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Энтони Падуи

(Перенаправлен из Святого Антония Падова )
Для итальянского фильма см. Энтони Падуи (фильм) . Для других, известных как Сент -Энтони, см. Святой Энтони .
«Святой Энтони из Падуи» перенаправляет здесь. Для картины Эль Греко см. Святой Энтони Падуи (Эль Греко) .

Святой

Энтони Падуи

Оф
Anthony of Padua by Francisco de Zurbarán, 1627–1630
Doctor of the Church
BornFernando Martins de Bulhões
15 August 1195
Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died13 June 1231(1231-06-13) (aged 35)
Padua, Lombard League, Holy Roman Empire
(now Italy)
Venerated inCatholic Church, Anglican Communion
Canonized30 May 1232, Spoleto, Italy by Pope Gregory IX
Major shrineBasilica of Saint Anthony of Padua, Church of Saint Anthony of Lisbon
Feast13 June
AttributesReligious habit of a Friar Minor, lily, book, tonsure, holding the Infant Jesus, mule
PatronageCustody of the Holy Land, miracles, travelers, finding one's spouse, pregnancy, harvests, animals, lost items, lost people, lost souls, poverty, sterility, the sick, the disabled, the oppressed, the hungry, the elderly, faith in the Blessed Sacrament, sailors, fishermen, watermen, swineherds, mail carriers, counter-revolutionaries, indigenous peoples of the Americas, Tigua, Padua, Lisbon, Portugal, Brazil, Albania, Pila, Laguna, Iriga, Camarines Sur, Camaligan, Camarines Sur, Gubat, Sorsogon, Tuburan, Cebu, Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo, Cusco, Peru

Энтони Падуи , OFM , ( Португальский : Антонио де Падуа ; Итальянский : /да Падова ; латынь : Антониус Патавинус или Лиссабон ( Португальский : Антонио/Антонио де ) / Антоний Лисса Антонио ди Антонио : Olisyponsis ; ​ Antonius [ 1 ] [ 2 ] был португальским католическим священником и членом ордена минор монаха .

Энтони родился и воспитан богатой семьей в Лиссабоне , Португалия, и умер в Падуе , Италия. Отмеченный его современниками своими мощными проповедь, экспертным знанием Писания и бессмертной любви и преданностью бедным и больным, он был одним из самых быстро канонизированных святых в истории церкви, будучи канонизированным менее чем через год после его смерти.

Он был провозглашен доктором церкви Папой Пием XII 16 января 1946 года.

Life

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Early years

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Church of Saint Anthony, in Lisbon, Portugal, built over the original house where the Portuguese saint was born
Birthplace of St. Anthony, in Lisbon, Portugal, located in the crypt of the church dedicated to him

Anthony was born Fernando Martins de Bulhões in Lisbon, Portugal.[3] While 15th-century writers state that his parents were Vicente Martins and Teresa Pais Taveira, and that his father was the brother of Pedro Martins de Bulhões, the ancestor of the Bulhão or Bulhões family, Niccolò Dal-Gal views this as less certain.[3] His wealthy and noble family arranged for him to be instructed at the local cathedral school. At the age of 15, he was received into the Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross at the Abbey of Saint Vincent on the outskirts of Lisbon.[3]

In 1212, distracted by frequent visits from family and friends, he asked to be transferred to the motherhouse of the congregation, the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Coimbra, then the capital of Portugal.[4] There, the young Fernando studied theology and Latin.

Joining the Franciscans

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In Alvise Vivarini's painting, Anthony is distinguished from the other saints by his attributes: the book and the white lily stalk.

After his ordination to the priesthood, Fernando was named guestmaster at the age of 19, and placed in charge of hospitality for the abbey. While he was in Coimbra, some Friars Minor arrived and settled at a small hermitage outside Coimbra dedicated to St. Anthony the Great.[4] Fernando was strongly attracted to the simple, evangelical lifestyle of the friars, whose order had been founded only 11 years prior. News arrived that five Franciscans had been beheaded in Morocco, the first of their order to be killed. King Afonso II of Portugal ransomed their bodies to be returned and buried as martyrs in the Monastery of the Holy Cross.[4] Inspired by their example, Fernando obtained permission from church authorities to leave the Canons Regular to join the new Franciscan order. Upon his admission to the life of the friars, he joined the small hermitage in Olivais, adopting the name Anthony (from the name of the chapel located there, dedicated to Anthony the Great), by which he was to be known.[5]

