( 2000-е произносится как «две тысячи»; сокращенно до « 00-х» и известно как « нулевые» или «нулевые» ) — десятилетие , которое началось 1 января 2000 года и закончилось 31 декабря 2009 года.
В начале десятилетия произошел давно предсказанный прорыв экономических гигантов Азии, таких как Индия и Китай , рост которых в течение почти всего десятилетия выражался двузначными числами. Он также выиграл от экономического бума, в результате которого две самые густонаселенные страны стали все более доминирующей экономической силой. Быстрое сближение развивающихся экономик с развитыми странами вызвало некоторую протекционистскую напряженность в тот период и отчасти стало причиной роста цен на энергоносители и продукты питания в конце десятилетия. Экономические события во второй трети десятилетия определялись мировым экономическим спадом, который начался с кризиса жилья и кредитов в Соединенных Штатах в конце 2007 года и привел к банкротству крупных банков и других финансовых учреждений. Вспышка этого глобального финансового кризиса вызвала глобальную рецессию , начавшуюся в Соединенных Штатах и затронувшую большую часть промышленно развитого мира.
The decade saw the rise of the Internet, which grew from covering 6.7% to 25.7% of the world population. This contributed to globalization during the decade, which allowed faster communication among people around the world;[1][2][3][4][5]social networking sites arose as a new way for people to stay in touch from distant locations, as long as they had internet access. Myspace was the most popular social networking website until June 2009, when Facebook overtook it in number of American users. Email continued to be popular throughout the decade and began to replace "snail mail" as the primary way of sending letters and other messages to people in distant locations. Google, YouTube, Ask.com and Wikipedia emerged to become among the top 10 most popular websites. Amazon overtook eBay as the most-visited e-commerce site in 2008. AOL significantly declined in popularity throughout the decade, falling from being the most popular website to no longer being within the top 10. Excite and Lycos fell outside the top 10, and MSN fell from the second to sixth most popular site, though it quadrupled its monthly visits. Yahoo! maintained relatively stable popularity, remaining the most popular website for most of the decade.
Climate change and global warming became common concerns in the 2000s. Prediction tools made significant progress during the decade, UN-sponsored organizations such as the IPCC gained influence, and studies such as the Stern Review influenced public support for paying the political and economic costs of countering climate change. The global temperature kept climbing during the decade. In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade. The WMO's findings were later echoed by the NASA and the NOAA. Major natural disasters included Cyclone Nargis in 2008 and earthquakes in Pakistan and China in 2005 and 2008, respectively. The deadliest natural disaster[a] and most powerful earthquake of the 21st century occurred in 2004 when a 9.1–9.3 Mwearthquake and its subsequent tsunami struck multiple nations in the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000 people.[6]
During this decade, the world population grew from 6.1 to 6.9 billion people. Approximately 1.35 billion people were born, and 550 million people died.[8]
Look up aughts or noughties in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Orthographically, the decade can be written as the "2000s" or the "'00s". In the English-speaking world, a name for the decade wasn't immediately accepted as it had been for other decades such as the 1980s and 1990s ('80s, '90s).[9][10][11][12][13]
Although use of the word aught to refer to zero is not widespread in the United States, the use of aughts to identify the decade became common there.[26][27][28]
Other spoken-word possibilities included "two-thousands", "twenty hundreds", "ohs", "oh ohs", "double ohs", "zeros", and "double zeros".[29][30][31] The years of the decade can be referred to as '01, '02, etc., pronounced oh-one, oh-two, etc.[citation needed]
The war on terror generated extreme controversy around the world, with questions regarding the justification for certain U.S. actions leading to a loss of support for the American government, both in and outside the United States.[39] The additional armed conflict occurred in the Middle East, including between Israel and Hezbollah, then with Israel and Hamas. The most significant loss of life due to natural disasters came from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which caused a tsunami that killed around one quarter-million people and displaced well over a million others.
War on terror (2001–present) – refers to several ideological, military, and diplomatic campaigns aimed at putting an end to international terrorism by preventing groups defined by the U.S. and its allies as terrorist (mostly Islamist groups such as al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, and Hamas) from posing a threat to the U.S. and its allies, and by putting an end to state sponsorship of terrorism. The campaigns were launched by the United States, with support from NATO and other allies, following the September 11 attacks that were carried out by al-Qaeda. Today the term has become mostly associated with Bush administration-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) – In 2001, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Canada, and Australia invadedAfghanistan seeking to oust the Taliban and find al-Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden. In 2011, the US government claimed Navy Seals had killed Bin Laden and buried his body at sea. Fatalities of coalition troops: 1,553 (2001 to 2009).[40]
Iraq War (2003–2011) – In 2003, the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Australia, and Poland invaded and occupied Iraq. Claims that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction at its disposal were later found to be unproven.[41] The war, which ended the rule of Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party, also led to violence against the coalition forces and between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups and al-Qaeda operations in Iraq. Casualties of the Iraq War: Approximately 110,600 between March 2003 to April 2009. Hussein was eventually sentenced to death and hanged on December 30, 2006.
2006 Lebanon War (summer 2006) – took place in southern Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. The war that began as a military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the Hezbollah gradually strengthened and became a wider confrontation.
Second Intifada (2000–2005) – After the signing of the Oslo Accords failed to bring about a Palestinian state, in September 2000, the Second Intifada (uprising) broke out, a period of intensified Palestinian-Israeli violence, which has been taking place until the present day. As a result of the significant increase of suicide bombing attacks within Israeli population centers during the first years of the Al-Aqsa Intifada,[42] in June 2002 Israel began the construction of the West Bank Fence along the Green Line border arguing that the barrier is necessary to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism. The significantly reduced number of incidents of suicide bombings from 2002 to 2005 has been partly attributed to the barrier.[43] The barrier's construction, which has been highly controversial, became a significant issue of contention between the two sides. The Second Intifada has caused thousands of victims on both sides, both among combatants and among civilians – The death toll, including both military and civilian, is estimated to be 5,500 Palestinians and over 1,000 Israelis, as well as 64 foreign citizens.[44] Many Palestinians consider the Second Intifada to be a legitimate war of national liberation against foreign occupation, whereas many Israelis consider it to be a terrorist campaign.[45]
Gaza War (2008–2009) – the frequent HamasQassam rocket and mortar fire launched from within civilian population centers in Gaza towards the Israeli southern civilian communities led to an Israeli military operation in Gaza, which had the stated aim of reducing the Hamas rocket attacks and stopping the arms smuggling into the Gaza Strip. Throughout the conflict, Hamas further intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against Israel, hitting civilian targets and reaching major Israeli cities Beersheba and Ashdod, for the first time. The intense urban warfare in densely populated Gaza combined with the use of massive firepower by the Israeli side[46] and the intensified Hamas rocket attacks towards populated Israeli civilian targets led to a high toll on the Palestinian side and among civilians.[47]
The Second Congo War (1998–2003) – took place mainly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The widest interstate war in modern African history, it directly involved nine African nations, as well as about twenty armed groups. It earned the epithet of "Africa's World War" and the "Great War of Africa." An estimated 3.8 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease brought about by the deadliest conflict since World War II. Millions more were displaced from their homes or sought asylum in neighboring countries.
Russo-Georgian War (2008) – Russia invaded Georgia in response to Georgian aggression towards civilians and attack on South Ossetia. Both Russia and Georgia were condemned internationally for their actions.
War in Darfur (2003–2020) – an armed conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan. The conflict began when the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in Darfur took up arms, accusing the government of oppressing black Africans in favor of Arabs. One side was composed mainly of the Sudanese military and the Sudanese militia group Janjaweed, recruited mostly from the Afro-Arab Abbala tribes of the northern Rizeigat region in Sudan. The other side was made up of rebel groups, notably the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups. Millions of people were displaced from their homes during the conflict.[49] There are various estimates on the number of human casualties – Sudanese authorities claim a death toll of roughly 19,500 civilians[50] while certain non-governmental organizations, such as the Coalition for International Justice, claim that over 400,000 people have been killed during the conflict.[51] Former U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bush called the events in Darfur a genocide during his presidency.[52][53][54] The United States Congress unanimously passed House Concurrent Resolution 467, which declared the situation in Darfur a state-sponsored genocide by the Janjaweed.[55] In 2008, the International Criminal Court charged Omar al-Bashir with genocide for his role in the War in Darfur.[56][57][58][59]
Mexican drug war (2006–present) – an armed conflict fought between rival drug cartels and the Mexican Armed Forces. Although Mexican drug cartels, or drug trafficking organizations, have existed for quite some time, they have become more powerful since the demise of Colombia's Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale illicit drug market in the United States.[60] Arrests of key cartel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, have led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States.[61][62][63] Roughly more than 16,851 people in total were killed between December 2006 until November 2009.[64]
Map showing the districts where the Naxalite movement is active (2007) In India, Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) has grown alarmingly with attacks such as April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada, Jnaneswari Express train derailment, and Rafiganj train disaster. Naxalites are a group of far-left radical communists, supportive of Maoist political sentiment and ideology. It is presently the longest continuously active conflict worldwide. In 2006 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called the Naxalites "The single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country."[65] In 2009, he said the country was "losing the battle against Maoist rebels".[66] According to standard definitions the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict[67] between Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and the Indian government.[65] On April 6, 2010, Maoist rebels killed 75 security forces in a jungle ambush in central India in the worst-ever massacre of security forces by the insurgents. On the same day, Gopal, a top Maoist leader, said the attack was a "direct consequence" of the government's Operation Green Hunt offensive. This raised some voices of use of Indian Air Force against Naxalites, which were, however, declined, citing "We can't use oppressive force against our own people".[68]
The Colombian conflict continues causing deaths and terror in Colombia. Beginning in 1964, the FARC and ELN narcoterrorist groups were taking control of rural areas of the country by the beginning of the decade, while terrorist paramilitaries grew in other places as businesspeople and politicians thought the State would lose the war against guerrillas. However, after the failure of the peace process and the activation of Plan Colombia, Álvaro Uribe was elected president in 2002, starting a massive attack on terrorist groups, with cooperation from civil population, foreign aid and legal armed forces. The AUC paramilitary organization disbanded in 2006, while ELN guerrillas have been weakened. The Popular Liberation Army demobilized while the country's biggest terrorist group, FARC has been weakened and most of their top commanders have been killed or died during the decade. During the second half of the decade, a new criminal band has been formed by former members of AUC who did not demobilize, calling themselves "Aguilas Negras". Although the Colombian State has taken back control over most of the country, narcoterrorism still causes pain in the country. Since 2008, the Internet has become a new field of battle. Facebook has gained nationwide popularity and has become the birthplace of many civil movements against narcoterrorism such as "Colombia Soy Yo" (I am Colombia) or "Fundación Un Millón de Voces" (One Million Voices Foundation), responsible for the international protests against illegal groups during the last years.
The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) came to an end when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) finally laid down their arms. More than two million people were displaced from their homes because of the conflict (well over one-third of the population) many of whom became refugees in neighboring countries. Tens of thousands were killed during the conflict.[69]
The Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), once a major proxy conflict of the Cold War, the conflict ended after the anti-Communist organization UNITA disbanded to become a political party. By the time the 27-year conflict was formally brought to an end, an estimated 500,000 people had been killed.[73]
Shia insurgency in Yemen (2004–present) – a civil war in the Sada'a Governorate of Yemen. It began after the ShiaZaidiyyah sect launched an uprising against the Yemeni government. The Yemeni government has accused Iran of directing and financing the insurgency.[74] Thousands of rebels and civilians have been killed during the conflict.[75][76]
War in Somalia (2006–2009) – involved largely Ethiopian and SomaliTransitional Federal Government (TFG) forces who fought against the Somali Islamistumbrella group, the Islamic Court Union (ICU), and other affiliated militias for control of the country. The war spawned pirates who hijacked hundreds of ships off the coast of Somalia, holding ships and crew for ransom often for months (see also Piracy in Somalia). 1.9 million people were displaced from their homes during the conflict[77] and the number of civilian casualties during the conflict is estimated at 16,724.[78]
Somali civil war (2009–present) – involved largely the forces of the Somali SomaliTransitional Federal Government (TFG) assisted by African Union peacekeeping troops, whom fought against various militant Islamist factions for control of the country. The violence has displaced thousands of people residing in Mogadishu, the nation's capital. 1,739 people in total were killed between January 1, 2009, and January 1, 2010.[79]
Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present) – an ongoing conflict in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The conflict was caused due to the tensions between the foreignoil corporations and a number of the Niger Delta's minority ethnic groups who felt they were being exploited, particularly the Ogoni and the Ijaw. The competition for oil wealth has led to an endless violence cycle between innumerable ethnic groups, causing the militarization of nearly the entire region that was occupied by militia groups as well as Nigerian military and the forces of the Nigerian Police.
Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) – the conflict effectively ended with a government victory, following the surrender of the Islamic Salvation Army and the 2002 defeat of the Armed Islamic Group. It is estimated that more than 100,000 people were killed during the course of the conflict.
Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) – involved Chadian government forces and several Chadian rebel groups. The Government of Chad estimated in January 2006 that 614 Chadian citizens had been killed in cross-border raids.[80] The fighting still continues despite several attempts to reach agreements.
Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) – the conflict ended with a peace agreement was reached between the government and the Maoist party in which it was set that the Maoists would take part in the new government in return for surrendering their weapons to the UN. It is estimated that more than 12,700 people were killed during the course of the conflict.[81]
Ituri conflict (1999–2007) – a conflict fought between the Lendu and Hema ethnic groups in the Ituri region of northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). While there have been many phases to the conflict, the most recent armed clashes ran from 1999 to 2003, with a low-level conflict continuing until 2007. More than 50,000 people have been killed in the conflict and hundreds of thousands forced from their homes.[82]
Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) – an armed conflict that continued after the capture of Kabul by the Taliban, in which the formation of the Afghan Northern Alliance attempted to oust the Taliban. It proved largely unsuccessful, as the Taliban continued to make gains and eliminated much of the Alliance's leadership.
2002 Venezuelan coup attempt – a failed military coup d'état on April 11, 2002, which aimed to overthrow the president of Venezuela Hugo Chávez. During the coup Hugo Chávez was arrested and Pedro Carmona became the interim President for 47 hours. The coup led to a pro-Chávez uprising that the Metropolitan Police attempted to suppress. The pro-Chávez Presidential Guard eventually retook the Miraflores presidential palace without firing a shot, leading to the collapse of the Carmona government.
Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–present) – an armed conflict fought between the two main Palestinian factions, Fatah and Hamas with each vying to assume political control of the Palestinian territories. In June 2007, Hamas took control of the entire Gaza Strip, and established a separate government while Fatah remained in control of the West Bank. This in practice divided the Palestinian Authority into two. Various forces affiliated with Fatah engaged in combat with Hamas, in numerous gun battles. Most Fatah leaders eventually escaped to Egypt and the West Bank, while some were captured and killed.
Since 2005, Iran's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the Western world due to suspicions that Iran could divert the civilian nuclear technology to a weapons program. This has led the UN Security Council to impose sanctions against Iran on select companies linked to this program, thus furthering its economic isolation on the international scene. The U.S. Director of National Intelligence said in February 2009 that Iran would not realistically be able to a get a nuclear weapon until 2013, if it chose to develop one.[83]
In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq over allegations that its leader Saddam Hussein was stockpiling weapons of mass destruction including chemical and biological weapons or was in the process of creating them. None were found, spawning multiple theories.
