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Taiwanese kana

Taiwanese kana
Script type
Syllabary
with some features of an alphabet
Time period
1896–1945
LanguagesTaiwanese Hokkien
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Hakka kana [ja; zh]
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Kana (411), ​Katakana
Unicode
Unicode alias
Katakana
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Taiwanese kana
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese臺灣語假名
Simplified Chinese台湾语假名
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTáiwānyǔ jiǎmíng
Wade–GilesT'ai2-wan1-yü3 chia3-ming2
Tongyong PinyinTáiwanyǔ jiǎmíng
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-oân-gí ká-bêng
Japanese name
Kyūjitai臺灣語假名
Shinjitai台湾語仮名
Transcriptions
RomanizationTaiwan-go kana
A page from the Japanese–Taiwanese Dictionary (日臺大辭典, Nittai daijiten) of 1907, by Ogawa Naoyoshi

Taiwanese kana (Min Nan Chinese: タイ𚿳ヲァヌ𚿳ギイ𚿰カア𚿰ビェン𚿳, tâi oân gí ká biêng, [tai˨˦ uan˨˦ gi˥˩ ka˥˩ bieŋ˨˦]) is a katakana-based writing system that was used to write Taiwanese Hokkien (commonly called "Taiwanese") when the island of Taiwan was under Japanese rule. It functioned as a phonetic guide to hanzi, much like furigana in Japanese or Zhuyin fuhao in Chinese. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including Hakka and Formosan languages.

The system was imposed by Japan at the time and used in a few dictionaries, as well as textbooks. The Taiwanese–Japanese Dictionary, published in 1931–32, is an example.[1] It uses various signs and diacritics to identify sounds that do not exist in Japanese. The system is chiefly built for the Amoy dialect of Hokkien spoken in Taiwan, with some consideration for the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects of Hokkien also spoken in Taiwan as well, which descendant speakers of all three of the historical major dialects of Hokkien thrived, developed, and intermixed in Taiwan for centuries producing modern Taiwanese Hokkien and its own specific regional dialects throughout the island (Formosa) and nearby smaller islands (e.g. Pescadores).

Through the system, the Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan aimed to help Taiwanese people learn the Japanese language, as well as help Japanese people learn the Taiwanese language. Linguistically speaking, however, the syllabary system was cumbersome for a language that has phonology far more complicated than Japanese. After Japanese administration ended, the system soon became obsolete. Now, only a few scholars, such as those who study the aforementioned dictionary, learn Taiwanese kana.

The system underwent modification over time. This article is mainly about the last edition, used from roughly 1931.

Basic rules

[edit]

Mapped sounds are mostly similar to katakana in Japanese, with the kana , , , , , and not used. Each syllable is written with two or three kana (with a few exceptions). Notable differences include:

Vowels

[edit]
  • There are six vowels in Taiwanese: [a], [i], [u], [e], [ɔ], [o]. The pronunciations of , , and are different from Japanese (which are [ɯ], [o], and [(w)o] respectively.)
  • The vowel is pronounced [u] in the diphthongs ヲア [ua] and ヲエ [ue], also their extensions such as ヲァイ [uai], ヲァッ [uat̚]. In some dialects may be pronounced [o] or [ɤ].
  • In syllables with a single vowel, the kana for the vowel is repeated, like the long vowels in Japanese. For example, カア [ka], キイ [ki], オオ [ɔ], ヲヲ [o].
  • The small kana , , , , , 𛅦 are defined as short vowels. They are used to represent the second vowel in the middle of a syllable, or a final glottal stop. For example, キァウ [kiau], キェㇰ for [kiek̚], キァゥ [kiauʔ].
  • There are two optional vowel kana for the Choân-chiu accent (Quanzhou dialect): [ɯ] and [ə]. For example, [kɯ], [kə], [kɯn].