Anthony then set out for Morocco, in fulfilment of his new vocation. However, he fell seriously ill in Morocco and set sail back for Portugal in hope of regaining his health. On the return voyage, the ship was pushed off course and landed in Sicily.[6]

From Sicily, he made his way to Tuscany, where he was assigned to a convent of the order, but he was met with difficulty on account of his sickly appearance. He was finally assigned to the rural hermitage of San Paolo near Forlì, Romagna, a choice made after considering his poor health. There, he had recourse to a cell one of the friars had made in a nearby cave, spending time in private prayer and study.[7]

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Preaching and teaching

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Saint Anthony of Padua holding the Infant Jesus by Strozzi, c. 1625; the white lily represents purity.

In 1222, in the town of Forlì, a number of visiting Dominican friars were present for the occasion of an ordination, and a misunderstanding arose over who should preach. The Franciscans had expected that one of the Dominicans would occupy the pulpit, being renowned for their preaching. However, the Dominicans had come unprepared, thinking a Franciscan would be the homilist. In this quandary, the head of the hermitage, who did not think any of his own humble friars could give a homily for the occasion, called upon Anthony, whom he suspected was most qualified, and entreated him to speak whatever the Holy Spirit might inspire.[6] Anthony objected, but was overruled, and his impromptu sermon created a deep impression on his audience. His audience was moved not only by his rich voice and arresting manner, but also by the theme and substance of his discourse, his deep knowledge of scripture, and the eloquence with which he delivered his message.

Anthony was then sent by Brother Gratian, the local minister provincial, to the Franciscan province of Romagna, based in Bologna.[6] He soon came to the attention of the founder of the order, Francis of Assisi. Francis had held a strong distrust of the place of theological studies in the life of his brotherhood, fearing it might lead to an abandonment of their commitment to a life of real poverty and service. In Anthony, however, he found a kindred spirit who shared his vision and could also provide the teaching any young members of the order seeking ordination might need. In 1224, he entrusted the pursuit of studies for any of his friars to the care of Anthony.

The traditional practice of praying for St. Anthony's help in finding lost or stolen things is traced to an incident during his lifetime that occurred in Bologna. According to the story, Anthony had a book of psalms that was important to him, as it contained his notes and comments for use in teaching his students. A novice who had chosen to leave had taken the psalter with him. Prior to the invention of the printing press, any book was hand-copied, and thus, an item of high value; a Franciscan friar in particular, given his vow of poverty, would have found such an item difficult to replace. When Anthony realized his psalter was missing, he prayed it would be found or returned, after which the thief was moved to not only return the book to Anthony, but also return to the order. The stolen book is said to be preserved in the Franciscan friary in Bologna.[8]

Occasionally, Anthony took another post as a teacher at universities like University of Montpellier and University of Toulouse in southern France, but his preaching was considered to be his supreme gift. According to historian Sophronius Clasen, Anthony preached "the grandeur of Christianity".[7] His method included allegory and symbolical explanation of scripture. In 1226, after attending the general chapter of his order held at Arles, France, and preaching in the region of Provence, Anthony returned to Italy and was appointed Provincial superior of northern Italy. He chose the city of Padua as his location.

In 1228, he served as envoy from the general chapter to Pope Gregory IX. At the papal court, his preaching was hailed as a "jewel case of the Bible" and he was commissioned to produce his collection of sermons, Sermons for Feast Days (Sermones in Festivitates). Gregory IX described Anthony as the "Ark of the Testament" (Doctor Arca testamenti).

Miracles

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Saint Anthony Preaching to the Fishes, c. 1630

The story of Anthony "preaching to the fish" originated in Rimini, where he had gone to preach. When heretics there treated him with contempt, Anthony was said to have gone to the shoreline, where he began to preach at the water's edge until a great crowd of fish was seen gathered before him. The people of the town flocked to see this marvelous thing, after which Anthony charged them with the fact that the fish were more receptive to his message than the heretics of the church, at which point the people were moved to listen to his message.[9]

In another often-told story, which took place also in Rimini, Anthony was challenged by a heretic to prove the reality of the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The man, who sought to mock Anthony, brought out a half-starved mule and showed it fresh fodder. Saint Anthony showed the mule the monstrance containing the Blessed Sacrament. The mule ignored the fodder and bowed before the Blessed Sacrament.[9] The Tempietto of Sant'Antonio marks the spot where the miracle took place. Other versions of this miracle place it in Toulouse or Bourges.