Operation Orchard – during the operation, Israel bombed what was believed to be a Syrian nuclear reactor on September 6, 2007, which was thought to be built with the aid of North Korea.[84] The White House and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) later declared that American intelligence indicated the site was a nuclear facility with a military purpose, though Syria denies this.[85]
The Doomsday Clock, the symbolic representation of the threat of nuclear annihilation, moved four minutes closer to midnight: two minutes in 2002 and two minutes in 2007 to 5 minutes to midnight.
East Timor regains independence from Indonesia in 2002. Portugal granted independence to East Timor in 1975, but it was soon after invaded by Indonesia, which only recognized East Timorese independence in 2002.
During the 2000s, the expectations and unspoken rules for acceptable conduct among American politicians affiliated with the Republican or Democratic Parties changed due to the decline of political bosses in the previous 4 decades and the momentous events in America that happened during the decade.[87]
Generally, American presidential candidates abided by and respected the established procedures of both major parties' presidential nomination process.[87]
During this decade, the peaceful transfer of power through elections first occurred in Mexico, Indonesia, Taiwan, Colombia, and several other countries. (See below.)
George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United States, 2001–2009Barack Obama, the first African American president of the United States, was inaugurated in 2009
The prominent political events of the decade include:
On October 26, 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush signed the USA PATRIOT Act into law.
On February 15, 2003, anti-war protests broke out around the world in opposition to the U.S. Invasion of Iraq, in what the Guinness Book of World Records called the largest anti-war rally in human history.[90] In reaction, The New York Times writer Patrick Tyler wrote in a February 17 article that: ...the huge anti-war demonstrations around the world this weekend are reminders that there may still be two superpowers on the planet: the United States and world public opinion.[91]
On June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, died after having suffered from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade. His seven-day state funeral followed, spanning June 5–11. The general public stood in long lines waiting for a turn to view the casket. People passed by the casket at a rate of about 5,000 per hour (83.3 per minute, or 1.4 per second) and the wait time was about three hours. In all, 104,684 passed through when Reagan lay in state.[92][93]
Barack Obama was sworn in as the 44th President of the United States in 2009, becoming the nation's first African American president.
Álvaro Uribe is elected President of Colombia in 2002, the first political independent to do so in more than a century and a half, creating the right-wing political movement known as uribism. Uribe was re-elected in 2006.
Pink tide: Left-wing governments emerge in South American countries. These governments include those of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela since 1999, Fernando Lugo in Paraguay, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, and Evo Morales in Bolivia. With the creation of the ALBA, Fidel Castro—leader of Cuba between 1959 and 2008—and Hugo Chávez reaffirmed their opposition to the aggressive militarism and imperialism of the United States.
On May 18, 2000, Chen Shui-bian was elected as the president of Taiwan, ending the half-century rule of the KMT on the island, and became the first president of the DPP.
In July 2000 the Camp David 2000 Summit was held which was aimed at reaching a "final status" agreement between the Palestinians and the Israelis. The summit collapsed after Yasser Arafat would not accept a proposal drafted by American and Israeli negotiators. Barak was prepared to offer the entire Gaza Strip, a Palestinian capital in a part of East Jerusalem, 73% of the West Bank (excluding eastern Jerusalem) raising to 90–94% after 10–25 years, and financial reparations for Palestinian refugees for peace. Arafat turned down the offer without making a counter-offer.[96]
March 15–16, 2003 – CPC General Secretary, President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao, replaced former People's Republic of China leaders Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji.
2003 – the 12-year self-government in IraqiKurdistan ends, developed under the protection of the UN "No-fly zone" during the now-ousted Saddam Hussein regime.
Manmohan Singh was elected (2004) and reelected (2009) Prime Minister in India. He is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term. Singh previously carried out economic reforms in India in 1991, during his tenure as the Finance Minister.[97]
August 1, 2005 – Fahd, the King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005, died and is replaced by King Abdullah.
January 4, 2006 – Powers are transferred from Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to his deputy, Vice Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, after Sharon suffers a massive hemorrhagic stroke.
2009 Iranian election protests – The 2009 Iranian presidential election sparked massive protests in Iran and around the world against alleged electoral fraud and in support of defeated candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi. During the protests the Iranian authorities closed universities in Tehran, blocked web sites, blocked cell phone transmissions and text messaging,[99] and banned rallies.[100] Several demonstrators in Iran were killed or imprisoned during the protests. Dozens of human casualties were reported or confirmed.[101][102][103]
The Netherlands becomes the first country in the world to fully legalize same-sex marriage on April 1, 2001.
Silvio Berlusconi becomes Prime Minister of Italy in 2001 and again in 2008, after two years of a government held by Romano Prodi, dominating the political scene for more than a decade and becoming the longest-serving post-war Prime Minister.
European integration makes progress with the definitive circulation of the euro in twelve countries in 2002 and the widening of European Union to 27 countries in 2007. A European Constitution bill is rejected by French and Dutch voters in 2005, but a similar text, the Treaty of Lisbon, is drafted in 2007 and finally adopted by the 27 members countries.
June 1–4, 2002 – The Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II was the international celebration marking the 50th anniversary of the accession of Elizabeth II to the thrones of seven countries.[104][105]
Parties broadly characterised by political scientists as being right-wing populist soar throughout the 2000s, in the wake of increasing anti-Islam and anti-immigration sentiment in most Western European countries.[106] By 2010, such parties (albeit often significant differences between them) were present in the national parliaments of Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Italy and Greece.[106] In Austria, Italy and Switzerland, the Freedom Party of Austria, Lega Nord and Swiss People's Party, respectively, were at times also part of the national governments, and in Denmark, the Danish People's Party tolerated a right-liberal minority government from 2001 throughout the decade.[106] While not being present in the national parliaments of France and the United Kingdom, Jean-Marie Le Pen of the National Front came second in the first round of the 2002 French presidential elections, and in the 2009 European Parliament election, the UK Independence Party came second, beating even the Labour Party, while the British National Party managed to win two seats for the first time.
KingBirendra of Nepal, along with eight other royals, are killed by Nepal's crown prince Diprendra who then shoots himself. Nepal's laws regarding succession allows the comatose Dipendra to rule for three days before he succumbs to his injuries.[108]
Беназир Бхутто , бывший премьер-министр Пакистана, была убита на предвыборном митинге в Равалпинди в результате взрыва бомбы. В результате покушения также погибли по меньшей мере 80 человек. [ 116 ]
12 мая 2008 года более 69 000 человек погибли в центральном юго-западном Китае в результате землетрясения в Вэньчуань — землетрясения магнитудой 7,9 по моментной шкале . Эпицентр находился в 90 километрах (56 миль) к западу-северо-западу от столицы провинции Чэнду , провинция Сычуань.
Тропические циклоны, другая погода и лесные пожары
7–11 июля 2005 г. - ураган Деннис нанес ущерб Карибскому морю и юго-востоку США. Деннис убил в общей сложности 88 человек и причинил ущерб на сумму 3,71 миллиарда долларов.
28–29 августа 2005 г. — ураган «Катрина» обрушился на берег штата Миссисипи , разрушив город Новый Орлеан и близлежащие прибрежные районы. Катрина была признана самым дорогостоящим стихийным бедствием в Соединенных Штатах на тот момент после того, как она причинила рекордный ущерб в 108 миллиардов долларов (рекорд позже был побит ураганом Харви в 2017 году ). Катрина стала причиной более 1200 смертей.
30 ноября 2006 г. - Тайфун Дуриан (известный на Филиппинах как Тайфун Реминг) затронул регион Бикол на Филиппинах и вместе с одновременным извержением вулкана Майон вызвал селевые потоки и убил более 1200 человек.
30 августа 2007 г. - погибла группа хорватских пожарных, прилетевших на остров Корнат в рамках тушения прибрежных пожаров 2007 года . Двенадцать из тринадцати мужчин, оказавшихся окруженными огнем, погибли в результате события, которое стало самой крупной гибелью людей в истории пожаротушения в Хорватии. [ нужна ссылка ]
3 мая 2008 г. – Циклон «Наргис» оказал сильнейшее воздействие на Мьянму , в результате чего погибло около 140 000 человек и нанесен ущерб на сумму 10 миллиардов долларов.
7 февраля — 14 марта 2009 г. — Лесные пожары «Черной субботы» , самые смертоносные лесные пожары в истории Австралии, произошли в австралийском штате Виктория во время экстремальных погодных условий, в результате чего 173 человека погибли, более 500 получили ранения и около 7500 человек остались без крова. Пожары произошли после того, как в Мельбурне была зафиксирована самая высокая температура (46,4 °C или 115,5 °F) среди всех столиц Австралии. Большинство пожаров было вызвано либо падением, либо столкновением линий электропередачи, либо поджогами .
Зима 2009–2010 гг. – Зимой 2009–2010 гг. наблюдались аномально низкие температуры в Европе , Азии и Америке . Сообщается, что в результате холода на Британских островах погиб в общей сложности 21 человек . 26 декабря 2009 года в Санкт-Петербурге выпало 35 см снега. Это был самый крупный декабрьский снегопад, зарегистрированный в городе с 1881 года.
25–26 сентября 2009 г. - тайфун Кетсана (известный на Филиппинах как тропический шторм Ондой) вызвал наводнение на Филиппинах , в основном в столичном районе Манилы , в результате чего погибло в общей сложности около 700 человек. Уровни наводнения достигли рекордных 20 футов (6,1 м) в сельской местности.
Устойчивость к антибиотикам является серьезным и растущим явлением в современной медицине и стала одной из серьезных проблем общественного здравоохранения 21-го века, особенно в том, что касается патогенных организмов (этот термин не особенно актуален для организмов, которые не вызывают заболеваний у людей). люди).
Вспышка ящура в Соединенном Королевстве в 2001 году вызвала кризис в британском сельском хозяйстве и туризме. В результате этой эпизоотии было зарегистрировано 2000 случаев заболевания на фермах на большей части сельской местности Великобритании. Было убито более 6 миллионов овец и крупного рогатого скота. [ 119 ]
(ВОЗ), в период с ноября 2002 г. по июль 2003 г. вспышка тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома в Гонконге произошла По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ТОРС): во всем мире было зарегистрировано 8 273 случая заболевания и 775 случаев смерти (9,6% летальных исходов) . За несколько недель SARS распространился из Гонконга и в начале 2003 года заразил людей в 37 странах.
Исследование, проведенное в сотрудничестве со Службой здравоохранения Мичиганского университета, планируется к публикации в Американском журнале рентгенологии за декабрь 2009 года, предупреждая, что грипп H1N1 может вызвать тромбоэмболию легочной артерии , которая считается основной причиной смерти в нынешней пандемии. Авторы исследования предлагают врачам проводить оценку наличия легочной эмболии с помощью компьютерной томографии с контрастным усилением при уходе за пациентами с диагнозом респираторных осложнений в результате «тяжелого» случая гриппа H1N1. [ 122 ]
По состоянию на 30 мая 2010 года, по данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, более 214 стран и заморских территорий или сообществ сообщили о лабораторно подтвержденных случаях пандемического гриппа H1N1 2009, в том числе более 18 138 случаев смерти. [ 123 ]
Сноска
— Трагедия Уокертона это серия событий, которые сопровождали загрязнение системы водоснабжения в Уокертоне, Онтарио, Канада, бактериями Escherichia coli в мае 2000 года.
Начиная с 11 мая 2000 года у многих жителей поселка численностью около 5000 человек начали одновременно наблюдаться кровавый понос , желудочно-кишечные инфекции и другие симптомы заражения кишечной палочкой .
Семь человек умерли непосредственно от употребления воды, зараженной кишечной палочкой, и их можно было бы спасти, если бы Комиссия по коммунальным предприятиям Уокертона призналась, что употребляла зараженную воду раньше, и около 2500 человек заболели.
25 июля 2000 года рейс 4590 авиакомпании Air France , самолет Concorde , врезался в отель в Гонессе сразу после взлета из Парижа, в результате чего погибли все 109 человек на борту и четверо в отеле. Это была единственная авария Конкорда, в которой произошел смертельный исход. Это было начало конца Конкорда как авиалайнера; три года спустя этот тип был снят с вооружения.
27 июля 2002 года Су-27 истребитель разбился на авиасалоне в Украине , в результате чего 77 человек погибли и 543 человека получили ранения, что сделало это крупнейшей катастрофой авиасалона в истории.
26 сентября 2002 года паром MV Le Joola затонул у берегов Гамбии , в результате чего погибли по меньшей мере 1863 человека.
30 декабря 2006 года паром MV Senopati Nusantara затонул во время шторма в Яванском море , в результате чего погибло от 400 до 500 из 628 человек, находившихся на борту. Три дня спустя рейс 574 компании Adam Air разбился во время того же шторма, в результате чего погибли все 102 человека на борту.
Самой значимой эволюцией 2000-х годов в экономическом ландшафте стал давно прогнозируемый прорыв экономического гиганта Китая , ВВП которого вырос с 1,21 трлн до 5,1 трлн (в 2022 году долларов США). [ 124 ] В меньшей степени Индия также выиграла от экономического бума (рост с 438,39 млрд до 1,34 трлн). [ 125 ] В результате две самые густонаселенные страны стали все более доминирующей экономической силой. [ 126 ] Быстрое сближение развивающихся экономик с развитыми странами вызвало некоторую протекционистскую напряженность в тот период и отчасти стало причиной роста цен на энергоносители и продукты питания в конце десятилетия. Экономические события во второй трети десятилетия определялись мировым экономическим спадом, который начался с кризиса жилья и кредитов в Соединенных Штатах в конце 2007 года и привел к банкротству крупных банков и других финансовых учреждений. [ 127 ] Вспышка глобального финансового кризиса спровоцировала глобальную рецессию, начавшуюся в Соединенных Штатах и затронувшую большую часть промышленно развитого мира.
Исследование Всемирного института исследований экономики развития при Университете ООН показывает, что в 2000 году только 1% самых богатых взрослых владели 40% мировых активов. Три самых богатых человека владеют большим количеством финансовых активов, чем 48 самых бедных стран вместе взятых. [ нужна ссылка ]
Совокупное состояние «миллионеров с 10 миллионами долларов» выросло почти до 41 триллиона долларов в 2008 году. [ 128 ]
9 октября 2007 года промышленный индекс Доу-Джонса закрылся на рекордном уровне 14 164,53 . Двумя днями позже, 11 октября, индекс Доу-Джонса торговался на самом высоком внутридневном уровне за всю историю — на отметке 14 198,10 . [ 139 ] То, на что обычно уходит много лет; Были названы многочисленные причины чрезвычайно быстрого роста индекса Доу-Джонса с уровня 11 000 в начале 2006 года до уровня 14 000 в конце 2007 года. Они включали возможные будущие поглощения и слияния , хорошие отчеты о доходах, особенно в технологическом секторе, и умеренные показатели инфляции ; разжигая слухи о том, что Федеральная резервная система не будет повышать процентные ставки . Примерно на уровне рекорда 2000 года с поправкой на инфляцию, это стало последним максимумом циклического бычьего роста. Индекс завершил 2007 год на отметке 13 264,82, уровень, который он не мог превзойти в течение почти пяти лет.
