644 -й эскадрилья бомбы
| 644 -й эскадрилья бомбы | |
|---|---|
 Эскадрилья B-52H StratoFortress [ А ] | |
| Активный | 1943-1945; 1958–1959; 1962–1994 |
| Страна |  Соединенные Штаты |
| Ветвь |  ВВС США |
| Роль | Тяжелый бомбардировщик |
| Занятия | Европейский театр операций |
| Украшения | Distinguished Unit Citation Награда за выдающиеся подразделения ВВС |
| Insignia | |
| 644th Bomb Squadron emblem (SAC era) |  |
| 644th Bombardment Squadron emblem[b][1] |  |
| World War II 644th Bombardment Squadron fuselage code[2] | 5D |
644 -й эскадрилья бомбы - неактивная подразделение ВВС США . В последний раз он был назначен на 410 -й бомбардировочное крыло на базе ВВС Ки -Сойер , штат Мичиган, где было инактивировано 21 ноября 1994 года.
Впервые активирована как 644-й эскадрилья бомбардировки во время Второй мировой войны , эскадрилья переехала в Европейский театр операций весной 1944 года. Она выполнила по поддержке авиации и авиации миссии с бомбардировщиками Douglas A-20 , сначала из Англии, затем от Advanced Приземление на европейском континенте. Он получил выдающуюся подразделение для миссий, которые летали против немецких целей во время битвы за выпуклость . В феврале 1945 года подразделение начало конвертироваться в Invader Douglas A-26 , но война закончилась до того, как он выполнил какие-либо боевые миссии со своими новыми самолетами.
Эскадрилья была переименована 644-й стратегической ракетной эскадрилья и активирована в 1959 году в качестве учебного подразделения SM-75 THOR , обучающего экипажи ракетных сил Королевских ВВС . Это было инактивировано позже в том же году. Эскадрилья вернулась к обозначению бомбардировки в 1963 году, когда она была активирована, чтобы заменить эскадрилью стратокоррестри Boeing B-52H на базе ВВС Ki Sawyer. Эскадрилья стояла настороже со своими плоскостями до конца холодной войны . Он развернул членов экипажа во время войны во Вьетнаме , а также экипажа и самолеты во время пустынного шторма , хотя сама эскадрилья осталась на своей домашней станции.
History
[edit]World War II
[edit]
The squadron was first activated as the 644th Bombardment Squadron at Will Rogers Field on 1 July 1943 as one of the four original squadrons of the 410th Bombardment Group and equipped and trained with Douglas A-20 Havoc light bombers. It completed training and left the United States for the European Theater of Operations in March 1944.[1][3]
The squadron arrived at its first overseas station, RAF Birch in April 1944, but soon moved to RAF Gosfield. The squadron flew its first combat mission the following month. It helped to prepare for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, by assaulting coastal defenses, airfields, and V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket sites in France, and marshalling yards in France and Belgium. It supported the landings in June by bombing artillery positions and railway choke points. Assisted ground forces participating in Operation Cobra, the breakthrough at St Lo in July, and supported ground forces at Caen and Brest, France through September by attacking bridges, vehicles, fuel and ammunition dumps, and rail lines.[3]
The 644th moved to its first base in France in September, and from Coulommiers Airfield struck defended villages, railroad bridges and overpasses, marshalling yards, military camps, and communications centers to support the Allied assault on the Siegfried Line through the middle of December. In December, the unit participated in the Battle of the Bulge by striking marshalling yards, railheads, bridges, and vehicles in the battle area through January 1945. The squadron's bombing of targets in the Ardennes, when it made many attacks on German lines of communications, from 23 to 25 December 1944, earned it a Distinguished Unit Citation.[3]
