Лорд Байрон

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Досточтимый Лорд Байрон ФРС
Портрет Томаса Филлипса , ок. 1813 г.
Born	George Gordon Byron (1788-01-22)22 January 1788 London, England
Died	19 April 1824(1824-04-19) (aged 36) Missolonghi, Aetolia, Ottoman Empire (present-day Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece)
Resting place	Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall, Nottinghamshire
Occupation	Poet politician
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge
Spouse	Anne Isabella Milbanke ​ ​ (m. 1815; sep. 1816)​
Partner	Claire Clairmont
Children	Ada King, Countess of Lovelace Allegra Byron Elizabeth Medora Leigh (presumed)
Parents	John Byron (father) Catherine Gordon (mother)
Signature
Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal
In office 13 March 1809 – 19 April 1824 Hereditary peerage
Preceded by	The 5th Baron Byron
Succeeded by	The 7th Baron Byron

Джордж Гордон Байрон, шестой барон Байрон , ФРС (22 января 1788 — 19 апреля 1824) — британский поэт и пэр . Он является одним из крупнейших деятелей романтического движения . и считается одним из величайших английских поэтов. Среди его самых известных произведений — длинные рассказы «Дон Жуан» и «Паломничество Чайльд-Гарольда» ; многие из его коротких текстов на иврите также стали популярными.

Байрон получил образование в Тринити-колледже в Кембридже , прежде чем он много путешествовал по Европе. Он прожил семь лет в Италии, в Венеции , Равенне и Пизе после того, как был вынужден бежать из Англии из-за угроз линчевания . Во время своего пребывания в Италии он часто навещал своего друга и коллегу-поэта Перси Биши Шелли . Позже Байрон присоединился к греческой войне за независимость , чтобы сражаться с Османской империей , за что греки почитают его как народного героя . Он умер во время кампании в 1824 году в возрасте 36 лет от лихорадки, заразившейся после первой и второй осады Миссолонги.

His one child conceived within marriage, Ada Lovelace, was a founding figure in the field of computer programming based on her notes for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. Byron's extramarital children include Allegra Byron, who died in childhood, and possibly Elizabeth Medora Leigh, daughter of his half-sister Augusta Leigh.

Early life

Main article: Early life of Lord Byron

An engraving of Byron's father, Captain John "Mad Jack" Byron, date unknown

George Gordon Byron was born on 22 January 1788, on Holles Street in London, England – his birthplace is now supposedly occupied by a branch of the department store John Lewis.

Byron was the only child of Captain John Byron (known as 'Jack') and his second wife, Catherine Gordon, heiress of the Gight estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Byron's paternal grandparents were Vice Admiral John Byron and Sophia Trevanion. Having survived a shipwreck as a teenage midshipman, Byron's grandfather set a new speed record for circumnavigating the globe. After he became embroiled in a tempestuous voyage during the American Revolutionary War, he became nicknamed 'Foul-Weather Jack' Byron by the press.

Byron's father had previously been somewhat scandalously married to Amelia, Marchioness of Carmarthen, with whom he was having an affair – the wedding took place just weeks after her divorce from her husband, and she was around eight months pregnant. The marriage was not a happy one, and their first two children – Sophia Georgina, and an unnamed boy – died in infancy. Amelia herself died in 1784 almost exactly a year after the birth of their third child, the poet's half-sister Augusta Mary. Though Amelia died from a wasting illness, probably tuberculosis, the press reported that her heart had been broken out of remorse for leaving her husband. Much later, 19th-century sources blamed Jack's own "brutal and vicious" treatment of her.

Jack would then marry Catherine Gordon of Gight on 13 May 1785, by all accounts only for her fortune. To claim his second wife's estate in Scotland, Byron's father took the additional surname "Gordon", becoming "John Byron Gordon", and occasionally styled himself "John Byron Gordon of Gight". Byron's mother had to sell her land and title to pay her new husband's debts, and in the space of two years, the large estate, worth some £23,500, had been squandered, leaving the former heiress with an annual income in trust of only £150. In a move to avoid his creditors, Catherine accompanied her husband to France in 1786, but returned to England at the end of 1787 to give birth to her son.

Byron was born in January 1788, and christened at St Marylebone Parish Church. His father appears to have wished to call his son 'William', but as he remained absent, Byron's mother named him after her own father, George Gordon of Gight, who was a descendant of James I of Scotland and who had died by suicide some years earlier, in 1779.

Catherine Gordon, Byron's mother, by Thomas Stewardson

Byron's mother moved back to Aberdeenshire in 1790, and Byron spent part of his childhood there. His father soon joined them in their lodgings in Queen Street, but the couple quickly separated. Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy, which could be partly explained by her husband's continuously borrowing money from her. As a result, she fell even further into debt to support his demands. One of these loans enabled him to travel to Valenciennes, France, where he died of a "long & suffering illness" – probably tuberculosis – in 1791.

When Byron's great-uncle, who was posthumously labelled the "wicked" Lord Byron, died on 21 May 1798, the 10-year-old became the sixth Baron Byron of Rochdale and inherited the ancestral home, Newstead Abbey, in Nottinghamshire. His mother took him to England, but the Abbey was in a state of disrepair and, rather than live there, she decided to lease it to Lord Grey de Ruthyn, among others, during Byron's adolescence.

Described as "a woman without judgment or self-command", Catherine either spoiled and indulged her son or vexed him with her capricious stubbornness. Her drinking disgusted him and he often mocked her for being short and corpulent, which made it difficult for her to catch him to discipline him. Byron had been born with a deformed right foot; his mother once retaliated and, in a fit of temper, referred to him as "a lame brat". However, Byron's biographer, Doris Langley Moore, in her 1974 book Accounts Rendered, paints a more sympathetic view of Mrs Byron, showing how she was a staunch supporter of her son and sacrificed her own precarious finances to keep him in luxury at Harrow and Cambridge. Langley-Moore questions 19th-century biographer John Galt's claim that she over-indulged in alcohol.

Byron's mother-in-law, Judith Noel, the Hon. Lady Milbanke, died in 1822, and her will required that he change his surname to "Noel" in order to inherit half of her estate. He accordingly obtained a Royal Warrant, enabling him to "take and use the surname of Noel only" and to "subscribe the said surname of Noel before all titles of honour". From that point, he signed himself "Noel Byron" (the usual signature of a peer being merely the name of the peerage, in this case simply "Byron"). Some have speculated that he did this so that his initials would read "N.B.", mimicking those of his hero, Napoleon Bonaparte. Lady Byron eventually succeeded to the Barony of Wentworth, becoming "Lady Wentworth".

Education

Byron received his early formal education at Aberdeen Grammar School in 1798 until his move back to England as a 10-year-old. In August 1799 he entered the school of Dr. William Glennie, in Dulwich. Placed under the care of a Dr. Bailey, he was encouraged to exercise in moderation but could not restrain himself from "violent" bouts of activity in an attempt to compensate for his deformed foot. His mother interfered with his studies, often withdrawing him from school, which arguably contributed to his lack of self-discipline and his neglect of his classical studies.

Byron was sent to Harrow School in 1801, and remained there until July 1805. An undistinguished student and an unskilled cricketer, he nevertheless represented the school during the first Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's in 1805.

His lack of moderation was not restricted to physical exercise. Byron fell in love with Mary Chaworth, whom he met while at school, and she was the reason he refused to return to Harrow in September 1803. His mother wrote, "He has no indisposition that I know of but love, desperate love, the worst of all maladies in my opinion. In short, the boy is distractedly in love with Miss Chaworth." In Byron's later memoirs, "Mary Chaworth is portrayed as the first object of his adult sexual feelings."

John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare

Byron finally returned in January 1804, to a more settled period, which saw the formation of a circle of emotional involvements with other Harrow boys, which he recalled with great vividness: "My school friendships were with me passions (for I was always violent)". The most enduring of those was with John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare—four years Byron's junior—whom he was to meet again unexpectedly many years later, in 1821, in Italy. His nostalgic poems about his Harrow friendships, Childish Recollections (1806), express a prescient "consciousness of sexual differences that may in the end make England untenable to him." Letters to Byron in the John Murray archive contain evidence of a previously unremarked if short-lived romantic relationship with a younger boy at Harrow, John Thomas Claridge.

In the following autumn he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met and formed a close friendship with the younger John Edleston. About his "protégé" he wrote, "He has been my almost constant associate since October, 1805, when I entered Trinity College. His voice first attracted my attention, his countenance fixed it, and his manners attached me to him for ever." After Edleston's death, Byron composed Thyrza, a series of elegies, in his memory. In later years, he described the affair as "a violent, though pure love and passion". This statement, however, needs to be read in the context of hardening public attitudes toward homosexuality in England and the severe sanctions (including public hanging) imposed upon convicted or even suspected offenders. The liaison, on the other hand, may well have been "pure" out of respect for Edleston's innocence, in contrast to the (probably) more sexually overt relations experienced at Harrow School. The poem "The Cornelian" was written about the cornelian that Byron had received from Edleston.

Byron spent three years at Trinity College, engaging in boxing, horse riding, gambling, and sexual escapades. While at Cambridge, he also formed lifelong friendships with men such as John Cam Hobhouse, who initiated him into the Cambridge Whig Club, which endorsed liberal politics, and Francis Hodgson, a Fellow at King's College, with whom he corresponded on literary and other matters until the end of his life.