Объем мировой экономики по номинальному ВВП увеличился почти вдвое: с 30,21 триллиона долларов США в 1999 году до 58,23 триллиона долларов США в 2009 году. Эта цифра не учитывает инфляцию. по ППС По данным МВФ, мировой ВВП вырос на 78%. Однако, согласно темпам роста постоянных цен МВФ, номинальный ВВП с поправкой на инфляцию вырос лишь на 42%. [ 142 ] Следующие цифры не являются номинальным ВВП с поправкой на инфляцию, и их следует интерпретировать с особой осторожностью:
Соединенные Штаты (14,26 триллиона долларов США) сохранили позицию обладателя крупнейшей экономики мира. Однако размер его вклада в общую мировую экономику снизился с 28,8% до 24,5% по номинальной цене или с 23,8% до 20,4% с учетом покупательной способности.
Япония (5,07 трлн долларов США) сохранила позицию второй по величине экономики в мире, но ее вклад в мировую экономику также значительно сократился с 14,5% до 8,7% в номинальной цене или с 7,8% до 6,0% с учетом закупок. власть.
Китай (4,98 триллиона долларов США) превратился из шестой по величине экономики в третью, и в 2009 году на его долю приходилось 8,6% мировой экономики, по сравнению с 3,3% в 1999 году в номинальной цене или с 6,9% до 12,6% с поправкой на покупательная способность.
Германия (3,35 триллиона долларов США), Франция (2,65 триллиона долларов США), Великобритания (2,17 триллиона долларов США) и Италия (2,11 триллиона долларов США) заняли 4-е, 5-е, 6-е и 7-е места по величине экономики соответственно в 2009 году.
Бразилия (1,57 триллиона долларов США) сохранила свою позицию 8-й по величине экономики, за ней следует Испания (1,46 триллиона долларов США), которая осталась на 10-м месте.
Другие крупные экономики включали Канаду (1,34 триллиона долларов США; 10-е место, вниз с 9-го места), Индию (1,31 триллиона долларов США; оставаясь на 11-м месте с 12-го), Россию (1,23 триллиона долларов США; с 16-го на 12-е место) Мексику (875 миллиардов долларов США; 14-е место, вниз). с 11-го), Австралия (925 миллиардов долларов США; с 14-го по 13-е место) и Юг. Корея (832 миллиарда долларов США; 15-е место по сравнению с 13-м).
По паритету покупательной способности в 2009 году в десятку крупнейших экономик входили США (14,26 трлн долларов США), Китай (9,10 трлн долларов США), Япония (4,14 трлн долларов США), Индия (3,75 трлн долларов США), Германия (2,98 трлн долларов США). , Россия (2,69 трлн долларов США), Великобритания (2,26 трлн долларов США), Франция (2,17 трлн долларов США). трлн), Бразилия (2,02 трлн долларов США) и Италия (1,92 трлн долларов США). [ 143 ] [ 144 ]
Средняя цена дома в Великобритании выросла на 132% в период с четвертого квартала 2000 года и на 91% за десятилетие; но средняя зарплата выросла лишь на 40%. [ 145 ]
Хотя мировая торговля выросла за десятилетие (частично благодаря вступлению Китая в ВТО в 2001 году), в многосторонней торговой системе прогресс был незначительным. Международная торговля продолжала расширяться в течение десятилетия, поскольку страны с развивающейся экономикой и развивающиеся страны, в частности Китай и страны Южной Азии, получали выгоду от низких затрат на заработную плату и, чаще всего, от недооценки валют. Однако глобальные переговоры по снижению тарифов не принесли большого прогресса, поскольку странам-членам Всемирной торговой организации не удалось найти соглашения, расширяющие сферу свободной торговли . [ 146 ] , Переговоры в Дохе начатые ВТО в 2001 году с целью содействия развитию, не удалось завершить из-за растущей напряженности между регионами. 2003 года также не Канкунская конференция нашла консенсуса по торговле услугами. [ 147 ] и сельскохозяйственные субсидии . [ 148 ]
Сравнительный подъем Китая, Индии и других развивающихся стран также способствовал их растущему влиянию на международных форумах . В 2009 году было решено, что « Большая двадцатка» , первоначально являвшаяся форумом министров финансов и управляющих центральными банками, заменит « Большую восьмерку» в качестве главного экономического совета.
События кризиса доверия включали отзыв потребительских товаров, таких как корм для домашних животных , игрушки , зубную пасту , губную помаду , а также запрет на некоторые виды морепродуктов . Также включены отчеты о плохой безопасности при столкновении китайских автомобилей, которые должны выйти на американский и европейский рынки в 2008 году. Это создало неблагоприятные последствия для уверенности в безопасности и качестве промышленных товаров материкового Китая в мировой экономике.
Десятилетие ознаменовалось двумя финансовыми и экономическими кризисами. В 2001 году лопнул пузырь доткомов , вызвав потрясения на финансовых рынках и спад экономической активности в развитых странах, в частности в США. [ 149 ] Однако влияние кризиса на активность было ограничено благодаря вмешательству центральных банков, в частности Федеральной резервной системы США. Действительно, Алан Гринспен , возглавлявший Федеральную резервную систему до 2006 года, несколько раз снижал процентные ставки, чтобы избежать серьезной рецессии. [ 150 ] позволяя экономическое возрождение в США [ 151 ]
Великобритании В 2007 году министр финансов Гордон Браун произнес свою последнюю речь в особняке в качестве канцлера, прежде чем он перешел на номер 10. Обращаясь к финансистам: «Был создан новый мировой порядок», каждый должен был последовать «великому примеру» города. , «эру, которую история запишет как начало нового Золотого Века». [ 156 ]
Реакция правительств всех развитых и развивающихся стран на экономический спад во многом была вдохновлена кейнсианской экономикой . Конец десятилетия характеризовался кейнсианским возрождением . [ 157 ] в то время как влияние и популярность в СМИ левых экономистов [ 158 ] Джозеф Стиглиц и Пол Кругман (лауреаты Нобелевской премии 2001 и 2008 годов соответственно) не переставали расти в течение десятилетия. [ 159 ] Было организовано несколько международных саммитов, чтобы найти пути решения экономического кризиса и усилить контроль над финансовыми рынками. «Большая двадцатка» стала в 2008 и 2009 годах крупной организацией, поскольку лидеры стран-членов провели два крупных саммита в Вашингтоне в ноябре 2008 года и в Лондоне в апреле 2009 года для регулирования банковского и финансового секторов. [ 160 ] а также преуспеть в координации своих экономических действий и избежать протекционистских реакций.
С середины 1980-х годов по сентябрь 2003 года цена барреля сырой нефти с поправкой на инфляцию на NYMEX обычно составляла менее 25 долларов за баррель. В 2003 году цена поднялась выше 30 долларов, достигла 60 долларов к 11 августа 2005 года и достигла пика в 147,30 долларов в июле 2008 года. [ 161 ] Комментаторы объяснили этот рост цен многими факторами, в том числе отчетами Министерства энергетики США и других стран, показывающими сокращение запасов нефти, опасениями по поводу пика нефти , напряженностью на Ближнем Востоке и спекуляциями ценами на нефть. [ 162 ]
Какое-то время геополитические события и стихийные бедствия, косвенно связанные с мировым рынком нефти, оказывали сильное краткосрочное воздействие на цены на нефть. Эти события и катастрофы включали испытания ракет Северной Кореей , конфликт между Израилем и Ливаном в 2006 году, опасения по поводу иранских атомных электростанций в 2006 году и ураган Катрина . К 2008 году такое давление, казалось, оказало незначительное влияние на цены на нефть, учитывая начало глобальной рецессии. Рецессия привела к падению спроса на энергию в конце 2008 и начале 2009 года, а также к падению цен. Однако в мае 2009 года он резко увеличился, вернувшись к уровням ноября 2008 года. [ 163 ]
Многие быстрорастущие экономики во всем мире, особенно в Азии, также были основным фактором быстрого роста спроса на ископаемое топливо , что, наряду с меньшим количеством новых месторождений нефти, ростом затрат на добычу и политическими беспорядками, вызвало две другие тенденции: резкий рост цен на нефтепродукты и стремление правительств и бизнеса содействовать развитию экологически чистых технологий (неофициально известных как «зеленые» технологии). Однако побочным эффектом стремления некоторых промышленно развитых стран к «зеленому» использованию биотоплива стало сокращение поставок продуктов питания и последующий рост цен на них. Частично это стало причиной кризиса цен на продовольствие в 2007 году , который серьёзно затронул беднейшие страны мира, испытав ещё более острую нехватку продовольствия. [ 164 ]
Общая валюта для большинства стран-членов ЕС, евро , была создана в электронном виде в 1999 году, официально связывая все валюты каждой участвующей страны друг с другом. Новая валюта была введена в обращение в 2002 году, а старые валюты были постепенно выведены из обращения. Только три страны из тогдашних 15 государств-членов решили не вступать в еврозону (Великобритания, Дания и Швеция). В 2004 году ЕС предпринял масштабное расширение на восток, приняв в него 10 новых государств-членов (восемь из которых были бывшими коммунистическими государствами). Еще две страны, Болгария и Румыния , присоединились в 2007 году, образовав союз 27 стран.
С тех пор евро стал второй по величине резервной валютой и второй наиболее торгуемой валютой в мире после доллара США. [ 165 ]
По состоянию на октябрь 2009 г. [update]Евро, находившийся в обращении более чем на 790 миллиардов евро, был валютой с самой высокой совокупной стоимостью банкнот и монет в обращении в мире, превзойдя доллар США. [ примечание 1 ]
2005 – Обладая геномными данными и полевыми наблюдениями за организмами, от микробов до млекопитающих, биологи добились огромных успехов в понимании механизмов эволюции живых существ .
2007 – РНК , долгое время отодвигавшаяся на второй план своим более гламурным братом, ДНК, сама по себе обладает звездными качествами. Наука приветствует эти потрясающие открытия, которые побуждают биологов пересмотреть свое видение клетки и ее эволюции.
2008 г. – Встраивая гены, которые поворачивают часы развития клетки вспять , исследователи получают представление о болезнях и биологии того, как клетка решает свою судьбу.
2001 – Ученые собрали молекулы в базовые схемы , вселяя надежду на новый мир наноэлектроники . Если исследователи смогут подключить эти схемы к сложной архитектуре компьютерных чипов, это новое поколение молекулярной электроники, несомненно, предоставит вычислительную мощность для осуществления научных прорывов на десятилетия.
Художественная концепция НАСА марсохода на Марсе На этих изображениях показана вода в очень молодом лунном кратере на той стороне Луны, которая обращена от Земли.
2004 г. - Миссия Mars Exploration Rover (MER) успешно достигла поверхности Марса в 2004 г. и отправила на Землю подробные данные и изображения ландшафта. «Оппортьюнити» обнаружил доказательства того, что часть Марса когда-то была покрыта водой. Ожидалось, что оба марсохода прослужат всего 90 дней, однако оба полностью превзошли ожидания и продолжали исследования до конца десятилетия и далее.
2004 — «Кассини-Гюйгенс» становится первым космическим зондом, вышедшим на орбиту Сатурна , а «Гюйгенс» приземлился на луну Титан в 2005 году.
2006 - В результате открытия Эриды , объекта пояса Койпера , большего, чем Плутон , Плутон понижен в звании до « карликовой планеты » после того, как считался планетой в течение 76 лет, что изменило определение Солнечной системы, включив в нее восемь планет и три карликовые планеты.
Автомобильные навигационные системы становятся все более популярными, позволяя направлять транспортные средства в любой пункт назначения в режиме реального времени, а также обнаруживать движение транспорта и предлагать альтернативные маршруты с использованием устройств GPS-навигации .
Рынок гибридных автомобилей , который стал несколько популярен к середине десятилетия, претерпел значительные изменения, особенно характерными для таких автомобилей, как Toyota Prius , Ford Escape и Honda Insight , хотя к декабрю 2010 года на их долю приходилось менее 0,5% мирового рынка. автомобили.
х годах продажи кроссоверов (CUV), разновидности внедорожников с цельным кузовом , В 2000 - увеличились. [ 175 ] К 2006 году этот сегмент стал широко известен в США, когда продажи кроссоверов «составили более 50% общего рынка внедорожников». [ 176 ]
GPS- устройства для автомобилей приобрели огромную популярность за десятилетие.
Популярность мобильных телефонов и текстовых сообщений резко возросла в 2000-х годах в западном мире.
Популярность мобильных телефонов и текстовых сообщений резко возросла в 2000-х годах в западном мире. Появление текстовых сообщений сделало возможными новые формы взаимодействия, которые были невозможны раньше, что привело к положительным последствиям, таким как возможность получать информацию на ходу. Тем не менее, это также привело к негативным социальным последствиям, таким как « киберзапугивание » и рост дорожно-транспортных происшествий, вызванных тем, что водители отвлекались, когда писали текстовые сообщения во время вождения .
Мобильный Интернет , впервые запущенный в Японии с i-mode в 1999 году, на протяжении десятилетия становился все более популярным среди людей в развитых странах благодаря улучшению возможностей сотовых телефонов и достижениям в области мобильных телекоммуникационных технологий, таких как 3G .
Электронная почта продолжала оставаться популярной на протяжении всего десятилетия. Она начала заменять « обычную почту , более нейтрально, как бумажная почта , обычная почта , наземная почта или просто обычная ) почта » (также известную в качестве основного способа отправки писем и других сообщений людям в далеких местах. доступен с 1971 года.
Сайты социальных сетей возникли как новый способ для людей оставаться на связи, где бы они ни находились, при условии, что у них есть подключение к Интернету . Самыми ранними сайтами социальных сетей были Friendster , Myspace , Facebook и Twitter в 2002, 2003, 2004 и 2006 годах соответственно. Myspace был самой популярной социальной сетью до июня 2009 года, когда Facebook обогнал Myspace по числу американских пользователей. [ 177 ]
Благодаря большому успеху широкополосного подключения к Интернету, VoIP начинает набирать популярность в качестве замены традиционным телефонным линиям.
В 2000-х годах Интернет стал опорой, усилив свое влияние на западное общество и одновременно становясь все более доступным в развивающихся странах. Доля населения мира, пользующегося Интернетом, выросла с 6,7% до 25,7%. [ 178 ]
Google становится самым посещаемым веб-сайтом в Интернете.
Огромный скачок в использовании широкополосного Интернета во всем мире – например, с 6% интернет-пользователей в США в июне 2000 года. [ 179 ] по прогнозам одного исследования, проведенного в середине десятилетия, к 2010 году составит 62%. [ 180 ] К февралю 2007 года более 80% пользователей Интернета в США были подключены через широкополосный доступ в Интернет, и широкополосный доступ в Интернет стал почти необходимым стандартом для качественного просмотра Интернета. [ 181 ]
Нормализация становилась все более важной, поскольку массивные стандартизированные корпуса и словари устной и письменной речи стали широко доступны непрофессионалам , точно так же, как документы из безбумажного офиса архивировались и извлекались с возрастающей эффективностью с использованием разметки на основе XML .
