Нил Горсуч

"Gorsuch" перенаправляет здесь. Для фамилии см. Gorsuch (фамилия) .

Нил Горсуч
Официальный портрет, 2017
Ассоциированный судья Верховного суда Соединенных Штатов
Действующий
Assumed office April 10, 2017
Nominated by	Donald Trump
Preceded by	Antonin Scalia
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
In office August 8, 2006 – April 9, 2017
Nominated by	George W. Bush
Preceded by	David M. Ebel
Succeeded by	Allison H. Eid
Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General
In office June 2005 – July 2006
Attorney General	John Ashcroft
Personal details
Born	Neil McGill Gorsuch (1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Spouse	Louise Burleston ​ (m. 1996)​
Children	2
Education	Columbia University (BA) Harvard University (JD) University College, Oxford (DPhil)
Signature
Academic background
Thesis	The Right to Receive Assistance in Suicide and Euthanasia (2004)
Doctoral advisor	John Finnis
Other advisors	Timothy Endicott
Academic work
Discipline	Legal philosophy
Notable works	The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia (2006)

Нил МакГилл Горсуч ( / ˈ ɡ ɔːr s ʌ tʃ / gor -Sutch ; Родился 29 августа 1967 года) - американский юрист, который является помощником судьи Верховного суда Соединенных Штатов . Он был назначен президентом Дональдом Трампом 31 января 2017 года и служил с 10 апреля 2017 года.

Горсух провел свою раннюю жизнь в Денвере, штат Колорадо . Он получил образование в Колумбийском университете , где стал известным писателем. Затем Горсух получил свое юридическое образование в Гарвардской юридической школе и получил доктор философии в юриспруденции в Оксфордском университете в 2004 году в качестве ученых Маршалла . Его докторская диссертация касалась морали самоубийства с помощью и была написана под надзором законного философа Джона Финниса . Он был клерком юриста для судьи Дэвида Б. Сентелле , судьи Байрона Уайта и судьи Энтони Кеннеди .

С 1995 по 2005 год Горсух занимался частной практикой с юридической фирмой Kellogg, Hansen, Todd, Figel & Frederick . Он был главным заместителем заместителя генерального прокурора в Министерстве юстиции Соединенных Штатов с 2005 года до его назначения в десятый округ. Президент Джордж Буш назначил Горсуха в Апелляционный суд США в течение десятого округа 10 мая 2006 года, чтобы заменить судью Дэвида М. Эбеля , который достиг старшего статуса в том же году.

Gorsuch is a proponent of textualism in statutory interpretation and originalism in interpreting the United States Constitution. Along with Justice Clarence Thomas, he is an advocate of natural law jurisprudence. He is the first Supreme Court justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he once clerked (Kennedy). During his tenure on the Supreme Court he has written the majority opinion in landmark cases such as Bostock v. Clayton County on LGBT rights, McGirt v. Oklahoma on Native American law, Kennedy v. Bremerton School District on federal interference in personal religious observance, and Ramos v. Louisiana on juries' guilty verdicts.

Early life and education

Gorsuch was born on August 29, 1967, in Denver, Colorado. His parents were Anne Gorsuch Burford (née McGill; 1942–2004) and David Ronald Gorsuch (1937–2001). He was the eldest of three children, and is a fourth-generation Coloradan. John McGill, his maternal grandfather, was a surgeon, and his paternal grandfather, John Gorsuch, was an established lawyer in Denver, Colorado. Both of Gorsuch's parents were also attorneys. They encouraged their children to engage in debate, often spontaneously. From 1976 to 1980, Anne Burford served in the Colorado House of Representatives from 1976 to 1980. In 1981, she was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as the first woman to serve as administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her conservative views contrasted with those of her husband, who was a liberal.

Gorsuch attended Christ the King Roman Catholic School, a private grade school in Denver. The school's moral lessons influenced him and he was remembered by classmates for assuming strong stances. He assisted his mother in her campaign for the Colorado legislature at age nine. After her appointment, Gorsuch's family moved to Bethesda, Maryland. He enrolled in Georgetown Preparatory School, a selective Jesuit college-preparatory school, arriving as a freshman in 1981. He was two years junior to future justice Brett Kavanaugh, a classmate he later clerked with at the Supreme Court. Gorsuch was a member of Georgetown Prep's debate, forensics, and international relations clubs, and served as a United States Senate page in the early 1980s. He graduated in 1985 as student body president; in contrast to Kavanaugh, he was described as a fairly outgoing and extroverted student.

Gorsuch attended Columbia University after high school, graduating in 1988 with a Bachelor of Arts, cum laude, in political science. He undertook a heavier courseload to graduate in three years. As an undergraduate, he wrote for the Columbia Daily Spectator and co-founded the satirical student publication The Fed in 1986. Gorsuch distinguished himself as an active debater and an ardent conservative, publishing pieces that criticized left-wing politics. After a brief stint as a writer for a short-lived journal, he led efforts to establish The Fed as a conservative alternative to liberal campus newspapers. He was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa honor society.

After graduating from Columbia, Gorsuch attended Harvard Law School on a Harry S. Truman Scholarship. He was an editor of the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy and was a member of the Lincoln's Inn Society, the Harvard Prison Legal Assistance Project, and the Harvard Defenders program. Gorsuch was described as a committed conservative who supported the Gulf War and congressional term limits on "a campus full of ardent liberals". Despite his contrasting political views, he was generally well-liked by students. Philip C. Berg, a classmate and close friend, remembered him as "very sensitive" and non-confrontational, recalling when he received Gorsuch's support in coming out as gay. Gorsuch graduated in 1991 with a Juris Doctor, cum laude. Future president Barack Obama was among his classmates.