Career

Early career

Byron's house, Burgage Manor, in Southwell, Nottinghamshire

While not at school or college, Byron lived at his mother's residence, Burgage Manor in Southwell, Nottinghamshire. While there, he cultivated friendships with Elizabeth Bridget Pigot and her brother John, with whom he staged two plays for the entertainment of the community. During this time, with the help of Elizabeth Pigot, who copied many of his rough drafts, he was encouraged to write his first volumes of poetry. Fugitive Pieces was printed by Ridge of Newark, which contained poems written when Byron was only 17. However, it was promptly recalled and burned on the advice of his friend the Reverend J. T. Becher, on account of its more amorous verses, particularly the poem To Mary.

Hours of Idleness, a collection of many of the previous poems, along with more recent compositions, was the culminating book. The savage, anonymous criticism it received (now known to be the work of Henry Peter Brougham) in the Edinburgh Review prompted Byron to compose his first major satire, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). Byron put it into the hands of his relative R. C. Dallas, and asked him to "...get it published without his name." Alexander Dallas suggested a large number of changes to the manuscript, and provided the reasoning for some of them. Dallas also stated that Byron had originally intended to prefix an argument to this poem, which Dallas quoted. Although it was published anonymously, that April R. C. Dallas wrote that "you are already pretty generally known to be the author". The work so upset some of his critics that they challenged Byron to a duel; over time, in subsequent editions, it became a mark of prestige to be the target of Byron's pen.

Autograph letter signed to John Hanson, Byron's lawyer and business agent. Fondazione BEIC

After his return from travels he entrusted R. C. Dallas, as his literary agent, with the publication of his poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which Byron thought to be of little account. The first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage were published in 1812 and were received with critical acclaim. In Byron's own words, "I awoke one morning and found myself famous." He followed up this success with the poem's last two cantos, as well as four equally celebrated "Oriental Tales": The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos, The Corsair, and Lara. About the same time, he began his intimacy with his future biographer, Thomas Moore.

First travels to the East

Byron's Stone in Tepelenë, Albania

Teresa Makri in 1870

Byron racked up numerous debts as a young man, owing to what his mother termed a "reckless disregard for money". She lived at Newstead during this time, in fear of her son's creditors. He had planned to spend some time in 1808 cruising with his cousin George Bettesworth, who was captain of the 32-gun frigate HMS Tartar, but Bettesworth's death at the Battle of Alvøen in May 1808 made that impossible.

From 1809 to 1811, Byron went on the Grand Tour, then a customary part of the education of young noblemen. He travelled with Hobhouse for the first year, and his entourage of servants included Byron's trustworthy valet, William Fletcher. Hobhouse and Byron often made Fletcher the butt of their humour. The Napoleonic Wars forced Byron to avoid touring in most of Europe; he instead turned to the Mediterranean. His journey enabled him to avoid his creditors and to meet up with a former love, Mary Chaworth (the subject of his poem "To a Lady: On Being Asked My Reason for Quitting England in the Spring"). Another reason for choosing to visit the Mediterranean was probably his curiosity about the Levant; he had read about the Ottoman and Persian lands as a child, was attracted to Islam (especially Sufi mysticism), and later wrote, "With these countries, and events connected with them, all my really poetical feelings begin and end."

Byron began his trip in Portugal, from where he wrote a letter to his friend Mr Hodgson in which he describes what he had learned of the Portuguese language: mainly swear words and insults. Byron particularly enjoyed his stay in Sintra, which he later described in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage as "glorious Eden". From Lisbon he travelled overland to Seville, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, and Gibraltar, and from there by sea to Sardinia, Malta, Albania and Greece. The purpose of Byron's and Hobhouse's travel to Albania was to meet Ali Pasha of Ioannina and to see the country that was, until then, mostly unknown in Britain.

In Athens in 1810, Byron wrote "Maid of Athens, ere we part" for a 12-year-old girl, Teresa Makri (1798–1875).

Byron and Hobhouse made their way to Smyrna, where they cadged a ride to Constantinople on HMS Salsette. On 3 May 1810, while Salsette was anchored awaiting Ottoman permission to dock at the city, Byron and Lieutenant Ekenhead, of Salsette's Marines, swam the Hellespont. Byron commemorated this feat in the second canto of Don Juan. He returned to England from Malta in July 1811 aboard HMS Volage.

England 1811–1816

Portrait of Byron by Richard Westall

After the publication of the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812), Byron became a celebrity. "He rapidly became the most brilliant star in the dazzling world of Regency London. He was sought after at every society venue, elected to several exclusive clubs, and frequented the most fashionable London drawing-rooms." During this period in England he produced many works, including The Giaour, The Bride of Abydos (1813), Parisina, and The Siege of Corinth (1815). On the initiative of the composer Isaac Nathan, he produced in 1814–1815 the Hebrew Melodies (including what became some of his best-known lyrics, such as "She Walks in Beauty" and "The Destruction of Sennacherib"). Involved at first in an affair with Lady Caroline Lamb (who called him "mad, bad and dangerous to know") and with other lovers and also pressed by debt, he began to seek a suitable marriage, considering – amongst others – Annabella Millbanke. However, in 1813 he met for the first time in four years his half-sister, Augusta Leigh. Rumours of incest surrounded the pair; Augusta's daughter Medora (b. 1814) was suspected to have been Byron's child. To escape from growing debts and rumours, Byron pressed in his determination to marry Annabella, who was said to be the likely heiress of a rich uncle. They married on 2 January 1815, and their daughter, Ada, was born in December of that year. However, Byron's continuing obsession with Augusta Leigh (and his continuing sexual escapades with actresses such as Charlotte Mardyn and others) made their marital life a misery. Annabella considered Byron insane, and in January 1816 she left him, taking their daughter, and began proceedings for a legal separation. Their separation was made legal in a private settlement in March 1816. The scandal of the separation, the rumours about Augusta, and ever-increasing debts forced him to leave England in April 1816, never to return.

Life abroad (1816–1824)

Switzerland and the Shelleys

• 
  Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1819
• 
  Claire Clairmont, 1819
• 
  Mary Shelley, 1840

After this break-up of his domestic life, and by pressure on the part of his creditors, which led to the sale of his library, Byron left England, and never returned. (Despite his dying wishes, however, his body was returned for burial in England.) He journeyed through Belgium and continued up the Rhine river. In the summer of 1816 he settled at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, Switzerland, with his personal physician, John William Polidori. There Byron befriended the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and author Mary Godwin, Shelley’s future wife. He was also joined by Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, with whom he'd had an affair in London, which subsequently resulted in the birth of their illegitimate child Allegra, who died at the age of 5 under the care of Byron later in life. Several times Byron went to see Germaine de Staël and her Coppet group, which turned out to be a valid intellectual and emotional support to Byron at the time.

Frontispiece to a c. 1825 edition of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

Kept indoors at the Villa Diodati by the "incessant rain" of "that wet, ungenial summer" over three days in June, the five turned to reading fantastical stories, including Fantasmagoriana, and then devising their own tales. Mary Shelley produced what would become Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus, and Polidori produced The Vampyre, the progenitor of the Romantic vampire genre. The Vampyre was the inspiration for a fragmentary story of Byron's, "A Fragment".

Byron's story fragment was published as a postscript to Mazeppa; he also wrote the third canto of Childe Harold.

Italy

Byron wintered in Venice, pausing in his travels when he fell in love with Marianna Segati, in whose Venice house he was lodging, and who was soon replaced by 22-year-old Margarita Cogni; both women were married. Cogni could not read or write, and she left her husband to move in with Byron. Their fighting often caused Byron to spend the night in his gondola; when he asked her to leave the house, she threw herself into the Venetian canal.

Byron's visit to San Lazzaro degli Armeni as depicted in Ivan Aivazovsky's 1899 portrait

In 1816, Byron visited San Lazzaro degli Armeni in Venice, where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture with the help of the monks belonging to the Mechitarist Order. With the help of Father Pascal Aucher (Harutiun Avkerian), he learned the Armenian language and attended many seminars about language and history. He co-authored Grammar English and Armenian in 1817, an English textbook written by Aucher and corrected by Byron, and A Grammar Armenian and English in 1819, a project he initiated of a grammar of Classical Armenian for English speakers, where he included quotations from classical and modern Armenian.

Byron later helped to compile the English Armenian Dictionary (Barraran angleren yev hayeren, 1821) and wrote the preface, in which he explained Armenian oppression by the Turkish pashas and the Persian satraps and the Armenian struggle of liberation. His two main translations are the Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, two chapters of Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia, and sections of Nerses of Lambron's Orations. He also translated into English those sections of the Armenian Bible that are not present in the English Bible. His fascination was so great that he even considered using the Armenian version of the story of Cain for his play of the same name. Byron's interest in Armenian studies contributed to the spread and development of that discipline. His profound lyricism and ideological courage have inspired many Armenian poets, the likes of Ghevond Alishan, Smbat Shahaziz, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Ruben Vorberian, and others.

In 1817, he journeyed to Rome. On returning to Venice, he wrote the fourth canto of Childe Harold. About the same time, he sold Newstead Abbey and published Manfred, Cain, and The Deformed Transformed. The first five cantos of Don Juan were written between 1818 and 1820. During this period he met the 21-year-old Countess Guiccioli, who found her first love in Byron; he asked her to elope with him. After considering migrating to Venezuela or to the Cape Colony, Byron finally decided to leave Venice for Ravenna.

