List of names in A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists
Joseph McCabe published A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists in 1920 (London: Watts & Co.). Most (though not all) of those listed were also included in A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Freethinkers (1945)
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A
[edit]- Firmin Abauzit
- Ernst Abbe
- Francis Ellingwood Abbot
- George Frederick Abbott
- Leonard Dalton Abbott
- Edmond About
- Thomas Achelis or Thomas Ludwig Bernhard Achelis ([1] mentioned in de:Thomas Otto Achelis, his son)
- ACKERMANN, Louise V.
- ACOLLAS, Professor E.
- ACOSTA, Uriel
- ADAM, Professor Charles, D. es L.
- ADAMS, Charles Francis
- ADAMS, Francis W. L.
- ADAMS, John, President of the United States
- ADAMS, Robert
- ADAMSON, Professor Robert, Ph.D.
- ADCOCK, A. St. John
- ADICKES, Professor E., Ph.D.
- ADLER, Professor Felix, Ph.D.
- AHRENS, Professor Heinrich, Ph.D.
- AIKENHEAD, Thomas
- AIRY, Sir George B., K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.
- AITZEMA, Lieuwe van
- ALBEE, John
- ALCOTT, Amos Bronson
- ALEMBERT, Jean le Rond d'
- ALFIERI, Count V.
- ALGAROTTI, Count F.
- Thomas Clifford Allbutt
- ALLEN, Grant, B.A.
- ALLEN, Colonel Ethan
- ALLEN, John. M.D.
- ALLINGHAM, William
- ALLMAN, Professor G. J., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.
- ALLSOP, Thomas
- ALTMEYER, Professor J. J., Ph.D., D.C.L.
- ALVIELLA, Count Goblet d'
- AMARI, Professor M.
- AMICIS, Edmondo de
- AMIEL, Henri F.
- ANDERSON, George
B
[edit]Ba
[edit]- François-Noël Babeuf
- Guido Baccelli
- Robert Bage
- Walter Bagehot
- Jens Immanuel Baggesen
- Julius Bahnsen
- Karl Friedrich Bahrdt
- Samuel Bailey
- George Baillie ([2])
- Alexander Bain
- Mikhail Bakunin
- James Mark Baldwin
- William Platt Ball ([3])
- John Ballance
- José Manuel Balmaceda
- Eduard Baltzer
- Honoré de Balzac
- François-Désiré Bancel ([4] see fr:François-Désiré Bancel)
- Hubert Howe Bancroft
- Giuseppe Baretti
- George Barlow
- Jane Barlow
- Joel Barlow
- Antoine Barnave
- J. Edmestone Barnes ([5])[1]
- Jules Barni ([6] see fr:Jules Barni and hu:Jules Barni)
- François Odysse Barot ([7])
- Thomas Squire Barrett ([8])
- Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire
- Paul Joseph Barthez
- Hector Alexandre Bartoli ([9] see fr:Hector Alexandre Bartoli)
- Theodor Bartošek ([10] see cs:Theodor Bartošek)
- Giacomo Barzelotti ([11])
- Johann Bernhard Basedow
- Marie Bashkirtseff
- John Baskerville
- Adolf Bastian
- Henry Charlton Bastian
- Frédéric Bastiat
- Henry Walter Bates
- Angelo Battelli
- Cesare Battisti
- Charles Pierre Baudelaire
- Wolf Wilhelm Friedrich von Baudissin
- Henri Baudrillart
- Bruno Bauer
- Edgar Bauer
- Ernest Belfort Bax
- Pierre Bayle
Be
[edit]
- Charles Marsh Beadnell ([12])
- Louis de Beausobre
- August Bebel
- Cesare Beccaria
- Erich Becher ([13] see de:Erich Becher and sv:Erich Becher)
- Walter Frederick Becker ([14])
- Hubert Beckers
- William Thomas Beckford
- Thomas Beddoes
- Thomas Lovell Beddoes
- Edward Spencer Beesly
- Ludwig van Beethoven
- Elphinstone Waters Begbie ([15])
- Balthasar Bekker
- Thomas Evans Bell ([16])
- Gustave Belot
- Hedwig Bender ([17] see de:Hedwig Bender)
- Friedrich Eduard Beneke
- Alfred William Benn
- De Robigne Mortimer Bennett ([18])
- Arnold Bennett
- Jeremy Bentham
- Pierre-Jean de Béranger
- Henri Louis Bergson
- John Berkenhout
- Hector Berlioz
- Claude Bernard
- Henry Meyners Bernard ([19])
- Aaron Bernstein
- Eduard Bernstein
- Paul Bert
- Agostino Bertani
- Marcellin Berthelot
- Claude Louis Berthollet
- Domenico Berti ([20] see it:Domenico Berti and sv:Domenico Berti)
- Alphonse Bertillon
- Louis Bertillon
- George Berwick ([21])
- Walter Besant
- Matilda Betham-Edwards
- Richard Bethell[1]
- Saverio Bettinelli
- Marie-Henri Beyle
Bi
[edit]- Aurelio Bianchi-Giovini ([22] see it:Aurelio Bianchi-Giovini)
- Marie François Xavier Bichat
- Ambrose Bierce
- Alfred Binet
- Jean-Baptiste Biot
- William John Birch ([23])
- George Birkbeck
- Richard Bithell ([24])
- Georges Bizet
- Edwin August Björkmann ([25])
- Bjornstjerne Bjornson
- Grigorevich Blagosvetlov ([26])
- William Blake
- Louis Blanc
- Louis Auguste Blanqui
- Robert Blatchford
- Linley Blathwayt ([27])
- Karl Bleibtreu
- Ange François Blein ([28] see fr:Ange François Blein)
- Karl Blind
- Mathilde Blind
- Ivan Bloch
- Charles Blount (deist)
- Henry BLount
- Thomas Pope Blount
- Robert Blum
Bo
[edit]
- Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
- Nicolas Boindin ([30] see fr:Nicolas Boindin)
- Marie-Louis-Antoine-Gaston Boissier
- Arrigo Boito
