сочельник

сочельник
сочельник
	Канун Рождества , картина Дж. Гувера и сына 1878 года
Также называется	Бдение Рождества ; Рождественский вечер ; Рождественское бдение ; За день до Рождества ; Ночь перед Рождеством
Observed by	Christians; Many non-Christians
Type	Christian, cultural
Significance	Day or evening preceding the traditional birthday of Jesus
Observances	Gift shopping, gift giving, goodwill greetings, Midnight Mass, other church services, meals, preparations for the arrival of Christmas gift-bringers, preparing for Christmas
Date	24 December (Western Churches and Eastern Orthodox churches that use the Revised Julian Calendar); 5 January (Armenian Apostolic Church); 6 January (Eastern Orthodox Churches that follow the Old Julian Calendar and most Oriental Orthodox Churches); 18 January (Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem);
Frequency	Annual
Related to	Christmas Day, Christmastide, New Year's Eve, New Year's Day

Сочельник - это вечер или целый день перед Рождеством , фестиваль, рождению Иисуса посвященный . ^{[ 4 ]} Рождество наблюдается по всему миру , а канун Рождества широко замечается как полный или частичный отпуск в ожидании Рождества. Вместе оба дня считаются одним из самых культурно значительных праздников в христианском и западном обществе .

Рождественские празднования в конфессиях западного христианства уже давно начались в канун Рождества, отчасти из -за христианского литургического дня, начиная с заката, ^{[ 5 ]} практика, унаследованная от еврейской традиции ^{[ 6 ]} и основываясь на истории творения в книге Бытия : «И был вечер, и было утро - первый день». ^{[ 7 ]} Многие церкви до сих пор звонят в церковные колокола и держат молитвы вечером; Например, скандинавские лютеранские церкви. ^{[ 8 ]} Поскольку традиция утверждает, что Иисус родился ночью (базирующийся в Луки 2: 6-8), полночь в канун Рождества отмечается, традиционно в полночь, в память о его рождении. ^[9] Идея о том, что Иисус рождается ночью, отражается в том факте, что канун Рождества называют Хайлиге Нахт (Святая ночь) на немецком языке, Ночебуэну (Доброй ночи) на испанском и аналогичным образом в других выражениях рождественской духовности, такой как песня «Тихая ночь, святая ночь» .

Many other varying cultural traditions and experiences are also associated with Christmas Eve around the world, including the gathering of family and friends, the singing of Christmas carols, the illumination and enjoyment of Christmas lights, trees, and other decorations, the wrapping, exchange and opening of gifts, and general preparation for Christmas Day. Legendary Christmas gift-bearing figures including Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Christkind, and Saint Nicholas are also often said to depart for their annual journey to deliver presents to children around the world on Christmas Eve, although until the Protestant introduction of Christkind in 16th-century Europe,^[10] such figures were said to instead deliver presents on the eve of Saint Nicholas' feast day (6 December).

Religious traditions

Western churches

Western churches have traditionally observed Christmas Eve (properly the Vigil of the Nativity) as a liturgical observance distinct from the masses of Christmas Day, with the proper Gospel at the Mass for the Vigil of the Nativity being that of the Annunciation to Joseph in Matthew 1. The Vigil of the Nativity is not so much the first day of Christmas as it is the last day of Advent, and so it traditionally retains the liturgical color of violet. In traditional western liturgical practice, when the Fourth Sunday of Advent and Christmas Eve occur on the same day, the Sunday mass is of Christmas Eve and the Fourth Sunday of Advent is only commemorated.

The festivities of Christmas Day have, however, extended farther and farther back into Christmas Eve. While Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and some Anglicans traditionally celebrate Midnight Mass, the first mass of Christmas, either at or near midnight on Christmas Eve, some churches have in recent decades scheduled their "Midnight" Mass as early as 7 pm in an effort to better accommodate young children, whose choral singing has become a popular feature in some traditions.

Midnight Mass is held in churches throughout the world and celebrates the birth of Christ, which is believed to have occurred at night. Midnight Mass is popular in Poland (pasterka) and Lithuania (piemenėlių mišios). In Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula, the Midnight Mass is also referred to as "Rooster's Mass" (Misa de Gallo in Spanish, Missa do Galo in Portuguese and Missa del Gall in Catalan). In the Philippines, the custom has expanded into the nine-day Simbang Gabi, when Filipinos attend dawn Masses (traditionally beginning around 04:00 to 05:00 PST) from 16 December, continuing daily until Christmas Eve. In 2009 Vatican officials scheduled the Midnight Mass to start at 10 pm so that the 82-year-old Pope Benedict XVI would not have too late a night.^[11]

A nativity scene may be erected indoors or outdoors, and is composed of figurines depicting the infant Jesus resting in a manger, Mary, and Joseph.^[12] Other figures in the scene may include angels, shepherds, and various animals. The figures may be made of any material,^[13] and arranged in a stable or grotto. The Magi may also appear, and are sometimes not placed in the scene until the week following Christmas to account for their travel time to Bethlehem. While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, nativity scenes in churches usually remain on display until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord.^[13]

Whilst it does not include any kind of Mass, the Church of Scotland has a service beginning just before midnight, in which carols are sung. The Church of Scotland no longer holds Hogmanay services on New Year's Eve, but the Christmas Eve services are still very popular. On Christmas Eve, the Christ Candle in the center of the Advent wreath is traditionally lit in many church services. In candlelight services, while singing Silent Night, each member of the congregation receives a candle and passes along their flame which is first received from the Christ Candle.

Lutherans traditionally practice Christmas Eve Eucharistic traditions typical of Germany and Scandinavia. "Krippenspiele" (Nativity plays), special festive music for organ, vocal and brass choirs and candlelight services make Christmas Eve one of the most beloved days in the Lutheran Church calendar. Christmas Vespers is popular in the early evening, and Midnight Masses are also widespread in regions which are predominantly Lutheran. The old Lutheran tradition of a Christmas Vigil in the early morning hours of Christmas Day (Christmette) can still be found in some regions. In eastern and middle Germany, congregations still continue the tradition of "Quempas singing": separate groups dispersed in various parts of the church sing verses of the song "He whom shepherds once came Praising" (Quem pastores laudavere) responsively.

Methodists celebrate the evening in different ways. Some, in the early evening, come to their church to celebrate Holy Communion with their families. The mood is very solemn, and the only visible light is the Advent Wreath, and the candles upon the Lord's Table. Others celebrate the evening with services of light, which include singing the song Silent Night as a variety of candles (including personal candles) are lit. Other churches have late evening services perhaps at 11 pm, so that the church can celebrate Christmas Day together with the ringing of bells at midnight. Others offer Christmas Day services as well.