Because of his love for the local aristocratic, young, newly married Teresa Guiccioli, Byron lived in Ravenna from 1819 to 1821. Here he continued Don Juan and wrote the Ravenna Diary and My Dictionary and Recollections. Around this time he received visits from Percy Bysshe Shelley, as well as from Thomas Moore, to whom he confided his autobiography or "life and adventures", which Moore, Hobhouse, and Byron's publisher, John Murray, burned in 1824, a month after Byron's death. Of Byron's lifestyle in Ravenna we know more from Shelley, who documented some of its more colourful aspects in a letter:

Lord Byron gets up at two. I get up, quite contrary to my usual custom ... at 12. After breakfast we sit talking till six. From six to eight we gallop through the pine forest which divide Ravenna from the sea; we then come home and dine, and sit up gossiping till six in the morning. I don't suppose this will kill me in a week or fortnight, but I shall not try it longer. Lord B.'s establishment consists, besides servants, of ten horses, eight enormous dogs, three monkeys, five cats, an eagle, a crow, and a falcon; and all these, except the horses, walk about the house, which every now and then resounds with their unarbitrated quarrels, as if they were the masters of it... . [P.S.] I find that my enumeration of the animals in this Circean Palace was defective ... . I have just met on the grand staircase five peacocks, two guinea hens, and an Egyptian crane. I wonder who all these animals were before they were changed into these shapes.

"Byron's Grotto" in Porto Venere, Italy, named in Byron's honour because, according to local legend, he meditated here and drew inspiration from this place for his literary works

Α 19th-century sculptural composition by Henri-Michel Chapu and Alexandre Falguière depicting Greece in the form of a female figure crowning Lord Byron in the National Park in Athens (Άγαλμα Λόρδου Βύρωνος)

In 1821, Byron left Ravenna and went to live in the Tuscan city of Pisa, to which Teresa had also relocated. From 1821 to 1822, Byron finished Cantos 6–12 of Don Juan at Pisa, and in the same year he joined with Leigh Hunt and Shelley in starting a short-lived newspaper, The Liberal, in whose first number The Vision of Judgment appeared. For the first time since his arrival in Italy, Byron found himself tempted to give dinner parties; his guests included the Shelleys, Edward Ellerker Williams, Thomas Medwin, John Taaffe, and Edward John Trelawny; and "never", as Shelley said, "did he display himself to more advantage than on these occasions; being at once polite and cordial, full of social hilarity and the most perfect good humour; never diverging into ungraceful merriment, and yet keeping up the spirit of liveliness throughout the evening."

Shelley and Williams rented a house on the coast and had a schooner built. Byron decided to have his own yacht, and engaged Trelawny's friend, Captain Daniel Roberts, to design and construct the boat. Named the Bolivar, it was later sold to Charles John Gardiner, 1st Earl of Blessington, and Marguerite, Countess of Blessington, when Byron left for Greece in 1823.

Byron attended the beachside cremation of Shelley, which was orchestrated by Trelawny after Williams and Shelley drowned in a boating accident on 8 July 1822. His last Italian home was in Genoa. While living there he was accompanied by the Countess Guiccioli, and the Blessingtons. Lady Blessington based much of the material in her book, Conversations with Lord Byron, on the time spent together there. This book became an important biographical text about Byron's life just prior to his death.

Ottoman Greece

Further information: Greek War of Independence

Lord Byron in Albanian dress by Thomas Phillips, 1813. Venizelos Mansion, Athens (the British Ambassador's residence).

Byron was living in Genoa in 1823, when, growing bored with his life there, he accepted overtures for his support from representatives of the Greek independence movement from the Ottoman Empire. At first, Byron did not wish to leave his 22-year-old mistress, Countess Teresa Guiccioli, who had abandoned her husband to live with him. But ultimately Guiccioli's father, Count Gamba, was allowed to leave his exile in the Romagna under the condition that his daughter return to him, without Byron. At the same time that the philhellene, Edward Blaquiere, was attempting to recruit him, Byron was confused as to what he was supposed to do in Greece, writing: "Blaquiere seemed to think that I might be of some use—even here;—though what he did not exactly specify". With the assistance of his banker and Captain Daniel Roberts, Byron chartered the brig Hercules to take him to Greece. When Byron left Genoa, it caused "passionate grief" from Guiccioli, who wept openly as he sailed away. The Hercules was forced to return to port shortly afterwards. When it set sail for the final time, Guiccioli had already left Genoa. On 16 July, Byron left Genoa, arriving at Kefalonia in the Ionian Islands on 4 August.

His voyage is covered in detail in Donald Prell's Sailing with Byron from Genoa to Cephalonia. Prell also wrote of a coincidence in Byron's chartering the Hercules. The vessel was launched only a few miles south of Seaham Hall, where in 1815 Byron had married Annabella Milbanke. Between 1815 and 1823 the vessel was in service between England and Canada. Suddenly in 1823, the ship's Captain decided to sail to Genoa and offer the Hercules for charter. After taking Byron to Greece, the ship returned to England, never again to venture into the Mediterranean. The Hercules was aged 37 when, on 21 September 1852, she went aground near Hartlepool, 25 miles south of Sunderland, the place where her keel had been laid in 1815. Byron's "keel was laid" nine months before his official birth date, 22 January 1788. Therefore in ship years, he was also 37 when he died in Missolonghi.

Byron initially stayed on the island of Kefalonia, where he was besieged by agents of the rival Greek factions, all of whom wanted to recruit Byron for their own cause. The Ionian islands, of which Kefalonia is one, were under British rule until 1864. Byron spent £4,000 of his own money to refit the Greek fleet. When Byron travelled to the mainland of Greece on the night of 28 December 1823, Byron's ship was surprised by an Ottoman warship, which did not attack his ship, as the Ottoman captain mistook Byron's boat for a fireship. To avoid the Ottoman Navy, which he encountered several times on his voyage, Byron was forced to take a roundabout route and only reached Missolonghi on 5 January 1824.

After arriving in Missolonghi, Byron joined forces with Alexandros Mavrokordatos, a Greek politician with military power. Byron moved to the second floor of a two-story house and was forced to spend much of his time dealing with unruly Souliotes who demanded that Byron pay them the back-pay owed to them by the Greek government. Byron gave the Souliotes some £6,000. Byron was supposed to lead an attack on the Ottoman fortress of Navpaktos, whose Albanian garrison were unhappy due to arrears in pay, and who offered to put up only token resistance if Byron was willing to bribe them into surrendering. However, Ottoman commander Yussuf Pasha executed the mutinous Albanian officers who were offering to surrender Navpaktos to Byron and arranged to have some of the arrears paid out to the rest of the garrison. Byron never led the attack on Navpaktos because the Souliotes kept demanding that Byron pay them more and more money before they would march; Byron grew tired of their blackmail and sent them all home on 15 February 1824. Byron wrote in a note to himself:

"Having tried in vain at every expense, considerable trouble—and some danger to unite the Suliotes for the good of Greece—and their own—I have come to the following resolution—I will have nothing more to do with the Suliotes—they may go to the Turks or the devil...they may cut me into more pieces than they have dissensions among them, sooner than change my resolution".

At the same time, Guiccioli's brother, Pietro Gamba, who had followed Byron to Greece, exasperated Byron with his incompetence as he continually made expensive mistakes. For example, when asked to buy some cloth from Corfu, Gamba ordered the wrong cloth in excess, causing the bill to be 10 times higher than what Byron wanted. Byron wrote about his right-hand man: "Gamba—who is anything but lucky—had something to do with it—and as usual—the moment he had—matters went wrong".

The reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi

To help raise money for the revolution, Byron sold his estate in England, Rochdale Manor, which raised some £11,250. This led Byron to estimate that he now had some £20,000 at his disposal, all of which he planned to spend on the Greek cause. In today's money Byron would have been a millionaire many times over. News that a fabulously wealthy British aristocrat, known for his financial generosity, had arrived in Greece made Byron the object of much solicitation in that desperately poor country. Byron wrote to his business agent in England, "I should not like to give the Greeks but a half helping hand", saying he would have wanted to spend his entire fortune on Greek freedom. Byron found himself besieged by various people, both Greek and foreign, who tried to persuade him to open his pocketbook for support. By the end of March 1824, the so-called "Byron brigade" of 30 philhellene officers and about 200 men had been formed, paid for entirely by Byron. Leadership of the Greek cause in the Roumeli region was divided between two rival leaders: a former Klepht (bandit), Odysseas Androutsos; and a wealthy Phanariot Prince, Alexandros Mavrokordatos. Byron used his prestige to attempt to persuade the two rival leaders to come together to focus on defeating the Ottomans. At the same time, other leaders of the Greek factions like Petrobey Mavromichalis and Theodoros Kolokotronis wrote letters to Byron telling him to disregard all of the Roumeliot leaders and to come to their respective areas in the Peloponnese. This drove Byron to distraction; he complained that the Greeks were hopelessly disunited and spent more time feuding with each other than trying to win independence. Byron's friend Edward John Trelawny had aligned himself with Androutsos, who ruled Athens, and was now pressing for Byron to break with Mavrokordatos in favour of backing the rival Androutsos. Androutsos, having won over Trelawny to his cause, was now anxious to persuade Byron to put his wealth behind his claim to be the leader of Greece. Byron wrote with disgust about how one of the Greek captains, former Klepht Georgios Karaiskakis, attacked Missolonghi on 3 April 1824 with some 150 men supported by the Souliotes as he was unhappy with Mavrokordatos's leadership, which led to a brief bout of inter-Greek fighting before Karaiskakis was chased away by 6 April.

When the famous Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen heard about Byron's heroics in Greece, he voluntarily resculpted his earlier bust of Byron in Greek marble.