Another account tells of an occasion in Italy when Anthony was dining with heretics. He realized the food they put before him was poisoned, and he confronted them. The men admitted to attempting to kill him, but then challenged him to eat if he truly believed the words spoken in Mark 16:18 about the apostles of Christ: "…and if they drink any deadly thing, it will not harm them." Anthony is said to have blessed the food, eaten it, and suffered no harm, much to the amazement of his hosts.[9]

Death

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Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda, detail

Anthony became sick with ergotism in 1231 and went to the woodland retreat at Camposampiero with two other friars for a respite. There, he lived in a room built for him under the branches of a walnut tree. Anthony died on the way back to Padua on 13 June 1231 at the Poor Clare monastery at Arcella (now part of Padua), at the age of 35.

According to his request, Anthony was buried in the small church of Santa Maria Mater Domini (probably dating from the late 12th century) and near a convent that had been founded by him in 1229. Nevertheless, due to his increased notability, the construction of a large basilica began around 1232, although it was not completed until 1301. The smaller church was incorporated into the structure as the Cappella della Madonna Mora (Chapel of the Dark Madonna). The basilica is commonly known today as "Il Santo" (The Saint).

Various legends also surround the death of Anthony. One holds that when he died, children cried in the streets and all the church bells rang of their own accord. Another legend is in regard to his tongue. He was buried in a chapel that became part of the basilica, where his tongue, jaw, and vocal cords were symbolically chosen as relics for veneration (as was a tradition in medieval times) to be displayed in a large reliquary. When his body was exhumed 30 years after his death, it was found turned to dust, but the tongue was claimed to have glistened and looked as if it were still part of a live body; a further claim being made that this was a sign of his gift of preaching.[10] On 1 January 1981, Pope John Paul II authorized a scientific team to study Anthony's remains and the tomb was opened five days later.

Saint and Doctor of the Church

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St Anthony of Padua and St Francis of Assisi by Friedrich Pacher
Базилика святого Антония из Падуа -падуа, Италия
Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua - Padua, Italy

Anthony was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 30 May 1232, at Spoleto, Italy, less than one year after his death.[3] In the words of Pope Benedict XVI:

The richness of spiritual teaching contained in the Sermons was so great that in 1946 Venerable Pope Pius XII proclaimed Anthony a Doctor of the Church, attributing to him the title Doctor evangelicus, since the freshness and beauty of the Gospel emerge from these writings.[11][12]

Veneration as patron saint

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Anthony's fame spread through Portuguese evangelization, and he has been known as the most celebrated of the followers of Francis of Assisi. He is the patron saint of Padua and many places in Portugal and in the countries of the former Portuguese Empire.[13]

He is especially invoked and venerated all over the world as the patron saint for the recovery of lost items and is credited with many miracles involving lost people, lost things and even lost spiritual goods.[13][14]

St. Anthony Chaplets help devotees to meditate on the thirteen virtues of the saint. Some of these chaplets were used by members of confraternities that had Anthony as their patron saint.

North America

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First class relic of Anthony displayed at the National Shrine of St. Anthony of Padua and Friary (Cincinnati, Ohio)

In 1692, Spanish missionaries came across a small Payaya Indian community along what was then known as the Yanaguana River on the feast day of Saint Anthony, 13 June. The Franciscan chaplain, Father Damien Massanet, with agreement from General Domingo de Teran, renamed the rivers in his honor, and eventually built a mission nearby, as well. This mission became the focal point of a small community that eventually grew in size and scope to become the seventh-largest city in the country, the U.S. city of San Antonio, Texas.[15]

In New York City, the Shrine Church of St. Anthony in Greenwich Village, Manhattan celebrates his feast day, starting with the traditional novena of prayers asking for his intercession on the 13 Tuesdays preceding his feast. This culminates with a week-long series of services and a street fair. A traditional Italian-style procession is held that day through the streets of its South Village neighborhood, during which a relic of the saint is carried for veneration.[16]