The annual "Nine Lessons and Carols", broadcast from King's College, Cambridge on Christmas Eve, has established itself a Christmas custom in the United Kingdom.^[14] It is broadcast outside the UK via the BBC World Service, and is also bought by broadcasters around the world.^[14]

Eastern churches

In the Byzantine Rite, Christmas Eve is referred to as Paramony ("preparation"). It is the concluding day of the Nativity Fast and is observed as a day of strict fasting by those devout Byzantine Christians who are physically capable of doing so. In some traditions, nothing is eaten until the first star appears in the evening sky, in commemoration of the Star of Bethlehem. The liturgical celebration begins earlier in the day with the celebration of the Royal Hours, followed by the Divine Liturgy combined with the celebration of Vespers, during which a large number of passages from the Old Testament are chanted, recounting the history of salvation. After the dismissal at the end of the service, a new candle is brought out into the center of the church and lit, and all gather round and sing the Troparion and Kontakion of the Feast.

In the evening, the All-Night Vigil for the Feast of the Nativity is composed of Great Compline, Matins and the First Hour. The Byzantine services of Christmas Eve are intentionally parallel to those of Good Friday, illustrating the theological point that the purpose of the Incarnation was to make possible the Crucifixion and Resurrection. This is illustrated in Eastern icons of the Nativity, on which the Christ Child is wrapped in swaddling clothes reminiscent of his burial wrappings. The child is also shown lying on a stone, representing the Tomb of Christ, rather than a manger. The Cave of the Nativity is also a reminder of the cave in which Jesus was buried.

The services of Christmas Eve are also similar to those of the Eve of Theophany (Epiphany), and the two Great Feasts are considered one celebration.

In some Orthodox cultures, after the Vesperal Liturgy the family returns home to a festive meal, but one at which Orthodox fasting rules are still observed: no meat or dairy products (milk, cheese, eggs, etc.) are consumed (see below for variations according to nationality). Then they return to the church for the All-Night Vigil.

The next morning, Christmas Day, the Divine Liturgy is celebrated again, but with special features that occur only on Great Feasts of the Lord. After the dismissal of this Liturgy, the faithful customarily greet each other with the kiss of peace and the words: "Christ is Born!", to which the one being greeted responds: "Glorify Him!" (the opening words of the Canon of the Nativity that was chanted the night before during the Vigil). This greeting, together with many of the hymns of the feast, continue to be used until the leave-taking of the feast on 29 December.

The first three days of the feast are particularly solemn. The second day is known as the Synaxis of the Theotokos, and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Nativity of Jesus. The third day is referred to simply as "the Third Day of the Nativity". The Saturday and Sunday following 25 December have special Epistle and Gospel readings assigned to them. 29 December celebrates the Holy Innocents.

Byzantine Christians observe a festal period of twelve days, during which no one in the Church fasts, even on Wednesdays and Fridays, which are normal fasting days throughout the rest of the year. During this time one feast leads into another: 25–31 December is the afterfeast of the Nativity; 2–5 January is the forefeast of the Epiphany.

Christmas Eve dinner

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, the meal consists of an odd number of lenten dishes in compliance with the rules of fasting. They are usually the traditional sarma, bob chorba (bean soup), fortune kravai (pastry with a fortune in it; also called bogovitsa, vechernik, kolednik), stuffed peppers, nuts, dried fruit, boiled wheat.^[15] The meal is often accompanied with wine or Bulgaria's traditional alcoholic beverage rakia, in the past olovina (a type of homemade rye beer). The meals used to be put on top of hay, directly on the floor, together with a ploughshare or a coulter.^[16]

Cuba

In Cuba, roasted pig (lechón) is often the center of Christmas Eve (Nochebuena).^[17] It is believed that the tradition dates back to the 15th century when Caribbean colonists hunted down pigs and roasted them with a powerful flame.^[18]

In Cuban and Cuban-American tradition, the pig is sometimes cooked in a Caja China, a large box where an entire pig is placed below hot coals.^[19] The dinner features many side dishes and desserts, and often games of dominoes are played. The tradition is continued by Cuban families in Florida and the United States.^[20] The dinner on the 24th, Christmas Eve itself, is the center of the celebration. That day—it may also be 31—for many it is important to wear a new piece of clothing, be it a jacket or underwear.

The Cuban family does not have a fixed time for dinner. It is necessary, yes, in most of the Island, to have it as a family, and it is expected to be all at the table to start tasting the frijoles negros dormidos [sleeping black beans] and the arroz blanco desgranado y reluciente [shredded white rice], the yuca con mojo [Cuban side dish made by marinating yuca root (also known as cassava) in garlic, sour orange, and olive oil], the roasted pork or the stuffed or unfilled guanajo that, along with homemade desserts, such as Christmas fritters, and a wide range of sweets in syrup and Spanish nougat. The visit to the archipelago of Pope John Paul II, in 1998, promoted the Cuban State, in a gesture of goodwill, to declare December 25 again as a holiday, which had stopped happening for several decades.

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, fasting on the day of Christmas Eve (or only eating meatless food) is a medieval tradition. The belief is that if one lasted until Christmas dinner, they would see a golden pig, which is a symbol of luck. A typical Christmas breakfast is a sweet braided bread vánočka. Christmas Eve dinner traditionally consists of a carp (baked or fried) and a potato salad.^[21]

France

In French-speaking places, Réveillon is a long dinner eaten on Christmas Eve.

Guam and the Northern Marianas

In Guam and the Northern Marianas, dishes include shrimp kelaguen; coconut crab; and kadon octopus (octopus stewed in sweet peppers and coconut milk).^{[citation needed]} Beef is a rarity,^{[citation needed]} but a popular dish is tinaktak, ground beef in coconut milk.^[22]^{[failed verification]}

Italy

While other Christian families throughout the world celebrate the Christmas Eve meal with various meats, Italians (especially Sicilians) celebrate the traditional Catholic "Feast of the Seven Fishes" which was historically served after a 24-hour fasting period. Although Christmas fasting is no longer a popular custom, some Italian-Americans still enjoy a meatless Christmas Eve feast^[23] and attend the Midnight Mass. In various cultures, a festive dinner is traditionally served for the family and close friends in attendance, when the first star (usually Sirius) appears in the sky.

Lithuania

Lithuanian Christmas Eve blends pagan and Christian traditions, as initially it was a celebration of the winter solstice.^[24] Traditionally, Lithuanians believed that animals could talk on that night, and it was possible to predict the future with charms and various games.^[25] Kūčios ("Holy Meal") is the most important event of the year and family reunion. Dead relatives are remembered with an empty plate set at the table.^[26] The feast starts after the rise of the evening star.^[27]^{[unreliable source?]} No products made from meat, milk and alcohol are allowed during the Kūčios.^[28]^{[unreliable source?]} In all, 12 dishes are served, all of them rustic, made from grains, fish, dried fruit or mushrooms including kūčiukai. Small biscuits soaked in poppy seed milk are served.^{[citation needed]} After the dinner is over the table is left uncleared overnight for the feast of vėlės (spirits or soul).^[29]^{[unreliable source?]}^[30]

Peru

In Peru, turkey and panettone are the stars of Christmas Eve.^[31]