Death

Lord Byron on His Deathbed, by Joseph Denis Odevaere (c. 1826). The sheet covers Byron's misshapen right foot.

Mavrokordatos and Byron planned to attack the Turkish-held fortress of Lepanto, at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. Byron employed a fire master to prepare artillery, and he took part of the rebel army under his own command despite his lack of military experience. Before the expedition could sail, on 15 February 1824, he fell ill, and bloodletting weakened him further. He made a partial recovery, but in early April he caught a cold; the therapeutic bleeding insisted on by his doctors exacerbated it. He contracted a fever and died in Missolonghi on 19 April.

His physician at the time, Julius van Millingen, son of Dutch–English archaeologist James Millingen, was unable to prevent his death. It has been said that if Byron had lived and had gone on to defeat the Ottomans, he might have been declared King of Greece. However, modern scholars have found such an outcome unlikely. The British historian David Brewer wrote that in one sense, Byron failed to persuade the rival Greek factions to unite, won no victories and was successful only in the humanitarian sphere, using his great wealth to help the victims of the war, Christian and Muslim, but this did not affect the outcome of the Greek war of independence.

Brewer went on to argue,

In another sense, though, Byron achieved everything he could have wished. His presence in Greece, and in particular his death there, drew to the Greek cause not just the attention of sympathetic nations, but their increasing active participation ... Despite the critics, Byron is primarily remembered with admiration as a poet of genius, with something approaching veneration as a symbol of high ideals, and with great affection as a man: for his courage and his ironic slant on life, for his generosity to the grandest of causes and to the humblest of individuals, for the constant interplay of judgment and sympathy. In Greece, he is still revered as no other foreigner, and as very few Greeks are, and like a Homeric hero he is accorded an honorific standard epithet, megalos kai kalos, a great and good man.

Post mortem

A Narrative of Lord Byron's Last Journey to Greece by Pietro Gamba (1825)

Alfred Tennyson would later recall the shocked reaction in Britain when word was received of Byron's death. The Greeks mourned Lord Byron deeply, and he became a hero. The national poet of Greece, Dionysios Solomos, wrote a poem about the unexpected loss, named To the Death of Lord Byron. Βύρων, the Greek form of "Byron", continues in popularity as a masculine name in Greece, and a suburb of Athens is called Vyronas in his honour.

Byron's body was embalmed, but the Greeks wanted some part of their hero to stay with them. According to some sources, his heart remained at Missolonghi. His other remains were sent to England (accompanied by his faithful manservant, "Tita") for burial in Westminster Abbey, but the Abbey refused for reason of "questionable morality". Huge crowds viewed his coffin as he lay in state for two days at number 25 Great George Street, Westminster. He is buried at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. A marble slab given by the King of Greece is laid directly above Byron's grave. His daughter Ada Lovelace was later buried beside him.

Byron's friends raised £1,000 to commission a statue of the writer; Thorvaldsen offered to sculpt it for that amount. However, after the statue was completed in 1834, for ten years, British institutions turned it down and it remained in storage. It was refused by the British Museum, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and the National Gallery before Trinity College, Cambridge finally placed the statue of Byron in its library.

In 1969, 145 years after Byron's death, a memorial to him was finally placed in Westminster Abbey. The memorial had been lobbied for since 1907, when The New York Times wrote,

"People are beginning to ask whether this ignoring of Byron is not a thing of which England should be ashamed ... a bust or a tablet might be put in the Poets' Corner and England be relieved of ingratitude toward one of her really great sons."

Robert Ripley had drawn a picture of Boatswain's grave with the caption "Lord Byron's dog has a magnificent tomb while Lord Byron himself has none". This came as a shock to the English, particularly schoolchildren, who, Ripley said, raised funds of their own accord to provide the poet with a suitable memorial.

Close to the centre of Athens, Greece, outside the National Garden, is a statue depicting Greece in the form of a woman crowning Byron. The statue is by the French sculptors Henri-Michel Chapu and Alexandre Falguière. As of 2008, the anniversary of Byron's death, 19 April, has been honoured in Greece as "Byron Day".

Upon his death, the barony passed to Byron's cousin George Anson Byron, a career naval officer.

Personal life

Relationships and scandals

• 
  Lady Caroline Lamb
• 
  Jane Elizabeth Scott "Lady Oxford"
• 
  Augusta Leigh
• 
  Anne Isabella Milbanke in 1812 by Charles Hayter
• 
  Teresa, Contessa Guiccioli

In 1812, Byron embarked on a well-publicised affair with the married Lady Caroline Lamb that shocked the British public. She had spurned the attention of the poet on their first meeting, subsequently giving Byron what became his lasting epitaph when she famously described him as "mad, bad and dangerous to know". This did not prevent her from pursuing him. Byron eventually broke off the relationship and moved swiftly on to others (such as Lady Oxford), but Lamb never entirely recovered, pursuing him even after he tired of her. She was emotionally disturbed and lost so much weight that Byron sarcastically commented to her mother-in-law, his friend Lady Melbourne, that he was "haunted by a skeleton". She began to stalk him, calling on him at home, sometimes dressed in disguise as a pageboy, at a time when such an act could ruin both of them socially. Once, during such a visit, she wrote on a book at his desk, "Remember me!" As a retort, Byron wrote a poem entitled Remember Thee! Remember Thee! which concludes with the line "Thou false to him, thou fiend to me".

As a child, Byron had seen little of his half-sister Augusta Leigh; in adulthood, he formed a close relationship with her that has been interpreted by some as incestuous, and by others as innocent. Augusta (who was married) gave birth on 15 April 1814 to her third daughter, Elizabeth Medora Leigh, rumoured by some to be Byron's.

Eventually, Byron began to court Lady Caroline's cousin Anne Isabella Milbanke ("Annabella"), who refused his first proposal of marriage but later accepted him. Milbanke was a highly moral woman, intelligent and mathematically gifted; she was also an heiress. They married at Seaham Hall, County Durham, on 2 January 1815. The marriage proved unhappy. They had a daughter, Augusta Ada. On 16 January 1816, Lady Byron left him, taking Ada with her. That same year on 21 April, Byron signed the Deed of Separation. Rumours of marital violence, adultery with actresses, incest with Augusta Leigh, and sodomy were circulated, assisted by a jealous Lady Caroline. In a letter, Augusta quoted him as saying: "Even to have such a thing said is utter destruction and ruin to a man from which he can never recover." That same year Lady Caroline published her popular novel Glenarvon, in which Lord Byron was portrayed as the seedy title character.

Sexuality

Byron described his first intense romantic/sexual feelings at the age of seven for his distant cousin Mary Duff:

My mother used always to rally me about this childish amour, and at last, many years after, when I was sixteen, she told me one day, 'O Byron, I have had a letter from Edinburgh, and your old sweetheart, Mary Duff, is married to Mr. C***.' And what was my answer? I really cannot explain or account for my feelings at that moment, but they nearly threw me into convulsions... How the deuce did all this occur so early? Where could it originate? I certainly had no sexual ideas for years afterwards; and yet my misery, my love for that girl were so violent, that I sometimes doubt if I have ever been really attached since. Be that as it may, hearing of her marriage several years after was like a thunder-stroke – it nearly choked me – to the horror of my mother and the astonishment and almost incredulity of every body. And it is a phenomenon in my existence (for I was not eight years old) which has puzzled, and will puzzle me to the latest hour of it; and lately, I know not why, the recollection (not the attachment) has recurred as forcibly as ever...But, the more I reflect, the more I am bewildered to assign any cause for this precocity of affection.

Byron also became attached to Margaret Parker, another distant cousin. While his recollection of his love for Mary Duff is that he was ignorant of adult sexuality during this time and was bewildered as to the source of the intensity of his feelings, he would later confess that:

My passions were developed very early – so early, that few would believe me – if I were to state the period – and the facts which accompanied it. Perhaps this was one of the reasons that caused the anticipated melancholy of my thoughts – having anticipated life.

This is the only reference Byron himself makes to the event, and he is ambiguous as to how old he was when it occurred. After his death, his lawyer wrote to a mutual friend telling him a "singular fact" about Byron's life which was "scarcely fit for narration". But he disclosed it nonetheless, thinking it might explain Byron's sexual "propensities":

When nine years old at his mother's house a Free Scotch girl [May – sometimes called Mary – Gray, one of his first caretakers] used to come to bed to him and play tricks with his person.

Gray later used this knowledge as a means of ensuring his silence if he were to be tempted to disclose the "low company" she kept during drinking binges. She was later dismissed, supposedly for beating Byron when he was 11.

A few years later, while he was still a child, Lord Grey De Ruthyn (unrelated to May Gray), a suitor of his mother's, also made sexual advances on him. Byron's personality has been characterised as exceptionally proud and sensitive, especially when it came to his foot deformity. His extreme reaction to seeing his mother flirting outrageously with Lord Grey De Ruthyn after the incident suggests he did not tell her of Grey's conduct toward him; he simply refused to speak to him again and ignored his mother's commands to be reconciled. Leslie A. Marchand, one of Byron's biographers, theorises that Lord Grey De Ruthyn's advances prompted Byron's later sexual liaisons with young men at Harrow and Cambridge.