The squadron began training in January 1945 for night missions, while continuing its daylight operations. It replaced its A-20G and A-20H aircraft with nose-mounted guns with black A-20J and A-20Ks with navigator positions for night operations. These operations were aided by Martin B-26 Marauder flare ships to illuminate the area, and Douglas A-26 Invaders to mark targets with special bombs that burned with various colors. Successful night missions were flown in February, but the swift advances of Allied forces and need for daytime support resulted in a return to daylight operations.[4]
The 644th continued to fly ground support and air interdiction missions, aiding the Allied drive across the Rhine and into Germany from February through April 1945. The squadron converted to the Douglas A-26 Invader in 1945, but did not fly combat missions with its new bomber. After V-E Day, the squadron left Europe in June 1945 and reassembled at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina in August. It was inactivated at Myrtle Beach Army Air Field in November 1945.[1][3]
Missile training
[edit]The squadron was redesignated the 644th Strategic Missile Squadron and activated at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California in January 1959 as a missile training squadron. The squadron was assigned to the 704th Strategic Missile Wing and was intended to train Royal Air Force personnel in the operation and launching of the SM-75 Thor Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM). Anticipating the inactivation of the 704th Wing in July, the squadron was attached to the 1st Missile Division on 6 April 1969.[5] However, although Thors were provided to NATO allies, no USAF units were equipped with them, when the Army's Jupiter missile was selected as the IRBM for US forces, and the squadron was inactivated on 15 December 1959 without being manned.[1]
Strategic bomber operations
[edit]In the late 1950s, Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to disperse its Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike.[6] SAC bases with large concentrations of bombers made attractive targets. SAC's response was to break up its wings and scatter their aircraft over a larger number of bases.[7] As part of this program, it established the 4042d Strategic Wing at the new K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan in August 1958.[8] By 1961, the base was ready to accept the B-52s of the 526th Bombardment Squadron, which moved to K.I. Sawyer from Homestead Air Force Base, Florida.[9] However, the 4042d Wing was a Major Command controlled (MAJCON) wing, which could not carry a permanent history or lineage,[10] and SAC wanted to replace it with a permanent unit.[11] The 410th Bombardment Wing was activated to replace the 4042d Wing in February 1963,[12] The 644th, once again a bombardment squadron, took over the mission, personnel and equipment of the 526th, which was simultaneously inactivated.[1][9] While this action was almost tantamount to redesignation, it was not an official redesignation.[13]
One half of the squadron's aircraft were maintained on fifteen minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[14] in addition, the squadron periodically flew Operation Chrome Dome missions for "airborne alert training."[15] The squadron trained for strategic bombardment to meet SAC commitments. Although the squadron did not deploy to support Operation Arc Light and Operation Linebacker, from 1968 to the end of the Vietnam War squadron crews deployed to the Pacific,[12] where they flew B-52s of other units on combat missions.
In 1980, two 644th Bomb Squadron crews (S-21 and S-31) received the Mackay Trophy for "executing a nonstop, around-the-world mission with the immediate objective of locating and photographing elements of the Soviet Navy operating in the Persian Gulf.[16] With the end of the Cold War, its bombers were taken off alert. The squadron was inactivated in November 1994, as the 410th Bomb Wing became non-operational in preparation for the closure of K.I. Sawyer in 1995.