Miraculous Image of Saint Anthony, by Franciszek Lekszycki OFM, 1649, Przeworsk, Poland

Each year on the weekend of the last Sunday in August, Boston's North End holds a feast in honor of Saint Anthony. Referred to as the "Feast of All Feasts", Saint Anthony's Feast in Boston's North End was begun in 1919 by Italian immigrants from Montefalcione, a small town near Naples, where the tradition of honoring Saint Anthony goes back to 1688.[17]

José Guadalupe Posada print of Saint Anthony, about 1910

Each year the Sandia Pueblo along with Santa Clara Pueblo celebrates the feast day of Saint Anthony with traditional Native American dances.[18]

On 27 January 1907, in Beaumont, Texas, a church was dedicated and named in honor of Saint Anthony. The church was later designated a cathedral in 1966 with the formation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont, but was not formally consecrated. On 28 April 1974, St. Anthony Cathedral was dedicated and consecrated by Bishop Warren Boudreaux. In 2006, Pope Benedict XVI granted the cathedral the designation of minor basilica. St. Anthony Cathedral Basilica celebrated its 100th anniversary on 28 January 2007.[19]

St. Anthony gives his name to Mission San Antonio de Padua, the third Franciscan mission dedicated along El Camino Real in California in 1771.[20]

In Ellicott City, Maryland, southwest of Baltimore, the Conventual Franciscans of the St. Anthony Province dedicated their old novitiate house as the Shrine of St. Anthony which since 1 July 2004 serves as the official shrine to Saint Anthony for the Archdiocese of Baltimore.[21]

Portugal, Spain and Brazil

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Santo Antônio (Saint Anthony) Church in Teresópolis, Brazil

Saint Anthony is known in Portugal, Spain, and Brazil as a marriage saint, because legends exist of him reconciling couples. His feast day, 13 June, is Lisbon's municipal holiday, celebrated with parades and marriages (the previous day, 12 June, is the Dia dos Namorados in Brazil). He is one of the saints celebrated in the Brazilian Festa Junina, along with John the Baptist and Saint Peter. He is venerated in Mogán Village in Gran Canaria, where his feast day is celebrated every year with oversized objects carried through the streets for the fiesta.[22]

The rest of Europe

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Saint-Antoine de Padoue parish in Wavre, Belgium

In Albania, the Franciscans arrived in 1240 spreading the word of Saint Anthony (Shna Ndou). The St. Anthony Church, Laç (Albanian: Kisha e Shna Ndout or Kisha e Laçit) in Laç was built in his honor.[23] Saint Anthony is one of the most important saints amongst Albanians and the pilgrimage to his church is done yearly by a considerable number of Eastern Orthodox and Muslim Albanians as well.[24][25]

Saint Anthony lived and died during the episcopates of Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Mark III of Alexandria and Patriarch Nicholas I of Alexandria, both of whom still maintained communion with the Pope of Rome.

In the town of Brusciano, Italy, located near Naples, an annual feast in honor of Saint Anthony is held in late August. This tradition dates back to 1875. The tradition started when a man prayed to Saint Anthony for his sick son to get better. He vowed that if his son would become healthy he would build and dance a giglio like the people of Nola do for their patron San Paolino during the annual Fest Dei Gigli. (A giglio is a tall tower topped with a statue of the saint that is carried through the streets in carefully choreographed maneuvers that resemble a dance.) The celebration has grown over the years to include six giglio towers built in honor of the saint. This tradition has also carried over to America, specifically the East Harlem area of New York, where the immigrants from the town of Brusciano formed the Giglio Society of East Harlem and have been holding their annual feast since the early 1900s.[26]

In Poland, he is the patron saint of Przeworsk. The icon of Saint Anthony, dating from 1649, is housed in a local Franciscan church, Kaplica Świętego Antoniego w Przeworsku [pl].

Asia

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Saint Anthony is honored in Uvari, in Tamil Nadu, India, where legend holds that the crew of a Portuguese ship was cured of cholera through the intercession of St. Anthony. The local church is dedicated to St. Anthony and houses an ancient wooden statue believed to have been carved by one of the crew.[27] In Kerala, where Vasco da Gama had landed in 1498 and where the Portuguese had their first stations in India some of the most ancient churches were renamed after St. Antony and new churches were dedicated to him.