Scholars acknowledge a more or less important bisexual component in Byron's very complex sentimental and sexual life. Bernhard Jackson asserts that "Byron's sexual orientation has long been a difficult, not to say contentious, topic, and anyone who seeks to discuss it must to some degree speculate since the evidence is nebulous, contradictory and scanty... it is not so simple to define Byron as homosexual or heterosexual: he seems rather to have been both, and either." Crompton states: "What was not understood in Byron's own century (except by a tiny circle of his associates) was that Byron was bisexual". Another biographer, Fiona MacCarthy, has posited that Byron's true sexual yearnings were for adolescent males. It has been asserted that several letters to Byron from his friend Charles Skinner Matthews reveal that a key motive for Byron going on the Grand Tour was also the hope of homosexual experiences. While in Athens, Byron met 14-year-old Nicolo Giraud, who taught him Italian. Byron arranged to have Giraud enrolled in school at a monastery in Malta, and wrote him into his will, with a bequest of £7,000 (about £630,000 in 2024). (That will, however, was later cancelled.) Byron wrote to Hobhouse from Athens, "I am tired of pl & opt Cs, the last thing I could be tired of." Opt Cs refers to a quote from Petronius' Satyricon, "coitum plenum et optabilem," "complete intercourse to one's heart's desire". Allegedly, Byron used this phrase as a code by which he communicated his homosexual Greek adventures to John Hobhouse in England: Bernhard Jackson recalls that "Byron's early code for sex with a boy" was "Plen(um). and optabil(em). -Coit(um)" Bullough summarises:

Byron, was attached to Nicolo Giraud, a young French-Greek lad who had been a model for the painter Lusieri before Byron found him. Byron left him £7,000 in his will. When Byron returned to Italy, he became involved with a number of boys in Venice but eventually settled on Loukas Chalandritsanos, age 15, who was with him when he was killed [sic] (Crompton, 1985).

— Bullough (1990), p. 72

Loukas Chalandritsanos was Byron's Greek protégé whom he had rescued from Ithaca. During Byron's voyage from Zakynthos to Missolonghi, Byron took Loukas as his page, but was concerned that the boy might be captured by the Turks. He spoiled the teenage Chalandritsanos outrageously, spending some £600 (about £70,000 in 2024) catering to his every whim over the course of 6 months. On his deathbed he gave Loukas a bag of Maria Theresa crowns and a £600 receipt for one of his loans to the Greeks, but the government was in no position to honour this, and Loukas died in poverty six months later. There has been speculation about whether the relationship between Byron and Loukas was homosexual, pointing to some of Byron's last poem verses as evidence for this claim.

Children

• 
  Elizabeth Medora Leigh (1814–1849)
• 
  Ada Lovelace
  (1815–1852)
• 
  Clara Allegra Byron (1817–1822)

Byron wrote a letter to John Hanson from Newstead Abbey, dated 17 January 1809, that includes "You will discharge my Cook, & Laundry Maid, the other two I shall retain to take care of the house, more especially as the youngest is pregnant (I need not tell you by whom) and I cannot have the girl on the parish." His reference to "The youngest" is understood to have been to a maid, Lucy, and the parenthesised remark to indicate himself as siring a son born that year. In 2010 part of a baptismal record was uncovered which apparently said: "September 24 George illegitimate son of Lucy Monk, illegitimate son of Baron Byron, of Newstead, Nottingham, Newstead Abbey."

Augusta Leigh's child, Elizabeth Medora Leigh, born in 1814, was possibly fathered by Byron, who was Augusta's half-brother.

Byron had a child, The Hon. Augusta Ada Byron ("Ada", later Countess of Lovelace), in 1815, by his wife Annabella Byron, Lady Byron (née Anne Isabella Milbanke, or "Annabella"), later Lady Wentworth. Ada Lovelace, notable in her own right, collaborated with Charles Babbage on the analytical engine, a predecessor to modern computers. She is recognised as one of the world's first computer programmers.

He also had an extramarital child in 1817, Clara Allegra Byron, with Claire Clairmont, stepsister of Mary Shelley and stepdaughter of William Godwin, writer of Political Justice and Caleb Williams. Allegra is not entitled to the style "The Hon." as is usually given to the daughter of barons, since she was born outside of his marriage. Born in Bath in 1817, Allegra lived with Byron for a few months in Venice; he refused to allow an Englishwoman caring for the girl to adopt her and objected to her being raised in the Shelleys' household. He wished for her to be brought up Catholic and not marry an Englishman, and he made arrangements for her to inherit 5,000 lire upon marriage or when she reached the age of 21, provided she did not marry a native of Britain. However, the girl died aged five of a fever in Bagnacavallo, Italy, while Byron was in Pisa; he was deeply upset by the news. He had Allegra's body sent back to England to be buried at his old school, Harrow, because Protestants could not be buried in consecrated ground in Catholic countries. At one time he himself had wanted to be buried at Harrow. Byron was antagonistic towards Allegra's mother, Claire Clairmont, and prevented her from seeing the child.

During his time in Greece, Byron took interest in a Turkish Muslim nine-year old girl called Hato or Hatagée which he seriously considered adopting. Her mother was a wife of a local notable from Messolonghi, who, at the time, was a domestic servant to an Englishman named Dr. Millingen. The rest of the girl's family had either fled or perished after the Greek revolutionaries took over Messolonghi. Byron spent nearly £20 on elaborate dresses for Hato; he considered sending her to Teresa Guiccioli, or to his half-sister Augusta, or to his estranged wife as a playmate for his daughter Ada. Ultimately, Byron sent both Hato and her mother to Cephalonia to be cared for temporarily by his friend James Kennedy; soon after Byron’s death they were reunited with their surviving family.

Scotland

Although neglected by traditional historiography, Byron had a complex identity and strong ties to Scotland. His maternal family, the Gordons, had its roots in Aberdeenshire and Byron was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School between 1794 and 1798. In terms of his own identity, he described himself as "half a Scot by birth, and bred/A whole one" and he reportedly spoke with a faint Scottish accent throughout his life. Byron was regarded as a Scot by a number of his contemporaries, including his lover Lady Caroline Lamb and by his first biographer Sir Cosmo Gordon, who described him as a "Highlander".

Byron's links to Scotland were demonstrated "in his campaign for the liberation of Greece, where a disproportionate number of his closest friends and associates had strong Scottish connexions, particularly with regard to north-eastern Scotland, which through his Gordon links remained central to the Byronic network throughout his life".

Sea and swimming

Byron enjoyed adventure, especially relating to the sea.

Первый зарегистрированный примечательный пример плавания в открытой воде произошел 3 мая 1810 года, когда лорд Байрон переплыл из Европы в Азию через пролив Геллеспонт . Это часто рассматривается как рождение спорта и времяпрепровождения, и в ознаменование этого события каждый год воссоздается мероприятие как соревнование по плаванию на открытой воде.

Во время плавания из Генуи в Кефалонию в 1823 году каждый день в полдень Байрон и Трелони в безветренную погоду прыгали за борт, чтобы искупаться, не опасаясь акул, которые не были неизвестны в тех водах. Однажды, по словам Трелони, они выпустили гусей и уток и последовали за ними и собаками в воду, каждый с рукой в ​​новом алом жилете капитана корабля, к раздражению капитана и увеселению команды.

Любовь к животным

Байрон очень любил животных, особенно собаку ньюфаундленда по кличке Боцман. Когда животное заразилось бешенством , Байрон выхаживал его, хотя и безуспешно, не думая и не опасаясь быть укушенным и зараженным.

Несмотря на то, что в то время Байрон был по уши в долгах, он заказал впечатляющий мраморный надгробный памятник Боцману в Ньюстедском аббатстве, который был больше его собственного, и это была единственная строительная работа, которую он когда-либо выполнял в своем поместье. В своем завещании 1811 года Байрон просил, чтобы его похоронили вместе с ним. Стихотворение из 26 строк « Эпитафия собаке » стало одним из самых известных его произведений. Но черновик письма Хобхауса 1830 года показывает, что его автором является он; Байрон решил использовать длинную эпитафию Хобхауса вместо своей собственной, которая гласила: «Чтобы отметить останки друга, поднимаются эти камни / Я никогда не знал, кроме одного – и вот он лежит».

В письме, отправленном Томасу Муру, Байрон признался, что придерживался диеты, «вдохновленной Пифагором», который был известным вегетарианцем.

Байрон также держал ручного медведя, когда учился в Тринити, из-за негодования по поводу правил, запрещающих домашних собак, таких как его любимый боцман. Поскольку в их уставах не упоминались медведи, у руководства колледжа не было никаких юридических оснований для жалоб; Байрон даже предложил подать заявление на получение стипендии для медведя в колледже.

При жизни, помимо многочисленных кошек, собак и лошадей, Байрон держал лису, обезьян, орла , ворону , сокола , павлинов , цесарок , египетского журавля , барсука , гусей , цаплю и козел. За исключением лошадей, все они жили в его домах в Англии, Швейцарии, Италии и Греции. Перси Шелли , посетивший Байрона в Италии в 1821 году, так описал его зверинец:

«Заведение лорда Б. состоит, помимо слуг, из десяти лошадей, восьми огромных собак, трех обезьян, пяти кошек, орла, вороны и сокола; и все они, кроме лошадей, ходят по дому, которые время от времени затем раздаются их беспричинные ссоры, как если бы они были хозяевами этого…PS Я считаю, что мой список животных в этом Цирцеевском дворце был неверным... Я только что встретил на парадной лестнице пять павлинов, двух цесарок и египетского журавля.

- Перси Шелли, Дневник Перси Шелли.

Здоровье и внешний вид

Байрон в 1830 году

Характер и психика

Я такая странная смесь добра и зла, что меня трудно описать.

