Эл Гор

«Альберт Гор» перенаправляется сюда. Чтобы узнать о его отце, см. Альберт Гор-старший. Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Эл Гор (значения) .

Эл Гор
Официальный портрет, 1994 г.
45-й вице-президент США
В офисе 20 января 1993 г. - 20 января 2001 г.
Президент	Билл Клинтон
Предшественник	Дэн Куэйл
Преемник	Дик Чейни
Сенатор США из Теннесси
В офисе 3 января 1985 г. - 2 января 1993 г.
Предшественник	Говард Бейкер
Преемник	Харлан Мэтьюз
Член Палаты представителей США из Теннесси
В офисе 3 января 1977 г. - 3 января 1985 г.
Предшественник	Джо Л. Эвинс
Преемник	Барт Гордон
избирательный округ	4-й округ (1977–1983) 6-й округ (1983–1985)
Личные данные
Рожденный	Альберт Арнольд Гор мл. ( 1948-03-31 ) 31 марта 1948 г. Вашингтон, округ Колумбия, США
Политическая партия	Демократический
Супруг	Типпер Эйтчесон ( м.  1970 год ; сентябрь 2010)
Дети	4, включая Каренну и Кристин
Родители	Альберт Гор старший. Полин Лафон
Образование	Гарвардский университет ( бакалавр ) Университет Вандербильта
Занятие	Политик эколог бизнесмен журналист автор
Гражданские награды	Список наград и наград
Подпись
Веб-сайт	www .алгор .с
Военная служба
Филиал/служба	Армия США
Лет службы	1969–1971
Классифицировать	Специалист 4
Единица	20-я инженерная бригада
Битвы/войны	Вьетнамская война
Военные награды	Медаль за службу национальной обороны Медаль за службу во Вьетнаме Медаль за кампанию Республики Вьетнам

Альберт Арнольд Гор младший (родился 31 марта 1948 года) — американский политик, бизнесмен и защитник окружающей среды, занимавший пост 45-го вице-президента США с 1993 по 2001 год при президенте Билле Клинтоне . Ранее он занимал пост сенатора США в Теннесси с 1985 по 1993 год и члена Палаты представителей США с 1977 по 1985 год. Гор был от Демократической партии кандидатом на пост президента США на президентских выборах 2000 года , которые он проиграл Джордж Буш .

Сын политика Альберта Гора-старшего , Гор был выборным должностным лицом в течение 24 лет. Он был представителем США от Теннесси (1977–1985), а с 1985 по 1993 год занимал пост сенатора США от этого штата. Он занимал пост вице-президента при администрации Клинтона с 1993 по 2001 год, победив действующих президентов Джорджа Буша-старшего и Дэна Куэйла в 1992 году , а также Боба Доула и Джека Кемпа в 1996 году . Гора в 1990 году По состоянию на 2024 год переизбрание остается последним случаем, когда демократы выиграли выборы в Сенат в Теннесси.

Гор был от Демократической партии кандидатом на пост президента Соединенных Штатов на президентских выборах 2000 года , на которых он проиграл голосование коллегии выборщиков со счетом 266–271 от республиканской партии кандидату Джорджу Бушу , несмотря на победу на всенародном голосовании с перевесом в 543 895 голосов. Выборы завершились после того, как Верховный суд Соединенных Штатов вынес решение 5–4 по делу Буш против Гора против предыдущего решения Верховного суда Флориды о пересчете голосов , которое, вероятно, дало бы Гору незначительное преимущество в штате Флорида , если бы пересчет продолжился, как и планировалось. Он является одним из пяти кандидатов в президенты в американской истории, проигравших президентские выборы, несмотря на победу на всенародном голосовании.

После того, как его срок на посту вице-президента закончился в 2001 году, Гор оставался известным писателем и активистом -экологом , чья работа в области борьбы с изменением климата принесла ему (совместно с МГЭИК ) Нобелевскую премию мира в 2007 году . Гор — основатель и нынешний председатель The Climate Reality Project , соучредитель и председатель Generation Investment Management , ныне несуществующей сети Current TV , бывший член совета директоров Apple Inc. и старший советник Google. . Гор также является партнером венчурной компании Kleiner Perkins и возглавляет ее группу по решению проблем изменения климата. Он работал приглашенным профессором в Государственном университете Среднего Теннесси , Высшей школе журналистики Колумбийского университета , Университете Фиск и Калифорнийском университете в Лос-Анджелесе . Он входил в совет директоров Института мировых ресурсов .

Гор получил ряд наград, в том числе Нобелевскую премию мира (совместную награду с Межправительственной группой экспертов по изменению климата , 2007 г.), премию Primetime Emmy Award за современное телевидение (2007 г.) и премию Уэбби (2005 г.). Гор также был героем получившего премию «Оскар» (2007 г.) документального фильма «Неудобная правда», в 2006 г., а также его продолжения 2017 г. «Неудобное продолжение: Правда о власти» . В 2007 году он занял второе место в номинации « Time по версии Человек года» . В 2008 году Гор получил премию Дэна Дэвида за социальную ответственность. наградил его Президентской медалью свободы а в 2024 году президент Джо Байден .

Ранняя жизнь и образование

Гор в ежегоднике школы Сент-Олбанса за 1965 год

Альберт Арнольд Гор-младший родился 31 марта 1948 года в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия. как второй из двух детей, рожденных Альбертом Гором-старшим , представителем США, который позже служил в течение 18 лет сенатором США от Теннесси, и Полиной (ЛаФон) Гор , одной из первых женщин, окончивших юридический факультет Университета Вандербильта . Гор — потомок шотландских ирландских иммигрантов, которые впервые поселились в Вирджинии в середине 17 века и переехали в Теннесси после Войны за независимость . Его старшая сестра Нэнси Лафон Гор умерла от рака легких в 1984 году.

В течение учебного года он жил со своей семьей в отеле Fairfax в районе Embassy Row в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия. В летние месяцы он работал на семейной ферме в Карфагене, штат Теннесси , где Горы выращивали табак и сено. и разводили крупный рогатый скот.

Гор посещал школу Сент-Олбанс , независимую подготовительную школу к колледжу и школу-интернат для мальчиков в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, с 1956 по 1965 год, престижную дополнительную школу для Лиги Плюща . Он был капитаном футбольной команды, метал диск за команду по легкой атлетике, участвовал в баскетболе, искусстве и правительстве. Он окончил школу 25-м в классе из 51 человека, подал заявление в один колледж, Гарвардский университет , и был принят.

Гарвард

Гор поступил в Гарвардский колледж в 1965 году; Первоначально он планировал изучать и английский язык писать романы, но позже решил получить специальность в области государственного управления. На второй день своего пребывания в кампусе он начал кампанию за совет студенческого самоуправления первокурсников и был избран его президентом. Он был соседом по комнате с актером Томми Ли Джонсом в «Данстер Хаус» .

