trade with India was deliberately scuttled, as was the sale of Indian magazines.

The Indophobia of that era led the Sri Lankan government to go after the so-called Tamils of 'recent' Indian origin. These immigrant plantation workers were imported by the British more than a hundred years earlier and had already been stripped of citizenship by earlier legislation—the first Legislative Act of the newly independent country in 1948. Since then, these Tamils lived as 'stateless' persons and many returned to India. The IPKF's involvement in Sri Lanka led to the rise of the anti-Indian Patriotic People's Front.

During the Black July, rioters targeted Indian Tamils. During one instance, the Sri Lankan Bus Employees brutally killed seven Tamils including six members of the Ramanathan family (father, young daughter, three sons, and their uncle) and their driver, some of whom were bludgeoned to death.

East Asia

Myanmar

Burmese's racial hatred of the Indians caused Burmese rioters with axes to smash Indian children's heads to death during massive anti-Indian riots at Burma. A British official witnessed a Burmese rioter with axe smash an Indian child's head to death.

Anti-Indian sentiment against the Indians during the British Raj began to rise in Burma after the First World War ended for a number of reasons. The country's ethnic Indian population was rapidly growing in Myanmar (almost half of Yangon's population was Indian by the Second World War). The Indians played a prominent role in both the provincial government of Burma and the central government of India and as a result, they began to be targeted for persecution by Burmese nationalists. Racial animosity towards Indians because of their skin-color and appearance also played a role. Meanwhile, the price of rice plummeted during the economic depression of the 1930s and the Chettiar from Tamil Nadu, who were prominent moneylenders in the rice belt, began to foreclose on land held by native Burmese.

After Burma achieved Independence, Burmese law treated a large percentage of the Indian community as "resident aliens". Though many had long ties to Burma or were born there, they were not considered citizens under the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823.

After seizing power through a military coup in 1962, General Ne Win ordered a large-scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalization of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma. Indian-owned businesses were nationalized and their owners were given 175 kyat for their trip to India. This caused a significant deterioration in Indian-Burmese relations and the Indian government arranged ferries and aircraft to lift Burmese of Indian ethnicities out of Burma.

Malaysia

On 28 June 1969, anti-Indian riots broke out in Sentul where Malays attacked and killed 15 Indians.

In March 2001, a 9-day period of communal violence known as the 2001 Kampung Medan riots occurred between Indians and Malays cost the deaths of 6 people and injuring many more people. The severity of injuries ranges from head injuries to severed limbs. The riots no doubt caused anti-Indian feelings among Malays residing in Selangor and Klang Valley.

The novel Interlok caused enormous controversial backlash for allegedly being anti-Indian as the book includes racist derogatory terms used to refer to the Indians such as "Pariah" and "black people". The novel also includes the usage of the term kasta pariah ("pariah caste"), which often refers to persons from the lowest caste in the Indian caste system.

On 26 November 2018, a riot was launched by several groups of people due to demolish purpose of 147-years-old Seafield Sri Mariamman Temple in Subang Jaya with the death of Malaysian firefighter, 24-years-old, Mohammad Adib Mohd Kassim erupted anti-Indian sentiment including several politicians.

Singapore

In 2020, numbers of discrimination occurred towards migrant workers of Indian origin. There are also a number of locals who passed racist comments about them on Facebook. The rental property market in Singapore presents a vivid display of how many landlords discriminate against Indian-origin tenants and reject their applications upfront. Many listing websites also have listings with 'no Indians' requirements.

South Korea

In South Korea, Indians endure prejudice in the form of racist remarks, exclusion from clubs and restaurants, and other forms of discrimination.

China

See also: Sino-Indian border dispute

Indian police officers dispatched to Hong Kong and Shanghai during the British colonial era were often discriminated against by local Chinese and were called "red-headed A'san" (红头阿三) because of the Sikh turban.

Tibet, Kashmir, McMahon Line disputes

Since the dispute between the two countries over the Tibet border erupted in the 1950s, the two sides have been fraught with mistrust. In 1962, China declared war on India and captured Aksai Chin.

Xenophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic

Chinese social media users are aggressive towards Indians, and Chinese officials also use "Wolf warrior diplomacy" to mock the COVID-19 pandemic in India on Weibo. A video that a Chinese ministry has posted on its official Weibo account showing Chinese dancers featuring blackface to depict Indians which draws sharp reaction from netizens in India.