В детстве характер Байрона описывался как «смесь нежной сладости и игривости, к которой невозможно было не привязаться», хотя он также проявлял «тихую ярость, угрюмую угрюмость и месть» с рано развитой склонностью к привязанности и одержимости. .

Деформированная стопа

С рождения у Байрона была деформация правой стопы. Хотя ее обычно называют «косолапостью » , некоторые современные авторы-медики утверждают, что это было следствием детского паралича ( полиомиелита ), а другие — что это дисплазия , нарушение правильного формирования костей. Какова бы ни была причина, он страдал хромотой, которая причиняла ему психологические и физические страдания на протяжении всей жизни, усугубляемую болезненным и бессмысленным «медицинским лечением» в детстве и мучительным подозрением, что при правильном уходе ее можно было бы вылечить.

С юных лет он очень стеснялся этого, называя себя le diable boîteux. (По-французски «хромающий дьявол», в честь прозвища, данного Асмодею Аленом -Рене Лесажем в его одноименном романе 1707 года). Хотя он часто носил специально сшитую обувь, пытаясь скрыть деформированную ногу, он отказался носить какие-либо корсеты, которые могли бы улучшить хромоту.

Шотландский писатель Джон Галт считал, что его чрезмерная чувствительность к «невинному недостатку стопы была немужественной и чрезмерной», потому что хромота «не сильно бросалась в глаза». Он впервые встретил Байрона во время путешествия на Сардинию и в течение нескольких дней не осознавал, что у него какой-либо дефицит, и поначалу все еще не мог сказать, была ли хромота временной травмой или нет. В то время, когда Галт встретил его, он был уже взрослым и работал над тем, чтобы разработать «способ ходьбы по комнате, при котором это было почти незаметно». Движение корабля в море, возможно, также помогло создать благоприятное первое впечатление и скрыть любые недостатки его походки, но биография Галта также описывается как «скорее написанная из лучших побуждений, чем хорошо написанная», поэтому Галт может быть виновен в минимизация дефекта, который на самом деле все еще был заметен.

Внешний вид

Лорд Байрон автора Генри Пирс Боун

Рост Байрона для взрослого составлял 5 футов 9 дюймов (1,75 м), а его вес колебался от 9,5 стоунов (133 фунта; 60 кг) до 14 стоунов (200 фунтов; 89 кг). Он был известен своей красотой, которую он подчеркивал, заплетая по ночам в волосы бигуди. Он был спортивным, опытным боксером, наездником и отличным пловцом. Он посещал занятия по боксу в комнатах на Бонд-стрит у бывшего чемпиона по боксу «Джентльмена» Джона Джексона , которого Байрон называл «Императором кулачного боя», и записывал эти спарринги в своих письмах и дневниках.

Байрон и другие писатели, такие как его друг Хобхаус , подробно описали его предпочтения в еде. Когда он поступил в Кембридж, он сел на строгую диету, чтобы контролировать свой вес. Он также много тренировался и в то время носил очень много одежды, из-за чего вспотел. Большую часть своей жизни он был вегетарианцем и часто по несколько дней питался сухим печеньем и белым вином. Время от времени он съедал большие порции мяса и десертов, после чего очищал себя . Хотя Галт и другие описывают его как человека, имеющего пристрастие к «жестоким» упражнениям, Хобхаус предполагает, что боль в его деформированной стопе затрудняла физическую активность, и результатом этого стала проблема с весом.

Трелони, наблюдавшая за предпочтениями Байрона в еде, отметила, что он несколько дней жил на диете, состоящей из печенья и газированной воды, а затем съедал «ужасную массу из холодного картофеля, риса, рыбы или зелени, залитых уксусом, и поглощал это, как голодная собака».

Политическая карьера

Байрон впервые занял свое место в Палате лордов 13 марта 1809 года. но уехал из Лондона 11 июня 1809 года на континент. Связь Байрона с Голландским домом вигов дала ему возможность говорить о свободе, уходящей корнями в Славную революцию 1688 года . Являясь ярым сторонником социальных реформ, он получил особую похвалу как один из немногих парламентских защитников луддитов : в частности, он был против смертной казни луддитов-«разрушителей рамок» в Ноттингемшире , которые уничтожали текстильные машины, лишавшие их работы. . Его первая речь перед лордами 27 февраля 1812 года была полна саркастических упоминаний о «преимуществах» автоматизации, которая, по его мнению, производила некачественный материал, а также лишала людей работы, и пришел к выводу, что в предложенном законе не хватает всего двух вещи, чтобы быть эффективными: «Двенадцать мясников для присяжных и Джеффрис для судьи!». Речь Байрона была официально записана и напечатана в «Хансарде» . Позже он сказал, что «говорил очень резкие предложения со своего рода скромной наглостью» и считал, что производит впечатление «немного театрального». Полный текст речи, который он ранее написал, был представлен Далласу в рукописном виде, и он цитирует его в своей работе.

Два месяца спустя, вместе с другими вигами, Байрон произнес еще одну страстную речь перед Палатой лордов в поддержку эмансипации католиков . Байрон выразил несогласие с установленной религией, поскольку она была несправедлива по отношению к людям других вероисповеданий.

Этот опыт вдохновил Байрона на написание политических стихотворений, таких как «Песня для луддитов» (1816) и «Интерес землевладельцев» , Песнь XIV « Бронзового века» . Примеры стихотворений, в которых он нападал на своих политических оппонентов, включают «Веллингтон : Лучший из головорезов» (1819 г.) и «Интеллектуальный евнух Каслри» (1818 г.).

Поэтические произведения

Байрон много писал. В 1832 году его издатель Джон Мюррей выпустил полное собрание сочинений в 14 двенадцатитомных томах, включая жизнеописание. Томас Мур . Последующие издания были выпущены в 17 томах, впервые опубликованных годом позже, в 1833 году. Обширная коллекция его работ, включая ранние издания и аннотированные рукописи, хранится в Архиве Джона Мюррея в Национальной библиотеке Шотландии в Эдинбурге.

Дон Жуан

Основная статья: Дон Жуан (стихотворение)

Байрона Великое произведение « Дон Жуан» , стихотворение, охватывающее 17 песен, считается одним из самых важных длинных стихотворений, опубликованных в Англии со времен « » Джона Мильтона Потерянного рая . Байрон опубликовал первые две песни анонимно в 1819 году после споров со своим постоянным издателем по поводу шокирующего характера стихов. К этому времени он уже семь лет был известным поэтом, и когда он самостоятельно опубликовал первые песни, они были хорошо приняты в некоторых кругах. Затем стихотворение было выпущено том за томом в его обычном издательстве. К 1822 году осторожное признание публики переросло в возмущение, и издатель Байрона отказался продолжать публиковать произведение. В песне III « Дон Жуана » Байрон выражает свое отвращение к таким поэтам, как Уильям Вордсворт и Сэмюэл Тейлор Кольридж . В письмах Фрэнсису Ходжсону Байрон называл Вордсворта «Тердсвортом».

Ирландский аватар

Основная статья: Ирландский аватар

Байрон написал сатирическую брошюру «Ирландский аватар» после королевского визита короля Георга IV в Ирландию . Байрон раскритиковал отношение ирландского народа к Короне , учреждению, которое он считал угнетающим их, и был встревожен положительным приемом, который Георг IV получил во время своего визита. В брошюре Байрон раскритиковал ирландских профсоюзных активистов и выразил приглушенную поддержку националистическим настроениям в Ирландии .

мрамор Парфенона

Основная статья: Элджин Марблс

Байрон был ярым противником вывоза лордом Элджином мраморов Парфенона из Афин и «отреагировал с яростью», когда агент Элджина устроил ему экскурсию по Парфенону, во время которой он увидел места, оставленные недостающей частью фриза и метопов . . Он осудил действия Элджина в своем стихотворении «Проклятие Минервы» и в Песне II (строфы XI–XV) « Паломничества Чайльд-Гарольда» .

Наследие и влияние

Основная статья: Мемуары Байрона

Витражи в публичной библиотеке Оттавы с изображением Чарльза Диккенса , Арчибальда Лэмпмана , сэра Вальтера Скотта , Байрона, Альфреда, лорда Теннисона , Уильяма Шекспира и Томаса Мура.

Образ Байрона как олицетворения байронического героя очаровал публику, а его жена Аннабелла придумала термин «биромания», чтобы обозначить окружавшую его суматоху. Его самосознание и личное продвижение рассматриваются как начало того, что впоследствии стало современной рок-звездой; он советовал художникам, рисующим его портреты, изображать его не с ручкой или книгой в руке, а как «человека действия». Хотя Байрон сначала приветствовал славу, позже он отказался от нее, отправившись в добровольное изгнание из Британии.

Биографии были искажены сожжением « Мемуаров Байрона» в офисе его издателя Джона Мюррея через месяц после его смерти и сокрытием подробностей бисексуальности Байрона последующими руководителями фирмы (владевшей богатейшим байроновским архивом). Еще в 1950-х годах компания Мюррея категорически запретила ученому Лесли Маршану раскрывать подробности однополых страстей Байрона.

Повторное основание Байроновского общества в 1971 году отразило увлечение многих людей Байроном и его творчеством. Это общество стало очень активным, издавая ежегодный журнал. По всему миру действуют тридцать шесть обществ Байрона, и ежегодно проводится Международная конференция.