- Johan Bojer
- Wilhelm Bolin ([31] see fi:Wilhelm Bolin and sv:Wilhelm Bolin)
- Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
- Simón Bolívar
- Wilhelm Bolsche
- Bernard Bolzano
- Jérôme Bonaparte
- Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
- Ruggero Bonghi
- Rosa Bonheur
- Filippo de Boni ([32] see it:Filippo De Boni)
- Charles Bonnet
- John Bonnycastle
- Charles Victor de Bonstetten
- James Bonwick
- James Booth (lawyer) ([33])
- Ignaz von Born
- Ludwig Börne
- George Borrow
- Bernard Bosanquet
- Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc
- Christopher Jacob Boström
- Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes
- Louis Antoine de Bougainville
- Célestin Charles Alfred Bouglé
- Francisque Bouillier
- Henri de Boulainvilliers
- Nicolas Antoine Boulanger
- Léon Bourgeois
- Désiré-Magloire Bourneville
- Émile Boutmy
- Émile Boutroux
- Giovanni Bovio
- Charles Bowen, Baron Bowen
- Charles Bowman (secularist) ([34])
- Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen
Br
[edit]- Edward William Brabrook
- Charles Bradlaugh
- Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner
- Francis Herbert Bradley
- Hans Lien Brækstad ([35] see book translated? by him)
- Teófilo Braga
- Johannes Brahms
- George Bramwell
- Edvard Brandes
- Georg Brandes
- Louis Brandin ([36])
- Hjalmar Branting
- Lily Braun
- Wilhelm von Braun ([37] see sv:Wilhelm von Braun)
- Charles Bray
- Wilhelm Breitenbach ([38])
- Franz Brentano
- E. Cobham Brewer
- Henry Brewster (writer) ([39])
- Aristide Briand
- Horace J. Bridges ([40])
- John Henry Bridges ([41])
- Eugene Brieux
- Daniel Garrison Brinton
- Adolphe Brisson ([42] see fr:Adolphe Brisson)
- Eugène Henri Brisson
- Jacques Pierre Brissot
- Augusta Cooper Bristol ([43])
- Paul Broca
- Benjamin Collins Brodie
- Rupert Brooke
- Stopford Augustus Brooke
- William Brooksbank (writer) ([44])
- Charles de Brosses
- François-Joseph-Victor Broussais
- Arthur Brown (jurist) ([45])
- Ford Madox Brown
- George William Brown (reformer) ([46])
- John Armour Brown ([47])[1]
- Titus L. Brown ([48])
- Walston Hill Brown ([49])
- William Montgomery Brown
- Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
- Thomas Browne
- William George Browne
- Robert Browning
- Giordano Bruno
Bu
[edit]- Walter James Buchanan ([50])[1]
- Robert Buchanan (Owenite) ([51])
- Robert Williams Buchanan
- Alexander Büchner ([52])
- Friedrich Büchner
- Henry Thomas Buckle
- Odón de Buen y del Cos
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
- Ferdinand Buisson
- Charles Buller
- Luther Burbank
- Jakob Burckhardt
- Karl Friedrich Burdach
- Francis Burdett
- William Burdon ([53])
- Thomas François Burgers
- Jean Lévesque de Burigny
- Thomas Burnet
- James Burnett, Lord Monboddo
- John Burnett
- Émile-Louis Burnouf
- Eugène Burnouf
- John Burns
- Robert Burns
- John Burroughs
- Thomas Burt
- John Hill Burton
- Richard Francis Burton
- J. B. Bury
- Samuel Butler, author of Hudibras
- Samuel Butler, novelist
- Vissarion Belinsky
- Lord Byron
C
[edit]Ca
[edit]
- George-Paul-Sylvester Cabanis ([54])
- Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis
- William Ralph Hall Caine ([55])
- Wathen Mark Wilks Call ([56])
- Laureano Calderón y Arana ([57] see es:Laureano Calderón Arana)
- Salvador Calderón y Arana ([58] see es:Salvador Calderón y Arana)
- Charles Callaway ([59])
- Charles Stuart Calverley
- Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
- Thomas Campbell (poet)
- Giovanni Canestrini
- Stanislao Cannizzaro
- Tommaso Cannizzaro ([60] see it:Tommaso Cannizzaro)
- Carlo Cantoni ([61] see it:Carlo Cantoni)
- Emily Palmer Cape ([62])
- Giosuè Carducci
- Richard Carlile
- Henry Carlton (jurist) ([63])
- John Aitken Carlyle ([64])
- Thomas Carlyle
- Andrew Carnegie
- Bartolomäus von Carneri ([65])
- Lazare Hippolyte Carnot
- Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
- Marie François Sadi Carnot
- Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
- Elme Marie Caro
- Queen Caroline
- Edward Carpenter
- William Benjamin Carpenter
- Herbert Wildon Carr
- Jean-Louis Carra ([66] see fr:Jean-Louis Carra)
- Jean Baptiste Nicholas Armand Carrel
- Moritz Carrière
- Julius Victor Carus
- Karl Gustav Carus
- Paul Carus
- Giovanni Jacques de Seingalt Casanova
- Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier
- Otto Caspari ([67] see de:Otto Caspari)
- Walter Richard Cassels
- David Castelli
- Jean-Louis Castilhon
- Catherine the Great
- Carlo Cattaneo
- Giacomo Cattaneo ([68])
- Charles Cattell ([69])
- Éléonore-Louis Godefroi Cavaignac
- Felice Carlo Emmanuele Cavallotti
- Henry Cavendish