Middle East

Qatar

Calls to boycott Indian products began trending on Qatari Twitter after clips of Indian authorities attacking and evicting thousands of Muslims in Assam went viral. It led the Indian embassy in Qatar to tweet in response that there was a "malicious attempt on social media to spread hatred and disharmony through false propaganda about India". A 'Boycott India' campaign also trended in June 2022 after controversial remarks were made against Prophet Muhammad by a couple of BJP members.

Africa

Kenya

Following the 1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt to remove President Moi, many Indian shops and businesses in Nairobi were attacked and pillaged whilst a number of Indian women were said to have been raped by the rioters.

South Africa

Further information: Indian South Africans

The first anti-Indian commotion that took place in South Africa was the Durban riots in 1949 which took place in South Africa's largest city Durban, where angry Black South Africans attacked and killed 142 Indians, destroyed and looted Indian property.

Another anti-Indian riot took place again in Durban in 1985.

The influential leader Mahatma Gandhi experienced anti-Indian racism when he was in South Africa, he was beaten up by a driver for travelling in first class coach. The Indians were not allowed to walk on public footpaths in South Africa and Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto the street without warning.

In 2015, Phumlani Mfeka, a KwaZulu-Natal businessman and the spokesman for the radical Mazibuye African Forum tweeted "A good Indian is a dead Indian". He published a letter in the city press claiming that South Africans of Indian origin have no right to citizenship and property in South Africa. Mfeka also claimed there is a "ticking time bomb of a deadly confrontation" between Africans and Indians in KwaZulu-Natal. The South African court barred him from making anti-Indian remarks in Nov 2015.

In 2017, EFF leader Julius Malema stated during a rally in KwaZulu-Natal "They are ill-treating our people. They are worse than Afrikaners were. This is not an anti-Indian statement, it's the truth. Indians who own shops don't pay our people, but they give them food parcels", and accused local politicians of being in the pockets of Indian businesspeople. Malema also said that the success of Indian businesses in the province was due to their strategies of exploitation and monopolisation of the economy. Malema also referred to Indians in 2011 as 'coolies' (which is considered a strongly offensive pejorative term in contemporary South Africa).

In 2021, South African Indians were largely targeted during the 2021 South African unrest. Many Indians in Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal have armed themselves to fight rioters in absences of police forces. Police Minister Bheki Cele stated that the main motive behind the Phoenix riots was criminal and that racial issues were secondary. He confirmed that 20 people had died in the town in the unrest. He also warned people against falling for fake news designed to increase racial tensions. The aftermath of the events saw influx of emigration of Indian communities from South Africa. The Beaver Canadian Immigration Consultants noted that immigration application for Indians has quadruple to 40 percent mainly from South Africa.

Uganda

Expulsion of South Asians under Idi Amin

The most infamous case of Indophobia is the ethnic cleansing of Indians and other South Asians (sometimes simply called "Asian") in Uganda by Idi Amin. (see Expulsion of Asians from Uganda)

According to H.H. Patel, many Indians in East Africa and Uganda were tailors and bankers, leading to stereotyping.

Indophobia in Uganda also existed under Milton Obote, before Amin's rise. The 1968 Committee on "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry" in Uganda made far-reaching Indophobic proposals.

A system of work permits and trade licenses was introduced in 1969 to Indians' economic and professional activities. Indians were segregated and discriminated against in all walks of life. After Amin came to power, he exploited these divisions to spread propaganda against Indians.

Indians were stereotyped as "only traders" and thereby "inbred" to their profession. Indians were attacked as "dukawallas" (an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time). They were stereotyped as "greedy, conniving", without racial identity or loyalty but "always cheating, conspiring and plotting" to subvert Uganda.

Amin used this to justify a campaign of "de-Indianisation", eventually resulting in the expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Uganda's Indian minority. Some 80,000 were expelled, leading about 25,000 to settle in the United Kingdom.

Zimbabwe

In the months before the Zimbabwean election, amongst widespread economic mismanagement by the Zimbabwean government, Zimbabwean president Emmerson Mnangagwa accused Zimbabwean Indians of hoarding basic goods, and threatened to seize their property.

Pacific Islands

Fiji

In 2000, Anti-Indian riots broke out throughout Fiji amidst an attempted coup. Protesters attacked Indian shops.

Western world

Contemporary Indophobia has risen in the western world, particularly in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and others, on account of the rise of the Indian American community and the increase in offshoring of white-collar jobs to India by American multinational corporations.