Гор был заядлым читателем, влюбившимся в научные и математические теории. но он не очень хорошо учился на уроках естественных наук и избегал математики. В течение первых двух лет его оценки поместили его в одну пятую худшего класса. Сообщается, что на втором году обучения он проводил большую часть времени перед телевизором, играл в бильярд и иногда курил марихуану . В младших и старших классах он стал более активно заниматься учебой, получая оценки «отлично» и «четверо». На последнем курсе он посещал занятия у океанографа и теоретика глобального потепления Роджера Ревелла , который пробудил интерес Гора к глобальному потеплению и другим проблемам окружающей среды. Гор получил пятерку за диссертацию «Влияние телевидения на поведение президента в 1947–1969 годах» и окончил обучение с в отличием июне 1969 года.

Альберт Гор-старший произносит речь на Национальном съезде Демократической партии 1968 года , которую ему помог написать Гор-младший.

Гор учился в колледже в эпоху протестов против войны во Вьетнаме . Он был против той войны, но не соглашался с тактикой студенческого протестного движения . Он считал, что глупо и по-детски использовать частный университет как место для выражения гнева по поводу войны. Он и его друзья не участвовали в демонстрациях в Гарварде. Джон Тайсон, бывший сосед по комнате, вспоминал: «Мы очень не доверяли этим движениям... Мы были довольно традиционной группой парней, положительно относящихся к гражданским правам и правам женщин, но формальных, в некоторой степени преобразованных социальной революцией, но не купившихся на то, что мы считали вредным для нашей страны». Гор помог своему отцу написать антивоенное обращение к Национальному съезду Демократической партии 1968 года, оставался с родителями в номере отеля но во время жестоких протестов .

Военная служба и начало карьеры (1969–1976)

Военная служба

Гор в 20-й инженерной бригаде в Бьенхоа в качестве журналиста газеты The Castle Courier.

Когда Гор окончил учебу в 1969 году, он сразу же получил право на военный призыв . Его отцу, ярому критику войны во Вьетнаме, предстояло переизбрание в 1970 году. В конце концов Гор решил, что зачисление в армию будет лучшим вариантом между служением своей стране, своими личными ценностями и интересами. Хотя почти все его однокурсники по Гарварду избежали призыва и службы во Вьетнаме, Гор считал, что если он найдет способ обойти военную службу, то передаст проблему республиканскому оппоненту своего отца. Согласно биографии Гора в Сенате, «он появлялся в форме в рекламных роликах предвыборной кампании своего отца, один из которых заканчивался советом отца: «Сынок, всегда люби свою страну»». Несмотря на это, Гор-старший проиграл выборы оппоненту, который значительно превзошел его по сбору средств. Позже Уотергейтская комиссия установила, что этот оппонент принимал незаконные деньги от агентов Никсона.

Гор сказал, что другой причиной его зачисления было то, что он не хотел, чтобы на его место пошел кто-то, у кого меньше возможностей, чем у него. Актер Томми Ли Джонс , бывший сосед по дому в колледже, вспоминает, как Гор сказал, что «если бы он нашел причудливый способ не идти, кто-то другой должен был бы пойти вместо него». Его советник по Гарварду Ричард Нойштадт также заявил, что Гор решил, «что ему придется пойти в ряды, потому что, по его словам, «в Теннесси это то, что приходится делать большинству людей». Кроме того, Майкл Рош, советник Гора редактор The Castle Courier заявил, что «любой, кто знал Эла Гора во Вьетнаме, знает, что он мог бы сесть на задницу, но он этого не сделал».

После призыва в армию в августе 1969 года Гор вернулся в антивоенный кампус Гарварда в своей военной форме, чтобы попрощаться со своим советником, и студенты «высмеивали» его. Позже он сказал, что был поражен «эмоциональным полем негатива, неодобрения и пронзительными взглядами, которые… определенно ощущались как настоящая ненависть».

Гор прошел базовую подготовку в Форт-Диксе с августа по октябрь, а затем был направлен журналистом в Форт-Ракер , штат Алабама. В апреле 1970 года он был назван Ракером «Солдатом месяца».

Его приказ об отправке во Вьетнам был «отложен» на некоторое время, и семья Гора подозревала, что это произошло из-за опасений администрации Никсона , что, если с ним что-то случится, его отец получит голоса сочувствия. В конце концов его отправили во Вьетнам 2 января 1971 года, после того как его отец потерял свое место в Сенате во время выборов в Сенат 1970 года , став одним «из примерно дюжины из 1115 выпускников Гарварда в выпуске 1969 года, поступивших в Вьетнам". Гор служил в 20-й инженерной бригаде в Бьенхоа и работал журналистом в газете Castle Courier. В мае 1971 года он получил почетное увольнение из армии.

О своем пребывании в армии Гор позже заявил: «Я не делал ничего особенного и не подвергался самой серьезной опасности. Но я гордился тем, что носил форму своей страны». Позже он также заявил, что его опыт во Вьетнаме

это не изменило моих выводов о том, что война является ужасной ошибкой, но меня поразило то, что противники войны, в том числе и я, действительно не приняли во внимание тот факт, что было очень много южновьетнамцев , которые отчаянно хотели удержаться. к тому, что они называли свободой. Столкнуться лицом к лицу с чувствами, выражаемыми людьми, которые стирали белье, управляли ресторанами и работали в полях, было чем-то, к чему я был наивно не готов.

Вандербильт и журналистика

Гор был «удручен» после возвращения из Вьетнама. NashvillePost.com noted that, "his father's defeat made service in a conflict he deeply opposed even more abhorrent to Gore. His experiences in the war zone don't seem to have been deeply traumatic in themselves; although the engineers were sometimes fired upon, Gore has said he didn't see full-scale combat. Still, he felt that his participation in the war was wrong."

Although his parents wanted him to go to law school, Gore first attended Vanderbilt University Divinity School (1971–72) on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for people planning secular careers. He later said he went there in order to explore "spiritual issues", and that "he had hoped to make sense of the social injustices that seemed to challenge his religious beliefs".

In 1971, Gore also began to work the night shift for The Tennessean as an investigative reporter. His investigations of corruption among members of Nashville's Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses.

In 1974, he took a leave of absence from The Tennessean to attend Vanderbilt University Law School. His decision to become an attorney was a partial result of his time as a journalist, as he realized that, while he could expose corruption, he could not change it. Gore did not complete law school, deciding abruptly, in 1976, to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives when he found out that his father's former seat in the House was about to be vacated.

Congress (1977–1993)

See also: Electoral history of Al Gore, Al Gore and information technology, and Environmental activism of Al Gore

Gore began serving in the U.S. Congress at the age of 28 and stayed there for the next 16 years, serving in both the House (1977–1985) and the Senate (1985–1993). Gore spent many weekends in Tennessee, working with his constituents.

House and Senate

Gore in 1977

At the end of February 1976, U.S. Representative Joe L. Evins unexpectedly announced his retirement from Congress, making Tennessee's 4th congressional district seat, to which he had succeeded Albert Gore Sr. in 1953 open. Within hours after The Tennessean publisher John Seigenthaler Sr. called him to tell him the announcement was forthcoming, Gore decided to quit law school and run for the House of Representatives:

Gore's abrupt decision to run for the open seat surprised even himself; he later said that "I didn't realize myself I had been pulled back so much to it." The news came as a "bombshell" to his wife. Tipper Gore held a job in The Tennessean's photo lab and was working on a master's degree in psychology, but she joined in her husband's campaign (with assurance that she could get her job at The Tennessean back if he lost). By contrast, Gore asked his father to stay out of his campaign: "I must become my own man," he explained. "I must not be your candidate."