Байрон оказал заметное влияние на континентальную литературу и искусство, и его репутация как поэта во многих европейских странах выше, чем в Великобритании. или Америка, хотя и не так высоко, как в его время, когда многие считали его величайшим поэтом в мире. Сочинения Байрона также вдохновили многих композиторов. По его произведениям написано более сорока опер, помимо трех опер о самом Байроне (в том числе Верджила Томсона » « Лорд Байрон ). Его стихи были положены на музыку многими композиторами-романтиками, в том числе Бетховеном , Шубертом , Россини , Мендельсоном , Шуманом и Карлом Леве . Среди его величайших поклонников был Гектор Берлиоз , чьи оперы и мемуары раскрывают влияние Байрона. В двадцатом веке Арнольд Шенберг положил на музыку «Оду Наполеону» Байрона.

В апреле 2020 года Байрон был изображен в серии почтовых марок Великобритании, выпущенных Королевской почтой в память поэтов-романтиков к 250-летию со дня рождения Уильяма Вордсворта . » Байрона . « Она ходит в красоте Было выпущено десять марок 1-го класса с изображением всех крупнейших британских поэтов-романтиков, и каждая марка включала отрывок из одного из их самых популярных и устойчивых произведений, среди которых для поэта была выбрана

Байронический герой

Фигура байронического героя пронизывает большую часть его произведений, и считается, что сам Байрон олицетворяет многие характеристики этого литературного деятеля. Использование байронического героя многими авторами и художниками романтического движения показывает влияние Байрона в 19 веке и за его пределами, включая сестер Бронте . Его философия имела более длительное влияние в континентальной Европе, чем в Англии; Фридрих Ницше восхищался им, и байронический герой нашел отражение в «сверхчеловеке» Ницше , или сверхчеловеке. Димитриос Галанос в своей похоронной речи по лорду Байрону прославил его, сказав: «БЕССМЕРТНАЯ ПАМЯТЬ ТВОЯ, ТЫ ЗАСЛУЖЕННО БЛАГОСЛОВЕННЫЙ И НЕЗАБЫВАЕМЫЙ ГЕРОЙ!!!» опубликовано в «BENGAL HURKARU», Калькутта, 21 октября 1824 г.

Байронический герой представляет собой идеализированного, но ошибочного персонажа, чьи качества включают в себя: большой талант; большая страсть; отвращение к обществу и социальным институтам; неуважение к рангу и привилегиям (хотя и обладание и тем, и другим); когда в любви мешают социальные ограничения или смерть; бунт; изгнание; неприятное тайное прошлое; высокомерие; чрезмерная самоуверенность или отсутствие предусмотрительности; и, в конечном счете, саморазрушительная манера. Эти типы персонажей с тех пор стали повсеместными в литературе и политике.

В популярной культуре

Основная статья: Лорд Байрон в популярной культуре

Смотрите также: Культурное наследие Мазепы.

Библиография

Невеста Абидоса или Селима и Зулейки , картина Эжена Делакруа 1857 года, изображающая работы Байрона.

См. Также: Категория: Произведения лорда Байрона

• Указатель титулов
• Индекс первых строк

Основные работы

• Часы праздности (1807)
• Лачин-и-Гайр (1807)
• Английские барды и шотландские рецензенты (1809 г.)
• Паломничество Чайльд-Гарольда , Песни I и II (1812)
• Гиаур (1813 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Невеста Абидоса (1813 г.)
• Корсар (1814 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Лара, Сказка (1814) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Еврейские мелодии (1815)
• Осада Коринфа (1816 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Паризина (1816 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Шильонский узник (1816 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Сон (1816 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Прометей (1816 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Тьма (1816 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Манфред (1817 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Плач Тассо (1817)
• Беппо (1818 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Паломничество Чайльд-Гарольда (1818 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Дон Жуан (1819–1824; неполный текст после смерти Байрона в 1824 году) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Мазепа (1819)
• Пророчество Данте (1819)
• Марино Фальеро (1820)
• Сарданапал (1821 г.)
• Два Фоскари (1821)
• Каин (1821)
• Видение суда (1821)
• Небо и земля (1821)
• Вернер (1822)
• Бронзовый век (1823 г.)
• Остров (1823 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Деформированный трансформированный (1824)
• Письма и журналы , вып. 1 (1830 г.)
• Письма и журналы , вып. 2 (1830)

Избранные короткие лирические стихотворения

• Афинская дева, прежде чем мы расстанемся (1810 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• И ты мертв (1812) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Она ходит в красоте (1814) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Моя душа темна (1815) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Разрушение Сеннахирима (1815 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Монодия о смерти достопочтенного. Р.Б. Шеридан (1816 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Прощай, прощай (1816) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Итак, мы больше не будем странствовать (1817 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Когда мы двое расстались (1817) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Ода Венеции (1819 г.) ( текст в Wikisource )
• Стансы (1819)
• Дон Леон (не лорда Байрона, но приписываемый ему; 1830-е гг.)

См. также

• Ранняя жизнь лорда Байрона
• Хронология лорда Байрона
• XIX век в поэзии
• Мост Вздохов , достопримечательность Венеции , названная Байроном.
• Астероид 3306 Байрон

Ссылки

Библиография

• Аллен, Брук (2003). «Байрон: революционер, распутник и друг». Хадсон Ревью . 56 (2): 369–376. дои : 10.2307/3853260 . JSTOR   3853260 .
• Этвуд, Роджер (2006). Кража истории: расхитители гробниц, контрабандисты и грабежи древнего мира . Нью-Йорк: Пресса Святого Мартина. ISBN  0-312-32407-3 .
• Баргер, Эндрю (2011). BlooDeath: Лучшие рассказы о вампирах 1800–1849 гг . Кольервилл, Теннесси: Книги Боттлтри. ISBN  978-1-933747-35-4 . Архивировано из оригинала 15 августа 2017 года . Проверено 25 мая 2013 г.
• Барон, Дж. Х. (1997). «Болезни и творчество: аппетиты Байрона, кишечник Джеймса Джойса, блюда и мезальянсы Мельбы» . Британский медицинский журнал . 315 (7123): 1697–1703. дои : 10.1136/bmj.315.7123.1697 . ПМК   2128026 . ПМИД   9448545 .
• Блэкстоун, Бернард (1974). «Байрон и ислам: тройной Эрос». Журнал европейских исследований . 4 (4): 325–363. дои : 10.1177/004724417400400401 . S2CID   162373838 .
• Боас, Джордж Клемент ; Кортни, Уильям Придо (1878). Bibliotheca Cornubiensis: Каталог сочинений жителей Корнуолла . Том. II. Лондон: Лонгманс, Грин, Ридер и Дайер . Проверено 19 ноября 2008 г.
• Боун, Драммонд (2004). Кембриджский компаньон Байрона . Издательство Кембриджского университета. ISBN  978-0-521-78676-8 .
• Брюэр, Дэвид (2011). Греческая война за независимость . Лондон: не обращайте внимания на Дакворта. ISBN  978-1-58567-172-4 .
• Буллоу, Верн Л. (1990). «История сексуального поведения взрослых людей с детьми и подростками в западных обществах» . В Джее Р. Фелермане (ред.). Педофилия: биосоциальные измерения . Нью-Йорк: Springer-Verlag. стр. 69–90. дои : 10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_3 . ISBN  978-1-4613-9684-0 .
• Кристенсен, Джером (1993). Сила лорда Байрона: романтическое письмо и коммерческое общество . Балтимор, Мэриленд: Издательство Университета Джонса Хопкинса. ISBN  978-0-8018-4356-3 .
• Кокран, Питер, изд. (2010). Байрон и женщины [и мужчины] . Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн, Великобритания: Кембриджские ученые.
• Кокран, Питер (2011). Байрон и Италия . Ньюкасл-апон-Тайн: Кембриджские ученые. ISBN  978-1-4438-3602-9 .
• Кромптон, Луи (1985). Байрон и греческая любовь: гомофобия в Англии XIX века . Издательство Калифорнийского университета. ISBN  978-0-520-05172-0 .
• Даллас, Александр Роберт Чарльз (1824). Воспоминания о жизни лорда Байрона с 1808 по конец 1814 года . Лондон: Чарльз Найт.
• Эджкамб, Ричард (1972). Байрон: Последняя фаза . Нью-Йорк: Хаскелл Хаус.
• Эйслер, Бенита (1999). Байрон: Дитя страсти, шут славы . Нью-Йорк: Альфред А. Кнопф. ISBN  0-679-41299-9 . (Глава первая онлайн в The New York Times )
• Элвин, Малькольм (1975). Семья лорда Байрона: Аннабелла, Ада и Августа, 1816–1824 гг . Лондон: Джон Мюррей.
• Элвин, Малькольм (1962). Жена лорда Байрона . Лондон: Макдональд и Ко.
• Элвин, Малькольм (1967). Ноэлы и Милбэнки: их письма за двадцать пять лет 1767–1792 гг . Лондон: Макдональд и Ко.
• Эльце, Карл Фридрих (1872). Лорд Байрон, биография . Лондон: Джон Мюррей.
• Франклин, Кэролайн (2013). Женщины-романтики: женщины-романисты девятнадцатого века и байронизм . Рутледж. ISBN  978-0-415-99541-2 .
• Галт, Джон (1830). Жизнь лорда Байрона . Лондон: Генри Колберн и Ричард Бентли.
• Гамба, Пьетро (1975). Рассказ о последнем путешествии лорда Байрона в Грецию: извлечено из дневника графа Питера Гамбы, который сопровождал его светлость в этой экспедиции . Издания библиотеки Фолкрофта.
• Гросскурт, Филлис (1997). Байрон: Ущербный ангел . Ходдер и Стоутон.
• Лэнсдаун, Ричард (2012). Кембриджское введение в Байрона . Издательство Кембриджского университета. ISBN  978-0-521-11133-1 .
• Ларман, Александр (2016). Женщины Байрона . Голова Зевса. ISBN  978-1-78408-202-4 .
• Ловелл, Эрнест Дж., изд. (1954). Его личность и голос, Сборник бесед лорда Байрона . Нью-Йорк: Макмиллан.
• Маккарти, Фиона (2002). Байрон: Жизнь и легенда . Джон Мюррей. ISBN  978-0-7195-5621-0 .
• Маршан, Лесли (1957). Байрон: Жизнь . Альфред А. Кнопф.
• Маршан, Лесли А., изд. (1982). Лорд Байрон: Избранные письма и журналы . Кембридж, Массачусетс: Издательство Гарвардского университета. ISBN  978-0-674-53915-0 .
• Мейн, Этель Колберн (1912). Байрон . Том. 1. Сыновья К. Скрибнера.
• Макганн, Джером (2013) [2004]. «Байрон, Джордж Гордон Ноэль (1788–1824)». Оксфордский национальный биографический словарь (онлайн-изд.). Издательство Оксфордского университета. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/4279 . (Требуется подписка или членство в публичной библиотеке Великобритании .)
• Мур, Дорис Лэнгли (1974). Представленные отчеты лорда Байрона . Лондон: Джон Мюррей.
• Мур, Дорис Лэнгли (1961). Покойный лорд Байрон: Посмертные драмы . Лондон: Джон Мюррей.
• Николсон, Эндрю, изд. (2007). Письма Джона Мюррея лорду Байрону . Издательство Ливерпульского университета. ISBN  978-1-84631-069-0 .
• Паркер, Дерек (1968). Байрон и его мир . Лондон: Темза и Гудзон.
• Певзнер, Н. (1951). Ноттингемшир . Путеводители по архитектуре Певснера: Здания Англии. Хармондсворт: Пингвин.
• Пломер, Уильям (1970) [1936]. Алмаз Джаннины . Нью-Йорк: Издательство Таплингер. ISBN  978-0-224-61721-5 .
• Прелл, Дональд Б. (2009a). Плавание с Байроном из Генуи в Кефалонию (1823) . Палм-Спрингс, Калифорния: Strand Publishing. ISBN  978-0-9741975-5-5 .
• Прелл, Дональд Б. (2009b). Лорд Байрон: совпадение или судьба . Палм-Спрингс, Калифорния: Strand Publishing. ISBN  978-0-9741975-6-2 .
• Рассел, Бертран (2004) [1946]. История западной философии . Классика Рутледжа. Лондон: Рутледж. ISBN  978-0-415-32505-9 .
• Стейблер, Джейн (1999). «Джордж Гордон, Лорд Байрон, Дон Жуан » . В Дункане Ву (ред.). Спутник романтизма . Блэквелл. стр. 247–257. ISBN  978-0-631-21877-7 .
• Таборский, Болеслав (1972). Джеймс Хогг (ред.). Байрон и театр . Университет Зальцбурга , Институт английского языка и литературы. Том 1 Поэтической драмы и поэтической теории в «Зальцбургских исследованиях английской литературы».
• Туите, Клара (2015). Лорд Байрон и скандальная знаменитость . Кембриджские исследования романтизма. Том. 110. Кембридж: Издательство Кембриджского университета. ISBN  978-1-107-08259-5 .