Australia

Further information: Violence against Indians in Australia controversy

In May and June 2009, racially motivated attacks against Indian international students and a perceived poor police response sparked protests. Rallies were held in both Melbourne and Sydney. Impromptu street protests were held in Harris Park, a suburb of western Sydney with a large Indian population. Representatives of the Indian government met with the Australian government to express concern and request that Indians be protected. Prime Minister Kevin Rudd expressed regret and called for the attackers to be brought to justice. The United Nations termed these attacks "disturbing" and the human rights commissioner Navi Pillay, herself a member of the Indian diaspora, asked Australia to investigate the matters further.

Some Facebook groups were set up with Indophobic leanings. The Rudd Government set up a task force to address a proposal to make sending a text message encouraging the commission of a racial attack a federal offence. The group was headed by national security adviser Duncan Lewis. The proposed amendment would strengthen police powers to respond to attacks against Indian students. Internet-based racist commentary was able to continue because of protection afforded by privacy laws. The current system allows the commission to investigate complaints of racial vilification and then attempt to resolve complaints through conciliation with ISPs and site operators.

Canada

As of 2024, there has been an uptick in anti-Indian sentiment in Canada directed against the influx of Indian international students. Indian international students in Canada state that they have witnessed discriminatory comments on social media from Canadians opposed to immigration. Between 2019 and 2022, hate crimes against South Asians increased by 143 percent in Canada. Dated 20th September 2023, India's foreign ministry issued the advisory on growing anti-India activities and politically condoned hate crimes and criminal violence in Canada.

Германия

См. Также: Споры стажировки в университете Лейпцига

Индия страдает от серьезного дефицита имиджа в Германии.

В августе 2007 года толпа из более чем 50 человек напала на 8 индейцев в Мюгелне .

2014 года Всемирный опрос BBC показал, что 68% немцев негативно рассматривают влияние Индии.

Польша

In 2022, an Indian man was racially abused by an American tourist in Poland who called him a parasite and accused him of "genociding our race".

Великобритания

В течение середины 20-го века, после того, как Индия стала независимой от британского правления , произошли большие волны индийской миграции в Великобританию. Начиная с конца 1960-х годов, антииндийский расизм начал влиять на британских индейцев , когда они стали жертвами расистского насилия и других форм расовой дискриминации у сторонников рук крайне правых, антииммиграционных и расистских политических партий, таких как Национальный фронт ( NF) и Британская национальная партия (BNP). Этот антииндийский расизм достиг пика в 1970-х и 1980-х годах. Индийская ассоциация рабочих была одной из многих политических организаций в Великобритании, которая помогла выступить против расистских атак против индейцев. В 1976 году рок против расизма политическое и культурное движение было сформировано как реакция на расистские атаки, которые происходили на улицах Соединенного Королевства, многие из которых нацелены на британских индейцев.

A notable example of anti-Indian sentiment in the UK is the 2007 Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy which received significant media coverage. Contestants Jade Goody (who was mixed race ), Danielle Lloyd and Jo O'Meara were all seen to have been mocking Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty because of her accent. Они также настаивали на том, чтобы высмеивать общие части индийской культуры. Канал 4 показал аргументы между участниками, которые получили более 50 000 жалоб. The controversy generated over 300 newspaper articles in Britain, 1,200 in English language newspapers around the globe, 3,900 foreign language news articles, and 22,000 blog postings on the internet. In October 2018, it was reported that Conservative Party candidate for the Mayor of London Shaun Bailey had written a pamphlet, entitled No Man's Land , for the Centre for Policy Studies . In it, Bailey claimed that South Asians "bring their culture, their country and any problems they might have, with them" and that this was not a problem within the Black community "because we've shared a religion and in many cases a language ".

Соединенные Штаты

Anti-Asian sentiment and Xenophobia had already emerged in the United States in response to Chinese immigration and the cheap labor which it supplied, mostly for railroad construction in California and elsewhere on the West Coast. В общем жаргоне дня обычные работники, газеты и политики выступали против иммиграции из Азии. Общее желание убрать азиатов с рабочей силы вдохновило на рост азиатской лиги исключения . В конце 19-го и начала 20-го веков индийские иммигранты, в основном пенджабские сикхи , поселились в Калифорнии, а американские антиазиатские настроения расширились, чтобы охватить иммигранты с индийского субконтинента.

Иммиграция из Индии в Соединенные Штаты стала более частой в период с 1907 по 1920 год из -за иммиграционного закона Канады в 1910 году, что ограничило количество индейцев, приходящих в страну. Калифорния была там, где мигрировали большинство индейцев, и индийские иммигранты имели негативную стигму вокруг них.