Philippines

In the Philippines, the traditional dinner (known as noche buena or nochebuena) is served at midnight after the family attends the late evening Mass known as Misa de Gallo (sometimes referred to as Misa de Aguinaldo, "Gift Mass"). Common traditional dishes served for the main course include: lechón, various types of pancit (noodles), Filipino spaghetti, hamonado, jamón, queso de bola, morcón, embutido, chicken galantina, almondigas (meatballs), paelya (arroz valenciana, bringhe, etc.), lumpia, menudo, mechado, caldereta, callos, chicken pastel, relyenong bangús (stuffed milkfish), lengua estofado, adobo, and various types of barbecue (inihaw). Almost all of these dishes are eaten with white rice. Desserts and side dishes include úbe halayá, turon, leche flan, macaroni salad, membrilyo, fruit salad, buko salad, crema de fruta, ensaymada, champorado, mango float, fruitcake, castañas (roasted chestnuts), and various other kakanin (rice cakes) like puto bumbong, bibingka, suman, biko, and sapin-sapin. Popular beverages are tsokolate as well as coffee, soda, wine, beer, alcoholic drinks, and fruit juices.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]

Poland

A tradition similar to Italy (Wigilia, or 'Christmas Vigil') exists in Poland. The number of dishes is traditionally 12, but has been an odd number in the past.^[38] According to the Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language) by Aleksander Brückner, the number of dishes was traditionally related to social class: the peasants' vigil consisted of 5 or 7 dishes, the gentry usually had 9, and the aristocracy, 11 dishes, but the even number 12 is also found today to remember the Twelve Apostles. It is obligatory to try a portion of all of them. Some traditions specify that the number of guests cannot be odd.^[39]^[40]

In Poland, gifts are unwrapped on Christmas Eve, as opposed to Christmas Day. It comes from fusing the traditions of Saint Nicholas Day (6 December) and Christmas. In the past, gifts were opened on the morning of Saint Nicholas Day.^{[citation needed]}

Puerto Rico

In the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, the traditional Christmas Eve dinner consists of arroz con gandules (rice with pigeon peas), lechón asado (pig roast) or pernil asado (pork roast shoulder), morcilla (rice-filled pork blood sausage), pasteles (root vegetable-based dough, meat-filled tamale), guineitos en escabeche (marinated, sliced green bananas), ensalada de papa puertorriqueña (Puerto Rican potato salad), and ensalada de coditos puertorriqueña (Puerto Rican macaroni salad).^[41] The traditional Christmas Eve desserts are arroz con dulce (coconut rice pudding), tembleque (coconut pudding), flan de queso o coco (cheese or coconut caramel custard), tierrita (chocolate mousse), turrón, galletas florecitas (small meringue-topped biscuits), Danish butter biscuits, nueces surtidas (assorted shelled nuts), bombones dulces de navidad surtidos (assorted Christmas hard candy).^[42] The traditional Christmas Eve beverages are coquito (coconut eggnog), Don Q or Bacardi (rum), and Pitorro (moonshine rum).^[43]

Russia

Rozhdenstvenskiy sochelnik (Russian: Рождественский сочельник) was a common Eastern Orthodox tradition in the Russian Empire, but during the era of the Soviet Union it was greatly discouraged as a result of the official atheism of the former regime.

In modern-day Russia, the church has a service on that day, but the celebration itself has not yet regained its popularity among the people. Instead of the Christmas Eve, New Year's Eve is considered to be a traditional family celebration featuring the New Year tree.

Serbia

In accordance with the Christmas traditions of the Serbs, their festive meal has a copious and diverse selection of foods, although it is prepared according to the rules of fasting.

As well as a round, unleavened loaf of bread and salt, which are necessary, this meal may comprise roast fish, cooked beans, sauerkraut, noodles with ground walnuts, honey, and wine.

Families in some Slavic countries leave an empty place at the table for guests (alluding to Mary and Joseph looking for shelter in Bethlehem).

Ukraine

In Ukraine, Sviatyi Vechir (Ukrainian: Святий Вечір, Holy Evening) is traditionally celebrated with a meatless twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper, or the Holy Supper (Ukrainian: Свята Вечеря, Sviata Vecheria). The main attributes of the Holy Supper in Ukraine are kutia, a poppy seed, honey and wheat dish, and uzvar, a drink made from reconstituted dried fruits. Other typical dishes are borscht, varenyky, and dishes made of fish, phaseolus and cabbage.

The twelve dishes symbolize the Twelve Apostles. Just as in Poland, it is obligatory to try a portion of all of the dishes. The table is spread with a white cloth symbolic of the swaddling clothes the Child Jesus was wrapped in, and a large white candle stands in the center of the table symbolizing Christ the Light of the World. Next to it is a round loaf of bread symbolizing Christ Bread of Life. Hay is often displayed either on the table or as a decoration in the room, reminiscent of the manger in Bethlehem.

Venezuela

In Venezuela, hallacas are normally the staple dish for Noche Buena alongside of either ham or pork leg known as "pernil", panettone, rum and "Ponche Crema" (a form of alcoholic eggnog). The night is usually accompanied by traditional Christmas music known as "aguinaldos"; in Venezuela, the traditional music is known as joropo.^[44]

Gift giving

During the Reformation in 16th- and 17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or Christkindl, and the date of giving gifts changed from 6 December to Christmas Eve.^[45] It is the night when Santa Claus makes his rounds delivering gifts to good children. Many trace the custom of giving gifts to the Magi who brought gifts for the Christ child in the manger.

In Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia, where Saint Nicholas (sv. Mikuláš/szent Mikulás) gives gifts on 6 December, the Christmas gift-giver is the Child Jesus (Ježíšek in Czech, Jézuska in Hungarian, Ježiško in Slovak and Isusek in Croatian).^[46]

In Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland, presents are traditionally exchanged on the evening of 24 December. Children are commonly told that presents were brought either by the Christkind (German for Christ child),^[47] or by the Weihnachtsmann. Both leave the gifts, but are in most families not seen doing so. In Germany, the gifts are also brought on 6 December by "the Nikolaus" with his helper Knecht Ruprecht.

In Estonia Jõuluvana, Finland Joulupukki, Denmark Julemanden, Norway Julenissen and Sweden Jultomten, personally meets children and gives presents in the evening of Christmas Eve.^[48]^[49]

In Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Quebec (French Canada), Romania, Uruguay, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, and Switzerland, Christmas presents are opened mostly on the evening of the 24th—following German tradition, this is also the practice among the British Royal Family since it was introduced by Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort^[50]^[51]—while in Italy, the United States, the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Malta, English Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, this occurs mostly on the morning of Christmas Day.

In other Latin American countries, people stay awake until midnight, when they open the presents.

In Spain, gifts are traditionally opened on the morning of 6 January, Epiphany day ("Día de Los Tres Reyes Magos"),^[52] though in some other countries, like Mexico, Argentina and Uruguay, people receive presents both around Christmas and on the morning of Epiphany day.

In Belgium and the Netherlands Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas and his companion Zwarte Piet deliver presents to children and adults alike on the evening of 5 December, the eve of his nameday.^[53] On 24 December they go to church or watch the late-night Mass on TV, or have a meal.^{[citation needed]}

Other traditions

Christmas Eve is celebrated in different ways around the world, varying by country and region. Elements common to many areas of the world include the attendance of special religious observances such as a midnight Mass or Vespers and the giving and receiving of presents. Along with Easter, Christmastime is one of the most important periods on the Christian calendar, and is often closely connected to other holidays at this time of year, such as Advent, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, St. Nicholas Day, St. Stephen's Day, New Year's, and the Feast of the Epiphany.