Gore won the 1976 Democratic primary for the district with "32 percent of the vote, three percentage points more than his nearest rival", and was opposed only by an independent candidate in the election, recording 94 percent of the overall vote. He went on to win the next three elections, in 1978, 1980 and 1982, where "he was unopposed twice and won 79 percent of the vote the other time". In 1984, Gore successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate, which had been vacated by Republican Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker. He was "unopposed in the Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election going away", despite the fact that Republican President Ronald Reagan swept Tennessee in his reelection campaign the same year. Gore defeated Republican senatorial nominee Victor Ashe, subsequently the mayor of Knoxville, and the Republican-turned-Independent, Ed McAteer, founder of the Christian right Religious Roundtable organization that had worked to elect Reagan as president in 1980.

Gore during his congressional years

During his time in Congress, Gore was considered a "moderate" once referring to himself as a "raging moderate" opposing federal funding of abortion, voting in favor of a bill which supported a moment of silence in schools, and voting against a ban on interstate sales of guns. In 1981, Gore was quoted as saying with regard to homosexuality, "I think it is wrong", and "I don't pretend to understand it, but it is not just another normal optional life style." In his 1984 Senate race, Gore said when discussing homosexuality, "I do not believe it is simply an acceptable alternative that society should affirm." He also said that he would not take campaign funds from gay rights groups. Although he maintained a position against homosexuality and gay marriage in the 1980s, Gore said in 2008 that he thinks "gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women...to join together in marriage." His position as a moderate (and on policies related to that label) shifted later in life after he became Vice President and ran for president in 2000.

During his tenure in the House, Gore voted in favor of the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday. While Gore initially did not vote on the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in January 1988, he voted to override President Reagan's veto the following March. Gore voted against the nomination of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States, as well as the nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court.

During his time in the House, Gore sat on the Energy and Commerce and the Science and Technology committees, chairing the Science Committee's Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations for four years. He also sat on the House Intelligence Committee and, in 1982, introduced the Gore Plan for arms control, to "reduce chances of a nuclear first strike by cutting multiple warheads and deploying single-warhead mobile launchers". While in the Senate, he sat on the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Rules and Administration, and the Armed Services Committees. In 1991, Gore was one of ten Democrats who supported the Gulf War.

Gore was considered one of the Atari Democrats, given this name due to their "passion for technological issues, from biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the "greenhouse effect". On March 19, 1979, he had become the first member of Congress to appear on C-SPAN. During this time, Gore co-chaired the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future with Newt Gingrich. In addition, he has been described as having been a "genuine nerd, with a geek reputation running back to his days as a futurist Atari Democrat in the House. Before computers were comprehensible, let alone sexy, the poker-faced Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber-optic networks to sleepy colleagues." Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn noted that,

as far back as the 1970s, Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high-speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system. He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just improving the conduct of science and scholarship ... the Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983. When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment, Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication.

Gore introduced the Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986. He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises.

As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet). The bill was passed on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway".

After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming". He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s. In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment".

Son's 1989 accident and first book

On April 3, 1989, Al, Tipper and their six-year-old son Albert were leaving a baseball game. Albert ran across the street to see his friend and was hit by a car. He was thrown 30 feet (9 m) and then traveled along the pavement for another 20 feet (6 m). Gore later recalled: "I ran to his side and held him and called his name, but he was motionless, limp and still, without breath or pulse.... His eyes were open with the nothingness stare of death, and we prayed, the two of us, there in the gutter, with only my voice." Albert was tended to by two nurses who happened to be present during the accident. The Gores spent the next month in the hospital with Albert. Gore also commented: "Our lives were consumed with the struggle to restore his body and spirit." This event was "a trauma so shattering that [Gore] views it as a moment of personal rebirth", a "key moment in his life" which "changed everything".

In August 1991, Gore announced that his son's accident was a factor in his decision not to run for president in 1992. Gore stated: "I would like to be President.... But I am also a father, and I feel deeply about my responsibility to my children.... I didn't feel right about tearing myself away from my family to the extent that is necessary in a Presidential campaign." During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text that became the first book written by a sitting U.S. Senator to make The New York Times Best Seller list since John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage.

First presidential run (1988)

Main article: Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign

In 1988, Gore sought the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States. Gore carried seven states in the primaries, finishing third overall in a field that included Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, then Senator, future Vice President and current President Joe Biden, Gary Hart, Congressman Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon and Jesse Jackson. Dukakis eventually won the Democratic nomination and went on to lose in a landslide to George H. W. Bush in the general election.

Although Gore initially denied that he intended to run, his candidacy was the subject of speculation: "National analysts make Sen. Gore a long-shot for the Presidential nomination, but many believe he could provide a natural complement for any of the other candidates: a young, attractive, moderate Vice Presidential nominee from the South. He currently denies any interest, but he carefully does not reject the idea out of hand." At the time, he was 39 years old, making him the "youngest serious Presidential candidate since John F. Kennedy".

CNN noted that, "in 1988, for the first time, 12 southern states would hold their primaries on the same day, dubbed "Super Tuesday". Gore thought he would be the only serious Southern contender; he had not counted on Jesse Jackson." Jackson defeated Gore in the South Carolina primary, winning, "more than half the total vote, three times that of his closest rival here, Senator Albert Gore Jr. of Tennessee". Gore next placed great hope on Super Tuesday where they split the Southern vote: Jackson winning Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia; Gore winning Arkansas, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nevada, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. Gore was later endorsed by New York City Mayor Ed Koch who made statements in favor of Israel and against Jackson. These statements cast Gore in a negative light, leading voters away from Gore who received only 10% of the vote in the New York primary. Gore then dropped out of the race. The New York Times said that Gore also lost support due to his attacks against Jackson, Dukakis, and others.

Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jackson, who supported the Clinton-Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996, and campaigned for the Gore-Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election. Gore's policies changed substantially in 2000, reflecting his eight years as vice president.

1992 presidential election

See also: 1992 United States presidential election and Presidential transition of Bill Clinton

Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer. Clinton stated that he chose Gore due to his foreign policy experience, work with the environment, and commitment to his family.

Clinton's choice was criticized as unconventional because rather than picking a running mate who would diversify the ticket, Clinton chose a fellow Southerner who shared his political ideologies and who was nearly the same age as Clinton. The Washington Bureau Chief for The Baltimore Sun, Paul West, later suggested that, "Al Gore revolutionized the way Vice Presidents are made. When he joined Bill Clinton's ticket, it violated the old rules. Regional diversity? Not with two Southerners from neighboring states. Ideological balance? A couple of left-of-center moderates. ... And yet, Gore has come to be regarded by strategists in both parties as the best vice presidential pick in at least 20 years."

Clinton and Gore accepted the nomination at the Democratic National Convention on July 17, 1992. Known as the Baby Boomer Ticket and the Fortysomething Team, The New York Times noted that if elected, Clinton and Gore, at ages 46 and 44 respectively, would be the "youngest team to make it to the White House in the country's history". Gore called the ticket "a new generation of leadership".