Hatred of the Indians amongst Americans led to the Bellingham riots in 1907. In the late-1980s in New Jersey , an anti-Indian hate group gang calling themselves the " Dotbusters " targeted, threatened and viciously beat Indians until they were in a coma and умер или пострадал от повреждения головного мозга. Бывший президент Ричард Никсон был признан, озвучивая унижающие замечания индейцев в недавно рассекреченных кассет Белого дома, ссылаясь на индейцев как «самые безполажные», «ничего» и «жалкие». Далее он отмечает об индийских женщинах как «несомненно, самые непривлекательные женщины в мире - индийские женщины. Несомненно».

Vamsee Juluri, author and Professor of Media Studies at the University of San Francisco, identifies Indophobia in certain sections of the US media as part of a racist postcolonial/neocolonial discourse used to attack and defame India and encourage racial prejudice against Indian Americans, particularly in light of India's recent economic progress, which some "old-school" colonialists find to be incompatible with their Clash of Civilizations world view. Юлури определил многочисленные случаи предвзятости и предубеждения против индейцев в американских СМИ, таких как «Нью -Йорк Таймс» и «Внешняя политика и попытки стереть и унижать историю Индии в учебниках по американской школе, искажающих историю Индии во время спора в учебных учебных учебных делах в отношении индуистской истории с окончательным вердиктом, чтобы сохранить термин «Индия» в калифорнийских учебниках и удалить содержимое распоряжения из учебников.

Латинская Америка и Карибский бассейн

Тринидад и Тобаго

иногда возникает антииндийская дискриминация, Среди местных жителей Карибского бассейна особенно Тринидад и Тобаго .

Гайана

Антииндийские чувства в Гайане иногда становятся жестокими. Anti-Indian riots of Guyana saw the black population burn businesses belonging to the Indians, many Indians and Africans have lost their lives rioting.

Инциденты в средствах массовой информации

Западные СМИ

Западные СМИ часто распространяют стереотипы против Индии.

Би -би -си

В 2008 году Би -би -си подверглась критике за то, что они ссылались на тех, кто совершил нападения в Мумбаи в ноябре 2008 года как «боевики», а не террористы. Журналист М.Дж Акбар выбрал бойкот Би -би -си, когда говорил о нападениях в Мумбаи 2008 года. British parliamentarian Stephen Pound referred to the BBC's alleged whitewashing of the attacks as "the worst sort of mealy mouthed posturing. It is desperation to avoid causing offence which ultimately causes more offence to everyone."

Writing for the 2008 edition of the peer-reviewed Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television , Alasdair Pinkerton analysed BBC Indian coverage from independence through 2008. Pinkerton suggested a tumultuous history involving allegations of Indophobic bias, particularly during the cold war , and concludes that Би -би -си в области геополитики и экономики Южной Азии показывает распространенный уклон индофобии.

В Журнале Института оборонных исследований и анализов аналитик СМИ Аджай К. Рай сильно критиковал Би -би -си за уклондым. He found a lack of depth and fairness in BBC reporting on conflict zones in South Asia and that the BBC had, on at least one occasion, fabricated photographs while reporting on the Kashmir conflict to make India look bad. He claimed that the network made false allegations that the Indian Army stormed a sacred Muslim shrine, the tomb of Sheikh Noor-u-din Noorani in Charari Sharief , and only retracted the claim after strong criticism.

Английский журналист Кристофер Букер также раскритиковал Би-би-си за освещение вопросов, связанных с Индией. Он приходит к выводу, что усилия Би -би -си по усилению стереотипов южноазиатцев были непосредственно ответственны за повреждение имиджа Индии и поощрение расистских инцидентов против индейцев, таких как споры стажировки в Университете Лейпцига .

Член парламента Великобритании Боб Блэкман раскритиковал Би -би -си за предвзятое сообщение о освящении Рама Мандира в Айодхье , Индия . He expressed concern over the British media's coverage, stating that the BBC's reporting on the event caused disharmony by emphasizing the site's history as the location of a mosque's destruction, while overlooking its origins as a Hindu temple .

New York Times

The newspaper's India coverage has been heavily criticized by scholars such as Sumit Ganguly , a professor of political science at Indiana University and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations as well the London-based Institute of Strategic Studies . В статье Forbes 2009 года Ganguly ошибается в редакционной комиссии New York Times за его «Гекторное» и «покровительство» в Индии. Он обнаруживает, что анти-индийская предвзятость в охвате конфликта Кашмира , Закона о Хайде и других связанных с Индией.