Among Christians, as well as non-Christians who celebrate Christmas, the significant amount of vacation travel, and travel back to family homes, that takes place in the lead-up to Christmas means that Christmas Eve is also frequently a time of social events and parties, worldwide.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]

In Jewish culture

Nittel Nacht is a name given to Christmas Eve by Jewish scholars in the 17th century.

In contemporary American-Jewish culture

With Christmas Day a work holiday throughout the United States, there is a space of unfilled free time during which much of American commerce and society is not functioning, and which can give rise to a sense of loneliness or alienation for American Jews.^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]

Jews also typically do not engage in the family gathering and religious worship activities that are central to Christmas Eve for Christians.^[64]

Typical contemporary activities have usually been limited to "Chinese and a movie"^[65]^[66]^[67]—consuming a meal at a Chinese restaurant, which tend to be open for business on the Christmas holiday, and watching a movie at the theater or at home, stereotypically a rerun of the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life.^[63]^[68]^[69]^[70]

Since the 1980s a variety of social events for young Jews have sprung up, and become popular, on Christmas Eve.^[71] These include the Matzo Ball, The Ball, and a number of local events organized by Jewish communities and local Jewish Federations in North America.^[60]

In Chinese culture

In Mandarin, Christmas Eve is called Píng'ān yè (平安夜, "peaceful night", etymologically from the Chinese title of the Christmas carol Silent Night). People exchange apples, because the word for "apple" (苹(píng)果) is a rhyming wordplay with "peace" (平(píng)安).^[72]

In Inuit culture

In Inuit territories, Christmas Eve is called Quviasukvik. The Inuit celebrate it as their new year.^[73]^[74]^[75]

United States

In New Mexico and areas of San Diego, California, Christmas Eve (nochebuena) is celebrated by lighting luminarias and farolitos.

Historical events

A number of historical events have been influenced by the occurrence of Christmas Eve.

Christmas truce

During World War I in 1914 and 1915 there was an unofficial Christmas truce, particularly between British and German troops. The truce began on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1914, when German troops began decorating the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium, for Christmas. They began by placing candles on trees, then continued the celebration by singing Christmas carols, most notably Stille Nacht ("Silent Night"). The British troops in the trenches across from them responded by singing English carols. The two sides shouted Christmas greetings to each other. Soon there were calls for visits across the "No man's land" when small gifts were exchanged. The truce also allowed a breathing space during which recently killed soldiers could be brought back behind their lines by burial parties. Funerals took place as soldiers from both sides mourned the dead together and paid their respects. At one funeral in No Man's Land, soldiers from both sides gathered and read a passage from Psalm 23. The truce occurred in spite of opposition at higher levels of the military command. Earlier in the autumn, a call by Pope Benedict XV for an official truce between the warring governments had been ignored.

Apollo 8 reading from Genesis

On 24 December 1968, in what was the most watched television broadcast to that date, the Apollo 8 astronauts Bill Anders, Jim Lovell and Frank Borman surprised the world with a reading of the Creation from the Book of Genesis as they orbited the Moon.^[76]

In 1969, the United States Postal Service issued a stamp (Scott# 1371) commemorating the Apollo 8 flight around the Moon. The stamp featured a detail of Anders' famous photograph Earthrise of the Earth "rising" over the Moon (NASA image AS8-14-2383HR), taken on Christmas Eve, and the words, "In the beginning God...".