- Jean-Mamert Cayla ([70]) see fr:Jean-Mamert Cayla)
- Émile-Honoré Cazelles ([71] see s:fr:Auteur:Émile Cazelles)
Ce
[edit]- Joseph Antoine Joachim Cerutti
- Giovanni Alfredo Cesareo ([72] see it:Giovanni Alfredo Cesareo)
- Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour
- Thomas Chaloner (regicide)
- Basil Hall Chamberlain
- Daniel Henry Chamberlain
- Houston Stewart Chamberlain
- Ephraim Chambers
- Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)
- Sebastien-Roch Nicolas Chamfort
- Adelbert von Chamisso
- Jean-François Champollion
- Francis Leggatt Chantrey
- John Chapman (publisher)
- Jean Antoine Claude Chaptal
- Victor Charbonnel ([73] but :fr:Victor Charbonnel has incoming links)
- Antoine Charma ([74] see fr:Antoine Charma)
- Pierre Charron
- François-Jean de Chastellux
- Gabrielle Émilie du Châtelet
- Thomas Chatterton
- Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
- Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chaussard
- Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
- André Marie Chénier
- Marie-Joseph Chénier
- Alice Chenoweth
- Charles Victor Cherbuliez
- Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini
- Ramón Chíes y Gómez de Riofranco
- Lydia Maria Francis Child
- William Chilton (printer)
- Percival Chubb ([75])
- Thomas Chubb
- Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie
- Marcus Andrew Hislop Clarke
- Georges Eugène Benjamin Clemenceau
- Samuel Langhorne Clemens
- Martin Clifford
- William Kingdon Clifford
- Mrs. W. K. Clifford
- Henry Cline
- Edward Clodd
- Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce, baron de Cloots
- Arthur Hugh Clough
- Thomas Clouston
Co
[edit]- Chapman Cohen
- Hermann Cohen
- Stanton Coit
- Henry John Coke ([76])
- John Duke Coleridge
- Jean Guillaume César Alexandre Hippolyte, baron de Colins ([77] see fr:Jean Hippolyte Colins de Ham)
- John Collier (painter)
- Christen Christian Dreyer Collin
- Anthony Collins
- John Churton Collins
- Lucy N. Colman
- Giovanni Battista Comazzi ([78] but we have lots of fleurons from his book. Cf. Henry Coventry (deist))
- Andrew Combe
- George Combe
- Émile Justin Louis Combes
- Thomas Common
- Domenico Comparetti
- Jules Gabriel Compayré
- François-Charles-Louis Comte
- Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte
- Étienne Bonnot de Mably de Condillac
- Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet
- Marie Louise Sophie Grouchy, Marquise of Condorcet
- Richard Congreve
- Joseph Conrad
- Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque
- Vasile Conta (Basil Conta)
- Hugh Conway
- Moncure Daniel Conway
- William Martin Conway
- Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare
- Keningale Robert Cook ([79] now only remembered as the husband of Mabel Collins)
- Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury
- Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury
- John Gilbert Cooper
- Robert Cooper (Owenite) ([80])
- Thomas Cooper
- Edward Drinker Cope
- Henri Arthur Marie Cornette ([81])
- Otto Julius Bernhard von Corvin-Wiersbitzki
- Henry John Stedman Cotton
- Paul Louis Courier
de Méré - Leonard Henry Courtney
- William Leonard Courtney
- Victor Cousin
- Henry Coventry (deist) ([82] but we have lots of fleurons from his book. Cf. Giovanni Battista Comazzi )
- William Coward
- Joseph Cowen
D
[edit]Da
[edit]- Étienne Noël Damilaville
- Jean Philibert Damiron
- Vincenzo Dandolo
- Agnes Mary Frances Darmesteter
- James Darmesteter
- Frances Darusmont
- Charles Darwin
- Erasmus Darwin
- Francis Darwin
- George Howard Darwin
- Leonard Darwin
- Alphonse Daudet
- Pierre Claude François Daunou
- Jacques-Louis David
- Caroline Augusta Rhys Davids
- Thomas William Rhys Davids
- John Davidson (poet)
- Thomas Davidson (philosopher)
- Charles Maurice Davies
- Helen Hamilton Gardner Day
De
[edit]- Élie Louis Marie Marc Antoine Debidour ([87] see fr:Antonin Debidour)
- Lauro Adolfo De Bosis
- Claude Achille Debussy
- Charles-Theodore-Henri De Coster
- Saverio Fausto De Dominicis ([88] see it:Saverio Fausto De Dominicis)
- Marie Anne de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise du Deffand
- Angelo de Gubernatis
- Edward Dowes Dekker (Multatuli)
- Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix
- Marie Yves Delage
- Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
- Jean-François Casimir Delavigne
- Joseph Rémi Léopold Delbœuf
- Étienne Marie Justin Victor Delbos
- Léon Delbos ([89])
- Théophile Delcassé
- Jean-Baptiste-Claude Delisle de Sales
- Alexandre Deleyre
- Augustus De Morgan
- Ève Demaillot ([90])
- James Steuart Denham
- Joseph Deniker
- Hector Denis