Early legal career

Clerkships

Gorsuch served as a law clerk for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1991 to 1992. After spending a year at Oxford, later earning a doctorate as a Marshall Scholar, Gorsuch clerked for Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy from 1993 to 1994. His work with White occurred right after White retired from the Supreme Court; therefore, Gorsuch assisted White with his work on the Tenth Circuit, where White sat by designation. Gorsuch was part of a group of five law clerks assigned that year that included Brett Kavanaugh, who described Gorsuch at the time, saying: "He fit into the place very easily. He's just an easy guy to get along with. He doesn't have sharp elbows. We had a wide range of views, but we all really got along well."

Private law practice

Instead of joining an established law firm, Gorsuch decided to join the two-year-old boutique firm of Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel (now Kellogg, Hansen, Todd, Figel & Frederick), where he focused on trial work. After winning his first trial as lead attorney, a jury member told Gorsuch he was like Perry Mason. He was an associate in the Washington, D.C., law firm from 1995 to 1997 and a partner from 1998 to 2005. Gorsuch's clients included Colorado billionaire Philip Anschutz. At Kellogg Huber, Gorsuch focused on commercial matters, including contracts, antitrust, RICO, and securities fraud.

In 2002, Gorsuch wrote an op-ed criticizing the Senate for delaying the nominations of Merrick Garland and John Roberts to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, writing, "the most impressive judicial nominees are grossly mistreated" by the Senate.

In 2004, Gorsuch received a Doctor of Philosophy in legal philosophy from the University of Oxford, where he completed research on assisted suicide and euthanasia as a postgraduate student at University College. A Marshall Scholarship enabled him to study at Oxford in 1992–93, where he was supervised by the natural law philosopher John Finnis. His thesis was also supervised by Canadian legal scholar Timothy Endicott of Balliol College, Oxford. In 1996, Gorsuch married Louise, an Englishwoman and champion equestrienne on Oxford's riding team whom he met during his stay there.

U.S. Department of Justice

Gorsuch served as Principal Deputy to the Associate Attorney General, Robert McCallum, at the United States Department of Justice from June 2005 until July 2006. As McCallum's principal deputy, he assisted in managing the Department of Justice's civil litigation components, which included the antitrust, civil, civil rights, environment, and tax divisions.

While managing the United States Department of Justice Civil Division, Gorsuch was tasked with all the "terror litigation" arising from the president's War on Terror, successfully defending the extraordinary rendition of Khalid El-Masri, fighting the disclosure of Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse photographs, and, in November 2005, traveling to inspect the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.

Gorsuch helped Attorney General Alberto Gonzales prepare for hearings after the public revelation of NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07), and worked with Senator Lindsey Graham in drafting the provisions in the Detainee Treatment Act that attempted to strip federal courts of jurisdiction over the detainees.

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (2006–2017)

Gorsuch as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit

In January 2006, Philip Anschutz recommended Gorsuch's nomination to Colorado's U.S. senator Wayne Allard and White House Counsel Harriet Miers. On May 10, 2006, President George W. Bush nominated Gorsuch to the seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit vacated by Judge David M. Ebel, who was taking senior status. Like Ebel, Gorsuch was a former clerk of Justice White. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously rated him "well qualified" in 2006.

On July 20, 2006, Gorsuch was confirmed by unanimous voice vote in the U.S. Senate. He was Bush's fifth appointment to the Tenth Circuit. When Gorsuch began his tenure at Denver's Byron White United States Courthouse, Justice Kennedy administered the oath of office.

During his time on the Tenth Circuit, ten of Gorsuch's law clerks went on to become Supreme Court clerks, and he was sometimes regarded as a "feeder judge". One of his former clerks, Jonathan Papik, became an associate justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court in 2018.

Freedom of religion

Gorsuch advocates a broad definition of religious freedom that is inimical to church–state separation advocates.

In Hobby Lobby Stores v. Sebelius (2013), Gorsuch wrote a concurrence when the en banc circuit found the Affordable Care Act's contraceptive mandate on a private business violated the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. That ruling was upheld 5–4 by the Supreme Court in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014). When a panel of the court denied similar claims under the same act in Little Sisters of the Poor Home for the Aged v. Burwell (2015), Gorsuch joined Judges Harris Hartz, Paul Joseph Kelly Jr., Timothy Tymkovich, and Jerome Holmes in their dissent to the denial of rehearing en banc. That ruling was vacated and remanded to the Tenth Circuit by the per curiam Supreme Court in Zubik v. Burwell (2016).

In Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2007), he joined Judge Michael W. McConnell's dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc, taking the view that the government's display of a donated Ten Commandments monument in a public park did not obligate the government to display other offered monuments. The Supreme Court subsequently adopted most of the dissent's view, reversing the Tenth Circuit's judgment. Gorsuch has written, "the law [...] doesn't just apply to protect popular religious beliefs: it does perhaps its most important work in protecting unpopular religious beliefs, vindicating this nation's long-held aspiration to serve as a refuge of religious tolerance".

Administrative law

Gorsuch has called for reconsideration of Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (1984), in which the Supreme Court instructed courts to grant deference to federal agencies' interpretation of ambiguous laws and regulations. In Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Lynch (2016), Gorsuch wrote for a unanimous panel finding that court review was required before an executive agency could reject the circuit court's interpretation of an immigration law.

Alone, Gorsuch added a concurring opinion, criticizing Chevron deference and National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services (2005) as an "abdication of judicial duty" and writing that deference is "more than a little difficult to square with the Constitution of the framers' design".

In United States v. Hinckley (2008), Gorsuch argued that one possible reading of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act likely violates the nondelegation doctrine. Justices Antonin Scalia and Ruth Bader Ginsburg had held the same view in their 2012 dissent in Reynolds v. United States.

Interstate commerce

Gorsuch has been an opponent of the dormant Commerce Clause, which allows state laws to be declared unconstitutional if they too greatly burden interstate commerce. In 2011, Gorsuch joined a unanimous panel finding that the dormant Commerce Clause did not prevent the Oklahoma Water Resources Board from blocking water exports to Texas. A unanimous Supreme Court affirmed that ruling in Tarrant Regional Water District v. Herrmann (2013).