Одноранговая технология приобрела огромную популярность благодаря системам обмена файлами, позволяющим пользователям обмениваться любыми аудио, видео и файлами данных или чем-либо еще в цифровом формате, а также с приложениями, которые обмениваются данными в реальном времени, такими как телефонный трафик.
VPN (виртуальные частные сети) также стали доступны широкой публике, а шифрование данных оставалось серьезной проблемой для стабильности интернет-торговли.
Бум загрузки музыки и использования сжатия данных для быстрой передачи музыки через Интернет с соответствующим ростом количества портативных цифровых аудиоплееров. В результате индустрия развлечений на протяжении десятилетия боролась за поиск цифровых систем доставки музыки, фильмов и других медиа, которые позволили бы снизить уровень нарушений авторских прав и сохранить прибыль.
USB -накопитель заменяет дискету в качестве предпочтительной формы мобильного хранилища данных малой емкости.
С появлением Web 2.0 динамические технологии стали широко доступны, и к середине 2000-х годов PHP и MySQL стали (вместе с Apache и nginx ) основой многих сайтов, что сделало знания программирования ненужными для публикации в сети. Блоги, порталы и вики становятся обычными электронными методами распространения среди профессионалов, любителей и предприятий для управления знаниями, о чем свидетельствует успех онлайн-энциклопедии Arc.Ask3.Ru, которая была запущена 15 января 2001 года, быстро росла и стала крупнейшим и самым популярным справочным изданием общего назначения. в Интернете [ 184 ] [ 185 ] а также самая известная вики в мире и самая большая энциклопедия в мире.
Интернет-торговля стала стандартом для бронирования; торговля акциями; продвижение музыки, искусства, литературы и кино; шопинг; и другие мероприятия.
За это десятилетие некоторые веб-сайты и поисковые системы стали известны во всем мире как распространители товаров, услуг и информации. Среди наиболее популярных и успешных интернет-сайтов и поисковых систем 2000-х годов были Google , Yahoo! , Arc.Ask3.Ru, Amazon , eBay , MySpace, Facebook, Twitter и YouTube.
Все больше и больше предприятий начали предоставлять безбумажные услуги, клиенты получали доступ к счетам и банковским выпискам непосредственно через веб-интерфейс .
В 2007 году сеть быстрого питания McDonald's объявила о введении к концу года бесплатного высокоскоростного беспроводного доступа в Интернет в большинстве своих 1200 ресторанов, что сделает ее крупнейшим поставщиком подобных услуг в Великобритании. [ 186 ]
Google , YouTube , Ask.com и Wikipedia стали популярными веб-сайтами, став к концу десятилетия 2-м, 3-м, 7-м и 9-м по популярности веб-сайтами соответственно. Amazon обогнал eBay как самый посещаемый сайт электронной коммерции в 2008 году. Популярность AOL значительно снизилась за десятилетие: с самого популярного веб-сайта он перестал входить в десятку лучших. Excite и Lycos выпали из первой десятки, а MSN упал со второго на шестое место по популярности, хотя число ежемесячных посещений увеличилось в четыре раза (с 325 до 1,2 миллиарда посещений в месяц). Yahoo! сохранял относительно стабильную популярность, оставаясь самым популярным веб-сайтом на протяжении большей части десятилетия. [ 187 ]
GPS (система глобального позиционирования) стала очень популярной, особенно для отслеживания предметов или людей, а также для использования в автомобилях (см. Автомобильные навигационные системы ). Появились и стали популярными игры, в которых использовалась эта система, например геокешинг .
Зеленые лазерные указки [ 189 ] появились на рынке примерно в 2000 году и являются наиболее распространенным типом лазеров DPSS (также называемых DPSSFD, что означает «твердотельный лазер с диодной накачкой и удвоенной частотой»).
В конце 2004 и начале 2005 года произошло значительное увеличение числа зарегистрированных инцидентов, связанных с лазерными указками – см. Лазеры и авиационная безопасность . Волна инцидентов могла быть частично вызвана «подражателями», которые читали в прессе сообщения об инцидентах с лазерными указками. В одном случае Дэвиду Банаху из Нью-Джерси было предъявлено обвинение в соответствии с федеральным антитеррористическим законом «Патриотический закон» после того, как он якобы направил лазерную указку на самолеты. [ 190 ]
Chip and PIN — это торговая марка, принятая в банковской сфере Великобритании и Ирландии для внедрения платежной системы смарт-карт EMV для кредитных, дебетовых и банкоматных карт.
Чип и ПИН-код были опробованы в Нортгемптоне , Англия , с мая 2003 года, и в результате были распространены по всей Великобритании в 2004 году с рекламой в прессе и на национальном телевидении, рекламирующей лозунг «Безопасность в цифрах».
В 2009 году Tesco (британский многонациональный розничный торговец бакалейными товарами) открыла свой первый филиал в Великобритании, в котором обслуживающие роботы были единственным вариантом на кассе, в Кингсли, Нортгемптон . Ее американская сеть Fresh & Easy уже управляет несколькими подобными филиалами. . [ 191 ]
7 сентября 2009 г. наблюдательный орган ЕС предупреждает о «тревожном росте» мошенничества с банкоматами со стороны организованных преступных группировок по всей Европе, использующих сложную технологию скимминга, а также о резком росте числа нападений на банкоматы .
Преступность, связанная с банкоматами, в Европе подскочила до 485 миллионов евро (423 миллиона фунтов стерлингов) в 2008 году после увеличения количества атак на банкоматы на 149%. Банды прибегают к беспроводной технологии Bluetooth для передачи данных карты и личного идентификационного номера (ПИН-кода) на находящиеся рядом ноутбуки и используют все более сложные методы для скимминга карт.
Портативные ноутбуки стали популярны в конце 2000-х годов.
, растет число и более традиционных атак типа «разбей и захват» По данным Enisa, Европейского агентства сетевой и информационной безопасности . Он сообщает о росте на 32% количества физических ограблений банкоматов, начиная от таранов и заканчивая использованием дисковых пил, паяльных ламп и алмазных сверл. Он винит в росте преступные группировки из Восточной Европы. [ 192 ]
Цифровые аудиоплееры, особенно iPod , приобрели огромную популярность за это десятилетие.
DSL - модем 2000-х годов. В течение десятилетия широкополосное подключение к Интернету приобрело огромную популярность во всем мире и постепенно вытеснило подключение к Интернету по телефонным линиям.
В течение десятилетия формат Blu-ray стал доминирующим преемником формата . DVD
The MacBook Air also saw popularity in the late 2000s
Production of the Boeing 757, Boeing's largest single-aisle airliner, ended with no replacement.[196]
The Concorde, a turbojet-powered supersonic passenger airliner or supersonic transport (SST), was retired in 2003 due to a general downturn in the aviation industry after the type's only crash in 2000, the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001 and a decision by Airbus, the successor firm of Aerospatiale and BAC, to discontinue maintenance support.
High Speed 1, the first true high-speed line in the United Kingdom, opened in stages between 2003 and 2007, cutting travel times between Paris, Brussels and London considerably.[199]
Digital cameras become widely popular due to rapid decreases in size and cost while photo resolution steadily increases. As a result, the digital cameras largely supplanted the analog cameras and the integration into mobile phones increase greatly. Digital camera outsold film camera in 2003. Since 2007, digital cameras started being manufactured with the face recognition feature built in.[202]
DVR devices such as TiVo became popular, making it possible to record television broadcasts to a hard drive-based digital storage medium and allowing many additional features including the option to fast-forward through commercials or to use an automatic Commercial skipping feature. This feature created controversy, with major television networks and movie studios claiming it violates copyright and should be banned. With the commercial skipping feature, many television channels place advertisements on the bottom on the TV screen.[206]
VOD technology became widely available among cable users worldwide, enabling the users to select and watch video content from a large variety of available content stored on a central server, as well as gaining the possibility to freeze the image, as well as fast-forward and rewind the VOD content.
DVDs, and subsequently Blu-ray Discs, replace VCR technology as the common standard in homes and at video stores.[207]
Free Internet video portals like YouTube, Hulu, and Internet TV software solutions like Joost became new popular alternatives to TV broadcasts.[208]
"High-definition television" becomes very popular towards the second half of the decade, with the increase of HD television channels and the conversion from analog to digital signals.[209]
In 2000, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that Scientology is a religion for legal purposes.[214][215]
In 2001, lawsuits were filed in the United States and Ireland, alleging that some priests had sexually abused minors and that their superiors had conspired to conceal and otherwise abet their criminal misconduct.[216] In 2004, the John Jay report tabulated a total of 4,392 priests and deacons in the U.S. against whom allegations of sexual abuse had been made.
France created in 2006 the first French parliamentary commission on cult activities which led to a report registering a number of cults considered as dangerous. Supporters of such movements have criticized the report on the grounds of the respect of religious freedom. Proponents of the measure contend that only dangerous cults have been listed as such, and state secularism ensures religious freedom in France.
November 2009 – Minaret controversy in Switzerland: A referendum, a constitutional amendment banning the construction of new Mosque minarets was approved, sparking reactions from governments and political parties throughout of the world.
2009 – In Pope Benedict XVI's third encyclicalCaritas in Veritate, he warns that a purely technocrat mindset where decisions are made only on grounds of efficiency will not deliver true development. Technical decisions must not be divorced from ethics. Benedict discusses bioethics and states that practices such as abortion, eugenics and euthanasia are morally hazardous and that accepting them can lead to greater tolerance for various forms of moral degradation. He turns to another consequence of the technocratic mindset, the viewing of people's personalities in purely psychological terms at the exclusion of the spiritual, which he says can lead to people feeling empty and abandoned even in prosperous societies.
The decade saw further expansion of LGBTQ+ rights, with many European, Oceanic, and American countries recognizing civil unions and partnerships and a number of countries extending civil marriage to same-sex couples. The Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage in 2001. By the end of 2009, same-sex marriage was legal and performed in 10 countries worldwide, although only in some jurisdictions in Mexico and the United States.
Population continued to grow in most countries, in particular in developing countries, though overall the rate slowed. According to United Nations estimates, world population reached six billion in late 1999,[217] and continued to climb to 6.8 billion in late 2009.[218] In 2007 the population of the United States reached 300 million inhabitants, and Japan's population peaked at 127 million before going into decline.[219]
What is wrong with everyone nowadays? Why do they all seem to think they are qualified to do things far beyond their technical capabilities? This is to do with the learning culture in schools as a consequence of a child-centred system that admits no failure. People think they can all be pop stars, high court judges, brilliant TV personalities or infinitely more competent heads of state without ever putting in the necessary work or having natural ability. This is the result of social utopianism which believes humanity can be genetically and socially engineered to contradict the lessons of history ...[220]
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century.[221]
In 2001, 46.4% of people in sub-Saharan Africa were living in extreme poverty.[222] Nearly half of all Indian children are undernourished, however, even among the wealthiest fifth one third of children are malnourished.[223][224]
5 A Day is the name of a number of programs in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany, to encourage the consumption of at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day, following a recommendation by the World Health Organization that individuals consume at least 400 g of vegetables daily.[225]
The programme was introduced by the UK Department of Health in the winter of 2002–2003, and received some adverse media attention because of the high and rising costs of fresh fruit and vegetables. After ten years, research suggested that few people were meeting the target.[226]
The London congestion charge is a fee charged on most motor vehicles operating within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) in central London between 07:00 and 18:00 Monday to Friday. It is not charged at weekends, public holidays or between Christmas Day and New Year's Day (inclusive). The charge, which was introduced on February 17, 2003, remains one of the largest congestion charge zones in the world.
On December 3, 2003, New Zealand passed legislation to progressively implement a smoking ban in schools, school grounds, and workplaces by December 2004.[227] On March 29, 2004, Ireland implemented a nationwide ban on smoking in all workplaces. In Norway, similar legislation was put into force on June 1 the same year. Smoking was banned in all public places in the whole of the United Kingdom in 2007, when England became the final region to have the legislation come into effect (the age limit for buying tobacco was also raised from 16 to 18 on October 1, 2007). From 2004 to 2009, the UK's Merseyside police officers, conducted 1,389 section 60 stop and searches (without reasonable suspicion), rising to 23,138 within five years.[228]
In 2005 the cost of alcohol dependence and abuse was estimated to cost the US economy approximately 220 billion dollars per year, more than cancer and obesity.[229]
The number of antidepressants prescribed by the NHS in the United Kingdom almost doubled during one decade, authorities reported in 2010. In 2009, 39.1 million prescriptions for drugs to tackle depression were issued in England, compared with 20.1 million issued in 1999.[230]
In the United States a 2005 independent report stated that 11% of women and 5% of men in the non-institutionalized population (2002) take antidepressants. The use of antidepressants in the United States doubled over one decade, from 1996 to 2005.[231]
Antidepressant drugs were prescribed to 13 million in 1996 and to 27 million people by 2005. In 2008, more than 164 million prescriptions were written.[231]
In the UK, the number of weddings in 2006 was the lowest for 110 years.[232]
Jamie Oliver, is a British chef, restaurateur, media personality, known for his food-focused television shows and cookbooks. In 2006, Oliver began a formal campaign to ban unhealthy food in British schools and to get children eating nutritious food instead. Oliver's efforts to bring radical change to the school meals system, chronicled in the series Jamie's School Dinners, challenged the junk-food culture by showing schools they could serve healthy, cost-efficient meals that kids enjoyed eating.[233] Jamie's efforts brought the subject of school dinners to the political forefront and changed the types of food served in schools.[234]
In 2006, nearly 11 million Plastic surgery procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century.[235]
In November 2006, the Office of Communications (Ofcom) announced that it would ban television advertisements for junk food before, during and after television programming aimed at under-16s in the United Kingdom.[236] These regulations were originally outlined in a proposal earlier in the year. This move has been criticized on both ends of the scale; while the Food and Drink Federation labelled the ban "over the top", others have said the restrictions do not go far enough (particularly due to the fact that soap operas would be exempt from the ban).[237] On April 1, 2007, junk food advertisements were banned from programmes aimed at four to nine-year-olds.[238] Such advertisements broadcast during programmes "aimed at, or which would appeal to," ten to fifteen-year-olds will continue to be phased out over the coming months,[239] with a full ban coming into effect on January 1, 2009.[238]
November 10, 2006 – referring to the UK's annual poppy appeal, British journalist and presenter Jon Snow condemned the attitude of those who insist remembrance poppies are worn. He claimed: there is a rather unpleasant breed of poppy fascism out there.[240]
In October 2008 AFP reported on the further expansion of killings of albinos to the Ruyigi region of Burundi. Body parts of the victims are then smuggled to Tanzania, where they are used for witch doctor rituals and potions.[242] Albinos have become "a commercial good", commented Nicodeme Gahimbare in Ruyigi, who established a local safe haven in his fortified house.[242]
A 2009 study found a 30% increase in Chinese diabetes over 7 years.[243]
Climate change and global warming became household words in the 2000s. Predictions tools made significant progress during the decade, UN-sponsored organisations such as the IPCC gained influence, and studies such as the Stern report influenced public support for paying the political and economic costs of countering climate change.
The global temperature kept climbing during the decade. In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s might have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.[246][247] The NASA and the NOAA later echoed the WMO's findings.[248]
Scientific studies on climate helped establish a consensus.