- William F. Denton ([91])
- César De Paepe
- Agathon Louis de Potter ([92])
- Louis Joseph Antoine de Potter
- Maria Deraismes
- Pasquale d'Ercole ([93])
- Francesco de Sanctis
- Léger Marie Deschamps
- Émile Auguste Étienne Martin Deschanel
- Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel
- Marius Deshumbert ([94])
- André-François Boureau-Deslandes
- Pierre Desmaizeaux
- Lucie Simplice Camille Benoît Desmoulins
- Gustave Le Brisoys Desnoiresterres ([95] see fr:Gustave Desnoiresterres
- Joseph Marie Dessaix
- Pierre-Joseph Destriveaux ([96])
- Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy
- Rowland Detrosier
- Konrad Deubler ([97] see de:Konrad Deubler)
- Willem Deurhoff ([98])
- Immanuel Oscar Menahem Deutsch
- John Dewey
- Henry de Worms
Di
[edit]- Porfirio Díaz
- Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson
- Auguste Dide ([99] see fr:Auguste Dide)
- Denis Diderot
- Gustav Diercks ([100])
- Joseph Dietzgen
- Ashton Wentworth Dilke
- Charles Wentworth Dilke
- Gustav Friedrich Dinter
- Johann Konrad Dippel
- Florence Caroline Dixie
- Bertram Dobell ([101])
- Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
- Nikolay Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov
- Arnold Dodel-Port
- Henry Dodwell (deist) ([102] see s:Dodwell, Henry (d.1784) (DNB00))
- Horatio Bryan Donkin
- John Sholto Douglas
- Stephen Arnold Douglas
- Edward Dowden
Dr
[edit]- Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud
- John William Draper
- Edmond Dresden ([103])
- Arthur Drews
- Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
- William James Charles Maria Drummond of Logiealmond
- Helene von Druskowitz
- Charles Robert Drysdale
- John Dryden (merchant) ([104])[1]
Du
[edit]- Julius Duboc
- Paul-François Dubois ([105] see fr:Paul-François Dubois)
- Emil du Bois-Reymond
- Pierre-Ulric Dubuisson
- Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux
- Charles Pinot Duclos
- Jean-François Ducos
- William Dudgeon (philosopher)
- Eugen Karl Dühring
- Édouard Dujardin
- Jacques-Antoine Dulaure ([106] see fr:Jacques-Antoine Dulaure)
- Henri Joseph Du Laurens
- Albert Friedrich Benno Dulk ([107])
- Alexandre Dumas, fils
- George Louis Palmella Busson du Maurier
- Léon Dumont
- Pierre Étienne Louis Dumont
- David Duncan (educationist) ([108] see his most well known work)
- Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker
- Jacob Louis Dupont ([109] see fr:Jacques Louis Dupont)
- Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
- Charles-François Dupuis
- Émile Durkheim
- Jean Victor Duruy
- Théophile-Imarigeon Duvernet ([110])
E
[edit]
- Johann Augustus Eberhard
- Ernst Theodor Echtermeyer
- Johann Peter Eckermann
- Johann Christian Edelmann ([111] see de:Johann Christian Edelmann)
- Thomas Alva Edison
- Chilperic Edwards ([112])
- John Passmore Edwards
- Justus van Effen
- Johann Gottfried Eichhorn
- Rudolf Eisler
- Charles William Eliot
- George Eliot
- Pietro Ellero ([113] see it:Pietro Ellero)
- Hugh Samuel Roger Elliot
- John Elliotson
- Alfred Burdon Ellis
- Henry Havelock Ellis
- William Ellis
- Mountstuart Elphinstone
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- William Emerson
- Robert Emmet
- Friedrich Engels
- George Bethune English
- George Ensor
- Johann Eduard Erdmann
- John Ericsson
- François-Louis d'Escherny ([114] see fr:François d'Escherny)
- Alfred Victor Espinas
- José de Espronceda
- Henri-François-Alphonse Esquiros
- George Henry Evans
- Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot)
- Antoine-François Ève ([115])
- Moses Jacob Ezekiel
F
[edit]
- Philippe François Nazaire Fabre d'Églantine
- Bruto Fabricatore ([116] see it:Bruto Fabricatore)
- Adolfo Faggi ([117])
- Auguste Émile Faguet
- Clement Armand Fallières
- Frederick John Fargus
- John Farquhar
- Hippolyte Fauche ([118] see fr:Hippolyte Fauche)
- Félix François Faure
- Sébastien Faure
- Edgar Fawcett
- Henry Fawcett
- Everard Fawkener
- Gustav Theodor Fechner
- Robert Fellowes
- Joseph Fels
- Giuseppe Ferrari
- Francisco Ferrer y Guardia
- Guglielmo Ferrero
- Enrico Ferri
- Luigi Ferri
- Jules François Camille Ferry
- Friedrich Heinrich Feuerbach
- Ludwig Feuerbach
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte
- Harold Patrick Fielding-Hall ([119])
- Estanislao Figueras y de Moragas
- Gaetano Filangieri
- Heinrich Finke ([120] see de:Heinrich Finke)
- Francesco Fiorentino
- Johann Georg Fischer
- Ernst Kuno Berthold Fischer
- John Fiske
- Edward FitzGerald
- Nicolas Camille Flammarion
- "Flanor" (Carel Vosmaer)
- Gustave Flaubert
- Charles Thomas Floquet
- Gustave Flourens
- Marie Jean Pierre Flourens