В 2010 году Huffington Post утверждала, что New York Times является лыжным и способствует неоколониализму с его наклонным и негативным освещением. United States lawmaker Kumar P. Barve described a recent editorial on India as full of "blatant and unprofessional factual errors or omissions" having a "haughty, condescending, arrogant and patronizing" tone.

In September 2014, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) successfully placed a spacecraft into orbit around the planet Mars , thereby completing the Mars Orbiter Mission . CNN сообщил об этом как «новаторскую миссию Марса», которая делает Индию первой нацией, которая прибыла с первой попытки, и первую азиатскую страну, которая достигнет Марса. Несколько дней спустя The New York Times опубликовали мультфильм на этом мероприятии, показывающий мужчина, одетого в тюрбан, с коровьей, стучащей у двери «элитного космического клуба». The Huffington Post сказал, что мультфильм был в «плохом вкусе» и «расовые, национальные и классические стереотипы очевидны». Впоследствии «Нью -Йорк Таймс» опубликовала извинения, в котором говорилось, что «большое количество читателей жаловалось» на мультфильм и что они «извиняются перед читателями, которые были обижены».

В июне 2016 года The New York Times опубликовала редакционную статью, противостоящую вступлению в Индию в группу поставщиков ядерных поставщиков (NSG). В течение этого времени администрация США во главе с президентом Бараком Обамой активно поддерживала членство в Индии. В документе говорится, что членство было «не заслужено», и что Индия «упала гораздо короткие» в выполнении обязанностей ядерной нации. Эта точка зрения была подвергнута критике со стороны нескольких западных и индийских экспертов по ядерным вопросам. Рамеш Такур, директор Центра ядерного нераспространения и разоружения в Австралийском национальном университете , сказал, что New York Times «часто шовинистическая» и что редакционная статья «отражает преднамеренный предвзятость». Алисса Айрес, старший научный сотрудник Южной Азии в Совете по международным отношениям , опровергла редакционную статью, заявив, что «небольшое сообщество наблюдателей за Индии в Вашингтоне читало эти слова в неверии», а газета «должна обосновать свои аргументы в оценке Полные факты ».

В ноябре 2017 года «Нью -Йорк Таймс» опубликовала статью Асгара Кадри, нападающую на индийское сари как «заговор индуистских националистов». Статья была широко распространена в социальных сетях за то, что он связал общую индийскую одежду с религиозными предрассудками и коммунизмом . Кроме того, эта статья подверглась жесткой критике со стороны нескольких индийских журналистов, таких как Барха Датт , который назвал это «Daft Commentare» и «грубым искажением представления о том, что для нас значит сари», и представление о том, что сари является исключительно индуистским платьем как «полная глупость». Другие критиковали «Нью-Йорк Таймс» за содействие колониальным расистским стереотипам и указали, что сари также популярно в странах мусульманского большинства, таких как Бангладеш .

Миллионер из трущоб

Основные статьи: Реакция Индии и индийской диаспоры на трущоб миллионера и противоречивые проблемы, связанные с миллионером трущоб, миллионера трущоба

Индо-британский фильм Миллионер из трущоба был предметом многих противоречий С точки зрения его названия, его изображение индийских трущоб и использования языка. Название фильма было последовательно оспаривалось за то, что в нем было слово «собака». Протест состоялся в Патне, где он был написан на вывеске «Я не собака». Activists stated that slum dwellers would continue to protest until the film's director deleted the word "dog" from the title.

Со-директор Лавилн Тандан был слишком критичен со стороны продюсера Кристиан Колсон . Колсон определила свое партнерство с Бойлом как несоответствие. Колсон отметил, что название «со-директора (Индия)», данного Тандану, было «странным, но заслуживающим» и было разработано над «кока-колой и чашкой чая», чтобы идентифицировать ее как «одну из наших ключевых культурных мосты. " During the 2009 Oscar awards ceremony, Tandan was ignored and all credit for the film was taken by Boyle. Some filmmakers and actors from Bollywood were also critical of Slumdog Millionaire including Aamir Khan, Приядаршан и музыкальный директор Аадеш Шривастава .