Атрибуция

•  Кузен, Джон Уильям (1910), « Байрон, Джордж Гордон, шестой лорд Байрон », Краткий биографический словарь английской литературы , Лондон: JM Dent & Sons, стр. 66–68 - через Wikisource

Дальнейшее чтение

• Аккардо, Питер X. Пусть сатира будет моей песней: английские барды Байрона и шотландские обозреватели . Интернет-выставка, Библиотека Хоутона, Гарвардский университет, 2011 г.
• Брэнд, Эмили (2020). Падение дома Байронов: скандал и соблазн в георгианской Англии . Джон Мюррей Пресс. ISBN  978-1-4736-6431-9 .
• Колдер, Ангус (1984), Байрон и Шотландия , в Хирн, Шейла Г. (редактор), Cencrastus № 15, Новый год 1984, стр. 21–24, ISSN   0264-0856
• Колдер, Ангус (редактор) (1989), Байрон и Шотландия: радикал или денди? , Издательство Эдинбургского университета , ISBN   9780852246511
• Друкер, Питер. «Байрон и османская любовь: ориентализм, европеизация и однополая сексуальность в Леванте начала девятнадцатого века» ( Журнал европейских исследований, том 42, № 2, июнь 2012 г., стр. 140–57).
• Эльфенбейн, Эндрю. Байрон и викторианцы . (Исследования по литературе и культуре XIX века). Издательство Кембриджского университета , 1995. ISBN   978-0-5214-5452-0 .
• Гаррет, Мартин: Джордж Гордон, лорд Байрон . (Жизнь писателей Британской библиотеки). Лондон: Британская библиотека, 2000. ISBN   0-7123-4657-0 .
• Гаррет, Мартин. Литературный словарь Пэлгрейва Байрона . Пэлгрейв, 2010. ISBN   978-0-230-00897-7 .
• Гвиччоли, Тереза, графиня ди, Жизнь лорда Байрона в Италии , пер. Майкл Рис, изд. Питер Кокран, 2005 г., ISBN   0-87413-716-0 .
• Гросскурт, Филлис : Байрон: Ущербный ангел . Ходдер, 1997. ISBN   0-340-60753-X .
• Маршан, Лесли А., редактор журнала Byron's Letters and Journals , издательство Гарвардского университета :
  • Том I, «В моей горячей юности», 1798–1810 , (1973).
  • Том II, «Знаменитый в мое время», 1810–1812 , (1973).
  • Том III, «Увы!» любовь женская», 1813–1814 , (1974)
  • Том IV, «Брак - это дьявол», 1814–1815 (1975).
  • Том V, «Так поздно до поздней ночи», 1816–1817 (1976).
  • Том VI, «Плоть хрупка», 1818–1819 , (1976).
  • Том VII, «Между двумя мирами», 1820 г. , (1978 г.)
  • Том VIII, «Рожденный для оппозиции», 1821 г. , (1978 г.)
  • Том IX, «В глазах ветра», 1821–1822 , (1978).
  • Том X, «Сердце на каждую судьбу», 1822–1823 , (1980).
  • Том XI, «За битву за свободу», 1823–1824 , (1981).
  • Том XII, «Проблема индекса», индекс , (1982)
  • Лорд Байрон: Избранные письма и журналы (1982)
• Макганн, Джером : Байрон и романтизм . Кембридж: Издательство Кембриджского университета, 2002. ISBN   0-521-00722-4 .
• Лорд Брайон, Джером МакГанн (2023), в книге «Тогда и сейчас: поэты эпохи романтизма в Британской энциклопедии», 1910–1911 гг.
• Минто, Уильям (1878). «Байрон, Лорд » . энциклопедия Британская Том. IV (9-е изд.). стр. 100-1 604–612.
• Уэйжан, Наджи Б. Сборник восточных элементов в восточных сказках Байрона . Нью-Йорк: Издательство Питера Лэнга, 1999.
• Патане, Винченцо: Лето сони. Миф о лорде Байроне через всю его жизнь, путешествия, любовь и творчество . Венеция, Цицерон, 2013. ISBN   978-88-89632-39-0 .
• Патане, Винченцо: Незрелые фрукты. Лорд Байрон, любовь и секс . Венеция, Цицерон, 2016. ISBN   978-88-89632-42-0 .
• Патане, Винченцо: Кислый фрукт. Лорд Байрон, Любовь и секс . Лэнхэм (MD), Rowman & Littlefield, совместно опубликовано издательством John Cabot University Press, Рим, 2019. ISBN   978-1-61149-681-9 .
• Рафаэль, Фредерик : Байрон . Издательство Йельского университета, 1982. ISBN   978-0-50001-278-9 .
• Ричардсон, Джоанна : Лорд Байрон и некоторые из его современников . Общество Фолио, 1988.
• Розен, Фред: Бентам, Байрон и Греция . Кларендон Пресс , Оксфорд, 1992. ISBN   0-19-820078-1 .
• Тиолле, Жан-Пьер : Карре д'Арт: Барбе д'Оревильи, лорд Байрон, Сальвадор Дали, Жан-Эдерн Халье , с текстами Анн-Элизабет Блато и Франсуа Робот, Anagramme éditions, 2008. ISBN   978-2-35035-189-6 .

Внешние ссылки

• Работы лорда Байрона в форме электронных книг в Standard Ebooks
• Работы лорда Байрона в Project Gutenberg
• Работы лорда Байрона или о нем в Internet Archive
• Работы лорда Байрона в LibriVox (аудиокниги, являющиеся общественным достоянием)
• Стихи лорда Байрона на PoetryFoundation.org
• Общество Байрона
• Общество Байрона Мессолонги
• Коллекция Джорджа Гордона Байрона в Центре выкупа Гарри
• Коллекция Джорджа Гордона Байрона в Публичной библиотеке Нью-Йорка
• Коллекция Джорджа Гордона Байрона в Университете Лидса
• Письма Байрона 1816–1824 гг. Мюррею и Муру об арменоведении и переводах.
• Биография в Британской библиотеке
• Жизнь и творчество лорда Байрона на EnglishHistory.net
• Статуя Байрона в Тринити-колледже, Кембридж