1992 electoral vote results. The Clinton-Gore ticket won 370–168.

The ticket increased in popularity after the candidates traveled with their wives, Hillary and Tipper, on a "six-day, 1,000-mile bus ride, from New York to St. Louis". Al Gore would participate in one vice-presidential debate against Vice President Dan Quayle, and Admiral James Stockdale. That debate, as of 2023, was the only televised Vice-Presidential debate with more than two participating candidates. The Clinton-Gore ticket beat the Bush-Quayle and Perot-Stockdale tickets with 43% of the popular vote, versus their 38% and 19%, respectively. Clinton and Gore received 370 electoral votes, versus the incumbent ticket's 168, and Perot's 0.

Vice presidency (1993–2001)

Main article: Vice presidency of Al Gore

See also: Al Gore and information technology and Environmental activism of Al Gore

Gore being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice Byron White on January 20, 1993

Al Gore served as vice president during the Clinton administration. Clinton and Gore were inaugurated on January 20, 1993. At the beginning of the first term, they developed a "two-page agreement outlining their relationship". Clinton committed himself to regular lunch meetings; he recognized Gore as a principal adviser on nominations and appointed some of Gore's chief advisers to key White House staff positions. Clinton involved Gore in decision-making to an unprecedented degree for a vice president. Through their weekly lunches and daily conversations, Gore became the president's "indisputable chief adviser".

The Clintons and the Gores as Chelsea Clinton rings a replica of the Liberty Bell, 1993

However, Gore had to compete with First Lady Hillary for President Clinton's influence, starting when she was appointed to the health-care task force without Gore's consultation. Vanity Fair wrote that President Clinton's "failure to confide in his vice president was a telling sign of the real pecking order", and reported "it was an open secret that some of Hillary's advisers...nurtured dreams that Hillary, not Gore, would follow Bill in the presidency".Gore had a particular interest in reducing "waste, fraud, and abuse in the federal government and advocated trimming the size of the bureaucracy and the number of regulations". During the Clinton Administration, the U.S. economy expanded, according to David Greenberg (professor of history and media studies at Rutgers University) who said that "by the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black Americans, and the aged."

Gore and President Bill Clinton on the South Lawn, August 10, 1993

According to Leslie Budd, author of E-economy: Rhetoric or Business Reality, this economic success was due, in part, to Gore's continued role as an Atari Democrat, promoting the development of information technology, which led to the dot-com boom (c. 1995–2001). Clinton and Gore entered office planning to finance research that would "flood the economy with innovative goods and services, lifting the general level of prosperity and strengthening American industry". Their overall aim was to fund the development of, "robotics, smart roads, biotechnology, machine tools, magnetic-levitation trains, fiber-optic communications and national computer networks. Also earmarked [were] a raft of basic technologies like digital imaging and data storage." Critics claimed that the initiatives would "backfire, bloating Congressional pork and creating whole new categories of Federal waste".

During the election and his term as vice president, Gore popularized the term Information Superhighway, which became synonymous with the Internet, and he was involved in the creation of the National Information Infrastructure. Gore first discussed his plans to emphasize information technology at UCLA on January 11, 1994, in a speech at The Superhighway Summit. On March 29, 1994, Gore made the inaugural keynote to a Georgetown University symposium on governmental reform with a lecture entitled, "The new job of the federal executive". Gore spoke on how technology was changing the nature of government, public administration, and management in general, noting that while in the past deep hierarchical structures were necessary to manage large organizations, technology was offering more accurate and streamlined access to information, thus facilitating flatter management structures. He was involved in a number of projects including NetDay '96 and 24 Hours in Cyberspace. The Clinton–Gore administration also launched the first official White House website in 1994 and subsequent versions through 2000. During 1993 and early 1994, Gore was tapped by the administration to advocate for the adoption of the Clipper Chip, a technology developed by the National Security Agency designed to provide for law enforcement access to encrypted communications. After political and technical objections, the initiative was essentially dropped.

President Bill Clinton installing computer cables with Vice President Al Gore on NetDay at Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord, CA. March 9, 1996

Gore was also involved in environmental initiatives. He launched the GLOBE program on Earth Day '94, an education and science activity that, according to Forbes magazine, "made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment". In 1998, Gore began promoting a NASA satellite (Deep Space Climate Observatory) that would provide a constant view of the Earth, marking the first time such an image would have been made since The Blue Marble photo from the 1972 Apollo 17 mission. During this time, he also became associated with Digital Earth.

Gore negotiated and strongly supported the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gasses, but said upon his return that the administration would not submit the treaty to the Senate for ratification until it was amended to include "meaningful participation by key developing nations", The Senate had previously passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98), which declared opposition to any greenhouse gas treaty which would limit US emissions without similar limits on third-world countries such as China. The Clinton administration left office three years later without having submitted the treaty for ratification.

Vice President Gore and President Clinton during the second inauguration of Bill Clinton, January 20, 1997

In 1996, Gore became involved in a "Chinagate" campaign finance controversy over his attendance at an event at the Buddhist Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California. In an interview on NBC's Today the following year, Gore said, "I did not know that it was a fund-raiser. I knew it was a political event, and I knew there were finance people that were going to be present, and so that alone should have told me, 'This is inappropriate and this is a mistake; don't do this.' And I take responsibility for that. It was a mistake." A U.S. Department of Justice investigation into the fund-raising activities had uncovered evidence that Chinese agents sought to direct contributions from foreign sources to the Democratic National Committee (DNC) before the 1996 presidential campaign. The Chinese embassy in Washington, D.C. was used for coordinating contributions to the DNC. FBI agents were denied the opportunity to ask President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore questions during Justice Department interviews in 1997 and 1998 and were only allowed to take notes. In March 1997, Gore had to explain phone calls which he made to solicit funds for Democratic Party for the 1996 election. In a news conference, Gore stated that, "all calls that I made were charged to the Democratic National Committee. I was advised there was nothing wrong with that. My counsel tells me there is no controlling legal authority that says that is any violation of any law." The phrase "no controlling legal authority" was criticized by columnist Charles Krauthammer, who stated: "Whatever other legacies Al Gore leaves behind between now and retirement, he forever bequeaths this newest weasel word to the lexicon of American political corruption." Robert Conrad Jr. was the head of a Justice Department task force appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno to investigate Gore's fund-raising controversies. In Spring 2000, Conrad asked Reno to appoint an independent counsel to continue the investigation. After looking into the matter, Reno judged that the appointment of an independent counsel was unwarranted.

During the 1990s, Gore spoke out on a number of issues. In a 1992 speech on the Gulf War, Gore stated that he twice attempted to get the U.S. government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein, citing Hussein's use of poison gas, support of terrorism, and his burgeoning nuclear program, but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations. In 1998, at a conference of APEC hosted by Malaysia, Gore objected to the indictment, arrest and jailing of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's longtime second-in-command Anwar Ibrahim, a move which received a negative response from leaders there. Ten years later, Gore again protested when Ibrahim was arrested a second time, a decision condemned by Malaysian foreign minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim.