Lineage
[edit]- Constituted as the 644th Bombardment Squadron (Light) on 16 June 1943
- Activated on 1 July 1943
- Redesignated 644th Bombardment Squadron, Light in 1944
- Inactivated on 7 November 1945
- Redesignated 644th Strategic Missile Squadron (IRBM-Thor) on 1 December 1958
- Activated on 15 January 1959
- Inactivated on 1 November 1959
- Redesignated 644th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy and activated on 15 Nov 1962 (not organized)
- Organized on 1 February 1963[17]
- Redesignated 644th Bomb Squadron on 1 September 1991
- Inactivated on 21 November 1994
Assignments
[edit]- 410th Bombardment Group, 1 July 1943 – 7 November 1945
- 704th Strategic Missile Wing, 15 January 1959
- 1st Missile Division, 1 July–1 November 1959
- Strategic Air Command, 15 November 1962 (not organized)
- 410th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1963[17]
- 410th Operations Group, 1 September 1991 – 21 November 1994
Stations
[edit]- Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma, 1 July 1943
- Muskogee Army Air Field, Oklahoma, 4 October 1943
- Laurel Army Air Field, Mississippi, 10 January 1944
- Lakeland Army Air Field, Florida, 8 February–13 March 1944
- RAF Birch (AAF-149),[18] England, 4 April 1944
- RAF Gosfield (AAF-154),[19] England, 16 April 1944
- Coulommiers Airfield (A-58),[20] France, 27 September 1944
- Juvincourt Airfield (A-68),[21] France, 9 February 1945
- Beaumont sur Oise Airfield (A-60),[20] France, 22 May–25 June 1945
- Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, c. 24 August 1945
- Myrtle Beach Army Air Field, South Carolina, 5 October–7 November 1945
- Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, 15 January–1 November 1959
- K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan 1 February 1963 – 21 November 1994[22]
Aircraft and missiles
[edit]- Douglas A-20 Havoc, 1944–1945
- Douglas A-26 Invader, 1945
- PGM-17 Thor, 1959
- Boeing B-52H Stratofortress, 1963–1994[17]
Awards and campaigns
[edit]| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Distinguished Unit Citation | 23 December 1944-25 December 1944 | Germany, 644th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
 |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 February 1963-31 March 1963 | 644th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Air Offensive, Europe | 4 April 1944 – 5 June 1944 | 644th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
|
Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 | 644th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
|
Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 644th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
|
Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | 644th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
|
Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 | 644th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
|
Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 | 644th Bombardment Squadron[1] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- Explanatory noted
- ^ Aircraft is Boeing B-52H-155-BW Stratofortress, serial 60-0057, Someplace Special (Nemesis during Operation Allied Force). Baugher, Joe (14 April 2023). "1960 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 12 May 2023. Taken at RAF Greenham Common in 1982. The plane's markings are patterned after those used by the squadron on D-Day.
- ^ Approved 21 December 1943. Description: Over and through an ultramarine blue disc, border white, edged back, a right fist proper, winged gold, doubled about red brass knuckles.
- Citations
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 692
- ^ Rust, p. 211
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 295-296
- ^ Rust, pp. 152-153
- ^ Ravenstein, p. 292
- ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol 1, History of Strategic Air Command, Jan-Jun 1957 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ Knaack, p. 252
- ^ Mueller, p. 296
- ^ Jump up to: a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 631
- ^ Ravenstein, Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors, p. 12
- ^ Ravenstein, Combat Wings, p. 271
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ravenstein, Combat Wings, pp.221-222
- ^ The Development of the Strategic Air Command 1946-1986, Office of the Historian, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt AFB, NE, pp. 117-118.
- ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ Narducci, pp. 5-6
- ^ "Mackay Trophy 1980-1989 Winners". National Aeronautic Association. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Lineage information prior to March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 692.
- ^ Station number in Anderson, p. 21.
- ^ Station number in Anderson, p. 22.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Station number in Johnson, p. 19.
- ^ Station number in Johnson, p. 20.
- ^ Station information prior to March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 692, except as noted.
Bibliography
[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- Johnson, 1st Lt. David C. (1988). U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO) D-Day to V-E Day (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
- Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Narducci, Henry M. (1988). Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- Равенштейн, Чарльз А. (1984). Военно-воздушные боевые крылья, источник линии и почестей 1947-1977 . Вашингтон, округ Колумбия: Управление истории ВВС. ISBN 0-912799-12-9 Полем Получено 17 декабря 2016 года .
- Равенштейн, Чарльз А. (1984). Руководство по происхождению и наградам ВВС (2D, пересмотренное изд.). Maxwell AFB, AL: Центр исторических исследований ВВС США.