Major natural disasters became more frequent and helped change public opinion. One of the deadliest heat waves in human history happened during the 2000s, mostly in Europe, with the 2003 European heat wave killing 37,451 people over the summer months.[249] In February 2009, a series of highly destructive bushfires started in Victoria, Australia, lasting into the next month. While the fires are believed to have been caused by arson, they were widely reported as having been fueled by an excessive heatwave that was due in part to climate change. It has also been alleged that climate change was a cause of increased storms intensity, notably in the case of Hurricane Katrina.
Climate change became a major issue for governments, populations and scientists. Debates on global warming and its causes made significant progress, as climate change denials were refuted by most scientific studies. Decisive reports such as the Stern Review and the 2007 IPCC Report almost established a climate change consensus.[250] NGOs' actions and the commitment of political personalities (such as former U.S. Vice President Al Gore) also urged to international reactions against climate change. Documentary films An Inconvenient Truth and Home may have had a decisive impact.[251]
Under the auspices of The UN Convention on Climate Change the Kyoto Protocol (aimed at combating global warming) entered into force on February 16, 2005. As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol.[252] In addition The UN Convention on Climate Change helped coordinate the efforts of the international community to fight potentially disastrous effects of human activity on the planet and launched negotiations to set an ambitious program of carbon emission reduction that began in 2007 with the Bali Road Map. However, the representatives of the then 192 member countries of the United Nations gathered in December 2009 for the Copenhagen Conference failed to reach a binding agreement to reduce carbon emissions because of divisions between regional areas.
The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003 requires local authorities in England to provide every household with a separate collection of at least two types of recyclable materials by 2010.[253]
Commercialization and globalization resulted in mass migration of people from rural areas to urban areas resulting in high-profile skyscrapers in Asia and Europe. In Asia skyscrapers were constructed in India, China, Thailand, South Korea, and Japan.
The Millennium Bridge, London officially known as the London Millennium Footbridge, is a steel suspension bridge for pedestrians crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking Bankside with the city. Londoners nicknamed the bridge the "Wobbly Bridge" after participants in a charity walk on behalf of Save the Children to open the bridge felt an unexpected, and, for some, uncomfortable, swaying motion on the first two days after the bridge opened. The bridge was closed later that day, and after two days of limited access the bridge was closed for almost two years while modifications were made to eliminate the wobble entirely. It was reopened in 2002.
30 St Mary Axe (informally also known as "the Gherkin" and previously the Swiss Re Building) is a skyscraper in London's financial district, the City of London, completed in December 2003 and opened at the end of May 2004. The building has become an iconic symbol of London and is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of modern architecture.
Wembley Stadium is a football stadium located in Wembley Park, in the Borough of Brent, London, England. It opened in 2007 and was built on the site of the previous 1923 Wembley Stadium. The earlier Wembley stadium, originally called the Empire Stadium, was often referred to as "The Twin Towers" and was one of the world's most famous football stadia until its demolition in 2003.
A major redevelopment of London's Trafalgar Square led by WS Atkins with Foster and Partners as sub-consultants was completed in 2003. The work involved closing the main eastbound road along the north side, diverting the traffic around the other three sides of the square, demolishing the central section of the northern retaining wall and inserting a wide set of steps leading up to a pedestrianised terrace in front of the National Gallery. The construction includes two lifts for disabled access, public toilets, and a small café. Previously, access between the square and the Gallery was by two crossings at the northeast and northwest corners of the square.[254]
Taipei 101 became the tallest building in the world ever built after it officially opened on December 31, 2004, a record it held until the opening of the Burj Khalifa (Formerly known as Burj Dubai) in January 2010, standing at 828 m (2,717 ft).
Lucian Freud was a German-born British painter. Known chiefly for his thickly impastoed portrait and figure paintings, he was widely considered the pre-eminent British artist of his time.[255]
During a period from May 2000 to December 2001, Freud painted Queen Elizabeth II. There was criticism of this portrayal of the Queen in some sections of the British media. The highest selling tabloid newspaper, The Sun, was particularly condemnatory, describing the portrait as "a travesty".[256]
The Hockney–Falco thesis is a controversial theory of art history, advanced by artist David Hockney and physicist Charles M. Falco, suggesting that advances in realism and accuracy in the history of Western art since the Renaissance were primarily the result of optical aids such as the camera obscura, camera lucida, and curved mirrors, rather than solely due to the development of artistic technique and skill. In a 2001 book, Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters, Hockney analyzed the work of the Old Masters and argued that the level of accuracy represented in their work is impossible to create by "eyeballing it". Since then, Hockney and Falco have produced a number of publications on positive evidence of the use of optical aids, and the historical plausibility of such methods.
Rolf Harris is an Australian entertainer. He is a musician, a singer-songwriter, a composer, a painter, and a television personality.
In 2005 he painted an official portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, which was the subject of a special episode of Rolf on Art.
Harris's portrait of The Queen was voted by readers of the Radio Times the third favourite portrait of her. The royal portrait was exhibited at Buckingham Palace, the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, and was exhibited on a tour of public galleries in the UK.
In April–June 2003, the English visual artists often known as The Chapman Brothers, held a solo show at Modern Art Oxford entitled The Rape of Creativity in which "the enfants terribles of Britart, bought a mint collection of Goya's most celebrated prints – and set about systematically defacing them".[257] The Francisco Goya prints referred to his Disasters of War set of 80 etchings.[257] The duo named their newly defaced works Insult to Injury.[257]BBC described more of the exhibition's art: "Drawings of mutant Ronald McDonalds, a bronze sculpture of a painting showing a sad-faced Hitler in clown make-up and a major installation featuring a knackered old caravan and fake dog turds."[258]The Daily Telegraph commented that the Chapman brothers had "managed to raise the hackles of art historians by violating something much more sacred to the art world than the human body – another work of art"[259]
As a protest against this piece, Aaron Barschak (who later gate-crashed Prince William's 21st birthday party dressed as Osama bin Laden in a frock) threw a pot of red paint over Jake Chapman during a talk he was giving in May 2003.
On May 5, 2004, a 1905 painting titled Garçon à la Pipe (English: Boy with a Pipe) by Pablo Picasso was sold for US$104,168,000 at Sotheby'sauction in New York City. At the time, it broke the record for the amount paid for an auctioned painting (when inflation is ignored). The amount, US$104 million, includes the auction price of US$93 million plus the auction house's commission of about US$11 million. Many art critics have stated that the painting's high sale price has much more to do with the artist's name than with the merit or historical importance of the painting. The Washington Post's article[260][261] on the sale contained the following characterisation of the reaction:
Picasso expert Pepe Karmel, reached in New York the morning after the sale, was waxing wroth about the whole affair. "I'm stunned," he said, "that a pleasant, minor painting could command a price appropriate to a real masterwork by Picasso. This just shows how much the marketplace is divorced from the true values of art."
In 2004, during Channel 5 (UK)'s 'Big Art Challenge' television program, despite declaring: "I hold video and photography in profound contempt." English art critic Brian Sewell, noted for artistic conservatism and having been described as "Britain's most famous and controversial art critic",[263] went on to at least 3 times hail video artist (and ultimately the competition's winner) Chris Boyd (aged 21) a "genius".[264][265]
In June 2007, the English artist, entrepreneur and art collector Damien Hirst gained the European record for the most expensive work of art by a living artist, when his Lullaby Spring, (a 3-metre-wide steel cabinet with 6,136 pills) sold for 19.2 million dollars.
In September 2008, Damien Hirst took an unprecedented move for a living artist by selling a complete show, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby's by auction and by-passing his long-standing galleries. The auction exceeded all predictions, raising £111 million ($198 million), breaking the record for a one-artist auction.
December 9, 2009 – when the most expensive drawing by an Old Master ever, was sold in an auction. Titled 'Head of a Muse' by Raphael; costing £29,200,000 ($47,788,400), at Christie's, London, UK.[266]
The phenomenally successful Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling is concluded in July 2007 (having been first published in 1997), although the film franchise continues until 2011; several spin-off productions are announced in the early 2010s. The Harry Potter series is to date the best-selling book series in world history, with only seven main volumes (and three supplemental works) published and four hundred and fifty million[269] copies sold. The film franchise is also currently the third highest-grossing film franchise in history, with eight films (all but the final two of which were released in the 2000s) and $8,539,253,704 in sales.
Stage 24 at Warner Bros. studio, named after the television show Friends. The final episode of Friends aired in 2004 with over 52 million viewers in the United States, and the character of Joey remained on television in his own spin-off until 2006.
Flip phones and keyboard phones were commonplace throughout the 2000s, like BlackBerry and Motorola phones. By the very late 2000s and mostly 2010s, iPhones and other multi-touch smartphones had replaced flip-phones and keyboard phones.
Over 250 million Nokia 1100s were sold since its launch in late 2003 up through 2009, making it the world's best-selling mobile phone and the best-selling consumer electronics device in the world at the time. Home telephones such as Landlines and Cordless telephones were also used in the 2000s.
Wings haircuts and cardigan sweaters were popular during the mid-to-late part of the 2000s (and into the early 2010s), modeled here by singer Justin Bieber in 2009.
Low-rise jeans and crop-tops were popular and worn by women in the 2000s, as shown here by pop star Britney Spears in 2003.
9/11 damaged popular culture in the early 2000s. It caused greater sensitivity in media imagery. Following its use in radio and TV broadcasts after the event, Enya's Only Time became a commercial hit; and pictured above is a Ms. magazine cover showcasing "9/11 widows".
Mockumentaries grew in the 2000s, with mockumentary films such as Borat in 2006, and the popular documentaries Super Size Me and Fahrenheit 9/11 in 2004.
After the Y2K bug scare that caused concern between 1999 and 2000, Y2K culture appeared in the early 2000s. This period was defined by then new technology such as the 2001 iPod Classic, Digital cameras, and fashion such as shiny metallic clothing.
December 2009's Avatar, an American science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron, made extensive use of cutting edge motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D, Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats). It was also released in "4D" in select South Korean theaters.[270]
3D films became more and more successful throughout the 2000s, culminating in the unprecedented success of 3D presentations of Avatar.
In August 2004, American horror author Stephen King, in a column, criticized what he saw as a growing trend of leniency towards films from critics. His main criticism was that films, citing Spider-Man 2 as an example, were constantly given four star ratings that they did not deserve: "Formerly reliable critics who seem to have gone remarkably soft – not to say softhearted and sometimes softheaded – in their old age."[273]
In July 2005, it was reported that the Scottish actor and producer Sir Sean Connery had decided to retire, due to disillusionment with the "idiots now in Hollywood"' Telling The New Zealand Herald: "I'm fed up with the idiots... the ever-widening gap between people who know how to make movies and the people who greenlight the movies."[274]
The Passion of the Christ, a 2004 American film directed by Mel Gibson and starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus Christ, was highly controversial[276] and received mixed reviews; however, it was a major commercial hit, grossing in excess of $600 million worldwide during its theatrical release.[277]
The superhero film genre experienced renewed and intense interest throughout the 2000s. With high ticket and DVD sales, several new superhero films were released every year. DC Comics and Marvel Comics feature full-length superhero films including Superman, Batman, Spider-Man and X-Men, were particularly prominent. Some media commentators attributed the increased popularity of such franchises to the social and political climate in Western society since the September 11th attacks,[278] although others argued advances in special effects technology played a more significant role.[279]
Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters performing in 2005. Foo Fighters are widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant rock bands of the 2000s.[325] The decade saw Foo Fighters win the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album a record-breaking three times; in 2001, 2004, and 2008.
In the 2000s, the Internet allowed consumers unprecedented access to music. The Internet also allowed more artists to distribute music relatively inexpensively and independently without the previously necessary financial support of a record label. Music sales began to decline following the year 2000, a state of affairs generally attributed to unlicensed uploading and downloading of sound files to the Internet, a practice which became more widely prevalent during this time. Business relationships called 360 deals—an arrangement in which a company provides support for an artist, and, in exchange, the artist pays the company a percentage of revenue earned not only from sales of recorded music, but also live performances and publishing—became a popular response by record labels to the loss of music sales attributed to online copyright infringement.[326][327]
Eminem (left) and Beyoncé were two of the best-selling musical artists and most-culturally significant figures of the decade, pictured here in 2003 and 2007 respectively.
For Latin music Shakira dominated the charts with Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 being the 2nd best-selling Spanish album of all-time and the best-selling Spanish album of the 2000s being 11× platinum to date.
Billboard magazine named Eminem as the "artist of the decade" with the best performance on the Billboard charts[337][note 2] and Beyoncé as the "female artist of the decade", with Nickelback as the "band of the decade".[339][340] In the UK, the biggest selling artist of the decade was Robbie Williams and the biggest selling band of the decade was Westlife.
In 2002, Robbie Williams signed a record-breaking £80 million contract with EMI.[344] So far it is the biggest music deal in British history.
The 2000s gave rise to a new trend in music production with the growing use of auto-tune. The effect was first popularized in the early 2000s by Eiffel 65 with their 1998 hit song "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", which came to global prominence in 2000. It was also used in certain tracks off critically acclaimed 2001 albums from Daft Punk (with Discovery) and Radiohead (with Amnesiac).[327] By 2008, auto-tune was part of the music mainstream with artists such as Lil Wayne, T-Pain and Kanye West utilizing it in their hit albums Tha Carter III, Three Ringz and 808s & Heartbreak respectively. Towards the end of the decade, electronic dance music began to dominate western charts (as it would proceed to in the following decade), and in turn helped contribute to a diminishing amount of rock music in the mainstream.[345][346]Hip hop music also saw a decline in the mainstream in the late 2000s because of electronic music's rising popularity.[347]
According to The Guardian, music styles during the 2000s changed very little from how they were in the latter half of the 1990s.[348] The 2000s had a profound impact on the condition of music distribution. Recent advents in digital technology have fundamentally altered industry and marketing practices as well as players in unusual rapidity.[349][350][351] According to Nielsen Soundscan, by 2009 CDs accounted for 79 percent of album sales, with 20 percent coming from digital, representing both a 10 percent drop and gain for both formats in 2 years.[352]
The general socio-political fallout of Iraq War also extended to popular music. In July 2002, the release of English musician George Michael's song "Shoot the Dog" proved to be controversial. It was critical of George W. Bush and Tony Blair in the lead up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The video showed a cartoon version of Michael astride a nuclear missile in the Middle East and Tony and Cherie Blair in bed with President Bush. The Dixie Chicks are an American country music band. During a London concert ten days before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, lead vocalist Maines said, "we don't want this war, this violence, and we're ashamed that the President of the United States [George W. Bush] is from Texas".[355] The positive reaction to this statement from the British audience contrasted with the boycotts that ensued in the U.S., where "the band was assaulted by talk-show conservatives",[356] while their albums were discarded in public protest.[356] The original music video for the title song from American pop singer Madonna's American Life album was banned as music television stations thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq. She also made her widely considered "comeback" album with her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor which topped the charts worldwide in a record 40 countries. As of 2016 the album has sold more than 11 million copies worldwide. Madonna also made history by completing her Sticky & Sweet Tour which became the highest-grossing tour by a female artist and the tenth highest-grossing tour by an artist during 2008–2009.[357]
Live 8 was a string of benefit concerts that took place on July 2, 2005, in the G8 states and in South Africa. They were timed to precede the G8 conference and summit held at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland from July 6 to 8, 2005; they also coincided with the 20th anniversary of Live Aid. Run in support of the aims of the UK's Make Poverty History campaign and the Global Call for Action Against Poverty, ten simultaneous concerts were held on July 2 and one on July 6. On July 7, the G8 leaders pledged to double 2004 levels of aid to poor nations from US$25 billion to US$50 billion by the year 2010. Half of the money was to go to Africa. More than 1,000 musicians performed at the concerts, which were broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks.[358]
In November 2006, the Rolling Stones' 'A Bigger Bang' tour was declared the highest-grossing tour of all time, earning $437 million.