Мои пакиста СМИ

Pakistani media commentators such as Zaid Hamid were accused by other Pakistanis of promoting Indophobia. В редакционной статье, опубликованной в Daily Times, Тайяб Шах обвинил его в том, что он действовал по поручению пакистанского учреждения безопасности и осудил его взгляды. Наряду с Лашкар-и-Тайба он является одним из главных сторонников современного Пакистана Газватул Хинд , битвы, в которой мусульмане покорят Индию и устанавливают правило шариата в соответствии с хадисом .

Разговор с журналистами после открытия выставки в Лахоре , Маджид Низами , главный редактор Nawa-i-waqt , заявил: «Свобода-величайшее благословение Всемогущего, который может спасти нас от доминирования индусов, поскольку наша заклятая врага Индия Индия Индия Склонился от уничтожения Пакистана.

Участие правительства

Некоторые из антииндийских пропаганде, как утверждается, управляется пакистанскими военными. В декабре 2010 года многие пакистанские газеты опубликовали отчеты, основанные на утечках дипломатических кабелей США , которые изображали Индию в негативном свете. Гардиан сообщил, что ни одна из информации, сообщенной пакистанскими СМИ, не может быть проверена в своей базе данных просочившихся кабелей. После этого несколько газет извинились. The fake cables were believed to have been planted by Inter-Services Intelligence.

Смотрите также

• Анти-Хинду настроения
• Антипакистанские настроения
• Антироманские чувства
• Римлянам Холокост
• Барбара Кроссетт
• Критика буддизма
• Критика индуизма
• Критика джайнизма
• Критика сикхизма
• Преследование буддистов
• Преследование индусов
• Категория: преследование сикхов
• Стереотипы южноазиатров
• Шафран террор
• Сепаратистские движения Индии

Ссылки

Источники

• Riaz, Ali (2012), Исламистская воинственность в Бангладеш: сложная сеть , Routledge, ISBN  978-1-134-05715-3

Дальнейшее чтение

• Idi Amin & Indophobia: General Amin и индийский исход из Уганды от Hasu H. Patel, выпуск: журнал мнения , вып. 2, № 4 (зима, 1972), с. 12–22. JSTOR   1166488
• Траутманн, Томас Р. (1997). «Британская индофобия» . Арийцы и Британская Индия . Калифорнийский университет. ISBN  978-0-520-20546-8 .
• К.К. Азиз. (2004) Убийство истории: критика учебников истории, используемых в Пакистане . Авангард. ISBN   969-402-126-X
• Найяр, Ах и Салим, Ахмад. (2003) Тонкая подрывная деятельность: состояние учебных программ и учебников в Пакистане-урду, английском языке, общественных науках и гражданском языке . Институт политики устойчивого развития. Тонкая подрывная деятельность
• Россер, Иветт Клэр (2003). Исламизация учебников пакистанских общественных наук . Нью -Дели: Rupa & Co. ISBN   81-291-0221-8 .
• Россер, Иветт Клэр (2004). Знакомые умы: политика образования в Бангладеш . Нью -Дели: Rupa & Co. ISBN   8129104318 .

Внешние ссылки

• «Исламское возрождение в Бангладеш: Бытие, динамика и последствия» . Тадж И. Хашми, Азиатско-Тихоокеанский центр исследований безопасности .
• «Террор без границ: исламская воинственность на северо -востоке Индии» . Jaideep Saikia, Университет Иллинойса в Урбане -Шампейн , июль 2003 года.
• "Что означает« антииндийский »?» Архивировано 15 августа 2017 года на машине Wayback . Зафар Собан, воскресный опекун .
• «Австралия и антииндийское насилие» , The Economist , 18 июня 2009 года.
• «Новая антииндийская реакция Америки» . Дэвид Дж. Карл, Bloomberg Businessweek , 13 мая 2010 года.
• «Религия и антииндианство в Пакистане» йогиндера Сиканда , New Age Islam , 31 декабря 2010 года.
• «Бангладешский антииндийский пистолет, бегущий и повстанческие убежище сохраняются» ^{[узурпировал]} Полем Доктор Субхаш Капила, аналитическая группа Южной Азии , 29 апреля 2004 года.
• "Почему некоторые бангладешские антииндийцы?" Хабибул Хак Хондкер, The Daily Star , 24 июля 2009 года.
• «Переосмысление антииндианства в Непале» Трэндокья Радж Арьял, Мирепублика , 25 апреля 2010 года.
• «Увеличение антииндийства в Непале: миф или реальность» архивировало 24 сентября 2015 года на машине Wayback . Telegraphnepal.com .
• «Индия может позволить себе антииндианство» . С. Прасаннараджан, Индия сегодня , 10 декабря 2010 года.