Consonants

[edit]
  • is pronounced [hu], not [ɸɯ] as in Japanese.
  • There are six overlined kana to distinguish [t] and [ts]/[tɕ]. [tsa], [ti], [tu] or [tɯ], [tse], [tso] or [tsɔ] or [tsə], [tə].
Taiwanese kanaModern Japanese kana
IPAaiu/ɯe/ɛo/ɔəäiɯ̟/ɯ̟ᵝ
tティトゥ
ts/ツァツェツォ
  • The aspirated consonants [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ], [tsʰ]/[tɕʰ] are represented by adding an underdot to the kana. For example, ク̣ for [kʰu].
  • Final nasal consonants are written as [m], [n], [ŋ]. Note that , are pronounced [mu], [nu] when they are used as initials. For example, カヌ [kan], ヌヌ for [nun].
  • The syllabic consonant [ŋ̍] is spelt (u+), for example クン [kŋ̍]. Note that [ŋ̍] without a preceding vowel is written as a single , not ウン or ンン.
  • The syllabic consonant [m̩] is spelt (u+), for example フム [hm̩]. Note that [m̩] without a preceding vowel is written as a single , not ウム or ムム.
  • Initial [ŋ] is spelt as [ɡ] with a nasal tone sign. For example, ガア𚿰 [ɡa˥˩], ガア𚿸 [ŋa˥˩].
  • Final plosives (which have no audible release) are ㇷ゚ [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], similar to the kana used in Ainu.
  • Final glottal stops [ʔ] are represented by the short-vowel small kana (, , , , , 𛅦) at the end. For example, カァ [kaʔ], カゥ [kauʔ].

Tone signs

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There are different tone signs for normal vowels and nasal vowels.

Tone number12(6)34578
Pitch˦˥˩˧˩˧˨˦˧˥
Normal vowelsNone𚿰𚿱𚿲𚿳𚿵𚿶
Nasal vowels𚿷𚿸𚿹𚿺𚿻𚿽𚿾
Pe̍h-ōe-jīaáàahâāa̍h
  • When a text is written vertically, these signs are written on the right side of letters. Taiwanese kana is only attested in vertical orientation, so it is unknown where the signs would be placed if it were written horizontally.
  • Initial consonants [m], [n], [ŋ] are always written with nasal vowel tone signs, whereas [b], [l], [ɡ] are always with normal vowels. Note that [ŋ] and [ɡ] share the same initial kana.

Taiwanese kana chart

[edit]

Rime chart

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VowelOpen
syllable
Final nasalsFinal plosives
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[a]アアアムアヌアンアㇷ゚アッアㇰアァ
[ai]アイ
[au]アウアゥ
[ia]イアイァムイァンイァㇷ゚イァㇰイァ
[iau]イァウイァゥ
[i]イイイムイヌイㇷ゚イッイィ
[iu]イウイゥ
[ie]イェヌイェンイェッイェㇰ
[iɔ]イォンイォㇰ
[io]イヲイ𛅦
VowelOpen
syllable
Final nasalsFinal plosives
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[u]ウウウヌウッウゥ
[ui]ウイ
[ɯ]ウウ
[ɯi]
[e]エエエェ
[ɔ]オオオムオンオㇷ゚オㇰオォ
[ə]オオ
[əe]
[ua]ヲアヲァヌヲァンヲァッヲァ
[uai]ヲァイ
[ue]ヲエヲェ
[o]ヲヲヲ𛅦
[m̩]
[ŋ̍]