"...We want to thank everyone that participated in this incredible, organic, grass-roots campaign. It says more about the spontaneous action taken by young people throughout the UK to topple this very sterile pop monopoly."
During the late 2000s, a new wave of chiptune culture took place. This new culture has much more emphasis on live performances and record releases than the demoscene and tracker culture, of which the new artists are often only distantly aware.[359] Much of 2000s hip hop was characterized as the "bling era", following the success of B.G.'s 1999 single Bling Bling, referring to forms of opulence and the material commodities that were popular from the early-to-mid part of the decade in hip-hop culture.[360][361][362] However, by the end of the decade, an antecedent emotional rap subgenre gained prominence, with musical projects like Kanye West's fourth studio album 808s & Heartbreak (2008), Kid Cudi's debut album Man on the Moon: The End of Day (2009), and Drake's career catalyzing mixtape So Far Gone (2009) garnering significant popularity and ushering in a new era of hip hop.[363]
The original five members of the English new wave band Duran Duran reunited in the early 2000s.
On February 23, 2003, Simon and Garfunkel reunited to perform in public for the first time in a decade, singing "The Sound of Silence" as the opening act of the Grammy Awards.[364]
On May 9, 2006, British five-piece vocal pop Take That returned to the recorded music scene after more than ten years of absence, signing with Polydor Records. The band's comeback album, Beautiful World, entered the UK album chart at no. 1.[365]
On December 10, 2007, English rock band Led Zeppelin reunited for the one-off Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at The O2 Arena in London. According to Guinness World Records 2009, Led Zeppelin set the world record for the "Highest Demand for Tickets for One Music Concert" as 20 million requests for the reunion show were rendered online.[366]
Wisdom of the crowd – during the decade, the benefits of the "Wisdom of the crowd" are pushed into the spotlight by social information sites such as Wikipedia, Yahoo! Answers, Reddit and other web resources that rely on human opinion.[367]
In early 2001, Wikipedia was launched, which quickly became the largest and most popular online encyclopedia, and one of the most viewed sites on the web. In 2003, the first beta version of the Skype telephony software was launched. By the end of the decade, Skype will have over 600 million users. In 2004, the social network Facebook was launched. By the end of the decade, the site will be ranked 7th in its popularity on the web, and will have over 350 million active users worldwide. Co-founder Mark Zuckerberg pictured above in the site's infancy. YouTube was launched in 2005 and it quickly became the main site for video sharing,
MySpace was one of the most popular social media sites in the 2000s but declined after the popularity of Facebook in 2008. Facebook launched in 2004. In 2008, Facebook surpassed MySpace as the most used social network. Facebook was mostly used by college students. Twitter was founded in 2006, and by 2009, moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site. WhatsApp, founded in 2009, rose to success and was eventually purchased by Facebook in the next decade.
Paris Hilton was a fashion icon of the 2000s.Mountain Dew bottles and cans from the 2000s decade, c. 2007
Fashion trends of the decade drew much inspiration from 1960s, 1970s and 1980s styles. Hair styles included the bleached and spiked hair for boys and men and long and straight hair for girls and women continued, as well as many other hairstyles from the mid-late 1990s. Kelly Clarkson made chunky highlights fashionable in 2002 on American Idol and lasted until about 2007.[368] Both women and men highlighted their hair until the late 2000s.[369]
The decade started with the futuristic Y2K fashion which was built on hype surrounding the new millennium. This dark, slinky style remained popular until 9/11 occurred and casual fashions had made a comeback once again.[370]Low rise pants were the go-to for women in the early to mid 2000s. Baggy cargo pants were extremely popular among both sexes[371] throughout the early and mid 2000s until about late 2007. Bell-bottoms were the dominant pant style for women until about 2006 when fitted pants began rising in popularity.[372] The late 1990s-style baggy pants remained popular throughout the early 2000s, but by 2003 boot-cut pants and jeans became the standard among men[373] until about 2008.
The 2000s saw a revival of 1980s fashion trends such as velour tracksuits in the early 2000s (an early 1980s fashion), and tapered pants in the later years (a late 1980s fashion). Skinny jeans became a staple clothing for young women and men. By 2009 with the Jerkin' movement playing a large part in the popularization of skinny jeans. Mass brands Gap and Levi launched their own lines for skinny jeans.[374][375]
Throughout the early and mid 2000s, adults and children wore Skechers shoes.[376] The company used many celebrities to their advantage, including Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Carrie Underwood, and Ashlee Simpson.[376] By the late 2000s, flatter and more compact shoes came into style as chunky sneakers were no longer the mode.
Emo fashion became popular amongst teenagers for most of the 2000s, associated with the success of bands tied to the subculture (many of whom started at the beginning of the 2000s and rose to fame during the middle part of the decade, such as Brand New, The Used, Hawthorne Heights, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy, Paramore, Panic! at the Disco and more). The style is commonly identified with wearing black/dark coloured skinny jeans, T-shirts bearing the name of emo music groups and long side-swept bangs, often covering one or both eyes.[382] The Scene subculture that emerged in the mid-late 2000s drew much inspiration from Emo style.[383]
In cosmetic applications, a Botox injection, consisting of a small dose of Botulinum toxin, can be used to prevent development of wrinkles by paralyzing facial muscles.[385] As of 2007, it is the most common cosmetic operation, with 4.6 million procedures in the United States, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
Caps with crop tops and low-rise pants were popular as women's wear throughout the early and mid 2000s
"It was, we were soon told, 'the day that changed everything', the 21st century's defining moment, the watershed by which we would forever divide world history: before, and after, 9/11." ~ The Guardian[386]
I do think that he and the newspapers he's run have introduced an uglier side, an abusive side, into journalism and life in general in this country.
He says this Murdochisation of national discourse, which was at its height in the UK with The Sun in the 1980s, has now migrated to the US. "Murdoch encouraged an ugly tone, which he has now imported into the US and which we see every day on Fox News, with all its concomitant effects on American public life – that fierce hostility between right and left that never used to be there, not to anything remotely like the same extent."[387]
October 2001, Canadian author and social activist known for her political analyses Naomi Klein's book titled Fences and Windows:
On September 11, [2001] watching TV replays of the buildings exploding over and over again in New York and Washington, I couldn't help thinking about all the times media coverage has protected us from similar horrors elsewhere. During the Gulf War, for instance, we didn't see real buildings exploding or people fleeing, we saw a sterile Space Invader battlefield, a bomb's-eye view of concrete targets – there and then none. Who was in those abstract polygons? We never found out.[388]
So, Talking Points urges the Pentagon to stop the P.R. dance and impose strict rules of conduct for the Iraqi people to follow. Law-abiding Iraqis want that. It's only the gangsters and the fanatics who don't. Shoot looters to kill, and aim well. And that's The Memo.[390]
A poll released in 2004, by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, found that 21 percent of people aged 18 to 29 cited The Daily Show (an American late night satirical television program airing each Monday through Thursday) and Saturday Night Live (an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show) as a place where they regularly learned presidential campaign news. By contrast, 23 percent of the young people mentioned ABC, CBS or NBC's nightly news broadcasts as a source. When the same question was asked in 2000, Pew found only 9 percent of young people pointing to the comedy shows, and 39 percent to the network news shows. One newspaper, Newsday, has The Daily Show's host Jon Stewart, listed atop a list of the 20 media players who will most influence the upcoming presidential campaign. Random conversations with nine people, aged 19 to 26, waiting to see a taping of The Daily Show, revealed two who admitted they learned much about the news from the program. None said they regularly watched the network evening news shows.[391]
The Guardian, is a British national daily newspaper. In August 2004, for the US presidential election, The Guardian's daily "G2" supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, an average-sized county in a swing state. G2 editor Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against US President George W. Bush. The paper scrapped "Operation Clark County" on October 21, 2004, after first publishing a column of complaints from Bush supporters about the campaign under the headline "Dear Limey assholes".[392] The public backlash against the campaign likely contributed to Bush's victory in Clark County.[393]
March 2005 – Twenty MPs signed a British House of Commons motion condemning the BBCNewsnight presenter Jeremy Paxman for saying that "a sort of Scottish Raj" was running the UK. Mr Paxman likened the dominance of Scots at Westminster to past British rule in India.[394]
August 1, 2007 – News Corp. and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement. The US$5 billion sale added the largest newspaper in the United States, by circulation The Wall Street Journal to Rupert Murdoch's news empire.
August 30, 2008 – three years before the 2011 England riots, The Socialist Worker wrote: "Those who have responded to the tragedy of knife crime by calling for police crackdowns ought to take note. The criminalisation of a generation of black youth will undoubtedly lead to explosions of anger in the future, just as it did a generation ago with the riots that swept Britain's inner cities."[395]
I was going to have a few comments on the other Democratic presidential candidate, John Edwards, but it turns out that you have to go into rehab if you use the word 'faggot,' so I'm... so, kind of at an impasse, can't really talk about Edwards, so I think I'll just conclude here and take your questions.
In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[398]
The decade saw the steady decline of sales of print media such as books, magazines, and newspapers, as the main conveyors of information and advertisements, in favor of the Internet and other digital forms of information.[399][400][401]
News blogs grew in readership and popularity; cable news and other online media outlets became competitive in attracting advertising revenues and capable journalists and writers are joining online organizations. Books became available online, and electronic devices such as Amazon Kindle threatened the popularity of printed books.[402][403]
According to the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), the decade showed a continuous increase in reading, although circulation of newspapers has declined.[404]
The 2000s saw a decrease in the popularity of radio as more listeners starting using MP3 players in their cars to customize driving music. Satellite radio receivers started selling at a much higher rate, which allowed listeners to pay a subscription fee for thousands of ad-free stations. Clear Channel Communications was the largest provider of radio entertainment in the United States with over 900 stations nationwide. Many radio stations began streaming their content over the Internet, allowing a market expansion far beyond the reaches of a radio transmitter.
During the 2000s, FM radio faced its toughest competition ever for in-car entertainment. iPod, satellite radio, and HD radio were all new options for commuters. CD players had a steady decline in popularity throughout the 2000s but stayed prevalent in most vehicles, while cassette tapes became virtually obsolete.
August 27, 2001 – Hot 97 shock jock Star (real name Troi Torain) was suspended indefinitely for mocking R&B singer Aaliyah's death on the air. by playing a tape of a woman screaming while a crash is heard in the background. Close to 32,000 people signed a "No More Star" online petition.[405]
In a 2008 edition of his (American) radio show, John Gibson commented on Australian actor Heath Ledger's death the day before. He opened the segment with funeral music and played a clip of Jake Gyllenhaal's famous line "I wish I knew how to quit you" from Ledger's film Brokeback Mountain; he then said "Well, I guess he found out how to quit you." Among other remarks, Gibson called Ledger a "weirdo" with "a serious drug problem".[406] The next day, he addressed outcry over his remarks by saying that they were in the context of jokes he had been making for months about Brokeback Mountain, and that "There's no point in passing up a good joke."[407] Gibson later apologized on his television and radio shows.[408][409]
The decade has since seen a steady decline in the number of sitcoms and an increase in reality shows, crime and medical dramas, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015), it's spinoffs CSI: Miami (2002–2012) and CSI: NY (2004–2013), NCIS (2003–present), Without a Trace (2002–2009), House M.D. (2004–2012), and Grey's Anatomy (2005–present), paranormal/crime shows like Medium (2005–2011) and Ghost Whisperer (2005–2010), and action/drama shows, including 24 (2001–2010) and Lost (2004–2009). Comedy-dramas became more serious, dealing with such hot button issues, such as drugs, teenage pregnancy, and gay rights. Popular comedy-drama programs include Desperate Housewives (2004–2012), Ugly Betty (2006–2010), and Glee (2009–2015).
The decade also saw the return of prime time soap operas, a genre that had been popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, including Dawson's Creek (1998–2003), The O.C. (2003–2007) and One Tree Hill (2003–2012). Desperate Housewives (2004–2012) was perhaps the most popular television series of this genre since Dallas and Dynasty in the 1980s. The medical soap opera Grey's Anatomy was another prime time serial that found immense success, helped by its original time slot following Desperate Housewives during its first two seasons, ER started in 1994 and ended its run on NBC in 2009, after 15 years, with its ratings sharply declining after Grey's Anatomy's premiere in 2005.
Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy:
Super Bowl XXXVIII, which was broadcast live on February 1, 2004, from Houston, Texas, on the CBS television network in the United States, was noted for a controversial halftime show in which singer Janet Jackson's breast, adorned with a nipple shield, was exposed by singer Justin Timberlake for about half a second, in what was later referred to as a "wardrobe malfunction". The incident, sometimes referred to as Nipplegate, was widely discussed. Along with the rest of the halftime show, it led to an immediate crackdown and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting.[416]
The X Factor in the UK has been subject to much controversy and criticism since its launch in September 2004.[417]The Jeremy Kyle Show, which launched a year later on the same network, ITV, was met with similar controversy. Both shows were cancelled in 2019, The X Factor due to low ratings, and in the case of The Jeremy Kyle Show due to the suicide of a recent participant on the programme.[418]
January 2005 – Jerry Springer: The Opera was the subject of controversy, when its UK television broadcast on BBC Two elicited 55,000 complaints. It was, at the time, the most complained about television event in the country ever, a record that is now held by ITV's Good Morning Britain.[419]
In May 2005, UK viewers inundated the Advertising Standards Authority with complaints regarding the continuous airing of the latest Crazy Frog advertisements. The intensity of the advertising was unprecedented in British television history. According to The Guardian, Jamster bought 73,716 spots across all TV channels in May alone — an average of nearly 2,378 slots daily — at a cost of about £8 million, just under half of which was spent on ITV. 87% of the population saw the Crazy Frog adverts an average of 26 times, 15% of the adverts appeared twice during the same advertising break and 66% were in consecutive ad breaks. An estimated 10% of the population saw the advert more than 60 times. This led to many members of the population finding the crazy frog, as its original name suggests, immensely irritating.[420][421]
Blue Peter (the world's longest-running children's television programme) rigged a phone-in competition supporting the UNICEF "Shoe Biz Appeal" on November 27, 2006. The person who appeared to be calling in the competition was actually a Blue Peter Team Player who was visiting that day. The visitor pretended to be a caller from an outside line who had won the phone-in and the chance to select a prize. The competition was rigged due to a technical error with receiving the calls.[422] In July 2007, Blue Peter was given a £50,000 fine, by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) as a result of rigging the competition.[423]
I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! is a reality television game show series, originally created in the United Kingdom, and licensed globally to other countries.