In 2013, Gorsuch joined a unanimous panel finding that federal courts could not hear a challenge to Colorado's internet sales tax. A unanimous Supreme Court reversed that ruling in Direct Marketing Ass'n v. Brohl (2015). In 2016, the Tenth Circuit panel rejected the challenger's dormant commerce clause claim, with Gorsuch writing a concurrence.

In Energy and Environmental Legal Institute v. Joshua Epel (2015), Gorsuch held that Colorado's mandates for renewable energy did not violate the commerce clause by putting out-of-state coal companies at a disadvantage. He wrote that the Colorado renewable energy law "isn't a price-control statute, it doesn't link prices paid in Colorado with those paid out of state, and it does not discriminate against out-of-staters".

Campaign finance

In Riddle v. Hickenlooper (2014), Gorsuch joined a unanimous panel of the Tenth Circuit in finding that it was unconstitutional for a Colorado law to set the limit on donations for write-in candidates at half the amount for major party candidates. He added a concurrence noting that although the standard of review of campaign finance in the United States is unclear, the Colorado law would fail even under intermediate scrutiny.

Civil rights

In Planned Parenthood v. Herbert (2016), Gorsuch wrote for the four dissenting judges when the Tenth Circuit denied a full rehearing of a divided panel opinion that had ordered the Utah governor to resume the organization's funding, which Herbert had blocked in response to a video controversy.

In A.M. v. Holmes (2016), the Tenth Circuit considered a case in which a 13-year-old child was arrested for burping and laughing in gym class. The child was handcuffed and arrested based on a New Mexico statute that makes it a misdemeanor to disrupt school activities. The child's family brought a federal § 1983 civil rights action against school officials and the school resource officer who made the arrest, arguing that it was a false arrest that violated the child's constitutional rights. In a 94-page majority opinion, the Tenth Circuit held that the defendants enjoyed qualified immunity from suit. Gorsuch wrote a four-page dissent, arguing that the New Mexico Court of Appeals had "long ago alerted law enforcement" that the statute that the officer relied upon for the child's arrest does not criminalize noises or diversions that merely disturb order in a classroom.

Criminal law

In 2009, Gorsuch wrote for a unanimous panel finding that a court may still order criminals to pay restitution even after it missed a statutory deadline. The Supreme Court affirmed that ruling 5–4 in Dolan v. United States (2010).

In United States v. Games-Perez (2012), Gorsuch ruled on a case where a felon owned a gun in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), but alleged that he did not know that he was a felon at the time. Gorsuch joined the majority in upholding the conviction based on Tenth Circuit precedent, but filed a concurring opinion arguing that said precedent was wrongly decided: "The only statutory element separating innocent (even constitutionally protected) gun possession from criminal conduct in §§ 922(g) and 924(a) is a prior felony conviction. So the presumption that the government must prove mens rea here applies with full force." In the 2019 case Rehaif v. United States, the Supreme Court overruled this decision, with Gorsuch joining.

In 2013, Gorsuch joined a unanimous panel finding that intent does not need to be proven under a bank fraud statute. A unanimous Supreme Court affirmed that ruling in Loughrin v. United States (2014). In 2015, Gorsuch wrote a dissent to the denial of rehearing en banc when the Tenth Circuit found that a convicted sex offender had to register with Kansas after he moved to the Philippines. A unanimous Supreme Court reversed the Tenth Circuit in Nichols v. United States (2016).

Death penalty

Gorsuch favors a strict reading of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). In 2015, he wrote for the court when it permitted Oklahoma attorney general Scott Pruitt to order the execution of Scott Eizember, prompting a 30-page dissent by Judge Mary Beck Briscoe. After the state's unsuccessful execution of Clayton Lockett, Gorsuch joined Briscoe when the court unanimously allowed Pruitt to continue using the same lethal injection protocol. The Supreme Court upheld that ruling 5–4 in Glossip v. Gross (2015).

List of judicial opinions

During his tenure on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, Gorsuch authored 212 published opinions. Some of those are:

• United States v. Hinckley, 550 F. 3d 926 (2008), on principles of interpretation and construction of a statute, according to plain meaning and context
• United States v. Ford, 550 F. 3d 975 (2008) on entrapment and email evidence
• Blausey v. US Trustee, 552 F. 3d 1124 (2009), on procedure
• Williams v. Jones, 583 F. 3d 1254 (2009), dissent, on murder and evidence
• Wilson v. Workman, 577 F. 3d 1284 (2009), habeas corpus writ procedure
• Fisher v. City of Las Cruces, 584 F. 3d 888 (2009), Fourth Amendment excessive force claims against police officers
• Strickland v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 555 F. 3d 1224 (2009), on gender discrimination and harassment, arguing that if men are treated as equally badly as women, there is no claim
• American Atheists, Inc. v. Davenport, 637 F. 3d 1095 (2010), on crosses displayed on highways
• Flitton v. Primary Residential Mortgage, Inc., 614 F. 3d 1173 (2010), on jurisdiction over attorney fees in a gender discrimination and retaliation case
• Laborers' International Union, Local 578 v. NLRB, 594 F. 3d 732 (2010), dismissing the union's challenge to a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) finding that the union committed an unfair labor practice by persuading a company to dismiss a worker who did not pay union dues
• McClendon v. City of Albuquerque, 630 F. 3d 1288 (2011), dismissing class action lawsuit over inhumane jail conditions
• Public Service Co. of New Mexico v. NLRB, 692 F. 3d 1068 (2012), dismissing a union's claim that the NLRB was wrong to not find an unfair labor practice, when an employer dismissed a worker for deliberately disconnecting a customer's gas supply (no evidence that it treated this employee differently)
• United States v. Games-Perez, 695 F. 3d 1104 (2012), on imprisonment without trial
• United States v. Games-Perez, 667 F. 3d 1136 (2012), on criminal law procedure
• Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. v. Sebelius, 723 F. 3d 1114 (2013), on the Affordable Care Act and religious freedom
• Niemi v. Lasshofer, 728 F. 3d 1252 (2013) fugitive disentitlement doctrine
• Riddle v. Hickenlooper, 742 F. 3d 922 (2014), stating: "No one before us disputes that the act of contributing to political campaigns implicates a 'basic constitutional freedom,' one lying 'at the foundation of a free society' and enjoying a significant relationship to the right to speak and associate—both expressly protected First Amendment activities. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 26 (1976)"
• Yellowbear v. Lampert, 741 F. 3d 48 (2014), freedom to practice religion in prison
• Teamsters Local Union No. 455 v. NLRB, 765 F. 3d 1198 (2014), denying a labor union's claim that a lockout entitled employees to back pay, under the NLRA 1935, 29 USC § 158(a)(1)
• United States v. Krueger, 809 F. 3d 1109 (2015), regarding the Fourth Amendment and search and seizures
• International Union of Operating Engineers v. NLRB, 635 Fed. Appx. 480 (2015), on NLRB's review of an unfair labor practice by a union, removing an employee from an eligible work list and refusing her the right to review
• United States v. Arthurs (2016), evidence
• United States v. Mitchell (2016), evidence, tracking without a warrant
• NLRB v. Community Health Services, 812 F.3d 768 (2016), dissenting, arguing against an NLRB decision that interim earnings should not be disregarded when calculating back pay for employees whose hours were unlawfully reduced
• TransAm Trucking v. Administrative Review Board, 833 F. 3d 1206 (2016) Archived March 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, dissenting against the majority's judgment that an employee was unjustly dismissed.
• Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Lynch, 834 F.3d 1142 (2016), on U.S. administrative law, doubting the doctrine of deference to the federal government by courts in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)

Nomination to Supreme Court

Main article: Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination

President Donald Trump introduces Gorsuch, accompanied by his wife Marie Louise Gorsuch, as his nominee for the Supreme Court at the White House on January 31, 2017.

During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, candidate Donald Trump included Gorsuch, as well as his circuit colleague Timothy Tymkovich, in a list of 21 judges whom Trump would consider nominating to the Supreme Court if elected. After Trump took office in January 2017, unnamed advisers listed Gorsuch in a shorter list of eight, who they said were the leading contenders to be nominated to fill the seat left vacant by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia.

On January 31, 2017, Trump announced his nomination of Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. Gorsuch was 49 years old at the time of the nomination, making him the youngest nominee to the Supreme Court since the 1991 nomination of Clarence Thomas, who was 43. It was reported by the Associated Press that, as a courtesy, Gorsuch's first call after the nomination was to President Obama's pick for the same position, Merrick Garland, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Obama had nominated Garland on March 16, 2016, but Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Chuck Grassley did not schedule a hearing for him, leaving Garland's nomination to expire on January 3, 2017. Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell invoked the so-called "Biden Rule" (of 1992) to justify the Senate's refusal to consider Garland's nomination in a general election year.

Trump formally transmitted his nomination to the Senate on February 1, 2017. The American Bar Association unanimously gave Gorsuch its top rating—"Well Qualified"—to serve as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. His confirmation hearing before the Senate started on March 20, 2017.

On April 3, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved his nomination with a party-line 11–9 vote. On April 6, 2017, Democrats filibustered (prevented cloture) the confirmation vote, after which Republicans invoked the "nuclear option", allowing a filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee to be broken by a simple majority vote.

On April 4, BuzzFeed and Politico ran articles highlighting similar language occurring in Gorsuch's book The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia and an earlier law review article by Abigail Lawlis Kuzma, Indiana's deputy attorney general. Academic experts contacted by Politico "differed in their assessment of what Gorsuch did, ranging from calling it a clear impropriety to mere sloppiness."

John Finnis, who supervised Gorsuch's dissertation at Oxford, said, "The allegation is entirely without foundation. The book is meticulous in its citation of primary sources. The allegation that the book is guilty of plagiarism because it does not cite secondary sources which draw on those same primary sources is, frankly, absurd." Kuzma said, "I have reviewed both passages and do not see an issue here, even though the language is similar. These passages are factual, not analytical in nature, framing both the technical legal and medical circumstances of the 'Baby/Infant Doe' case that occurred in 1982." In his book on Gorsuch, John Greenya described how Gorsuch was challenged during his confirmation hearings concerning some of his dissertation advisor's more strident views, which Gorsuch generally disagreed with.

On April 7, 2017, the Senate confirmed Gorsuch's nomination to the Supreme Court by a 54–45 vote, with three Democrats (Heidi Heitkamp, Joe Manchin, and Joe Donnelly) joining all Republicans in attendance.

Gorsuch received his commission on April 8, 2017. He was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies. The chief justice of the United States administered the constitutional oath of office in a private ceremony at 9 a.m. at the Supreme Court, making Gorsuch the 101st associate justice of the Court. At 11 a.m., Justice Kennedy administered the judicial oath of office in a public ceremony at the White House Rose Garden.

U.S. Supreme Court (2017–present)

Banking regulation

Gorsuch wrote his first U.S. Supreme Court decision for a unanimous court in Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., 582 U.S. ___ (2017). The Court ruled against the borrowers, holding that Santander in this case was not a debt collector under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act since it purchased the original defaulted car loans from CitiFinancial for pennies on the dollar, making Santander the owner of the debts and not merely an agent. When the act was enacted, regulations were put on institutions that collected other companies' debts, but the act left unaddressed businesses collecting their own debts.