1996 electoral vote results. The Clinton-Gore ticket won 379–159.

In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton and Gore both ran for re-election for president and vice-president. They faced Republican Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole, with his running mate, Jack Kemp, a former member of House republican leadership and George H. W. Bush's secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Gore and Kemp debated once, in one of the lowest rated debates in history. Gore held his own against Kemp, and kept President Clinton's large lead against Dole stable. On November 5, 1996, Clinton and Gore were re-elected as president and vice-president with 379 electoral votes and an 8% margin of victory in the popular vote.

Soon afterward, Gore also had to contend with the Lewinsky scandal, which involved an affair between President Clinton and a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Gore initially defended Clinton, whom he believed to be innocent, stating, "He is the president of the country! He is my friend ... I want to ask you now, every single one of you, to join me in supporting him." After Clinton was impeached, Gore continued to defend him stating, "I've defined my job in exactly the same way for six years now ... to do everything I can to help him be the best president possible."

Second presidential run (2000)

Main article: Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign

Further information: 2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2000 United States presidential election, 2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida, Bush v. Gore, and Al Gore and information technology

In Manchester, New Hampshire, campaigning for President of the United States in 2000

During a speech that he gave on June 16, 1999, in Carthage, Tennessee, Gore formally announced his candidacy for president. His major theme was the need to strengthen the American family. He was introduced by his eldest daughter, Karenna Gore Schiff. In making the speech, Gore also distanced himself from Bill Clinton, who he stated had lied to him. Gore was "briefly interrupted" by AIDS protesters claiming Gore was working with the pharmaceutical industry to prevent access to generic medicines for poor nations and chanting "Gore's greed kills". Additional speeches were also interrupted by the protesters. Gore responded, "I love this country. I love the First Amendment ... Let me say in response to those who may have chosen an inappropriate way to make their point, that actually the crisis of AIDS in Africa is one that should command the attention of people in the United States and around the world." Gore also issued a statement saying that he supported efforts to lower the cost of the AIDS drugs, provided that they "are done in a way consistent with international agreements".

While Bill Clinton's job-approval ratings were around 60%, an April 1999 study by the Pew Research Center for the People found that respondents suffered from "Clinton fatigue" where they were "tired of all the problems associated with the Clinton administration" including the Lewinsky scandal and impeachment. Texas Governor and likely Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush was leading Gore 54% to 41% in polls during that time. Gore's advisers believed that the "Lewinsky scandal and Bill's past womanizing...alienated independent voters—especially the soccer moms, who stood for traditional values". Consequently, Gore's presidential campaign "veered too far in differentiating himself from Bill and his record and had difficulty taking advantage of the Clinton administration's legitimate successes". In addition, Hillary's candidacy for the open Senate seat in New York exacerbated the "three-way tensions evident in the White House since 1993", as "not only was Hillary unavailable as a campaigner, she was poaching top Democratic fund-raisers and donors who would normally concentrate on the vice president". In one instance "Hillary insisted on being invited [to a Los Angeles fundraiser for the vice president]—over the objections of the event's organizers", where the First Lady "shocked the vice president's supporters by soliciting donations for herself in front of Tipper".

Gore faced an early challenge by former New Jersey senator Bill Bradley. Bradley was the only candidate to oppose Gore and was considered a "fresh face" for the White House. Gore challenged Bradley to a series of debates which took the form of "town hall" meetings. Gore went on the offensive during these debates leading to a drop in the polls for Bradley. In the Iowa caucus the unions pledged their support to Gore, despite Bradley spending heavily in that state, and Bradley was much embarrassed by his two to one defeat there. Gore went on to capture the New Hampshire primary 53-47%, which had been a must-win state for Bradley. Gore then swept all of the primaries on Super Tuesday while Bradley finished a distant second in each state. On March 9, 2000, after failing to win any of the first 20 primaries and caucuses in the election process, Bradley withdrew his campaign and endorsed Gore. Gore eventually went on to win every primary and caucus and, in March 2000 even won the first primary election ever held over the Internet, the Arizona Presidential Primary. By then, he secured the Democratic nomination. As of 2023, Al Gore remains the only presidential candidate in American history who was not the incumbent president to win every single contest in his or her party primary.

The logo for Gore and Joe Lieberman's campaign

On August 13, 2000, Gore announced that he had selected Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut as his vice presidential running mate. Lieberman became "the first person of the Jewish faith to run for the nation's second-highest office". Many pundits saw Gore's choice of Lieberman as further distancing him from the scandals of the Clinton White House. Gore's daughter, Karenna, together with her father's former Harvard roommate Tommy Lee Jones, officially nominated Gore as the Democratic presidential candidate during the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, California. Gore accepted his party's nomination and spoke about the major themes of his campaign, stating in particular his plan to extend Medicare to pay for prescription drugs and to work for a sensible universal health-care system. Soon after the convention, Gore hit the campaign trail with running mate Joe Lieberman. Gore and Bush were deadlocked in the polls. They participated in three televised debates. While both sides claimed victory after each, Gore was critiqued as either too stiff, too reticent, or too aggressive in contrast to Bush.

Inventing the internet

There was talk of a potential run in the 2000 presidential race by Gore as early as January 1998. Gore discussed the possibility of running during a March 9, 1999, interview with CNN's Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. In response to Wolf Blitzer's question: "Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of Bill Bradley", Gore responded:

I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. I feel that it will be. But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. I've traveled to every part of this country during the last six years. During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.

Former UCLA professor of information studies Philip E. Agre and journalist Eric Boehlert argued that three articles in Wired News led to the creation of the widely spread urban legend that Gore claimed to have "invented the Internet", which followed this interview. In addition, computer professionals and congressional colleagues argued in his defense. Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn stated that "we don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he 'invented' the Internet. Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet." Cerf would later state: "Al Gore had seen what happened with the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956, which his father introduced as a military bill. It was very powerful. Housing went up, suburban boom happened, everybody became mobile. Al was attuned to the power of networking much more than any of his elective colleagues. His initiatives led directly to the commercialization of the Internet. So he really does deserve credit." In a speech to the American Political Science Association, former Republican Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Newt Gingrich also stated: "In all fairness, it's something Gore had worked on a long time. Gore is not the Father of the Internet, but in all fairness, Gore is the person who, in the Congress, most systematically worked to make sure that we got to an Internet, and the truth is—and I worked with him starting in 1978 when I got [to Congress], we were both part of a "futures group"—the fact is, in the Clinton administration, the world we had talked about in the '80s began to actually happen." Finally, Wolf Blitzer (who conducted the original 1999 interview) stated in 2008 that: "I didn't ask him about the Internet. I asked him about the differences he had with Bill Bradley ... Honestly, at the time, when he said it, it didn't dawn on me that this was going to have the impact that it wound up having, because it was distorted to a certain degree and people said they took what he said, which was a carefully phrased comment about taking the initiative and creating the Internet to—I invented the Internet. And that was the sort of shorthand, the way his enemies projected it and it wound up being a devastating setback to him and it hurt him, as I'm sure he acknowledges to this very day."