In the Philippines, the devotion to St. Anthony of Padua began in 1581, in the town of Pila, Laguna, where Franciscans established the first church in the country dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua, now elevated as the National Shrine of St. Anthony of Padua under the Diocese of San Pablo.

In Siolim, a village in the Indian state of Goa, St. Anthony is always shown holding a serpent on a stick. This is a depiction of the incident which occurred during the construction of the church wherein a snake was disrupting construction work. The people turned to St. Anthony for help and placed his statue at the construction site. The next morning, the snake was found caught in the cord placed in the statue's hand.[28]

St. Anthony's Shrine, Kochchikade, located in Sri Lanka, is dedicated to the saint. The church is designated a national shrine[29] and minor basilica.[30] A tiny piece of St. Anthony's tongue is said to be preserved in a special reliquary, which is located in a glass case together with a statue of the saint, at the entrance to the church.

Africa

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Antonianism (Portuguese: antonianismo) was a syncretic Bakongo Catholic movement formed in the Kingdom of Kongo between 1704 and 1708 as a development out of the Roman Catholic Church in Kongo, yet without denying the authority of the Pope. Its founder was a young charismatic woman named Beatriz Kimpa Vita who said she was possessed by Saint Anthony of Padua.[31][32] Beatriz became known for healing and other miracles. It was eventually suppressed by King Pedro IV of Kongo, and Dona Beatriz was burned at the stake as a heretic.[33]

In art

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As the number of Franciscan saints increased, iconography struggled to distinguish Anthony from the others. Because of a legend that he had once preached to the fish by the mouth of the river Marecchia in Rimini, this was sometimes used as his attribute. He is also often seen with a white lily stalk, representing his purity. Other conventions referred to St. Anthony's visionary fervor. Thus, one attribute in use for some time was a flaming heart. He is also sometimes depicted along with the mule in Rimini that allegedly bowed down to him holding the Eucharist.

In 1511, Titian painted three large frescoes in the Scuola del Santo in Padua, depicting scenes of the miracles from the life of Saint Anthony: The Miracle of the Jealous Husband, which depicts the murder of a young woman by her husband; A Child Testifying to Its Mother's Innocence; and The Saint Healing the Young Man with a Broken Limb.[34]

Another key pattern has him meditating on an open book in which the Christ Child himself appears, as in the El Greco above. Over time the child came to be shown considerably larger than the book and some images even do without the book entirely. He typically appears carrying the infant Jesus and holding a cross.[35]

In popular votive offerings, Anthony is often depicted as miraculously saving individuals in various accidents.[36]

В музыке

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Австрийский композитор Густава Маллера « Цикл песни» Дес Кнабен Вундерхорн содержит песню Дес Дес Антониуса фон Падуа Фишпренджт , чьи тексты рассказывают историю проповеди Святого Антония рыбе. Эта песня позже сформировалась в основе движения Scherzo симфонии Малера № 2 . В переписке Малер выразил удовольствие, что его извилистая музыкальная обстановка может подразумевать, что Св. Антония Падуи сам был пьян, когда он проповедовал рыбу. [ 37 ]