First Amendment

Gorsuch joined the majority in National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra and Janus v. AFSCME, which both held unconstitutional certain forms of compelled speech.

Gorsuch authored the majority opinion in Kennedy v. Bremerton School District (2022), which concerned a public high school football coach who was fired for praying on the field after games. The opinion held that the coach's conduct was protected by both the Free Speech and Free Exercise clauses of the First Amendment, and that the school's attempt to stop him was not mandated by the amendment's Establishment Clause.

Gorsuch wrote the majority opinion in 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis (2023), which held that the Free Speech Clause protected a web designer's freedom to sell custom wedding websites only for opposite-sex weddings, notwithstanding a Colorado law prohibiting businesses from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation.

LGBT rights

In 2017, in Pavan v. Smith, the Supreme Court "summarily overruled" the Arkansas Supreme Court's decision to deny same-sex married parents the same right to appear on the birth certificate. Gorsuch wrote a dissent, joined by Thomas and Alito, arguing that the Court should have fully heard the arguments of the case.

In 2020, Gorsuch wrote the majority opinion in the combined cases of Bostock v. Clayton County, Altitude Express Inc. v. Zarda, and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, ruling that businesses cannot discriminate in employment against LGBTQ people. He argued that discrimination based on sexual orientation was illegal discrimination on the basis of sex, because the employer would be discriminating "for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex". The ruling was 6–3, with Gorsuch joined by Chief Justice Roberts and the Court's four Democratic appointees. Justices Thomas, Alito, and Kavanaugh dissented from the decision, arguing that it improperly extended the Civil Rights Act to include sexual orientation and gender identity.

In October 2020, Gorsuch agreed with the justices in an "apparently unanimous" decision to deny an appeal from Kim Davis, a county clerk who refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. In June 2021, he joined the justices in the unanimous Fulton v. City of Philadelphia decision, ruling in favor of a Catholic adoption agency that had been denied a contract by the City of Philadelphia due to the agency's refusal to adopt to same-sex couples. Gorsuch and Thomas joined Alito's concurrence, which argued for reconsidering, possibly overturning, Employment Division v. Smith, "an important precedent limiting First Amendment protections for religious practices." Also in 2021, Gorsuch was one of three justices, with Thomas and Alito, who voted to hear an appeal from a Washington State florist who had refused service to a same-sex couple based on her religious beliefs against same-sex marriage. In November 2021, Gorsuch dissented from the Court's 6–3 decision to reject an appeal from Mercy San Juan Medical Center, a hospital affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, which had sought to deny a hysterectomy to a transgender patient on religious grounds. The decision to reject the appeal left in place a lower court ruling in the patient's favor; Thomas and Alito also dissented. In November 2023, Gorsuch voted with the 6–3 majority to decline to hear a case against Washington State's ban on conversion therapy for minors, allowing the law to stand; Kavanaugh, Thomas, and Alito dissented.

Second Amendment

Gorsuch at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2019

Gorsuch joined Thomas's dissent from denial of certiorari in Peruta v. San Diego County, in which the Ninth Circuit had upheld California's restrictive concealed carry laws.

Gorsuch wrote a statement regarding the denial of an application for a stay presented to Roberts in Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, a 2019 D.C. Circuit case challenging the Trump administration's ban on bump stocks. In his statement Gorsuch criticized the Trump Administration's action as well as the justification the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit used for upholding the ban.

Vagueness doctrine

In Sessions v. Dimaya (2018), the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 to uphold the Ninth Circuit's decision that the residual clause in the Immigration and Nationality Act was unconstitutionally vague. Gorsuch joined Justices Kagan, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor in the opinion, and wrote a separate concurrence reiterating the importance of the vagueness doctrine within Scalia's 2015 opinion in Johnson. In United States v. Davis (2019), Gorsuch wrote the Opinion of the Court striking down the residual clause of the Hobbs Act based on the rationale used in Dimaya.

Abortion

In December 2018, Gorsuch dissented when the Court voted against hearing cases brought by the states of Louisiana and Kansas to deny Medicaid funding to Planned Parenthood. He and Alito joined Thomas's dissent arguing that it was the Court's job to hear the case.

In February 2019, Gorsuch sided with three of the Court's other conservative justices, rejecting a stay to temporarily block a law restricting abortion in Louisiana. The law that the court temporarily stayed, in a 5–4 decision, would require that doctors performing abortions have admitting privileges in a hospital. In June 2020, the Supreme Court struck down Louisiana's abortion restriction in June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo, a 5–4 decision; Gorsuch was among the four dissenters. In September 2021, the Supreme Court declined a petition to block a Texas law banning abortion after six weeks; the vote was 5–4 with Gorsuch in the majority, joined by Thomas, Alito, Kavanaugh, and Barrett.

In June 2022, Gorsuch was among the five justices who formed the majority opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which ruled there is no constitutional right to abortion, overruling Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey.

American Indian law & relations

Gorsuch is regarded as an authority on American Indian law. During his time on the Supreme Court, he has frequently affirmed tribal rights; his appointment to the Court was supported by multiple tribes and Native American organizations due to his favorable rulings as a Tenth Circuit judge.

In March 2019, Gorsuch joined the four liberal justices (in two plurality opinions) in a 5–4 majority in Washington State Dept. of Licensing v. Cougar Den, Inc. The Court's decision sided with the Yakama Nation, striking down a Washington state tax on transporting gasoline, on the basis of an 1855 treaty in which the Yakama ceded a large portion of Washington in exchange for certain rights. In his concurrence, which was joined by Ginsburg, Gorsuch ended his opinion by writing: "Really, this case just tells an old and familiar story. The State of Washington includes millions of acres that the Yakamas ceded to the United States under significant pressure. In return, the government supplied a handful of modest promises. The state is now dissatisfied with the consequences of one of those promises. It is a new day, and now it wants more. But today and to its credit, the Court holds the parties to the terms of their deal. It is the least we can do."