Gore himself would later poke fun at the controversy. In 2000, while on the Late Show with David Letterman he read Letterman's Top 10 List (which for this show was called, "Top Ten Rejected Gore – Lieberman Campaign Slogans") to the audience. Number nine on the list was: "Remember, America, I gave you the Internet, and I can take it away!" In 2005, when Gore was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award "for three decades of contributions to the Internet" at the Webby Awards, he joked in his acceptance speech (limited to five words according to Webby Awards rules): "Please don't recount this vote." He was introduced by Vint Cerf who used the same format to joke: "We all invented the Internet." Gore, who was then asked to add a few more words to his speech, stated: "It is time to reinvent the Internet for all of us to make it more robust and much more accessible and use it to reinvigorate our democracy."

Recount

On election night, news networks first called Florida for Gore, later retracted the projection, and then called Florida for Bush, before finally retracting that projection as well. Florida's Republican Secretary of State, Katherine Harris, eventually certified Florida's vote count. This led to the Florida election recount, a move to further examine the Florida results.

The Florida recount was stopped a few weeks later on December 12 by the U.S. Supreme Court. In the ruling, Bush v. Gore, the Justices held, by a 7–2 vote, that the standards the Florida Supreme Court provided for a recount were unconstitutional due to violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and further ruled 5–4 that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline. That ended recounts underway in selected Florida counties, resulting in George W. Bush with a 537 vote victory in Florida and consequently Florida's 25 electoral votes, thus the presidency. The results of the decision led to Gore winning the popular vote by approximately 500,000 votes nationwide, but receiving 266 electoral votes to Bush's 271 (one District of Columbia elector abstained). On December 13, 2000, Gore conceded the election. Gore strongly disagreed with the Court's decision, but in his concession speech stated that, "for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession."

Post-vice presidency (2001–present)

Gore in 2000

Bill Clinton and Gore had maintained an informal public distance for eight years, but they reunited for the media in August 2009. Clinton had arranged for the release of two female journalists who were being held hostage in North Korea. The women were employees of Gore's Current TV. In May 2018, he was included as a member of the Indian Government committee to coordinate year long celebrations of Mahatma Gandhi's 150th birth anniversary from October 2, 2019.

Criticism of Bush

Beginning in 2002, Gore began to publicly criticize the Bush administration. In a September 23 speech that he gave before the Commonwealth Club of California, Gore criticized Bush and Congress for the rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in Iraq. He compared this decision to the Persian Gulf War (which Gore had voted for) stating, "Back in 1991, I was one of a handful of Democrats in the United States Senate to vote in favor of the resolution endorsing the Persian Gulf War ... But look at the differences between the resolution that was voted on in 1991 and the one this administration is proposing that the Congress vote on in 2002. The circumstances are really completely different [...] in 1991, Iraq had crossed an international border, invaded a neighboring sovereign nation and annexed its territory. Now by contrast in 2002, there has been no such invasion." In a speech given in 2004, during the presidential election, Gore accused George W. Bush of betraying the country by using the 9/11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq. The next year, Gore gave a speech which covered many topics, including what he called "religious zealots" who claim special knowledge of God's will in American politics. Gore stated: "They even claim that those of us who disagree with their point of view are waging war against people of faith." After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Gore chartered two planes to evacuate 270 people from New Orleans and criticized the Bush administration's response to the hurricane. In 2006, Gore criticized Bush's use of domestic wiretaps without a warrant. One month later, in a speech given at the Jeddah Economic Forum, Gore criticized the treatment of Arabs in the U.S. after 9/11 stating, "Unfortunately there have been terrible abuses and it's wrong ... I do want you to know that it does not represent the desires or wishes or feelings of the majority of the citizens of my country." Gore's 2007 book, The Assault on Reason, is an analysis of what Gore refers to as the "emptying out of the marketplace of ideas" in civic discourse during the Bush administration. He attributes this phenomenon to the influence of television and argues that it endangers American democracy. By contrast, Gore argues, the Internet can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy". In 2008, Gore argued against the ban of same-sex marriage on his Current TV website, stating, "I think that gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women to make contracts, have hospital visiting rights, and join together in marriage." In a 2009 interview with CNN, Gore commented on former Vice President Dick Cheney's criticism of the Obama administration. Referring to his own previous criticism of the Bush administrations, Gore stated: "I waited two years after I left office to make statements that were critical, and then of the policy ... You know, you talk about somebody that shouldn't be talking about making the country less safe, invading a country that did not attack us and posed no serious threat to us at all."

While Gore has criticized Bush for his Katrina response, he has not spoken publicly about his part in the evacuation of 270 patients on September 3 & 4, 2005, from Charity Hospital in New Orleans to Tennessee. On September 1, Gore was contacted by Charity Hospital's Neurosurgeon Dr. David Kline, who had operated on his son Albert, through Greg Simon of FasterCures. Kline informed Gore and Simon of the desperate conditions at the hospital and asked Gore and Simon to arrange relief. On Gore's personal financial commitment, two airlines each provided a plane with one flight later underwritten by Larry Flax. The flights were flown by volunteer airline crews and medically staffed by Gore's cousin, retired Col. Dar LaFon, and family physician Dr. Anderson Spickard and were accompanied by Gore and Albert III. Gore used his political influence to expedite landing rights in New Orleans.

Presidential run speculation

In 2008, Chris Anderson asked: "Will you run again?"
Gore replied, "Ohh, you aren't going to get me on this one!"

People were speculating that Gore would be a candidate for the 2004 presidential election (a bumper sticker, "Re-elect Gore in 2004!" was popular). On December 16, 2002, however, Gore announced that he would not run in 2004. While Gore seriously considered challenging Bush in 2004, the September 11 attacks and the subsequent stratospheric rise in President Bush's popularity as a result of his response to these attacks were strong factors in Gore's December 2002 decision not to run again in 2004. Despite Gore taking himself out of the race, a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to draft him into running. The draft movement, however, failed to convince Gore to run.

The prospect of a Gore candidacy arose again between 2006 and early 2008 in light of the upcoming 2008 presidential election. Although Gore frequently stated that he had "no plans to run", he did not reject the possibility of future involvement in politics which led to speculation that he might run. This was due in part to his increased popularity after the release of the 2006 documentary, An Inconvenient Truth. The director of the film, Davis Guggenheim, stated that after the release of the film, "Everywhere I go with him, they treat him like a rock star." After An Inconvenient Truth was nominated for an Academy Award, Donna Brazile (Gore's campaign chairwoman from his 2000 campaign) speculated that Gore might announce a possible presidential candidacy during the Oscars. During the 79th Academy Awards ceremony, Gore and actor Leonardo DiCaprio shared the stage to speak about the "greening" of the ceremony itself. Gore began to give a speech that appeared to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president. However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying that it was a rehearsed gag, which he later acknowledged. After An Inconvenient Truth won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, speculation increased about a possible presidential run. Gore's popularity was indicated in polls which showed that even without running, he was coming in second or third among possible Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John Edwards. Grassroots draft campaigns also developed with the hope that they could encourage Gore to run. Gore, however, remained firm in his decision and declined to run for the presidency.

Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015, although he did not declare any intention to do so.