- Benjamin Orange Flower
- Eliza Flower
Fo
[edit]- Wilhelm Julius Foerster
- Albany Fonblanque
- Theodor Fontane
- Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle
- George William Foote
- Friedrich Karl Forberg
- Auguste Forel
- James George Roche Forlong
- Karl Fortlage
- Niccolò Ugo Foscolo
- Alfred Jules Émile Fouillée
- Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier
- François Marie Charles Fourier
- Charles James Fox
- Elizabeth Vassall Fox
- Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland
- Henry Richard Vassall-Fox
- William Johnson Fox
- Anatole France
- Adolphe Franck
- Nicolas-Louis François de Neufchâteau
- Edward Frankland
- Benjamin Franklin
- John Fransham
- Christian Martin Julius Frauenstädt
- James George Frazer
- Frederick II of Prussia
- William Freke
- Ferdinand Freiligrath
- William Frend (reformer)
- Hubert Joseph Walthère Frère-Orban
- Nicolas Fréret
- Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet
- Gustav Freytag
- Jakob Friedrich Fries
- Friedrich Fröbel
- Octavius Brooks Frothingham
- James Anthony Froude
- John Fry (regicide)
- Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli
- Max Fürbringer
- Frederick James Furnivall
G
[edit]Ga
[edit]- Hans Friedrich Gadow
- Matilda Joslyn Gage
- Henri Gaidoz
- Benito Pérez Galdós
- Ferdinando Galiani
- Franz Joseph Gall
- Walter Matthew Gallichan[1]
- John Galsworthy
- Francis Galton
- Léon Michel Gambetta
- Charles Ferdinand Gambon ([121] see fr:Charles Ferdinand Gambon)
- Antonio Rodríguez García-Vao ([122] see es:Antonio Rodríguez García-Vao)
- Helen Hamilton Gardener
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Edward William Garnett
- Lucy Mary Jane Garnett
- Richard Garnett (writer)
- William Lloyd Garrison
- Samuel Garth
- Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier
- Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
- Erik Gustaf Geijer
- Barbe Gendre ([123])
- Petrus Augustus de Génestet
- François Génin ([124])
- Antonio Genovesi
- Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin
- Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
- Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
- Friedrich Wilhelm Ghillany
- Arcangelo Ghisleri
- Pietro Giannone
- Edward Gibbon
- Franklin Henry Giddings
- Adam Gifford
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman
- Ernest William Gimson
- Josiah Gimson ([125])
- Sydney Ansell Gimson ([126])
- Pierre-Louis Ginguené
- Melchiorre Gioia
- Stephen Girard
- Maria Gisborne
- George Robert Gissing
- Georg von Gizycki ([127] see de:Georg von Gizycki)
- John Stuart Stuart-Glennie
- Francis Glisson
- Joseph Arthur de Gobineau
- René Goblet
- Eugène Goblet d'Alviella
- W. S. Godfrey ([128])
- Edwin Lawrence Godkin
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- William Godwin
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- John Goldie (philosopher)
- Theodor Goldstücker
- Ignác Goldziher
- George Laurence Gomme
- Heinrich Gomperz
- Theodor Gomperz
- Edmond Louis Antoine Huot de Goncourt
- Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt
- Giuseppe Gorani ([129] see it:Giuseppe Gorani)
- Adam Lindsay Gordon
- Thomas Gordon (writer)
- Charles Turner Gorham ([130])
- Alexei Maximovitch Peshkov Gorky
- Frederick James Gould
- Remy de Gourmont
Gr
[edit]- William Graham (economist) ([131])
- Kerr Grant
- Ulysses Simpson Grant
- Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff
- Benjamin Kirkman Gray
- Octave Vallery Clément Gréard
- John Richard Green
- Joseph Frederick Green
- Kate Greenaway
- Edward Greenly
- Granville George Greenwood
- William Rathbone Greg
- Ferdinand Gregorovius[1]
- William Henry Gregory
- Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville
- François Paul Jules Grévy
- Albert Henry George Grey
- Lepel Henry Griffin
- Dod Grile
- Franz Grillparzer
- Friedrich Melchior von Grimm
- Eduard Grisebach ([132] see de:Eduard Grisebach)
- Francis Hindes Groome
- Karl Groos
- Alessandro Groppali ([133])
- Elici Gropuel (appears in A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Freethinkers)
- Nikolai Yakolevich Grot ([134] see ru:Грот, Николай Яковлевич)
- George Grote
- Harriet Grote
- Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün
- Louis Auguste Jean François Philippe Gruyer ([135] see fr:Louis Gruyer)
- Ange Guépin ([136] see fr:Ange Guépin)
- Adolphe Georges Guéroult ([137] see fr:Adolphe Georges Guéroult)
- Abílio Manuel Guerra Junqueiro
- Olindo Guerrini
J
[edit]- John Jacob
- Jens Peter Jacobsen
- Louis Jacolliot
- Henry James
- William James
- Leander Starr Jameson
- Joseph Jastrow
- Morris Jastrow, Jr.