Syllable chart

[edit]
Nonepbmtlnts/tsʰ/tɕʰs/ɕdz/kɡ/ŋh
aアアパアパ̣アバアマアタアタ̣アラアナアサ̣サアカアカ̣アガアハア
アァパァパ̣ァバァタァタ̣ァラァナァサ̣サァカァカ̣ァハァ
aiアイパイパ̣イバイマイタイタ̣イライナイサ̣サイカイカ̣イガイハイ
auアウパウパ̣ウバウマウタウタ̣ウラウナウサ̣サウカウカ̣ウガウハウ
auʔパ̣ゥマゥタゥラゥナゥサ̣カゥ
amアムタムタ̣ムラムサ̣サムカムカ̣ムガムハム
anアヌパヌパ̣ヌバヌタヌタ̣ヌラヌサ̣サヌカヌカ̣ヌガヌハヌ
アンパンパ̣ンバンタンタ̣ンランサ̣サンカンカ̣ンガンハン
ap̚アㇷ゚タㇷ゚タ̣ㇷ゚ラㇷ゚ㇷ゚サ̣ㇷ゚サㇷ゚カㇷ゚カ̣ㇷ゚ハㇷ゚
at̚アッパッバッタッタ̣ッラッサ̣サッカッカ̣ッハッ
ak̚アㇰパㇰパ̣ㇰバㇰタㇰタ̣ㇰラㇰサ̣サㇰカㇰカ̣ㇰガㇰハㇰ
iaイアピアミアチ̣ニアチアチ̣アシアジアキアキ̣アガアヒア
iaʔイァピァピ̣ァチ̣リァチァチ̣ァシァキァキ̣ァガァヒァ
iauイァウピァウピ̣ァウビァウミァウァウチ̣ァウリァウニァウチァウチ̣ァウシァウジァウキァウキ̣ァウギァウヒァウ
iauʔカ̣ァゥガァゥハァゥ
iamイァムァムチ̣ァムリァムチァムチ̣ァムシァムジァムキァムキ̣ァムギァムヒァム
iaŋイァンピァンピ̣ァンリァンチァンチ̣ァンシァンジァンキ̣ァンギァンヒァン
iap̚イァㇷ゚ァㇷ゚チ̣ァㇷ゚リァㇷ゚チァㇷ゚チ̣ァㇷ゚シァㇷ゚ジァㇷ゚キァㇷ゚キ̣ァㇷ゚ギァㇷ゚ヒァㇷ゚
iak̚ピァㇰピ̣ァㇰァㇰチ̣ァㇰシァㇰキ̣ァㇰ
iイイピイピ̣イビイミイチ̣リイニイチイチ̣イシイジイキイキ̣イギイヒイ
ピィピ̣ィビィミィチ̣ニィチィチ̣ィシィキィ
imイムチ̣リムチムチ̣ムシムジムキムキ̣ムギムヒム
inイヌピヌピ̣ヌビヌチ̣リヌチヌチ̣ヌシヌジヌキヌキ̣ヌギヌヒヌ
ip̚イㇷ゚リㇷ゚チㇷ゚チ̣ㇷ゚シㇷ゚ジㇷ゚キㇷ゚キ̣ㇷ゚ヒㇷ゚
it̚イッピッピ̣ッビッチッチ̣ッシッジッキッキ̣ッヒッ
iuイウピウビウチ̣リウニウチウチ̣ウシウジウキウキ̣ウギウヒウ
iuʔイゥヒゥ
ienイェヌピェヌピ̣ェヌビェヌェヌチ̣ェヌリェヌチェヌチ̣ェヌシェヌジェヌキェヌキ̣ェヌギェヌヒェヌ
ieŋイェンピェンピ̣ェンビェンェンチ̣ェンリェンチェンチ̣ェンシェンキェンキ̣ェンギェンヒェン
iet̚イェッピェッピ̣ェッビェッェッチ̣ェッリェッチェッチ̣ェッシェッジェッキェッキ̣ェッギェッヒェッ
iek̚イェㇰピェㇰピ̣ェㇰビェㇰェㇰチ̣ェㇰリェㇰチェㇰチ̣ェㇰシェㇰキェㇰギェㇰヒェㇰ
iɔŋイォンォンチ̣ォンリォンチォンチ̣ォンシォンジォンキォンキ̣ォンギォンヒォン
iɔk̚イォㇰォㇰチ̣ォㇰリォㇰチォㇰチ̣ォㇰシォㇰジォㇰキォㇰキ̣ォㇰギォㇰヒォㇰ
ioイヲピヲピ̣ヲビヲチ̣リヲチヲチ̣ヲシヲジヲキヲキ̣ヲギヲヒヲ
ioʔイ𛅦𛅦リ𛅦チ𛅦チ̣𛅦シ𛅦キ𛅦キ̣𛅦ギ𛅦ヒ𛅦
uiウイプイプ̣イブイムイツ̣ルイツイツ̣イスイクイク̣イグイフイ
ɯiプ̣ツゥツ̣ゥツ̣ク̣
uウウプウプ̣ウブウツ̣ルウツウツ̣ウスウズウクウク̣ウグウフウ
ウゥプゥプ̣ゥツ̣ツゥツ̣ゥク̣ゥ
ɯウウツウツ̣ウツ̣ク̣
unウヌプヌプ̣ヌブヌツ̣ルヌツヌツ̣ヌスヌズヌクヌク̣ヌグヌフヌ
ɯnク̣
ut̚ウップップ̣ッブッツ̣ルッツッツ̣ッスックック̣ッフッ
ɯt̚
フム
m̩ʔフム
ŋ̍プンムンツ̣ヌンツンツ̣ンスンクンク̣ンフン
ŋ̍ʔプ̣ンツ̣ンスンフン
eエエペエペ̣エベエメエテエテ̣エレエネエセ̣セエケエケ̣エゲエヘエ
エェペェベェメェテェテ̣ェレェネェセ̣セェケェケ̣ェゲェヘェ
əオオポ̣トオト̣ソオソ̣オコオコ̣
əʔオォソォソ̣ォコ̣
ɔオオポオポ̣オボオモオトオト̣オロオノオソ̣ソオコオコ̣オゴオホオ
ɔʔモォ
ɔmオムトムソム
ɔŋオンポンポ̣ンボントント̣ンロンソ̣ソンコンコ̣ンゴンホン
ək̚コ̣
ɔk̚オㇰポㇰポ̣ㇰボㇰトㇰト̣ㇰロㇰソ̣ソㇰコㇰコ̣ㇰゴㇰホㇰ
uaヲアポアポ̣アボアモアトアト̣アロアノアソ̣ソアコアコ̣アゴアホア
uaʔヲァポァポ̣ァボァト̣ァロァソ̣ソァゾァコァコ̣ァホァ
uaiヲァイァイソァイコァイコ̣ァイホァイ
uanヲァヌポァヌポ̣ァヌボァヌトァヌト̣ァヌロァヌァヌソ̣ァヌソァヌコァヌコ̣ァヌゴァヌホァヌ
uaŋヲァンソ̣ァン
uat̚ヲァッポァッポ̣ァッボァットァット̣ァッロァッァッソァッコァッコ̣ァッゴァッホァッ
ueヲエポエポ̣エボエトエロエソ̣ソエゾエコエコ̣エゴエホエ
ueʔヲェポェポ̣ェボェソェコェコ̣ェゴェホェ
əeト̣ソォソ̣ォコ̣
oヲヲポヲポ̣ヲボヲトヲト̣ヲロヲソ̣ソヲコヲコ̣ヲゴヲホヲ
ヲ𛅦ポ𛅦ポ̣𛅦ト𛅦ト̣𛅦ロ𛅦𛅦ソ̣𛅦ソ𛅦コ𛅦ホ𛅦
  1. Tone signs are always needed for a syllable.
  2. [ɡ] always takes normal vowel tone signs; [m], [n], [ŋ] always take nasal vowel tone signs.
  3. Some spellings are not clear. 仔(á) was sometimes written as rather than アア. 的(ê) was sometimes written as rather than エエ.
  4. [ɔ] is spelt with , such as in オオ, ポオ, イオ, ピオ, and so on.