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^ "Feast of Seven Fishes – A Sicilian Christmas Eve Tradition". Rachael Ray Digital LLC. 2014. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014. Sicilians traditionally celebrate Christmas Eve with a "Feast of Seven Fishes" which was historically served after a 24-hour fasting period. Although pre-Christmas fasting is not a popular custom still practiced by Italian-Americans, many still enjoy a meatless Christmas Eve feast.
^ Kubilius, Kerry (2017). "Lithuania Christmas Traditions". www.tripsavvy.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018. In pagan Lithuania, the Christmas celebration as we know it today was actually the celebration of the winter solstice.
^ "Lithuania, Christmas in". Retrieved 22 December 2018. Hundreds of little Christmas Eve formulas and charms offer Lithuanians ways in which to use the events of this evening to predict the future.
^ Grinevičiūtė, Monika (December 2018). "Magical Christmas Eve in Lithuania - Kūčios". Retrieved 22 December 2018. One more important thing - it is believed that during the Christmas Eve all family members are coming together to have dinner. It means the deceased relatives as well, so for that reason on the table one more, additional plate, is always placed.
^ «Литовские обычаи и традиции» . Thelithuanians.com . Архивировано из оригинала 14 февраля 2019 года . Получено 22 декабря 2018 года . Ритуальный ужин не едят до вечерней звезды в небе. До тех пор баня подогревается, люди купаются и одеваются в праздничную одежду. Пол был разбросан можжевельником от любовницы, а мастер положил горстки сена на стол, покрыл его белой льняной скатертью.
^ «2/10/2011 Литовские традиции: Рождество» . www.lithaz.org . Получено 22 декабря 2018 года . Еда, подаваемая в канун Рождества, не включала мясо, молочные продукты или яйца.
^ «Литовские обычаи и традиции» . Thelithuanians.com . Архивировано из оригинала 14 февраля 2019 года . Получено 22 декабря 2018 года . Чаще всего стол «кучия» не был очищен, потому что считалось, что когда семья спит, души мертвых приходят, чтобы поесть.
^ Vaicekauskas, Arūnas (2014). «Древние литовские фестивали» (PDF) . Вайтаутас Магнусский университет. п. 31. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 22 июля 2017 года . Получено 22 декабря 2018 года . Культ мертвых хорошо замечен в обычаи, когда после канун Рождества ужин стол не очищен, а оставлен на ночь. Считалось, что души мертвых придут и служат ночью.
^ Noche Buena Traditions Archived 2014-05-06 на машине Wayback, живущей в Перу. Диана П. Алано. Получено 5 мая
^ Коппе, Жаклин Клементе (23 декабря 2023 г.). «Филиппинский рождественский праздник: 11 ностальгическая еда, чтобы подавать на Ноче Буэна» . Татлер . Получено 18 апреля 2024 года .
^ Тан, Ким Шелли (29 сентября 2023 г.). «17 традиционных филиппинских рождественских блюд, которые каждый филиппинец должен был иметь хотя бы один раз» . Техртокальные Филиппины . Получено 18 апреля 2024 года .
^ «10 Классическая филиппинская еда и блюда» . Вот Филиппины . 22 декабря 2020 года . Получено 18 апреля 2024 года .
^ Мохамед, Сара (19 ноября 2023 г.). «Вот как выглядит рождественский ужин на Филиппинах» . Food Republic . Получено 18 апреля 2024 года .
^ "12 уникальных филиппинских рождественских дисков во время Noche Buena " Филиппинские времена декабря 24 Получено 18 апреля
^ "Филиппинский рождественский отсчет: 12 блюд для Noche Buena " Pinoy Кухня Получено 18 апреля
^ Каспризк, Магдалена. «12 блюд польского Рождества» . Культура.pl . Получено 3 августа 2016 года .
^ «12, 11, 9? Сколько блюд в канун Рождества? - праздники » . Polskieradio.pl. 19 Deceke 2010 . Получено 14 февраля 2014 года .
^ «Вигилия» . Plockcenter.org. Архивировано из оригинала 24 февраля 2014 года . Получено 14 февраля 2014 года .
^ «Принесите вкус Навидада в свой дом» . Откройте для себя Пуэрто -Рико . Получено 12 декабря 2023 года .
^ «Пуэрториканские праздники: традиционные продукты, потребляемые в Пуэрто -Рико во время« Навидад » . Здоровый рикан . 15 декабря 2022 года . Получено 12 декабря 2023 года .
^ «Поднимите свой настроение с помощью кокито, традиционного рождественского коктейля пуэрториканцев» . Майами Геральд . Получено 12 декабря 2023 года .
^ [1] Фольклор и традиции Венесуэлы. Венесуэльское посольство в Соединенные Штаты. Получено 25 декабря 2014 года
^ Форбс, Брюс Дэвид, Рождество: откровенная история , Университет Калифорнийской Прессы, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0 , стр. 68-79.
^ Рождественская энциклопедия Макфарланд, стр. 143. & Co., 2005
^ Рождество Альманак с.56. Ссылка на случайное дом, 2004
^ Саббаты Llewellyn Almanac: Samhain 2010 до Mabon 2011 P.64. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2010
^ Фестивали Западной Европы с.202. Забытые книги, 1973
^ «Рождество королевы Виктории - рождественская елка -люстра и семейные подарки впервые выставлены» . Королевский фонд коллекции. 30 ноября 2012 года. Архивировано с оригинала 26 декабря 2016 года . Получено 25 декабря 2016 года .
^ Хои, Брайан (12 декабря 2014 г.). «Как королевская семья делает Рождество» . Уэльс онлайн . Получено 25 декабря 2016 года .
^ Фрэнсис, Чарльз Мудрость хорошо сказал, с.224 Levine Mesa Press, 2009
^ Концепции человека в религии и мысли Уолтер де Грюйтер, 1990
^ Юджин Фодор, Юг Фодора 1980: Алабама, Флорида, Джорджия, Кентукки, Луизиана , 1979, на с. 87, доступно в Google Books
^ Гари Сигли, китайская рождественская история , в Shi-xu, ed., Дискурс как культурная борьба , 2007, на с. 99, доступно в Google Books
^ Adebayo oyebade, культура и обычаи Анголы , 2007, на стр. 103, 140, доступны в Google Books
^ См., Например, GetQd Twas За ночь перед Рождеством @ Tonic @ Tonic Nightclub Vancouver BC , 2009 Archived 6 ноября 2009 г. на The Wayback Machine
^ См., Например, nemong.org, The College Night Out , 2009 Archived 18 марта 2012 года на Machine Wayback
^ «24 декабря - время вечеринки в Mazelpalooza, Matzoball» . Азцентрал . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .
^ Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} Джессика Греско, «24 декабря становится вечеринкой для еврейских синглов», Associated Press ( Washington Post ), 24 декабря 2006 г.
^ Трейси, Марк (19 декабря 2013 г.). «Рождество - величайший еврейский праздник» . Новая республика . ISSN 0028-6583 . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .
^ Барбара Льюис, «Матенобалл Детройт: Еврейские синглы теперь устраивают свою собственную вечеринку в канун Рождества», Detroit Ewery News , 18 декабря 2014 г.
^ Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} , еврейский еврейский, дианджин, . языко также а » « Пинг
^ Ричардсон, Бренда Лейн (16 декабря 1987 г.). «Решение отпраздновать Рождество или нет» . New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .
^ Марция (24 декабря 2012 года). «Счастливого китайца и фильм» . Проводной . ISSN 1059-1028 . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .
^ «Радость не праздновать Рождество» . Еврейское телеграфное агентство . 24 декабря 2013 года . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .
^ «Китайская еда и фильмы: рождественская традиция» . EW.com . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .
^ Хейман, Маршалл (27 декабря 2010 г.). « Это сезон для мацо шаров» . Wall Street Journal . Получено 30 декабря 2018 года .
^ Дакетт, Джоди (18 декабря 1995 г.). «Еврейские синглы Mimgle Рождество» . Утренний звонок . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .
^ Глюк, Роберт (20 декабря 2011 г.). «То, что молодые евреи делают в канун Рождества» . Лос -Анджелес еврейский журнал . Получено 30 декабря 2018 года .
^ «Партии в канун Рождества теперь еврейская традиция» . NBC News . 24 декабря 2006 г. Получено 25 декабря 2017 года .
^ Рен, Яоти (14 ноября 2017 г.). «Любовь Китая к рождественским яблочным подаркам» . Архивировано с оригинала 26 декабря 2018 года . Получено 26 декабря 2018 года .
^ Секс в нашем странном мире: почему Рождество всегда было о сексе
^ Рождество в большом иглу
^ Inerariyuna; У меня есть необходимость в Quingiyyyyyya!
^ «Аполлон 8 Рождества транслируется» . НАСА НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СОЗДАНИЕ ДАННЫЕ ДАННЫЕ ЦЕНТР. 25 сентября 2007 года. Архивировано с оригинала 19 апреля 2008 года . Получено 12 апреля 2008 года .

Внешние ссылки

СМИ, связанные со канун Рождества в Wikimedia Commons
Цитаты, связанные со канун Рождества в Wikiquote

[nonXians-1] Christmas as a Multi-faith Festival—BBC News. Retrieved 24 November 2011.

[2] "Christmas is here- yet again!The Holy Land is unique in celebrating Christmas three times; on December 25th, January 6th and January 19th". JPost. 6 January 2015.

[3] Ramzy, John. "The Glorious Feast of Nativity:? 29 Kiahk? 25 December?". Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Retrieved 17 January 2011.

[Christmas_Eve-4] Mary Pat Fisher (1997). Living Religions: an encyclopedia of the world's faiths. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860641480. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2010. Christmas is the celebration of Jesus' birth on earth.

[Jerusalem_Center-5] "Christian Calendar". Jerusalem Center for Jewish-Christian Relations. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2010.

[Dictionary-6] Kessler, Edward; Neil Wenborn (2005). A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom: Cambridge university Press. p. 274.

[Genesis-7] Bible - NIV. 2005.

[NE-8] "Helgmålsringning". Natinalencyclopedin. Retrieved 29 December 2010.

[Vatican_Today-9] "Vatican Today". Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2010.

[10] Forbes, Bruce David, Christmas: a candid history, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0, pp. 68–79.

[11] "Woman knocks Pope down at Christmas Mass". British Broadcasting Company. 25 December 2009.

[12] Vermes, Geza. The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin, 2006

[Dues-13] Jump up to: ^a ^b Dues, Greg.Catholic Customs and Traditions: A Popular Guide Twenty-Third Publications, 2000.