В фильмах

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Смотрите также

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Ссылки

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Цитаты

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  1. ^ Purcell 1960 , с. 19, 275–276.
  2. ^ Foley & McCloskey 2013 .
  3. ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в дюймовый От-гал 1907 .
  4. ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Монти 2008 .
  5. ^ Silva 2011 , с.
  6. ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в «Энтони Падуи: Итальянские годы - июнь 2007 г. Выпуск журнала St. Anthony Messenger Online» . 30 июня 2007 года. Архивировано с оригинала 30 июня 2007 года.
  7. ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Фоли, Леонард. "Кто такой Святой Антоний?" Полем Американский католик. Архивировано из оригинала 17 октября 2000 года . Получено 27 июня 2011 года .
  8. ^ «Найти настоящего святого Антония: преданность святому Антонию Падуи» . 8 декабря 2000 года. Архивировано с оригинала 8 декабря 2000 года.
  9. ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Arnald 2010 , с. 122–125.
  10. ^ «Когда Энтони снова говорил» . Посланник Святого Энтони . Архивировано с оригинала 2 апреля 2015 года . Получено 21 марта 2015 года .
  11. ^ «Святые и учиться» . 26 июня 2019 года.
  12. ^ Папа Бенедикт XVI (10 февраля 2010 г.). «Общая аудитория» . Получено 13 июня 2013 года .
  13. ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Чисхолм 1911 .
  14. ^ «Новена Святую Энтони, чтобы найти потерянную статью - молитва Святую Антонию Падуи - Новенене, чтобы найти потерянный предмет» . 14 ноября 2007 года. Архивировано с оригинала 14 ноября 2007 года.
  15. ^ «Сан -Антонио: город Святой Антоний» . Журнал Святого Антония Мессенджера онлайн . Americanancatholic.org. Июнь 2004 . Получено 30 июня 2010 года .
  16. ^ "Массовое расписание" . stanthonynyc.org . Архивировано из оригинала 5 ноября 2009 года.
  17. ^ Алуя, Джейсон (19 августа 2013 г.). «Основные моменты 94 -го Святого Святого Антония - пятница, 23 августа - понедельник, 26 августа 2013 года» . North End Waterfront.com . Получено 29 августа 2013 года .
  18. ^ Сладкий 2004 .
  19. ^ «Бэзилика Святого Антония» . Регион лесной тропы .
  20. ^ История нашей миссии " Миссия Сан -Антонио де Падуа
  21. ^ «В святыне святого Антония, вкус истории и чувство мира» . Балтиморское солнце . Получено 28 августа 2012 года .
  22. ^ СМИ, Моган. Полем www.mogugan .
  23. ^ Мерлика, Евген (13 июня 2015 г.). «История церкви Лак! Португальский святой албанцев» . Мапо . Получено 9 ноября 2018 года .
  24. ^ «Шна Нду, святое место, которое принимает всех грешников - газетная речь» . Word.al. 4 мая 2022 года . Получено 17 апреля 2023 года .
  25. ^ "Святой Антоний Паломничество - Лач, Албания " 14 декабря
  26. ^ Грин, Фрэнк (7 августа 2014 г.). «Прихожане будут поднимать почти 4-тон-деревянную башню во время танца на фестивале Гильо» . New York Daily News .
  27. ^ Радж 2017 .
  28. ^ «Сиолим деревня, которую все любят | Сообщество Гоа Святого Мария Дубай» . 6 июня 2012 года. Архивировано с оригинала 11 января 2014 года.
  29. ^ «Святой Антони - Кохчикад» . Christian.gov.lk . Министерство христианских дел Шри -Ланка . Получено 30 апреля 2019 года .
  30. ^ «Национальные святынь в Шри -Ланке, Мальдивы» . Gcatholic.org . Получено 23 апреля 2019 года .
  31. ^ Stearns 2001 , p. 394.
  32. ^ Торнтон 1998 .
  33. ^ Wessinger 2011 , с. 391.
  34. ^ Morosini 1999 , стр. 163-164.
  35. ^ Чонг 2016 , с. 189.
  36. ^ Музей популярной преданности , Базилика Святого Антония, Падуя
  37. ^ «Дес Кнабен Вундерхорн» . Kenny-center.org . Получено 20 декабря 2018 года .
  38. ^ Сарегама Тамиль (11 марта 2015 г.). Пунита Антонияр . Архивировано из оригинала 7 июня 2021 года.
  39. ^ Sant'antonio di Padova aka Saint Anthony: чудо -работник Падуи в IMDB .
  40. ^ VHS на Amazon .
  41. ^ DVD на Amazon.
  42. ^ DVD на Amazon с английскими субтитрами.
  43. ^ Антонио Война Бога , ака Энтони, воин Божий в IMDB.

Источники

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Дальнейшее чтение

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  • Святой Антоний, доктор церкви , публикации Францисканского института, 1973, ISBN  978-0-8199-0458-4
  • Энтони Падуи, проповеди Пасхального цикла , Публикации Францисканского института, 1994, ISBN  978-1-57659-041-6
  • Attwater, Дональд; Джон, Кэтрин Рэйчел (1993), Словарь Святых пингвинов (3 -е изд.), Нью -Йорк, Нью -Йорк: книги пингвинов, ISBN  978-0-14-051312-7
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