In May 2019, Gorsuch again joined the four more liberal justices in a decision favorable to Native Americans' treaty rights, signing on to Justice Sotomayor's opinion to reach a 5–4 decision in Herrera v. Wyoming. The case held that hunting rights in Montana and Wyoming, granted by the U.S. government to the Native American Crow people by an 1868 treaty, were not extinguished by the 1890 grant of statehood to Wyoming.

In July 2020, Gorsuch again joined the liberal justices to make a 5–4 majority in McGirt v. Oklahoma. The case considered whether much of eastern Oklahoma still remained under the jurisdiction of the "Five Civilized Tribes", given that the Native American Treaties that had designated the region as under their reservation status had never been dissolved by Congress, and, if so, whether crimes committed by Native Americans against other Native Americans on tribal land were under the jurisdiction of Native Courts. The landmark decision in the affirmative, written by Gorsuch, found that "For Major Crimes Act purposes, land reserved for the Creek Nation since the 19th century remains 'Indian country.'" In the opinion, he wrote: "Today we are asked whether the land these treaties promised remains an Indian reservation for purposes of federal criminal law. Because Congress has not said otherwise, we hold the government to its word." The case was later reviewed in the June 2022 case Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta, which considered whether non-Natives who committed crimes against Natives on Native American territory can be charged under the jurisdiction of Native American tribal courts. While the state of Oklahoma had initially argued for the overturning of McGirt, the Court agreed to hear only issues relating to the impacts of McGirt. The 5-4 decision by Justice Brett Kavanaugh opposed the more expanded viewpoint of non-Native criminal jurisdiction, with the opinion giving jurisdiction over such crimes to both tribal and federal/state governments. Gorsuch derided the opinion in his dissent, writing, "Where this Court once stood firm, today it wilts."

On June 15, 2022, Gorsuch, Barrett, and the three liberal justices ruled in favor of the Native American Tribes of Texas in the case Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas. The case concerned a dispute over whether Texas could control and regulate gambling on Texan Native American reservations. The initial conflict had developed from the tribes' having been in a trust with Texas from 1968 to 1987 before being granted a federal trust, resulting in a statute governing the tribes' subjugation to Texas's gambling restrictions. The ruling emphasized that the tribes have the power to regulate electronic bingo games on their land regardless of the state's prohibition of non-prohibited gambling. Thus, as long as a game is not outright prohibited by the state of Texas, the state government cannot impose regulations upon tribal games. Gorsuch emphasized in his opinion that "None of this is to say that the Tribe may offer gaming on whatever terms it wishes [...] Other gaming activities are subject to tribal regulation and must conform to the terms and conditions set forth in federal law."

COVID-19 restrictions

On November 26, 2020, Gorsuch joined the majority opinion in Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo, which struck down COVID-19 restrictions imposed by the state of New York on houses of worship.

18 мая 2023 года Горсух выступил с заявлением о решении суда об отклонении иска нескольких штатов, направленных на продолжение изгнания иммигрантов в разделе 42, политику, организованную для предотвращения введения дел COVID-19 в Соединенные Штаты. Его заявление критиковало многие из ограничений, которые правительство наложило с момента начала пандемии, и сказано: «С марта 2020 года мы, возможно, испытали самые большие вторжения в гражданские свободы в истории мирного времени в этой стране».

Юридическая философия

Горсух является сторонником оригинализма , идеи о том, что конституция должна интерпретироваться как воспринимаемое во время принятия и текстуализма , идею о том, что законы следует интерпретировать буквально, не рассматривая законодательную историю и лежащую в основе цели закона. Редакционная статья в Национальном католическом реестре высказала мнение, что судебные решения Горсуха больше склонны к философии естественного права .

В январе 2019 года Бонни Кристиан недели писала, что «неожиданный гражданский либертарианский альянс» развивался между Горсухом и Сотомайором в защиту надежных прав на надлежащую правовую процедуру и скептицизма переиздувания правоохранительных органов ».

Выравнивание голосования

FiveThirtyEight использовал Ли Эпштейн и др. Судебные общие космос (которые не основаны не на поведении судьи, а скорее на оценках идеологии ни домашних государственных сенаторов, так и назначения президента), чтобы найти тесное согласование между консерватизмом других апелляционных и Верховных судей, таких как Кавано, Томас и Алито. Статистический анализ Washington Post подсчитал , что идеологии большинства объявленных кандидатов Трампа были «статистически неразличимы», а также связаны с Горсухом с Кавано и Алито.

Судебная активность

Горсух в 2019 году

В рамках выступления в 2016 году в Университете Case Western Reserve Горсуч сказал, что судьи должны стремиться применить закон таким, какой он есть, сосредоточившись назад, а не вперед и стремясь к тексту, структуре и истории, чтобы решить, что разумный читатель во время Рассматриваемые события поняли бы, что закон о том, чтобы быть - не для того, чтобы решать случаи, основанные на их собственных моральных убеждениях или политических последствиях, которые, по их мнению, могут лучше всего служить обществу.

В статье национального обзора 2005 года Горсух утверждал, что «американские либералы стали зависимыми от зала суда, полагаясь на судей и адвокатов, а не на избранные лидеры и урну, как основное средство реализации их социальной повестки дня» и что они «терпят неудачу протянуть руку и убедить общественность ». Он писал, что при этом американские либералы окружают демократический процесс по таким вопросам, как однополые браки , школьные ваучеры и самоубийство , и это привело к скомпрометированной судебной власти, которая больше не является независимой. Горсух писал, что «чрезмерная зависимость» американских либералов к использованию судов для социальных дебатов «плохо для нации и плохо для судебной власти».

Федерализм и государственная власть

Джастин Марсо, профессор Денвера Университета юридического колледжа , назвал Горсуха «предсказуемо социально консервативным судьей, который, как правило, предпочитает государственную власть над федеральной властью». Марсо добавил, что это важно, потому что федеральные законы были использованы для попытки отводить в «мошеннические» законы штатов в делах гражданских прав .