[nine-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b Alex Webb (24 December 2001), "Choir that sings to the world", BBC News

[15] Bulgarian Main Courses Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[16] Христо Вакарелски. Етнография на България. Наука и изкуство. София 1977. с. 500

[17] For some Latino families, Christmas comes a day early The Los Angeles Times. Hector Becerra. 19 December. People really like to celebrate this holiday because it brings families together and allows families to spend quality time together. 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014

[18] Nochebuena: Celebrations Start on Dec 24 in Latin-American Households Latin Post. Nicole Akoukou. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014

[19] Cordle, Ina Paiva, On Nochebuena, many in South Florida will be roasting a pig in a “caja china” The Miami Herald, 23 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013

[20] Families Gather For Traditional "Noche Buena" CBS Miami. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014

[21] "Vánoční zvyky a tradice, které navodí tu pravou sváteční atmosféru". Novinky.cz. Retrieved 21 December 2020.

[22] Hungry holidays: The Filipino Noche Buena GMA News Online. Cristina Tantenco. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014

[RachaelRay-23] "Feast of Seven Fishes – A Sicilian Christmas Eve Tradition". Rachael Ray Digital LLC. 2014. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014. Sicilians traditionally celebrate Christmas Eve with a "Feast of Seven Fishes" which was historically served after a 24-hour fasting period. Although pre-Christmas fasting is not a popular custom still practiced by Italian-Americans, many still enjoy a meatless Christmas Eve feast.

[24] Kubilius, Kerry (2017). "Lithuania Christmas Traditions". www.tripsavvy.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018. In pagan Lithuania, the Christmas celebration as we know it today was actually the celebration of the winter solstice.

[25] "Lithuania, Christmas in". Retrieved 22 December 2018. Hundreds of little Christmas Eve formulas and charms offer Lithuanians ways in which to use the events of this evening to predict the future.

[26] Grinevičiūtė, Monika (December 2018). "Magical Christmas Eve in Lithuania - Kūčios". Retrieved 22 December 2018. One more important thing - it is believed that during the Christmas Eve all family members are coming together to have dinner. It means the deceased relatives as well, so for that reason on the table one more, additional plate, is always placed.

[27] «Литовские обычаи и традиции» . Thelithuanians.com . Архивировано из оригинала 14 февраля 2019 года . Получено 22 декабря 2018 года . Ритуальный ужин не едят до вечерней звезды в небе. До тех пор баня подогревается, люди купаются и одеваются в праздничную одежду. Пол был разбросан можжевельником от любовницы, а мастер положил горстки сена на стол, покрыл его белой льняной скатертью.

[28] «2/10/2011 Литовские традиции: Рождество» . www.lithaz.org . Получено 22 декабря 2018 года . Еда, подаваемая в канун Рождества, не включала мясо, молочные продукты или яйца.

[29] «Литовские обычаи и традиции» . Thelithuanians.com . Архивировано из оригинала 14 февраля 2019 года . Получено 22 декабря 2018 года . Чаще всего стол «кучия» не был очищен, потому что считалось, что когда семья спит, души мертвых приходят, чтобы поесть.

[30] Vaicekauskas, Arūnas (2014). «Древние литовские фестивали» (PDF) . Вайтаутас Магнусский университет. п. 31. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 22 июля 2017 года . Получено 22 декабря 2018 года . Культ мертвых хорошо замечен в обычаи, когда после канун Рождества ужин стол не очищен, а оставлен на ночь. Считалось, что души мертвых придут и служат ночью.

[31] Noche Buena Traditions Archived 2014-05-06 на машине Wayback, живущей в Перу. Диана П. Алано. Получено 5 мая

[Koppe-32] Коппе, Жаклин Клементе (23 декабря 2023 г.). «Филиппинский рождественский праздник: 11 ностальгическая еда, чтобы подавать на Ноче Буэна» . Татлер . Получено 18 апреля 2024 года .

[Tan-33] Тан, Ким Шелли (29 сентября 2023 г.). «17 традиционных филиппинских рождественских блюд, которые каждый филиппинец должен был иметь хотя бы один раз» . Техртокальные Филиппины . Получено 18 апреля 2024 года .

[34] «10 Классическая филиппинская еда и блюда» . Вот Филиппины . 22 декабря 2020 года . Получено 18 апреля 2024 года .

[35] Мохамед, Сара (19 ноября 2023 г.). «Вот как выглядит рождественский ужин на Филиппинах» . Food Republic . Получено 18 апреля 2024 года .

[36] "12 уникальных филиппинских рождественских дисков во время Noche Buena " Филиппинские времена декабря 24 Получено 18 апреля

[37] "Филиппинский рождественский отсчет: 12 блюд для Noche Buena " Pinoy Кухня Получено 18 апреля

[38] Каспризк, Магдалена. «12 блюд польского Рождества» . Культура.pl . Получено 3 августа 2016 года .

[39] «12, 11, 9? Сколько блюд в канун Рождества? - праздники » . Polskieradio.pl. 19 Deceke 2010 . Получено 14 февраля 2014 года .

[40] «Вигилия» . Plockcenter.org. Архивировано из оригинала 24 февраля 2014 года . Получено 14 февраля 2014 года .

[Navidadcomida-41] «Принесите вкус Навидада в свой дом» . Откройте для себя Пуэрто -Рико . Получено 12 декабря 2023 года .

[Navidadcomida1-42] «Пуэрториканские праздники: традиционные продукты, потребляемые в Пуэрто -Рико во время« Навидад » . Здоровый рикан . 15 декабря 2022 года . Получено 12 декабря 2023 года .

[Navidadcomida2-43] «Поднимите свой настроение с помощью кокито, традиционного рождественского коктейля пуэрториканцев» . Майами Геральд . Получено 12 декабря 2023 года .

[44] [1] Фольклор и традиции Венесуэлы. Венесуэльское посольство в Соединенные Штаты. Получено 25 декабря 2014 года

[45] Форбс, Брюс Дэвид, Рождество: откровенная история , Университет Калифорнийской Прессы, 2007, ISBN 0-520-25104-0 , стр. 68-79.

[46] Рождественская энциклопедия Макфарланд, стр. 143. & Co., 2005

[47] Рождество Альманак с.56. Ссылка на случайное дом, 2004

[48] Саббаты Llewellyn Almanac: Samhain 2010 до Mabon 2011 P.64. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2010

[49] Фестивали Западной Европы с.202. Забытые книги, 1973

[50] «Рождество королевы Виктории - рождественская елка -люстра и семейные подарки впервые выставлены» . Королевский фонд коллекции. 30 ноября 2012 года. Архивировано с оригинала 26 декабря 2016 года . Получено 25 декабря 2016 года .

[51] Хои, Брайан (12 декабря 2014 г.). «Как королевская семья делает Рождество» . Уэльс онлайн . Получено 25 декабря 2016 года .