Involvement in presidential campaigns

Gore speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

After announcing he would not run in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Gore endorsed Vermont governor Howard Dean in December 2003, weeks before the first primary of the election cycle. He was criticized for this endorsement by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate Joe Lieberman (Gore preferred Dean over Lieberman because Lieberman supported the Iraq War and Gore did not). Dean's campaign soon became a target of attacks and eventually failed, with Gore's early endorsement being credited as a factor. In The New York Times, Dean stated: "I actually do think the endorsement of Al Gore began the decline." The Times further noted that "Dean instantly amplified his statement to indicate that the endorsement from Mr. Gore, a powerhouse of the establishment, so threatened the other Democratic candidates that they began the attacks on his candidacy that helped derail it." Dean's former campaign manager, Joe Trippi, also stated that after Gore's endorsement of Dean, "alarm bells went off in every newsroom in the country, in every other campaign in the country", indicating that if something did not change, Dean would be the nominee. Later, in March 2004, Gore endorsed John Kerry and gave Kerry $6 million in funds left over from his own unsuccessful 2000 bid. Gore also opened the 2004 Democratic National Convention.

During the 2008 primaries, Gore remained neutral toward all of the candidates which led to speculation that he would come out of a brokered 2008 Democratic National Convention as a "compromise candidate" if the party decided it could not nominate one. Gore responded by stating that these events would not take place because a candidate would be nominated through the primary process. Senator Ted Kennedy had urged Gore to endorse Senator Barack Obama though Gore declined. When Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president on June 3, 2008, speculation began that Gore might be tapped for the vice presidency. On June 16, 2008, one week after Hillary Clinton had suspended her campaign, Gore endorsed Obama in a speech given in Detroit, Michigan which renewed speculation of an Obama-Gore ticket. Gore stated, however, that he was not interested in being vice president again. On the timing and nature of Gore's endorsement, some argued that Gore waited because he did not want to repeat his calamitous early endorsement of Howard Dean during the 2004 presidential election. On the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention, shortly before Obama delivered his acceptance address, Gore gave a speech offering his full support. Such support led to new speculation after Obama was elected president during the 2008 presidential election that Gore would be named a member of the Obama administration. This speculation was enhanced by a meeting held between Obama, Gore, and Joe Biden in Chicago on December 9, 2008. However, Democratic officials and Gore's spokeswoman stated that during the meeting the only subject under discussion was the climate crisis, and Gore would not be joining the Obama administration. On December 19, 2008, Gore described Obama's environmental administrative choices of Carol Browner, Steven Chu, and Lisa Jackson as "an exceptional team to lead the fight against the climate crisis".

Gore repeated his neutrality eight years later during the Democratic presidential primaries of 2016 until endorsing Hillary Clinton on July 25, 2016, the first day of that year's Democratic National Convention. Gore appeared with her at a rally on Miami Dade College's Kendall Campus on October 11, 2016.

Environmentalism

Main article: Environmental activism of Al Gore

Gore receives the Nobel Peace Prize in the city hall of Oslo, 2007.

President George W. Bush meets with Al Gore and the other 2007 Nobel Award recipients, November 26, 2007.

Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976 when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming". He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s, and is still prevalent in the environmental community. He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party".

In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment". In the late 1990s, Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which called for the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98), which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States".

In 2004, Gore co-launched Generation Investment Management, a company for which he serves as chair. A few years later, Gore would also found the Alliance for Climate Protection, an organization which eventually founded the We Campaign. Gore would also become a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading that firm's climate change solutions group. He also helped to organize the Live Earth benefit concerts. In 2010, he attended WE Day (Vancouver, Canada), a WE Charity event.

Gore's speech on Global Warming at the University of Miami BankUnited Center, February 28, 2007

In 2013, Gore became a vegan. He had earlier admitted that "it's absolutely correct that the growing meat intensity of diets across the world is one of the issues connected to this global crisis – not only because of the [carbon dioxide] involved, but also because of the water consumed in the process" and some speculate that his adoption of the new diet is related to his environmentalist stance. In a 2014 interview, Gore said "Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet, really just to experiment to see what it was like. ... I felt better, so I've continued with it and I'm likely to continue it for the rest of my life."

Gore's An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, a sequel to his 2006 film, An Inconvenient Truth, premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. The film documents his continuing efforts to battle climate change.

A "Climate and Health Summit" which was originally going to be held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was cancelled without warning in late January 2017. A few days later, Gore revived the summit, which was held by the Climate Reality Project without the support of the CDC. In 2020 he helped to launch Climate TRACE to independently monitor global greenhouse gas emissions.

In November 2021, Gore spoke at the early stages of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, Scotland. He later criticised the Morrison government for failing to increase Australia's 2030 emissions reduction target.

Criticism

In the late 1980s and 1990s, Gore was criticized for his involvement in asking the EPA for less strict pollution controls for the Pigeon River, which had long been polluted by a paper mill in Canton, North Carolina.

A number of people and organizations, including Marsha Blackburn, a current U.S. Senator and former Congresswoman from Tennessee, and a conservative Washington, D.C. think tank, have claimed that Gore has a conflict of interest for advocating for taxpayer subsidies of green-energy technologies in which he has a personal investment. Additionally, he has been criticized for his above-average energy consumption in using private jets, and in owning multiple, very large homes, one of which was reported in 2007 as using high amounts of electricity. Gore's spokesperson responded by stating that the Gores use renewable energy which is more expensive than regular energy and that the Tennessee house in question has been retrofitted to make it more energy efficient.

Data in An Inconvenient Truth have been questioned. In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court. He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views. Gore's spokesperson responded in 2007 that the court had upheld the film's fundamental thesis and its use as an educational tool. In 2009, Gore described the British court ruling as being "in my favor".

During the COP15 climate change conference in Copenhagen in 2009, Gore cited research from Dr. Wieslaw Maslowski, a professor of oceanography at the Naval Postgraduate School in California to claim that "Some of the models suggest to Dr. Maslowski that there is a 75% chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months could be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years." However, a fact-check conducted by Reuters found that Gore was guilty of misrepresenting scientific data or "spreading misinformation". In a 2009 The Sunday Times interview, Maslowski responded to Gore's claim by saying "It's unclear to me how this figure was arrived at. I would never try to estimate likelihood at anything as exact as this."

Gore was also criticized when in 2012 he sold his television channel Current TV for around $100 million to Al Jazeera, a media company funded by the government of Qatar, a nation largely dependent on income from the fossil fuel industry.

Personal life

Tipper and Al Gore on their wedding day, May 19, 1970, at the Washington National Cathedral

Gore met Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965. She was from the nearby St. Agnes School. Tipper followed Gore to Boston to attend college, and they married at the Washington National Cathedral on May 19, 1970.

They have four children; Karenna Gore (b. 1973), Kristin Carlson Gore (b. 1977), Sarah LaFon Gore (b. 1979) and Albert Arnold Gore III (b. 1982).

In June 2010, the Gores announced in an e-mail to friends that after "long and careful consideration", they had made a mutual decision to separate. In May 2012, it was reported that Gore started dating Elizabeth Keadle of Rancho Santa Fe, California.