Помощь самоубийства

В июле 2006 года книга Горсуха «Будущее самоубийства и эвтаназии» , разработанная из докторской диссертации, была опубликована издательством Принстонского университета . В этой книге Горсух ясно дает понять свою личную оппозицию эвтаназии и самоубийствам , утверждая, что США должны «сохранить существующий закон [запрещающий самоубийство и эвтаназию] на том основании, что человеческая жизнь принципиально и по своей природе ценно, и что преднамеренное принятие Человеческая жизнь частных людей всегда неправильно ».

Законодательное толкование

Считалось, что Горсух следит по стопам Скалии как текстуалист в установленном законом интерпретации простого значения закона. Это было иллюстрировано по его мнению большинства по делу Бостока против округа Клэйтон , 590 США ___ (2020), который постановил, что Раздел VII Закона о гражданских правах 1964 года защита от дискриминации по трудоустройству из -за сексуальной ориентации и гендерной идентичности. Горсух написал в решении: «Работодатель, который уволил человека за то, что он гомосексуальный или трансгендерный стреляет этого человека за чертами или действиями, которые он бы не ставит под сомнение у членов другого пола. Секс играет необходимую и неразрушающую роль в решении, именно то, что именно Название VII запрещает ".

Личная жизнь

Горсух и семья с Дональдом Трампом, Энтони Кеннеди и Майком Пенсом к его присяге

Горсух и его жена Мария Луиза Горсуч, Британский гражданин встретился в Оксфорде. Они поженились в англиканской церкви Святого Николая в Хенли-на-Темзе в 1996 году. Они живут в Боулдере, штат Колорадо , и имеют две дочери.

Горсух наслаждается на открытом воздухе и ловли рыбалки на мух ; Он отправился на рыбалку на мух, по крайней мере, один раз с судьей Скалией. Он поднимает лошадей, цыплят и коз, и часто устраивает лыжные поездки с коллегами и друзьями.

Он является автором трех научных книг. Первое, будущее самоубийства и эвтаназии , было опубликовано издательством Princeton University Press в июле 2006 года. Он является соавтором Закона о судебном прецеденте , опубликованном Томсоном Уэстом в 2016 году. В 2024 году Горсуч написал в соавторстве над «Право»: «Человеческий человек слишком большого закона» , критика чрезмерной регуляции и массового заключения.

В 2017 году, после его объявления в качестве кандидата в Верховного суда, The New York Times сообщила, что Горсуч владел таймшером за пределами Гранби, штат Колорадо , с партнерами Филиппа Аншуца , который позже был продан в том же году. Репортаж из Politico в апреле 2023 года показал, что Горсух продал каюту Брайану Даффи, генеральному директору юридической фирмы Greenberg Traurig , которая рассматривает дела в Верховном суде, но не мог раскрыть личность покупателя в его федеральных формах раскрытия. Собственность была перечислена на продажу в течение нескольких лет, но не заключила контракт до недели после того, как Горсуч присоединился к Верховному суду. С 2017 года Гринберг Трауриг участвует как минимум в 22 делах до или представлена ​​Верховному суду.

Горсух активно участвовал в нескольких профессиональных ассоциациях на протяжении всей своей юридической карьеры, в том числе Американская ассоциация адвокатов , Американскую ассоциацию юристов по судебным процессам , Пхи Бета Каппа , Ассоциация республиканских национальных юристов и Ассоциации адвокатов -адвокатов Нью -Йорка , Колорадо и округа Колумбия. В мае 2019 года было объявлено, что Горсух станет новым председателем совета Национального центра конституции , сменив бывшего вице -президента Джо Байдена .

Религия

Горсух был первым членом главной протестантской конфессии, которая сидела в Верховном суде с момента выхода на пенсию Джона Пола Стивенса в 2010 году. Он и двое его братьев и сестер были воспитаны католиками и посещали еженедельную мессу . Его жена Луиза, рожденная британской; Они встретились, пока Нил учился в Оксфорде . Луиза выросла в англиканской церкви .

Когда пара вернулась в Соединенные Штаты, они присоединились к Святому Утешителю, епископальному приходу в Вене, штат Вирджиния , посетив еженедельные службы. Горсух добровольно вызвался там как ашер. Семья Горсух позже посещала епископальную церковь Святого Иоанна в Боулдере, штат Колорадо, либеральной церкви с давней политикой открытой двери для ЛГБТ- сообщества. Во время своего слушания по подтверждению 2017 года, ответив на вопрос сенатора о его вере, Горсух ответил: «Я посещаю епископальную церковь в Боулдере со своей семьей, сенатором». После женитьбы на некатолической церемонии и присоединения к епископальной церкви Горсуч не публично прояснил свою религиозную принадлежность.

ЭТИКА СПОС

См. Также: Верховный суд Соединенных Штатов § Этика

В 2017 году Gorsuch продал недвижимость, которую он принадлежал, за 1,8 миллиона долларов генеральному директору известной юридической фирмы Greenberg Traurig . Это подняло вопросы по этике, в том числе почему Горсух не перечислил покупателя в своей форме этики, когда сообщал о прибыли от 250 000 до 500 000 долларов.

Выбранные работы

Книги

• Горсух, Нил (2004). Право на получение помощи в самоубийстве и эвтаназии с особой ссылкой на закон Соединенных Штатов (тезис DPHIL). Оксфордский университет.
• - (2009). Будущее вспомогательного самоубийства и эвтаназии . Принстон, Нью -Джерси: издательство Принстонского университета. doi : 10.1515/9781400830343 . ISBN  978-1-4008-3034-3 .
• - (2019). Республика, если вы можете сохранить ее . Нью -Йорк: Форум Короны. ISBN  978-0-525-57678-5 .
• -; Нитце, Джени (2024). Управляется: человеческая стоимость слишком большого закона . Нью -Йорк: Харпер. ISBN  9780063238473 .