In its 2009 series, celebrity chef Gino D'Acampo killed, cooked and ate a rat. The Australian RSPCA investigated the incident and sought to prosecute D'Acampo and actor Stuart Manning for animal cruelty after this episode of the show was aired. ITV was fined £1,600 and the two celebrities involved were not prosecuted for animal cruelty despite being charged with the offense by the New South Wales Police.
The PBS series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood aired its final episode on August 31, 2001. Two years later, its host and creator, Fred Rogers, died from stomach cancer.
Law & Order was a police procedural drama that premiered on NBC on September 13, 1990, and ran for 20 seasons. The show aired its series finale ("Rubber Room") on May 24, 2010, but later returned on February 24, 2022.
Tomorrow's World was a long-running BBC television series, showcasing new developments in the world of science and technology. First aired on July 7, 1965, on BBC1, it ran for 38 years until it was cancelled in early 2003.
That '70s Show was an American television period sitcom based on the 1970s decade. The 1970s retro style permeated the 2000s decade. The show ended on May 18, 2006.
Brookside is a British soap opera set in Liverpool, England, particularly well known for showcasing many topics that were considered taboo in English culture at the time, such as being the first television programme in the UK to show a lesbian kiss before the 9pm watershed. The series began on the launch night of Channel 4 on November 2, 1982, and ran for 21 years until November 4, 2003.
In January 2004, the BBC cancelled the Kilroy show (which had run for 18 years), after an article entitled 'We owe Arabs nothing' written by its host Robert Kilroy-Silk was published in the Sunday Express tabloid newspaper.
Friends is an American sitcom which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004. Friends received positive reviews throughout its run, and its series finale ("The Last One") ranked as the fifth most watched overall television series finale as well as the most watched single television episode of the 2000s on U.S. television.
The X-Files was a science fiction television series which aired for nine seasons on Fox that premiered on September 10, 1993. The show aired its series finale ("The Truth") on May 19, 2002.
Frasier, a spin-off TV series of Cheers (that ended in 1993), is an American sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for eleven seasons from September 16, 1993, to May 13, 2004, (only a week after the broadcast of the final episode of Friends). It was one of the most successful spin-off and popular series in television history, as well as one of the most critically acclaimed comedy series.
On June 20, 2006, after 42 years, British music chart show Top of the Pops was formally cancelled and it was announced that the last edition would be broadcast on July 30, 2006.
Grandstand is a British television sport program. Broadcast between 1958 and 2007, it was one of the BBC's longest running sports shows.
After 30 years, British television drama series Grange Hill (originally made by the BBC) was cancelled and the last episode was shown on September 15, 2008.
ER is a medical drama that premiered on NBC on September 19, 1994, and ran for 15 seasons. The show aired its series finale ("And in the End...") on April 2, 2009.
The Flower Pot Men is a British children's programme, produced by BBC television, first transmitted in 1952, and repeated regularly for more than twenty years, which was produced in a new version in 2000.
Absolutely Fabulous, also known as Ab Fab, is a British sitcom.
The show has had an extended and sporadic run. The first three series were broadcast on the BBC from 1992 to 1995, followed by a series finale in the form of a two-part television film entitled The Last Shout in 1996. Its creator Jennifer Saunders revived the show for a fourth series in 2001.
Gadget and the Gadgetinis is a spinoff of the classic series Inspector Gadget (1983–1986), developed by DiC in cooperation with Haim Saban's SIP Animation and produced from 2001 to 2003. There are 52 episodes.
Basil Brush from 1962 to 1984, The Basil Brush Show from 2002 to 2007.
Basil Brush is a fictional anthropomorphic red fox, best known for his appearances on daytime British children's television. He is primarily portrayed by a glove puppet.
Shooting Stars is a British television comedy panel game broadcast on BBC Two as a pilot in 1993, then as 3 full series from 1995 to 1997, then on BBC Choice from January to December 2002 with 2 series before returning to BBC Two for another 3 series from 2008 until its cancellation in 2011.
Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The show is a significant part of British popular culture.
The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film, the programme was relaunched in 2005.
Family Fortunes is a British game show, based on the American game show Family Feud. The programme ran on ITV from January 6, 1980, to December 6, 2002, before being revived by the same channel in 2006 under the title of All Star Family Fortunes. Revived episodes are currently being shown on ITV on Sunday evenings and have been presented by Vernon Kay since 2006.
Gladiators is a British television entertainment series, produced by LWT for ITV, and broadcast between October 10, 1992, and January 1, 2000. It is an adaptation of the American format American Gladiators. The success of the British series spawned further adaptations in Australia and Sweden. The series was revived in 2008, before again being cancelled in 2009.
Rab C. Nesbitt is a British sitcom which began in 1988.
The first series began on September 27, 1990, and continued for seven more, ending on June 18, 1999, and returning with a one-off special on December 23, 2008.[424]
Red Dwarf is a British comedyfranchise which primarily comprises ten series (including a ninth mini-series named Back To Earth) of a television science fictionsitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1993 and from 1997 to 1999 and on Dave in 2009.
The world of video games reached the 6th generation of video game consoles including the PlayStation 2, the Xbox, and the GameCube, which started technically in 1998 with the release of Sega's Dreamcast, although some consider the true start in 2000 with the release of Sony's PlayStation 2. The 6th gen remained popular throughout the decade, but decreased somewhat in popularity after its 7th gen successors released technically starting in November 2005 with the release of Microsoft's Xbox 360, however, most people agree that 2006 is a 6th gen year since most games being released still released on 6th gen including the Xbox even though the 360 was already released, and the PlayStation 3 and the Wii didn't release until late 2006 which most people consider to be the true start of the 7th gen. It reached 7th Generation in the form of consoles like the Wii, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 by the mid-2000s. The number-one-selling game console of the decade, the PlayStation 2, was released in 2000 and remained popular up to the end of the decade, even after the PlayStation 3 was released. The PlayStation 2 was discontinued in January 2013. The Nintendo DS launched in Japan in 2004 and by 2005 was available globally. All Nintendo DS models combined have sold over 154.02 million units, thus making it the best selling handheld of all time and the second best selling video game console of all time behind the PlayStation 2.[425][426]
Neo Geo is a family of video game hardware developed by SNK. The brand originated in 1990 with the release of an arcade system, the Neo Geo MVS and its home console counterpart, the Neo Geo AES. The Neo Geo brand was officially discontinued in 2004.
Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,[427] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.[428] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,[429] replacing the venue of head-to-head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.[430]
In the late 2000s, motion controlled video games grew in popularity, from the PlayStation 2's EyeToy to Nintendo's successful Wii console. During the decade 3D video games become the staple of the video-game industry, with 2D games nearly fading from the market. Partially 3D and fully 2D games were still common in the industry early in the decade, but these have now become rare as developers look almost exclusively for fully 3D games to satisfy the increasing demand for them in the market. An exception to this trend is the indie gaming community, which often produces games featuring 'old-school' or retro gaming elements, such as Minecraft and Shadow Complex. These games, which are not developed by the industry giants, are often available in the form of downloadable content from services such as Microsoft's Xbox Live or Apple's App Store and usually cost much less than more major releases.
The Grand Theft Auto series sparked a fad of Mature-rated video games based on including gang warfare, drug use, and perceived "senseless violence" into gameplay. Though violent video games date back to the early 1990s, they became much more common after 2000. Despite the controversy, the 2004 game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas became the best selling PlayStation 2 game of all time, with 17.33 million copies sold for that console alone, from a total of 21.5 million in all formats by 2009;[431] as of 2011, 27.5 million copies of San Andreas were sold worldwide.[432]
The Call of Duty series was extremely popular during the 2000s, the diverse shooter franchise released multiple games throughout the 2000s that were positively critically reviewed and commercially successful.
Gears of War was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful third-person shooter franchise that released two games during the mid-late 2000s. Gears of War 1 was released in 2006 and was the first installment to the franchise, it was universally critically acclaimed and went on to sell over 5 million copies. The second installment to the franchise Gears of War 2 was released in 2008 and received widespread critical acclaim and also went on to sell over 5 million copies.
Manhunt 2, a controversial stealth-based psychological horrorvideo game published by Rockstar Games, was suspended by Take-Two Interactive (Rockstar's parent company) when it was refused classification in the United Kingdom, Italy and Ireland, and given an Adults Only (AO) rating in the United States. As neither Sony, Microsoft or Nintendo allow AO titles on their systems, it made Rockstar bring the game down to a Mature (M) game and release in October 2007.
The sixth generation sparked a rise in first person shooter games led by Halo: Combat Evolved, which changed the formula of the first person shooter. Halo 2 started online console gaming and was on top of the Xbox Live charts until its successor, Halo 3 (for Xbox 360), took over. Some other popular first-person shooters during the 2000s include the Medal of Honor series, with Medal of Honor: Frontline's release in 2002 bringing the first game in the series to 6th generation consoles.
Dance Dance Revolution was released in Japan and later the United States, where it became immensely popular among teenagers. Other dance games like Just Dance was released in 2009 and went on to be the most popular game from Nintendo all over the world. Another music game, Guitar Hero, was released in North America in late 2005 and had a huge cultural impact on both the music and video games industries. It became a worldwide billion-dollar franchise within three years, spawning several sequels and leading to the creation of a competing franchise, Rock Band.
Gaming industry
Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.[435] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.[436] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.[437]
Japanese media giant Nintendo released 9 out of the 10 top selling games of the 2000s, further establishing the company's dominance over the market.[438]
The decade saw the rise of digital media as opposed to the use of print, and the steady decline of printed books in countries where e-readers had become available.
The deaths of John Updike, Hunter S. Thompson, and other authors marked the end of various major writing careers influential during the late 20th century.
Manga (also known as Japanese comics) became popular among the international audience, mostly in English-speaking countries. Such popular manga works include Lucky Star, Fullmetal Alchemist and Naruto.
On July 19, 2001, English author and former politician, Jeffrey Archer, was found guilty of perjury and perverting the course of justice at a 1987 libel trial. He was sentenced to four years' imprisonment.
Peter Pan in Scarlet is a novel by Geraldine McCaughrean. It is an official sequel to Scottish author and dramatist J. M. Barrie's Peter and Wendy, authorised by Great Ormond Street Hospital, to whom Barrie granted all rights to the character and original writings in 1929. McCaughrean was selected following a competition launched in 2004, in which novelists were invited to submit a sample chapter and plot outline.[444]
J. K. Rowling was the best-selling author in the decade overall thanks to the Harry Potter book series,[445] although she did not pen the best-selling book (at least in the UK), being second to The Da Vinci Code,[445] which had 5.2 million in the UK by 2009[445] and 80 million worldwide by 2012.[446]
The Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics, followed the centennial anniversary of the modern era Olympic Games, held in Atlanta in 1996. The Athens 2004 Summer Olympics, were a strong symbol, for modern Olympic Games were inspired by the competitions organized in Ancient Greece. Finally, the Beijing Games saw the emergence of China as a major sports power, with the highest number of titles for the first time. The 2002 Salt Lake City and the 2006 Turin Winter Olympic Games were also major events, though slightly less popular.
Association football's important events included two World Cups, one organized in South Korea and Japan, which saw Brazil win a record fifth title, and the other in Germany, which saw Italy win its fourth title. The regional competitions, the Copa América and UEFA European Championship, saw five nations rising the cup: Colombia (2001) and Brazil (2004, 2007) won the Copa América, while France (2000), Greece (2004) and Spain (2008) won the European Championship.
Rugby increased in size and audience, as the Rugby World Cup became the third most watched sporting event in the world with the 2007 Rugby World Cup organized in France.
Bloodgate is the nickname for a rugby union scandal involving the English team Harlequins in their Heineken Cup match against the Irish side Leinster on April 12, 2009. It was so called because of the use of fake blood capsules, and has been seen by some as one of the biggest scandals in rugby since professionalization in the mid-1990s, indeed even as an argument against the professional ethos. The name is a pun on Watergate.
One of the most prominent events of the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing was the achievement of Michael Phelps the American swimmer, frequently cited as the greatest swimmer and one of the greatest Olympians of all time.[447][448][449] He has won 14 career Olympic gold medals, the most by any Olympian. As of August 2, 2009, Phelps has broken thirty-seven world records in swimming. Phelps holds the record for the most gold medals won in a single Olympics, his eight at the 2008 Beijing Games surpassed American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven-gold performance at Munich in 1972.
Usain Bolt of Jamaica dominated the male sprinting events at the Beijing Olympics, in which he broke three world records, allowing him to be the first man to ever accomplish this at a single Olympic game. He holds the world record for the 100 metres (despite slowing down before the finish line to celebrate), the 200 metres and, along with his teammates, the 4 × 100 metres relay.
In 2003, Michael Jordan retired from the NBA after 2 season with the Washington Wizards, the official NBA website reading in 2006: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time."[450]
Michael Schumacher, the most titled F1 driver, won five F1 World Championships during the decade and finally retired in 2006, yet eventually confirming his come-back to F1 for 2010. Lance Armstrong won all the Tour de France between 1999 and 2005, also an all-time record, but was later stripped of all his titles when evidence emerged of his use of performance-enhancing drugs. Swiss tennis player Roger Federer won 16 Grand Slam titles to become the most titled player.
In May 2004, Arsenal became the only top-tier team to go through an entire league season (2003/4) unbeaten when they won the English Premier League and became 'The Invincibles'. This feat had also been achieved in the 19th century, when the league was in its infancy and there were far fewer matches in a season, but not in the modern era. Arsenal's unbeaten run extended to 49 matches in total, and into the subsequent season.
In September 2004, Chelsea footballer Adrian Mutu failed a drugs test for cocaine and was released on October 29, 2004. He also received a seven-month ban and a £20,000 fine from The Football Association.
The 2006 Italian football scandal, also known as "Calciopoli", involved Italy's top professional football leagues, Serie A and Serie B. The scandal was uncovered in May 2006 by Italian police, implicating league champions Juventus, and other major teams including A.C. Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio and Reggina when a number of telephone interceptions showed a thick network of relations between team managers and referee organisations. Juventus were the champions of Serie A at the time. The teams have been accused of rigging games by selecting favourable referees.
The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final in Berlin, Zinedine Zidane widely considered by experts and fans as one of the greatest football players of all time, was sent off in the 110th minute of the game, which was to be the last match of his career. After headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest, Zidane did not participate in the penalty shootout, which Italy won 5–3. It was later discovered through interviews that Materazzi had insulted Zidane's mother and sister that last moment which is what led to Zidane's heightened anger and reaction.
January 11, 2007 – When English footballer David Beckham joined the Major League Soccer's Los Angeles Galaxy, he was given the highest player salary in the league's history; with his playing contract with the Galaxy over the next three years being worth US$6.5 million per year.[452][453][454][455]
October 2007 – US world champion track and field athlete Marion Jones admitted that she took performance-enhancing drugs as far back as the 2000 Summer Olympics, and that she had lied about it to a grand jury investigating performance-enhancer creations.
November 29, 2007 – Portsmouth football manager Harry Redknapp angrily denied any wrongdoing after being arrested by police investigating alleged corruption in football: "If you are telling me this is how you treat anyone, it is not the society I grew up in."[456]
British Formula One racing driver Lewis Hamilton, was disqualified from the 2009 Australian Grand Prix for providing "misleading evidence" during the stewards' hearing. He later privately apologised to FIA race director Charlie Whiting for having lied to the stewards.