Example

[edit]
Audio File:Duration: 3 seconds.
Taiwanese kana:シェヌ シイ𚿷 コン𚿰、ハㇰ𚿶 シェン ァム𚿵 ァム𚿵 チ̣ア𚿷。
IPA:[ ɕjæn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕjəŋ˥ tjam˧ tjam˧ tʰjã˥ ]
Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.
Tâi-lô:Sian-sinn kóng, ha̍k-sing tiām-tiām thiann.
Traditional Chinese:先生講、學生恬恬聽。
Translation:A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening.

Unicode support

[edit]

Amongst software/encodings, Mojikyo fully supports the system.

Unicode has been able to represent small ku () and small pu (ㇷ゚) since Unicode 3.2, small katakana wo (𛅦) since Unicode 12.0, and tone signs since Unicode 14.0 (2021).

It also requires the use of the combining overline and combining dot below with kana to represent overlined and underdotted kana (like so: チ̅, ツ̣). Font support for these small kana and for sensible rendering of these uncommon combining sequences is in practice limited; overlines are simulated in the tables above using markup.

Kana Extended-B[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+1AFFx𚿰𚿱𚿲𚿳𚿵𚿶𚿷𚿸𚿹𚿺𚿻𚿽𚿾
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931–1932). 臺日大辭典. 上卷 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 1. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
    • Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931–1932). 臺日大辭典. 下卷 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.

Further reading

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Arc.Ask3.Ru: конец переведенного документа.
Arc.Ask3.Ru
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