Статьи

• Горсух, Нил; Гусман, Майкл (1991). «Принесут ли джентльмены? Защита конституционности ограничений, наложенных на государство» . Hofstra Law Review . 20 : 341–385.
• - (2000). «Право на помощь самоубийству и эвтаназии» (PDF) . Гарвардский журнал права и государственной политики . 23 (2): 599–710. PMID   12524693 .
• - (2004). «Легализация самоубийства с помощью и закон непреднамеренных последствий: обзор экспериментов из голландского и Орегона и ведущие утилитарные аргументы для юридических изменений» . Висконсинский юридический обзор . 2004 : 1347–2424.
• - (2007). «Ответ Раймонду Таллису о легализации самоубийства и эвтаназии» . Журнал юридической медицины . 28 (3): 327–332. doi : 10.1080/01947640701554468 . PMID   17885904 . S2CID   36871391 .
• - (2014). «Ирония права (тринадцатая ежегодная лекция Барбары К. Олсон)» (PDF) . Гарвардский журнал права и государственной политики . 37 (3): 743–756. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 30 июля 2017 года.
• - (2016). «Львов и медведей, судей и законодателей, а также наследия Скалия Скалия (Мемориальная лекция Самнер Самнер Канард)» . Дело западное резервное обзор . 66 (4): 905–920.
• - (2016). «Доступ к доступному правосудию: вызов скамейке, баре и академии» (PDF) . Судебный орган . 100 (3): 46–55. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2 февраля 2017 года . Получено 2 февраля 2017 года .
• - (2018). «В дани: судья Энтони М. Кеннеди» (PDF) . Гарвардский юридический обзор . 132 : 3–5.

Другой

• Горсух, Нил (4 ноября 1992 г.). «Верховенство закона: конституционное дело о ограничениях сроков» . Wall Street Journal . п. A15.
• Горсух, Нил (4 мая 2002 г.). «Справедливость белого и судебное превосходство» . United Press International . Архивировано из оригинала 31 октября 2020 года.
• Горсух, Нил (18 марта 2004 г.). «Письмо редактору: беспартийные награды» . The Washington Post . п. A30. Архивировано из оригинала 31 октября 2020 года.
• Горсух, Нил; Мат, Пол (31 января 2005 г.). «Нет потерь, нет выгоды» . Юридическое время .
• Горсух, Нил (7 февраля 2005 г.). "Либералс'n'lawsuits" . Национальный обзор онлайн . Архивировано из оригинала 31 октября 2020 года.
• Горсух, Нил; Матеи, Пол (2005). «Расчеты в действиях класса мошенничества с ценными бумагами: улучшение защиты инвесторов» (PDF) . Критические юридические вопросы серии рабочих документов . 128 ​
• Горсух, Нил (18 мая 2007 г.). «Способность к самоубийству» . The Times Литературная добавка .
• Горсух, Нил (2013). «Намерение и распределение риска». В Кеуне, Джон; Джордж, Роберт (ред.). Причина, мораль и закон. Философия Джона Финниса . Издательство Оксфордского университета. С. 413–424. doi : 10.1093/acprof: oso/9780199675500.003.0026 . ISBN  978-0-19-967550-0 .
• Горсух, Нил; Коутс, Натан; Данн, Стефани; Мире, Блейн; Витт, Джесси (2013). «Эффективное краткое письмо». Апелляционная практика обновление 2013 . OCLC   889590599 .
• Горсух, Нил (5 сентября 2019 г.). «Не обращая внимания на разделение полномочий имеет реальные последствия» . Национальный обзор . Архивировано из оригинала 31 октября 2020 года.

Речи

• Горсух, Нил (3 сентября 2016 г.). Наследие судьи Верховного суда Антонин Скалия (видео 59:59 мин) . Десятый окружной суд скамейки и адвокатской конференции. Колорадо-Спрингс, Колорадо : C-Span .

Смотрите также

• Дональд Трамп Споры в судебном назначении
• Список юридических клерков Верховного суда Соединенных Штатов (место 1)
• Список юридических клерков Верховного суда Соединенных Штатов (место 6)

Ссылки

Дополнительные источники

• Гринья, Джон (2018). Горсух: судья, который говорит за себя . Нью -Йорк, Нью -Йорк: Саймон и Шустер . ISBN  978-1501180378 .

Дальнейшее чтение

• Анкета для кандидата в Верховный суд представил Комитету Сената США по судебной власти
• Отчет об исследованиях Конгресса R44778, судья Нил М. Горсуч: Его юриспруденция и потенциальное влияние на Верховный суд , координируемый Эндрю Ноланом, Кейтлин Деверо Льюис и Кейт М. Мануэль (2017).
• Отчет об исследовании Конгресса R44772, большинство, совпадающие и несогласные мнения судьи Нила М. Горсуха , координируемым Майклом Джона Гарсиа (2017).
• Служба исследований в Конгрессе, юридическая боковая панель, основная читатель Нила Горсуха: какие дела судьи Горсух вы должны прочитать? (2017).

Видео

• Появления на C-Span
• Ирония Law's Irongy Lecture , проведенная в Федералистском обществе (видео 29 мин.) YouTube.

Внешние ссылки

• Нил Горсуч из биографического каталога федеральных судей , публикации Федерального судебного центра .
• Нил Горсуч из Баллотпедии
• Избранные ресурсы для Нила М. Горсуха , юридической библиотеки Конгресса Сайт
• Кандидат в центре внимания судьи Нила М. Горсуха архивировал 20 марта 2017 года на The Wayback Machine в Стэнфордском лаконе .
• Биография , Whitehouse.gov
• Появления на C-Span