Pratyekabuddhayāna
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Pratyekabuddhayāna ( санскрит : प्रत्येकबुद्धय्धयान; китайский : 緣覺乘 ;; pinyin : yuánjué chéng ) - буддийский термин для режима или носителя просвещения или Pratyekabuddha и традиционный Paccekabudha ( Sanskrit соответственно Pali ) "или" а Будда сам по себе »( Прати - каждый, eka -one). Pratyekabuddha освобождения - это человек, который независимо достигает без помощи учителей или гидов и не учив других делать то же самое. Pratyekabuddha S может дать моральные учения, но не приводит других к просветлению. Они не покидают Сангхи (т.е. сообщество) в качестве наследия, чтобы продолжить Дхамму (например, учения Будды).
В ранних буддийских школах
[ редактировать ]По крайней мере, некоторые из ранних буддийских школ использовали концепцию трех транспортных средств, включая Pratyekabuddhayāna. Например, известно, что вайбхашика сарвастивадины использовали перспективы буддийской практики, состоящую из трех транспортных средств: [ 1 ]
- Шравакаян
- Pratyekabuddhayāna
- Bodhisattvayāna
The Dharmaguptakas regarded the path of a pratyekabuddha (pratyekabuddhayāna) and the path of a bodhisattva (bodhisattvayāna) to be separate. One of their tenets reads, "The Buddha and those of the Two Vehicles, although they have one and the same liberation, have followed different noble paths."[2]
In the Ekottarika-āgama parallel to the Isigili-sutta, where five hundred Paccekabuddhas live in the same aeon as the Buddha Gotama and only pass away shortly before his birth (Analayo).
In Theravāda teaching
[edit]Pratyekabuddhas are said to achieve enlightenment on their own, without the use of teachers or guides, according to some traditions by seeing and understanding dependent origination. They are said to arise only in ages where there are no Buddhas and the Buddhist teachings (Sanskrit: Dharma; Pāli: Dhamma) are lost. "The idea of a Paccekabuddha … is interesting, as much as it implies that even when the four truths are not preached they still exist and can be discovered by anyone who makes the necessary mental and moral effort".[3] Many may arise at a single time.
According to the Theravada school, paccekabuddhas ("one who has attained to supreme and perfect insight, but who dies without proclaiming the truth to the world")[4] are unable to teach the Dhamma, which requires[5] the omniscience and supreme compassion of a sammāsambuddha, who may even hesitate to attempt to teach.[6]
In the Jātakas
[edit]Pratyekabuddhas (e.g. Darīmukha J.378, Sonaka J.529) appear as teachers of Buddhist doctrine in pre-Buddhist times in several of the Jataka tales.
In Mahayana teachings
[edit]In the fourth-century Mahayana abhidharma work, the Abhidharma-samuccaya, Asaṅga describes followers of the Pratyekabuddhayāna as those who dwell alone like a rhinoceros or as solitary conquerors (Skt. pratyekajina) living in small groups.[7] Here they are characterized as utilizing the same canon of texts as the śrāvakas, the Śrāvaka Piṭaka, but having a different set of teachings, the "Pratyekabuddha Dharma", and are said to be set on their own personal enlightenment.[7]
A very early sutra, the Rhinoceros Sutra, uses the exact metaphor of Asaṅga. The Rhinoceros Sutra is one of the Gandhāran Buddhist texts, which are the oldest Buddhist texts known.[8] This text is also present in the Pāli Canon; in the Sutta Pitaka, a Pali Rhinoceros Sutta is the third sutta in the Khuddaka Nikaya's Sutta Nipata's first chapter (Sn 1.3).[9]
In Tibetan Buddhism
[edit]In the work written by Gampopa (1074-1153 C.E.), "The Jewel Ornament of Liberation, The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings", the ‘Pratyekabuddha family’ are characterized as secretive about their teachers, live in solitude, are afraid of Samsara, yearn for Nirvana and have little compassion. They are also characterized as arrogant.
They cling to the idea that the unsullied meditative absorption they experience is Nirvana, when it's more like an island to find rest on the way to their actual goal. Rather than let them feel discouraged, the Buddha taught the Sravaka and Pratyekabuddha paths for rest and recuperation. After finding rest in states of meditative absorption, they are encouraged and awakened by the Buddha's body, speech, and mind to reach final Nirvana. Inspired by the Buddha, they then cultivate Bodhicitta and practice the Bodhisattva path.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Nakamura, Hajime. Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Bibliographical Notes. 1999. p. 189
- ^ 《異部宗輪論述記》：謂佛雖在僧中所攝，然別施佛果大，非僧（果大）。於窣堵波興供養業獲廣大果。佛與二乘解脫雖一，而聖道異。無諸外道能得五通。阿羅漢身皆是無漏。餘義多同大眾部執。
- ^ Charles Eliot, Hinduism and Buddhism, 3 Volumes, London, 1922, I 344–5
- ^ "Pacceka Buddha".
- ^ Kloppenborg , Ria (1983). The Paccekabuddha: A Buddhist Ascetic Archived 2015-03-03 at the Wayback Machine - A Study of the Concept of the Paccekabuddha in Pali Canonical and Commentarial Literature, The Wheel Publication No. 305–7, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society
- ^ Ayacana Sutta: The Request (SN 6.1) translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu @ Access to Insight
- ^ Jump up to: a b Boin-Webb, Sara (tr). Rahula, Walpola (tr). Asanga. Abhidharma Samuccaya: The Compendium of Higher Teaching. 2001. pp. 199-200
- ^ Salomon, Richard; Glass, Andrew (2000). A Gāndhārī Version of the Rhinoceros Sūtra: British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragment 5B. University of Washington Press. p. 10,13. ISBN 978-0-295-98035-5.
- ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu 1997.
- ^ Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche, "Jewel Ornament of Liberation." 1998, pp. 51-53
Further reading
[edit]- Kloppenborg, Ria (1974). The Paccekabuddha: A Buddhist Ascetic, Brill, Leiden, Netherlands
- Аналайо Б. (2010). Paccekabuddhas в Исигили-Сутте и ее Ekottarika-àgama Parallel , канадский журнал буддийских исследований 6, 5-36
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Paccekabuddha: буддийский аскет .
- Одинокий и молчаливый-это Pacceka-Buddha! Самахита Thera @ What-buddha-said.net
- Pacceka Buddha в словаре Pali Probult Names
- Piyadassi Thera (1999–2012), MN 116: Исигили Сутта «Дискурс в Исигили», как опубликовано на доступе к пониманию