Before beginning his political career, he attended the New Salem Missionary Baptist Church in Elmwood, Tennessee. In 1977, when he moved to Arlington County, Virginia, he attended the Mount Vernon Baptist Church. He and his wife were baptized in 1980 and became members of the church. In 2004, he announced he had left the Southern Baptist Convention, but remained a Baptist. In 2007, he received Ethics Daily's "Baptist of the Year" award for his environmental activism. He was a keynote speaker at the 2008 New Baptist Covenant convention.

Awards and honors

Main article: List of awards and honors received by Al Gore

Гору президентскую медаль свободы вручает Джо Байден 3 мая 2024 года.

Гор является лауреатом ряда наград, в том числе Нобелевской премии мира (совместно с Межправительственной группой экспертов по изменению климата ) в 2007 году. a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV in 2007, a Webby Award in 2005, the Dan David Prize in 2008 и Премия принца Астурийского в 2007 году за международное сотрудничество. В 2008 году он был избран членом Американского философского общества . Он также снялся в документальном фильме 2006 года «Неудобная правда» , который получил премию «Оскар» за лучший документальный фильм в 2007 году, и написал книгу « Неудобная правда: планетарная чрезвычайная ситуация глобального потепления и что мы можем с этим поделать» , получившую премию «Грэмми» за лучший фильм . Альбом «Разговорное слово» 2009 года. В 2024 году Гор был награжден Президентской медалью свободы президентом США Джо Байденом .

Избранные публикации

Книги

• Будущее: шесть движущих сил глобальных изменений . Случайный дом. 2013. ISBN  978-0-8129-9294-6 .
• Наш выбор . Книги Родейла. 2009. ISBN  978-1-59486-734-7 .
• Знайте изменение климата и 101 вопрос и ответ об изменении климата из серии «Спасите планету Земля», 2008 г. (детские книги)
• Наша цель: лекция на Нобелевской премии мира 2007 г. Книги Родейла. 2008. ISBN  978-1-60529-990-7 .
• Нападение на разум . Нью-Йорк: Пингвин. 2007. ISBN  978-1-59420-122-6 .
• Неудобная правда: планетарная чрезвычайная ситуация глобального потепления и что мы можем с этим поделать . Нью-Йорк: Родэйл Букс. 2006. ISBN  978-1-59486-567-1 .
• В сердце: трансформация американской семьи (с Типпером Гором) . Нью-Йорк: Сова Генри Холт. 2002. ISBN  978-0-8050-7450-5 .
• Дух семьи (с Типпером Гором) . Нью-Йорк: Х. Холт. 2002. ISBN  978-0-8050-6894-8 .
• От бюрократической волокиты к результатам: создание правительства, которое работает лучше и стоит меньше . Амстердам: Книги Фредонии. 2001. ISBN  978-1-58963-571-5 .
• Гор, Эл (1998). Правительство здравого смысла: работает лучше и стоит меньше: обзор национальной эффективности (3-й отчет) . ДИАНА. ISBN  978-0-7881-3908-6 .
• Гор, Альберт (1997). Деловое правительство: уроки, извлеченные из опыта лучших компаний Америки (со Скоттом Адамсом) . ДИАНА. ISBN  978-0-7881-7053-9 .
• Земля на волоске: создание новой общей цели . Скан Земли. 1992. ISBN  978-0-618-05664-4 .
• Ставя людей на первое место: как мы все можем изменить Америку. (совместно с Уильямом Дж. Клинтоном). Нью-Йорк: Times Books, 1992.

Статьи

• « На пути к устойчивому капитализму: долгосрочные стимулы являются противоядием от краткосрочной жадности, которая стала причиной наших нынешних экономических проблем. Архивировано 20 июля 2017 года в Wayback Machine . The Wall Street Journal , 24 июня 2010 года. (С Дэвидом Бладом)
• « Мы не можем желать избавиться от изменения климата. Архивировано 9 февраля 2017 года в Wayback Machine ». Нью-Йорк Таймс , 27 февраля 2010 г.
• « Климат перемен. Архивировано 29 марта 2017 года в Wayback Machine ». Нью-Йорк Таймс , 9 ноября 2008 г.
• Представление вице-президента Эла Гора « Земному дозору: 24 часа в киберпространстве» . 8 февраля 1996 г. 24 часа в киберпространстве.
• « Предисловие вице-президента Эла Гора. Архивировано 16 июня 2007 года в Wayback Machine ». В книге «Интернет-компаньон: Руководство по глобальным сетям для начинающих» (2-е издание). Архивировано 7 августа 2011 года в Wayback Machine . Трейси Лакуи в 1994 году
• » Введение . Тихая весна» « Рэйчел Карсон . 1994. Нью-Йорк: Houghton-Mifflin.
• План действий по изменению климата . Вашингтон, округ Колумбия: Белый дом, октябрь 1993 г. (совместно с Уильямом Дж. Клинтоном ).
• «Инфраструктура глобальной деревни: компьютеры, сети и государственная политика». Специальный выпуск Scientific American по коммуникациям, компьютерам и сетям , сентябрь 1991 г. 265(3): 150–153.

См. также

• Экологический активизм Эла Гора
• Вице-президент Эла Гора

Библиография

• Согласен, Фил. Кто изобрел «изобретенный»?: Прослеживание реальной истории мистификации «Эл Гор изобрел Интернет» . 17 октября 2000 г.
• Кэмпбелл-Келли, Мартин; Эспрей, Уильям. «Глава 12». Компьютер: история информационной машины . Нью-Йорк: BasicBooks, 1996.
• Чепмен, Гэри и Марк Ротенберги. Национальная информационная инфраструктура: возможность общественного интереса. Архивировано 30 сентября 2007 г. в Wayback Machine . В книге «Компьютеры, этика и социальные ценности» . Дебора Г. Джонсон и Хелен Ниссанбаум (ред.). Энглвуд Клиффс: Прентис Холл, 1995: 628–644.
• Кокберн, Александр . Эл Гор: Руководство пользователя (2000) (с Джеффри Сент-Клером ) ISBN   978-1-85984-803-6
• Кирк, Эндрю Г. Зелёная контркультура: Каталог всей Земли и американский энвайронментализм . Лоуренс: Univ. Канзас Пресс, 2007.
• Рейнгольд, Ховард . «Послесловие к изданию 1994 года». Виртуальное сообщество: усадьба на электронном фронтире (переработанное издание). Кембридж: Массачусетский технологический институт, 2000.
• Стикс, Гэри. Гигабитный гештальт: Клинтон и Гор поддерживают активистскую технологическую политику. Архивировано 17 марта 2008 года в Wayback Machine . Scientific American , май 1993 г.
• Тёрк, Билл, «Изобретая Эла Гора» , Хоутон Миффлин Харкорт , 2000 г. ISBN   978-0-618-13160-0

Внешние ссылки

• Попечительский совет Всемирного экономического форума
• Официальный сайт
• Эл Гор на IMDb
• Биография в Биографическом справочнике Конгресса США.
• Финансовая информация (федеральный офис) в Федеральной избирательной комиссии
• Эл Гор на TED
• Появления на C-SPAN
• Эл Гор на Nobelprize.org включая его Нобелевскую лекцию 10 декабря 2007 г.