- Louis de Jaucourt
- Jean Leon Jaurès
- Richard Jefferies
- Thomas Jefferson
- Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
- Peter Christian Albrecht Jensen ([140] see de:Peter Jensen (Altorientalist))
- Charles Jervas
- Friedrich Jodl
- Richard Mentor Johnson
- Samuel Johnson
- Harry Hamilton Johnston
- Ernest Jones
- David Starr Jordan
- Théodore Simon Jouffroy
- Benjamin Jowett
- Benito Pablo Juárez
- Mark Hayler Judge
- Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn
K
[edit]- Alexander Kadison ([141])
- Marcus Kalisch
- Albert Kalthoff
- Henry Home, Lord Kames
- Immanuel Kant
- Otto Karmin ([142])
- Karl Johann Kautsky
- Augustus Henry Keane
- Charles Francis Keary ([143] several refs to him mainly in refs)
- John Keats
- Charles Samuel Keene
- George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal
- James Francis Edward Keith
- Johan Henric Kellgren
- William Kenrick
- Ellen Key
- Cassius Jackson Keyser
- Alexander Lange Kielland
- Søren Aaby Kierkegaard
- Peter King, 1776–1833 ([144])
- Alexander William Kinglake
- George Henry Kingsley ([145] brother of Charles Kingsley)
- Mary Henrietta Kingsley
- Hermann Klaatsch
- Heinrich von Kleist
- Abner Kneeland
- Otto Knopf ([146] see the eponymous Knopfia asteroid)
- Robert Knox
- James Knowles
- Matthias Knutzen
- Hermann Kolbe
- Selig Korn ([147] see this)
- Ernst Ludwig Krause ([148])
- Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
- Franz Krejei ([149])
- Arnold Krekel
- Pyotr Kropotkin
M
[edit]
Ma
[edit]- James Macartney (anatomist)
- Joseph McCabe
- William Maccall
- Mauro Macchi ([150] see it:Mauro Macchi)
- Eugene Montague Macdonald ([151])
- George Everett Macdonald ([152])
- Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach
- Bernardino Machado
- Charles Mackay (author)
- Robert William Mackay ([153] see s:Mackay, Robert William (DNB00))
- John Stuart Mackenzie
- Sampson Arnold Mackey ([154])
- James Mackintosh
- John M'Taggart Ellis M'Taggart
- Imre Madách
- James Madison
- Johann Heinrich von Mädler[1]
- Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck
- Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan
- Frederic William Maitland
- Arthur François Ève Maillot
- François de Malherbe
- David Mallet (writer)
- Benoît Malon
- Hector Henri Malot
- Conrad Malte-Brun
- Terenzio Mamiani della Royere
- Bernard Mandeville
- Willem Christiaan van Manen
- Mangasar Mugurditch Mangasarian ([155])
- Paolo Mantegazza
- Jean-Paul Marat
- José Marchena Ruiz de Cueto
- Giovanni Marchesini ([156] but it:Giovanni Marchesini is a different professor at the University of Padua!)
- Pierre Sylvain Maréchal
- Robert Ranulph Marett
- Victor Margueritte
- François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette
- Léon Marillier ([157] see fr:Léon Marillier)
- Alberto Mario ([158] see it:Alberto Mario)
- Jessie White Mario
- Edward Laurens Mark ([159])
- Erich Marcks ([160]
- Murray Marks ([161]
- Christopher Marlowe
- Jean-François Marmontel
- Thomas Marryat
- Henry Rutgers Marshall
- Philip Bourke Marston
- François-Marie de Marsy ([162] fr:François-Marie de Marsy)
- Henry Marten (regicide)
- Alfred Wilhelm Martin
- Bon Louis Henri Martin
- Emma Martin (socialist)
- Harriet Martineau
- Charles Frédéric Martins [163] see fr:Charles Frédéric Martins)
- Francis Sidney Marvin
- Karl Marx
- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
- Pietro Antonio Stefano Mascagni
- Filippo Masci ([164] see it:Filippo Masci)
- Josiah Mason
- Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet
- Gerald Massey
- Marie-Alexandre Massol ([165] see s:fr:La Sculpture dans les cimetières de Paris/Père-Lachaise/75)
- Jean-Henri Maubert de Gouvest ([166] see fr:Jean-Henri Maubert de Gouvest)
- Aylmer Maude
- Henry Maudsley
- Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant
- Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
- Jakob Mauvillon
- Hiram Stevens Maxim
- Friedrich Max Müller
- Frederick Augustus Maxse
- Walther Victor May ([167])
- Giuseppe Mazzini
Me
[edit]- Thomas Medwin
- Alfred Meissner
- Jean Henri Meister ([168])
- William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
- Félix Jules Méline
- Herman Melville
- Louis-Nicolas Ménard
- Moses Mendelssohn
- Catulle Mendès
- Juan Álvarez Mendizábal
- Ernest Mendum ([169])
- Josiah P. Mendum ([170])
- Edme Mentelle
- Charles Arthur Mercier
- Evan Powell Meredith ([171])
- George Meredith
- Prosper Mérimée
- Henry Merritt (artist) ([172])
- Jean Meslier
- Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
- Hans Meyer (geologist)
- Louis Compton Miall
- Jules Michelet