[52] Фрэнсис, Чарльз Мудрость хорошо сказал, с.224 Levine Mesa Press, 2009

[53] Концепции человека в религии и мысли Уолтер де Грюйтер, 1990

[Fodor-54] Юджин Фодор, Юг Фодора 1980: Алабама, Флорида, Джорджия, Кентукки, Луизиана , 1979, на с. 87, доступно в Google Books

[Discourse-55] Гари Сигли, китайская рождественская история , в Shi-xu, ed., Дискурс как культурная борьба , 2007, на с. 99, доступно в Google Books

[Culture-56] Adebayo oyebade, культура и обычаи Анголы , 2007, на стр. 103, 140, доступны в Google Books

[Tonic-57] См., Например, GetQd Twas За ночь перед Рождеством @ Tonic @ Tonic Nightclub Vancouver BC , 2009 Archived 6 ноября 2009 г. на The Wayback Machine

[Ohio-58] См., Например, nemong.org, The College Night Out , 2009 Archived 18 марта 2012 года на Machine Wayback

[Hwang-59] «24 декабря - время вечеринки в Mazelpalooza, Matzoball» . Азцентрал . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .

[AP2006-60] Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} Джессика Греско, «24 декабря становится вечеринкой для еврейских синглов», Associated Press ( Washington Post ), 24 декабря 2006 г.

[Tracy-61] Трейси, Марк (19 декабря 2013 г.). «Рождество - величайший еврейский праздник» . Новая республика . ISSN 0028-6583 . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .

[Lewis-62] Барбара Льюис, «Матенобалл Детройт: Еврейские синглы теперь устраивают свою собственную вечеринку в канун Рождества», Detroit Ewery News , 18 декабря 2014 г.

[ChinaDaily-63] Jump up to: ^а ^{беременный} , еврейский еврейский, дианджин, . языко также а » « Пинг

[TimesDeciding-64] Ричардсон, Бренда Лейн (16 декабря 1987 г.). «Решение отпраздновать Рождество или нет» . New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .

[Karch-65] Марция (24 декабря 2012 года). «Счастливого китайца и фильм» . Проводной . ISSN 1059-1028 . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .

[Wiener-66] «Радость не праздновать Рождество» . Еврейское телеграфное агентство . 24 декабря 2013 года . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .

[Vozick-67] «Китайская еда и фильмы: рождественская традиция» . EW.com . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .

[Heyman2010-68] Хейман, Маршалл (27 декабря 2010 г.). « Это сезон для мацо шаров» . Wall Street Journal . Получено 30 декабря 2018 года .

[Duckett-69] Дакетт, Джоди (18 декабря 1995 г.). «Еврейские синглы Mimgle Рождество» . Утренний звонок . Получено 16 мая 2019 года .

[Gluck-70] Глюк, Роберт (20 декабря 2011 г.). «То, что молодые евреи делают в канун Рождества» . Лос -Анджелес еврейский журнал . Получено 30 декабря 2018 года .

[autogenerated1-71] «Партии в канун Рождества теперь еврейская традиция» . NBC News . 24 декабря 2006 г. Получено 25 декабря 2017 года .

[72] Рен, Яоти (14 ноября 2017 г.). «Любовь Китая к рождественским яблочным подаркам» . Архивировано с оригинала 26 декабря 2018 года . Получено 26 декабря 2018 года .

[73] Секс в нашем странном мире: почему Рождество всегда было о сексе

[74] Рождество в большом иглу

[75] Inerariyuna; У меня есть необходимость в Quingiyyyyyya!

[76] «Аполлон 8 Рождества транслируется» . НАСА НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СОЗДАНИЕ ДАННЫЕ ДАННЫЕ ЦЕНТР. 25 сентября 2007 года. Архивировано с оригинала 19 апреля 2008 года . Получено 12 апреля 2008 года .

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v Т и Праздники, соблюдения и празднования в Алжире
January	New Year's Day (1) Yennayer (12)
February	Valentine's Day (14) Tafsut (28)
March	International Women's Day (8) Victory Day (19) World Water Day (22) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day (30) Spring vacation (2 last weeks)
April	April Fools' Day (1) Knowledge Day (16) Berber Spring (20) Earth Day (22) Election Day (Thursday)
May	International Workers' Day (1) World Press Freedom Day (3) Mother's Day (last Sunday)
June–July–August	Summer vacation (varies)
June	Children's Day (1) Father's Day (21)
July	Independence Day (5)
September	International Day of Peace (21)
October	International Day of Non-Violence (2) Halloween (31)
November	Revolution Day (1)
December	Christmas Eve (24) Christmas (25) New Year's Eve (31) Winter vacation (2 last weeks)
Varies (year round)	Hijri New Year's Day (Muharram 1) Ashura (Muharram 10) Ashura in Algeria Mawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12) Mawlid in Algeria Ramadan (Ramadan 1) Laylat al-Qadr (Ramadan 27) Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1) Day of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9) Eid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month. See also: Lists of holidays.

v Т и Государственные праздники в Малайзии
National holidays	Chinese New Year Labour Day Wesak Day Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Islamic New Year Merdeka Day Muharram Agong's Birthday Malaysia Day Muhammad's Birthday Christmas
State holidays (differ by states)	New Year's Day Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sembilan's Birthday Sultan of Kedah's Birthday Thaipusam Federal Territory Day Anniversary of Installation of the Sultan of Terengganu Sultan of Johor's Birthday Isra and Mi'raj Declaration of Malacca City as Historical City Good Friday Sultan of Terengganu's Birthday First Day of Ramadan Day of Nuzul Al-Quran Tadau Kaamatan Gawai Dayak Declaration of George Town as World Heritage Site Penang State Governor's Birthday Raja of Perlis's Birthday Sarawak Day Hol Day of Sultan Iskandar of Johor Sabah State Governor's Birthday Malacca State Governor's Birthday Sarawak State Governor's Birthday Sultan of Pahang's Birthday Deepavali Sultan of Perak's Birthday Sultan of Kelantan's Birthday Sultan of Selangor's Birthday Christmas Eve

v Т и Государственные праздники на Филиппинах
Regular holidays	New Year's Day Maundy Thursday Good Friday Day of Valor Labor Day Independence Day Eid'l Fitr National Heroes Day Eid'l Adha Bonifacio Day Christmas Rizal Day
Special non-working days	Chinese New Year EDSA Revolution Anniversary Black Saturday Ninoy Aquino Day All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day Feast of the Immaculate Conception Christmas Eve Last day of the year
Italicized: Movable holiday See also: Holiday economics