- Karl Ludwig Michelet
- Conyers Middleton
- Domenico Milelli ([173] see it:Domenico Milelli)
- James Mill
- John Stuart Mill
- John Millar (philosopher)
- Constantin Mille
- Florence Fenwick Miller
- Alexandre Millerand
- Jean-Baptiste Millière ([174] see fr:Jean-Baptiste Millière)
- Richard Monckton Milnes
- Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov
- Jean-Baptiste de Mirabaud
- Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
- Francisco de Miranda
- Octave Mirbeau
- Peter Chalmers Mitchell
- Carl Joseph Anton Mittermaier
Mo
[edit]
- John Charles Molteno
- Alfred Williams Momerie ([175] see s:Momerie, Alfred Williams (DNB01))
- Theodor Mommsen
- Lord Monboddo
- Gaspard Monge
- Antoine Mongez ([176] see fr:Antoine Mongez)
- J. R. Monroe ([177])
- Messenger Monsey
- Basil Montagu
- Edward Montagu
- Mary Wortley Montagu
- Michel Eyquem de Montaigne
- Charles François Louis Edgar Monteil ([178] see fr:Edgar Monteil)
- Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu
- Anne-Pierre, marquis de Montesquiou-Fézensac
- Edmund Duncan Montgomery
- Joseph-Michel Montgolfier
- Friedrich Mook ([179] see de:Friedrich Mook)
- Benjamin Moore (biochemist)
- George Augustus Moore
- George Edward Moore
- John Howard Moore ([180])
- Miguel Moraita ([181])
- Hégésippe Moreau
- Jacques-Joseph Moreau
- André Morellet
- Giovanni Morelli
- N. Morelly ([182])
- William Richard Morfill
- Conwy Lloyd Morgan
- Thomas Morgan (deist)
- Thomas Charles Morgan
- Robert Burnett David Morier
- André Saturnin Morin ([183])
- James Augustus Cotter Morison
- John Morley
- Gouverneur Morris[1]
- William Morris
- George Ernest Morrison
- Edward Sylvester Morse
- Enrico "Henry" Agostino Morselli
- Adrien de Mortillet ([184] see fr:Adrien de Mortillet)
- Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet
- Felix Stone Moscheles
- Arthur B. Moss ([185])
- Angelo Mosso
- John Lothrop Motley
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- John Henry Muirhead
- Friedrich Max Müller
- Hugo Münsterberg
- Roderick Impey Murchison
- Henri Murger
- Gilbert Murray
- Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay
N
[edit]- Constance Caroline Woodhill Naden
- Jacques-André Naigeon
- Fridtjof Nansen
- Charles James Napier
- Alfred Joseph Naquet
- Francisco Manoel de Nascimento
- Gaetano Negri
- Ada Negri-Garlanda
- Gustav Nelson ([186])
- Carl Wilhelm Neumann ([187])
- Henry Woodd Nevinson
- Simon Newcomb
- H. Osman Newland[1] ([188])
- Ernest Newman
- Francis William Newman
- George Newnes
- John Nichol (biographer)
- John Pringle Nichol
- William Nicholson (chemist)
- Christoph Friedrich Nicolai
- Barthold Georg Niebuhr
- Andrzej Niemojewski
- Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
- Ferdinand Jacobus Domela Nieuwenhuis
O
[edit]
- Hans Christian Ørsted
- Bernardo O'Higgins
- Lorenz Oken
- Josiah Oldfield ([193])
- Giacomo Omboni ([194])
- Julius (Jules) Oppert
- Alfred Richard Orage
- Johann Caspar von Orelli
- José María Orense Milá de Aragón Herrero
- Arnold Edward Ortmann
- William Osler
- Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli
- Wilhelm Ostwald
- Eugen Oswald
- Felix Leopold Oswald ([195] see s:Felix Leopold Oswald)
- John Oswald (activist)
- "Ouida" (Marie Louise de la Ramée)
- Harry Allen Overstreet
- Richard Overton (Leveller)[1]
- Robert Owen
- Robert Dale Owen
P
[edit]- Jean Paul (Johann Paul Friedrich Richter)
- Edward John Pilcher ([196])
R
[edit]Ra
[edit]- Carl Rabl
- Alfred Nicolas Rambaud
- Marie Louise de la Ramée "Ouida"
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- William Ramsay
- William James Ramsey ([197])
- Arthur Ranc
- Mario Rapisardi
- François-Vincent Raspail
- Samuel Kerkham Ratcliffe
- Albrecht Rau ([198])
- Henry Creswicke Rawlinson
- Guillaume Thomas François Raynal
- Carveth Read
- William Winwood Reade
- Élie Reclus
- Jean Jacques Élisée Reclus
- Paul Reclus
- Mario Reghillini ([199])
- Albert-Adrien Regnard ([200] see fr:Albert Regnard)
- Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
- George Archdall O'Brien Reid
- Johann Christian Reil
- Hermann Samuel Reimarus
- Joseph Reinach
- Salomon Reinach
- Théodore Reinach
- Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold
- Karl Leonhard Reinhold
- John Eleazer Remsburg
- Charles François Marie, Comte de Rémusat
- Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
- Paul Louis Étienne Remusat
- Henriette Renan ([201])
- Joseph Ernest Renan
- Georges François Renard ([202])
- Charles Bernard Renouvier
- Karl Gustav Reuschle ([203] see de:Karl Gustav Reuschle)
- Marie Roch Louis Reybaud
- Jean Ernest Reynaud