v Т и Праздники, соблюдения и празднования в Соединенных Штатах
January	New Year's Day (federal) Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. (federal) Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos (PR) Confederate Heroes Day (TX) Eve of Three Kings' Day (PR, religious) Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany (religious) Fred Korematsu Day (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA) Idaho Human Rights Day (ID) Inauguration Day (federal quadrennial) Kansas Day (KS) Makar Sankranti / Pongal (religious) Robert E. Lee Day (FL) Stephen Foster Memorial Day (36) The Eighth (LA) Three Kings' Day (PR, VI, religious) World Religion Day (religious)
January–February	Super Bowl Sunday Chinese New Year / Lunar New Year (NY, cultural, religious) Vasant Panchami (religious)
February American Heart Month Black History Month	Washington's Birthday (federal) Valentine's Day Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín (PR) Candlemas (religious) Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day (CA, DE) Day of Remembrance (CA, OR, WA, cultural) Georgia Day (GA) Groundhog Day Imbolc (religious) Lincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day (36) Nirvana Day (religious) Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple (religious) Promised Reformer Day (religious) Ronald Reagan Day (CA) Rosa Parks Day (CA, MO) Saviours' Day (religious) Susan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal) Tu B’shvat (religious)
February–March	Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday (PR, religious) Carnival (PR, VI, religious) Clean Monday (religious) Courir de Mardi Gras (religious) Intercalary Days (religious) Mahashivaratri (religious) Purim (religious) Shrove Tuesday (religious) Super Tuesday
March Irish-American Heritage Month Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women's History Month	Saint Patrick's Day (religious) Spring break (week) Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos (religious) Casimir Pulaski Day (IL) Cesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal) Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico (PR, cultural) Evacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA) Harriet Tubman Day (NY) Hola Mohalla (religious) Holi (NY, religious) L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday (religious) Lailat al-Mi'raj (religious) Liberation and Freedom Day (Charlottesville, VA, cultural) Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA) Maryland Day (MD) Medal of Honor Day National Poison Prevention Week (week) Nowruz (cultural, religious) Ostara (religious) Pi Day Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI) Promised Messiah Day (religious) Saint Joseph's Day (religious) Seward's Day (AK) Texas Independence Day (TX) Town Meeting Day (VT) Transfer Day (VI) Trans Day of Visibility (cultural)
March–April	Easter (religious) Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious) Hanuman Jayanti (religious) Holy Thursday (PR, VI, religious) Holy Week (PR, religious, week) Lazarus Saturday (religious) Mahavir Janma Kalyanak (religious) Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year (religious) Palm Sunday (PR, religious) Passover (religious, week) Easter Monday / Bright Monday (VI, religious) Ramnavami (religious) Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi (religious)
April Arab American Heritage Month Confederate History Month	420 April Fools' Day Arbor Day Birthday of José de Diego (PR) Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week) Earth Day Emancipation Day (cultural) Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL) Lag B’Omer (religious) Last Friday of Great Lent (religious) Pascua Florida (FL) Patriots' Day (MA, ME) Ridván (religious) San Jacinto Day (TX) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night (religious) Yom Ha'atzmaut (cultural, religious)
May Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Military Appreciation Month	Memorial Day (federal) Mother's Day (36) Cinco de Mayo Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh (religious) Ascension of Our Lord (religious) Caliphate Day (religious) Declaration of the Bab (religious) Harvey Milk Day (CA) International Workers' Day / May Day (CA, unofficial, proposed state) Law Day (36) Loyalty Day (36) Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal) Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer (36) National Day of Reason National Defense Transportation Day (36) National Maritime Day (36) Peace Officers Memorial Day (36) Pentecost (religious) Shavuot (religious) Truman Day (MO) Vesak / Buddha's Birthday (religious)
June Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month	Juneteenth (federal, cultural) Father's Day (36) Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA) Carolina Day (SC) Don Young Day (AK) Fast of the Holy Apostles (religious) Flag Day (36, proposed federal) Helen Keller Day (PA) Honor America Days (3 weeks) Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL) Kamehameha Day (HI) Litha (religious) Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib (religious) Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA, cultural) Senior Week (week) Saint John's Day (PR, religious) West Virginia Day (WV)
July	Independence Day (federal) Asalha Puja Day (religious) Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera (PR) Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa (PR) Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands (VI, cultural) Guru Purnima (religious) Khordad Sal (religious) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial, cultural) Martyrdom of the Báb (religious) Parents' Day (36) Pioneer Day (UT) Puerto Rico Constitution Day (PR)
July–August	Summer vacation Tisha B'Av (religious)
August	American Family Day (AZ) Barack Obama Day in Illinois (IL) Bennington Battle Day (VT) Dormition of the Theotokos (religious) Eid-e-Ghadeer (religious) Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus (religious) Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (religious) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI) Krishna Janmashtami (religious) Lammas (religious) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX) Naga Panchami (religious) National Aviation Day (36) Paryushana (religious) Raksha Bandhan (religious) Transfiguration of the Lord (religious) Victory Day (RI) Women's Equality Day (36)
September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Childhood Cancer Awareness Month	Labor Day (federal) Brazilian Day (NY, cultural) California Admission Day (CA) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36) Constitution Day (36) Constitution Week Defenders Day (MD) Elevation of the Holy Cross (religious) Feast of San Gennaro (NY, cultural, religious) Ganesh Chaturthi (religious) Gold Star Mother's Day (36) His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday (religious) Mabon (religious) National Grandparents Day (36) National Payroll Week (week) Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos (religious) Native American Day (proposed federal) Patriot Day (36) Von Steuben Day
September–October Hispanic Heritage Month	Chehlum Imam Hussain (religious) Oktoberfest Pitri Paksha (religious) Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets (TX, NY, religious) Shemini Atzeret (religious) Simchat Torah (religious) Vijaya Dashami (religious) Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement (TX, NY, religious)
October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month	Columbus Day (federal) Halloween Alaska Day (AK) Child Health Day (36) General Pulaski Memorial Day German-American Day Indigenous Peoples' Day International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day (36) Missouri Day (MO) Nanomonestotse (cultural) National School Lunch Week (week) Native American Day in South Dakota (SD) Nevada Day (NV) Spirit Day (cultural) Sweetest Day Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles (religious, week) Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day (PR, VI) White Cane Safety Day (36)
October–November	Birth of the Báb (religious) Birth of Baháʼu'lláh (religious) Day of the Dead (VI) Diwali (NY, religious) Mawlid al-Nabi (religious)
November Native American Indian Heritage Month	Veterans Day (federal) Thanksgiving (federal) Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha (religious) All Saints' Day (religious) Beginning of the Nativity Fast (religious) Beltane / Samhain (religious) Barack Obama Day in Alabama (Perry County, AL) D. Hamilton Jackson Day (VI) Day after Thanksgiving (24) Day of the Covenant (religious) Discovery of Puerto Rico Day (PR) Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal) Family Day (NV) Guru Nanak Gurpurab (religious) Hanukkah (religious) Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial, cultural) Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (religious) Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA, cultural) Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple (religious) Trans Day of Remembrance (cultural) Unthanksgiving Day (cultural)
December	Christmas (religious, federal) New Year's Eve Advent Sunday (religious) Alabama Day (AL) Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib (religious) Bodhi Day (religious) Chalica (religious) Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI) Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI) Festivus HumanLight Hanukkah (religious, week) Immaculate Conception (religious) Indiana Day (IN) Kwanzaa (cultural, week) Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (religious) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36) Nativity of Jesus (religious) Old Year's Night (VI) Pan American Aviation Day (36) Pancha Ganapati (religious, week) Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR) Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (religious) Wright Brothers Day (36) Yule (religious) Zartosht No-Diso (religious)
Varies (year round)	Eid al-Adha (NY, religious) Eid al-Fitr (NY, religious) Islamic New Year (religious) Yawm al-Arafa (religious) Hajj (religious) Laylat al-Qadr (religious) Navaratri (religious, four times a year) Obon (religious) Onam (religious) Ramadan (religious, month) Ghost Festival (religious) Yawm Aashura (religious)
Legend: (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific racial/ethnic group or sexual minority, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, Public holidays in the United States, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.