- Charles B. Reynolds ([204])
- Cecil John Rhodes
- John Rhys
- Charles Ribeyrolles ([205] see fr:Charles Ribeyrolles)
- Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot
- Théodule-Armand Ribot
- David Ricardo
- Giuseppe Napoleone Ricciardi ([206] see it:Giuseppe Ricciardi (1808))
- Benjamin Ward Richardson
- Jean Richepin
- Charles Richet
- Johann Paul Friedrich Richter
- Thomas 'Clio' Rickman
- Aloys Adolf Riehl
- Eugenio Rignano
- David George Ritchie
- Gustave Rivet ([207] see fr:Gustave Rivet)
- José Rizal
Ro
[edit]
- R. Roberts ([208])[1]
- George Croom Robertson
- John Mackinnon Robertson
- Eugène de Robert y de la Cerda ([209])
- Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre
- Charles-Philippe Robin
- Édouard Charles Albert Robin ([210])[1]
- Jean-Baptiste-René Robinet
- Jean-François Eugène Robinet
- Henry Crabb Robinson
- Louis Édouard Rod
- François Auguste René Rodin
- Louis-Augustin Rogeard ([211] see fr:Louis-Augustin Rogeard)
- James Edwin Thorold Rogers
- Karl von Rokitansky
- Jean Marie Roland de la Platière
- Marie-Jeanne Roland de la Platière
- Romain Rolland
- Thomas William Hazen Rolleston
- Gian Domenico Romagnosi
- Samuel Romilly
- Gilbert Romme
- Sicco Ernst Willem Roorda van Eysinga ([212] see fy:Sicco Roorda van Eysinga and nl:Sicco Roorda van Eysinga)
- Ernestine Louise Lasmond Potovsky Rose ([213])
- Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz
- Georg Gustav Roskoff
- Joseph Henri Rosny
- Louis Léon Lucien Prunol de Rosny ([214] see fr:Léon de Rosny)
- Edward Alsworth Ross
- Ronald Ross
- William Stewart Ross
- Dante Gabriel Rossetti
- William Michael Rossetti
- Emil Adolf Rossmässler
- Edmond Eugène Alexis Rostand
- Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von Rotteck
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Pierre Maurice Rouvier
- Josiah Royce
- Clémence Royer
- Arnold Ruge
- Cosimo Ruggieri ([215] see it:Cosimo Ruggieri and other wikis)
- John Ruskin
- Bertrand Arthur William Russell
- John Russell, Viscount Amberley
- John Russell (educationist) ([216])
- John Francis Stanley Russell
- "Mark Rutherford" (William Hale White)
- Abraham Viktor Rydberg
W
[edit]
- Charles Burlingame Waite
- Theodor Waitz
- Edward Wakefield
- Edward Gibbon Wakefield
- Gilbert Wakefield
- Thaddeus B. Wakeman ([218])
- Charles Athanase Walckenaer
- François Walferdin (see fr:François Walferdin)
- Ernest Walker
- John Walker ([219] adopted Quaker dress but not accepted into membership)
- Alfred Russel Wallace
- William Wallace
- Horace Walpole
- Robert Walpole
- Walter Walsh ([220])
- Johannes Walther
- William Walwyn[1]
- Lester Frank Ward
- Josiah Warren
- Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick
- L. K. Washburn ([221])
- George Washington
- James Watson
- William Watson
- James Watt
- Charles Watts
- Charles Albert Watts
- George Frederic Watts
- John Watts (writer) ([222])
- John Watts (reformer)
- Theodore Watts-Dunton
- Karl Julius Weber
- August Weismann
- Wilhelm Weitling
- Julius Wellhausen
- H. G. Wells
- Richard Brodhead Westbrook ([223])
- Baron Westbury
- Edvard Westermarck
- John Westlake
- Samuel Burns Weston ([224])
- Otto Wettstein ([225])
- George Whale (writer) ([226])
- Joseph Mazzini Wheeler ([227])
- James McNeill Whistler
- Andrew Dickson White
- William Hale White
- Walt Whitman
- Thomas Whittaker
- Adam Gowans Whyte ([228])
Wi
[edit]- Knut Wicksell
- Christoph Martin Wieland
- Otto Wigand ([229] see de:Otto Wigand and hu:Otto Wigand)
- Adolf Wilbrandt
- Ella Wheeler Wilcox
- John Wilkes
- Bruno Wille
- Charles Hanbury Williams
- David Williams
- Roger Williams
- William Mattieu Williams
- Robert Willis
- Andrew Wilson ([230])
- David Alec Wilson ([231])
- John Wilson (Scottish writer) (no article in the dictionary but cross-referenced from "Christopher North" here)
- Roland Knyvet Wilson
- Wyndham Wilton ([232])
- Hugo Winckler
- John Richard de Capel Wise ([233] and ebooks)
- Gustav Adolf Wislicenus
- Susan H. Wixon ([234])
- William Wollaston
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Henry Wood
- Thomas Jonathan Wooler
X
[edit]Y
[edit]- Percival Macleod Yearsley ([237] see this at UCL)
- Edward L. Youmans
- William Jay Youmans
- Francis Younghusband
Z
[edit]- Giuseppe Zanardelli
- Israel Zangwill
- Francisco Zarco ([238] see es:Francisco Zarco)
- Eduard Zeller
- Gustav Zerffi
- Heinrich Ernst Ziegler ([239] see de:Heinrich Ernst Ziegler)
- Theobald Ziegler
- Georg Theodor Ziehen
- Helen Zimmern
- Émile Zola
- Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla
- Charles Zueblin
- Luigi Zuppetta ([240] see it:Luigi Zuppetta)