"It's a lot of money, it's crazy really. If you want to be in the race, you have to pay the price, it seems sometimes a little bit vulgar."[461]
Controversies in sports
A number of concerns and controversies over the 2008 Summer Olympics surfaced before, during, and after the 2008 Summer Olympics, and which received major media coverage. Leading up to the Olympics, there were concerns about human rights in China, such that many high-profile individuals, such as politicians and celebrities, announced intentions to boycott the games to protest China's role in the Darfur conflict, and Myanmar, its stance towards Tibet, or other aspects of its human rights record. In a 2008 Time article entitled "Why Nobody's Boycotting Beijing", Vivienne Walt wrote:
'Leaders in power are more mindful of China's colossal clout in an increasingly shaky world economy, and therefore of the importance of keeping good relations with its government.'[462]
Ron Atkinson, is an English former football player and manager. In recent years he has become one of Britain's best-known football pundits.
Ron Atkinson's media work came to an abrupt halt on April 21, 2004, when he was urged to resign from ITV by Brian Barwick after he broadcast a racial remark live on air about the blackChelsea player Marcel Desailly; believing the microphone to be switched off, he said, "...he [Desailly] is what is known in some schools as a lazy nigger".[463]
The sport of fox hunting is controversial, particularly in the UK, where it was banned in Scotland in 2002, and in England and Wales in November 2004 (law enforced from February 2005), though shooting foxes as vermin remained legal around the world.
^Pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are typically classified in their own category whilst natural disasters include earthquakes, storms, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc.
^As of October 30, 2009[update]:
Total EUR currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 771.5 (banknotes) + 21.032 (coins) =792.53 billion EUR *1.48 (exchange rate) = 1,080 billion USD
Total USD currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 859 billion USD
"Money Stock Measures". Federal Reserve Statistical Release. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2009. Table 5: Not Seasonally Adjusted Components of M1 (Billions of dollars), not seasonally adjusted, October 2009: Currency: 859.3 (billion USD)
^Haarstad, Håvard; Fløysand, Arnt (March 2007). "Globalization and the power of rescaled narratives: A case of opposition to mining in Tambogrande, Peru". Political Geography. 26 (3): 289–308. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.10.014. ISSN0962-6298.
^Tremlett, Giles (March 28, 2011). "At-a-glance guide to Spain". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
^Angus Maddison, 2003, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Vol. 2, OECD, ParisArchived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback MachineISBN92-64-10412-7.
"Statistical Appendix"Archived January 30, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (2008, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes. Figures for 1820 onwards are annual, wherever possible. For earlier years, benchmark figures are shown for 1 AD, 1000 AD, 1500, 1600 and 1700." "OECD countries GDP revised and updated 1991–2003 from National Accounts for OECD Countries, vol. I, 2006. Norway 1820–1990 GDP from Ola Grytten (2004), "The Gross Domestic Product for Norway, 1830-2003" in Eitrheim, Klovland and Qvigstad (eds), Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway, 1819–2003, Norges Bank, Oslo. Latin American GDP 2000–2003 revised and updated from ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook 2004 and preliminary version of the 2005 Yearbook supplied by Andre Hofman. For Chile, GDP 1820–2003 from Rolf Lűders (1998), "The Comparative Economic Performance of Chile 1810-1995", Estudios de Economia, vol. 25, no. 2, with revised population estimates from Diaz, J., R. Lűders, and G. Wagner (2005) Chili 1810–2000: la Republica en Cifras, mimeo, Instituto de Economia, Universidad Católica de Chile. For Peru, GDP 1896–1990 and population 1896–1949 from Bruno Seminario and Arlette Beltran, Crecimiento Economico en el Peru 1896–1995, Universidad del Pacifico, 1998. " "For Asia there are amendments to the GDP estimates for South and North Korea, 1911–74, to correct an error in Maddison (2003). Estimates for the Philippines, 1902–1940 were amended in line with Richard Hooley (2005), 'American Economic Policy in the Philippines, 1902–1940', Journal of Asian Economics, 16. 1820 estimates were amended for Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand." "Asian countries GDP revised and updated 1998–2003 from AsianOutlook, April 2005. Population estimates for all countries except China and Indonesia revised and updated 1950–2008 and 2030 from International Data Base, International Programs Center, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, April 2005 version. China's population 1990–2003 from China Statistical Yearbook 2005, China Statistics Press, Beijing. Indonesian population 1950–2003 kindly supplied by Pierre van der Eng. The figures now include three countries previously omitted: Cook Islands, Nauru and Tuvalu."
^Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Beusen, Arthur; Janssen, Peter (June 2010). "Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way: HYDE 3.1". The Holocene. 20 (4): 565–573. Bibcode:2010Holoc..20..565K. doi:10.1177/0959683609356587. S2CID128905931.
^"Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States". United Nations. September 12, 2001. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2006. The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday's "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.
^"Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11". CBC News. October 29, 2004. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2009. al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States.
^"Questions and Answers". Israel's Security Fence. The State of Israel. February 22, 2004. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2007. The Security Fence is being built with the sole purpose of saving the lives of the Israeli citizens who continue to be targeted by the terrorist campaign that began in 2000. The fact that over 800 men, women and children have been killed in horrific suicide bombings and other terror attacks clearly justifies the attempt to place a physical barrier in the path of terrorists.... terrorism has been defined throughout the international community as a crime against humanity. As such, the State of Israel not only has the right but also the obligation to do everything in its power to lessen the impact and scope of terrorism on the citizens of Israel.
^Nissenbaum, Dion (January 10, 2007). "Death toll of Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians hit a low in 2006". Washington Bureau. McClatchy Newspapers. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved April 16, 2007. Fewer Israeli civilians died in Palestinian attacks in 2006 than in any year since the Palestinian uprising began in 2000. Palestinian militants killed 23 Israelis and foreign visitors in 2006, down from a high of 289 in 2002 during the height of the uprising. Most significant, successful suicide bombings in Israel nearly came to a halt. Last year, only two Palestinian suicide bombers managed to sneak into Israel for attacks that killed 11 people and wounded 30 others. Israel has gone nearly nine months without a suicide bombing inside its borders, the longest period without such an attack since 2000[...] An Israeli military spokeswoman said one major factor in that success had been Israel's controversial separation barrier, a still-growing 250-mile (400 km) network of concrete walls, high-tech fencing and other obstacles that cuts through parts of the West Bank. 'The security fence was put up to stop terror, and that's what it's doing,' said Capt. Noa Meir, a spokeswoman for the Israel Defense Forces. [...] Opponents of the wall grudgingly acknowledge that it has been effective in stopping bombers, though they complain that its route should have followed the border between Israel and the Palestinian territories known as the Green Line. [...] IDF spokeswoman Meir said Israeli military operations that disrupted militants planning attacks from the West Bank also deserved credit for the drop in Israeli fatalities.
^Nkrumah, Gamal (December 6, 2006). "Old dogs, new tricks". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
^Sullivan, Mark P., ed. (December 18, 2008). "Mexico – U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress"(PDF). CRS Report for Congress: Mexico and the 112th Congress. Congressional Research Service. pp. 2, 13, 14. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
^The attorney general's office says that 9 of 10 victims are members of organized-crime groups. Miller Llana, Sara (August 16, 2009). "Briefing: How Mexico is waging war on drug cartels". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
^Ed Douglas. "Inside Nepal's Revolution..... (just to check..!!!)". National Geographic Magazine, p. 54, November 2005. Douglas lists the following figures: "Nepalis killed by Maoists from 1996 to 2005: 4,500. Nepalis killed by government in same period: 8,200."
^ Jump up to: abDavis, Kenneth C. (2003). Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 623. ISBN978-0-06-008381-6.
^Blair, Tony (November 23, 2000). "House of Commons Debate". In House of Commons Library; Pond, Chris (eds.). Golden Jubilee 2002(PDF). Westminster: Queen's Printer (published January 13, 2003). p. 5. SN/PC/1435. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
^ Инвестирование (19 декабря 2008 г.). «Перспективы золота» . «Дейли телеграф» . Лондон. Архивировано из оригинала 26 марта 2014 года . Проверено 19 февраля 2014 г.
^ «Крах европейской банковской системы, включая национализацию трех банков», Credit Writedown , Эд Харрисон, 29 сентября 2008 г. Проверено 11 января 2011 г., Creditwritedowns.com. Архивировано 7 марта 2012 г., на Wayback Machine.
^ «Акции Anglo Irish Bank приостановлены после национализации», The New York Times, 16 января 2009 г. Получено 11 января 2011 г., NYtimes.com. Архивировано 2 апреля 2015 г. на Wayback Machine.
^ «Удары LCROSS НАСА подтверждают наличие воды в лунном кратере» (пресс-релиз). НАСА. 13 ноября 2009 года. Архивировано из оригинала 15 ноября 2009 года . Проверено 21 ноября 2009 г. Предварительные данные со спутника наблюдения и зондирования лунного кратера НАСА (LCROSS) указывают на то, что миссия успешно обнаружила воду в постоянно затененном лунном кратере.
^ Бетея, Нил; Уильямс, Джейкоб и Ю, Ивен (июнь 2003 г.). «Широкополосные услуги в США» (PDF) . Университет штата Огайо. п. 9. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 4 сентября 2006 года . Проверено 30 ноября 2011 г. Рост числа пользователей широкополосной связи: июнь 2000 г.: всего: 4 367 434.
^ Вудсон, Алекс (8 июля 2007 г.). «Arc.Ask3.Ru остается основным сайтом онлайн-новостей» . Рейтер . Архивировано из оригинала 21 ноября 2007 года . Проверено 16 декабря 2007 г. По данным Nielsen//NetRatings, онлайн-энциклопедия Wikipedia за последний год привлекла около 20 миллионов уникальных посетителей в месяц, что сделало ее ведущим онлайн-ресурсом новостей и информации.
^ Моншипури, Махмуд. «Война с террором и мусульманами на Западе». У мусульман на Западе после 11 сентября: Религия, политика и право , с. 46 стр.
^ Ачкар, Гилберт. Арабы и Холокост: Арабо-израильская война повествований , с. 283
^ Зин, Жасмин. Канадские исламские школы: разгадка политики веры, пола, знаний и идентичности , с. 153
^ Коуэн, Дуглас Э .; Бромли, Дэвид Г. (2006). «Церковь Саентологии». В Галлахере, Юджин В.; Эшкрафт, В. Майкл (ред.). Введение в новые и альтернативные религии в Америке . Том. 5. Вестпорт, Коннектикут: Greenwood Press. стр. 169–196. ISBN 978-0-275-98712-1 .
^ Хэнли, Чарльз Дж. (8 декабря 2009 г.). «ООН: 2000–2009 гг., Вероятно, самое теплое десятилетие за всю историю наблюдений» . Ассошиэйтед Пресс . Архивировано из оригинала 24 мая 2024 года . Проверено 20 декабря 2009 г. Это десятилетие может стать самым теплым с момента начала наблюдений в 1850 году, а 2009 год может войти в пятерку самых теплых лет, сообщило метеорологическое агентство ООН во вторник во второй день ключевой конференции по климату, в которой приняли участие 192 страны.
^ Хогрефе, Джеффри (14 декабря 1997 г.). «Биологический Люсьен Фрейд убит на фоне тяжелого дыхания» . Нью-Йоркский обозреватель . Архивировано из оригинала 19 июля 2008 года . Проверено 22 июля 2011 г. См. также Риманелли, Дэвид (январь 2012 г.), «Дэмиен Херст» , Artforum : «После недавней смерти Люсьена Фрейда некоторые могут утверждать, что Херст теперь является величайшим из ныне живущих британских художников». Проверено 28 октября 2012 г. Также см. Кеннеди, Маев (21 декабря 2001 г.), «Дворец раскрывает подарок Фрейда королеве» , The Guardian , которая называет Фрейда «художником, которого считают величайшим из ныне живущих британских художников». Проверено 28 октября 2012 г. Дарвент, Чарльз (28 ноября 1999 г.), «Обзор 1990-х годов: визуальное искусство». Архивировано 25 сентября 2015 г., в Wayback Machine , The Independent , говорит: «Фрейд становится величайшим из ныне живущих британских художников после его Шоу Уайтчепела [1993 года]». Проверено 28 октября 2012 г.
↑ BBC о Гарри Поттере : «Романы о Гарри Поттере были проданы тиражом более 450 миллионов экземпляров через Bloomsbury в Великобритании и Scholastic в США». (23 июня 2011 г.) Архивировано 19 июля 2011 г. в Wayback Machine.
^ Баасе, Сара (2007). Дар огня: социальные, юридические и этические проблемы вычислительной техники и Интернета . 3-е издание. Прентис Холл. стр. 351–357. ISBN 0-13-600848-8 .
^ Хенли, Джон (9 сентября 2011 г.). «Было ли 11 сентября тем днем, который навсегда изменил мир?» . Лондон. Архивировано из оригинала 13 октября 2012 года . Проверено 25 февраля 2013 г. Вскоре нам сказали, что это был «день, который изменил все», определяющий момент XXI века, водораздел, благодаря которому мы навсегда
↑ San José Mercury News. Архивировано 13 января 2012 г. в Wayback Machine о «Коде да Винчи» : «Эта более ранняя книга была продана тиражом более 80 миллионов экземпляров по всему миру, была адаптирована в фильм и стала хитами из предыдущих романов Брауна, в том числе» Ангелы и Демоны», киноверсия которого сейчас идет в кинотеатрах. (5 июня 2009 г.)
^ Вертхайм, Джон (9 июля 2008 г.). «Без сомнения, это величайшее» . Теннисная почта . Спортивный иллюстрированный. Архивировано из оригинала 13 августа 2013 года . Проверено 14 февраля 2009 г.
Лондон, Герберт И. Трансформационное десятилетие: снимки десятилетия от 11 сентября до президентства Обамы (Lanham: University Press of America, 2012) 177 стр.
Arc.Ask3.Ru Номер скриншота №: 05f35b82c67976fc81f4ebadde714ed5__1723633020 URL1:https://arc.ask3.ru/arc/aa/05/d5/05f35b82c67976fc81f4ebadde714ed5.html Заголовок, (Title) документа по адресу, URL1: 2000s - Wikipedia
Данный printscreen веб страницы (снимок веб страницы, скриншот веб страницы), визуально-программная копия документа расположенного по адресу URL1 и сохраненная в файл, имеет: квалифицированную, усовершенствованную (подтверждены: метки времени, валидность сертификата), открепленную ЭЦП (приложена к данному файлу), что может быть использовано для подтверждения содержания и факта существования документа в этот момент времени. Права на данный скриншот принадлежат администрации Ask3.ru, использование в качестве доказательства только с письменного разрешения правообладателя скриншота. Администрация Ask3.ru не несет ответственности за информацию размещенную на данном скриншоте. Права на прочие зарегистрированные элементы любого права, изображенные на снимках принадлежат их владельцам. Качество перевода предоставляется как есть. Любые претензии, иски не могут быть предъявлены. Если вы не согласны с любым пунктом перечисленным выше, вы не можете использовать данный сайт и информация размещенную на нем (сайте/странице), немедленно покиньте данный сайт. В случае нарушения любого пункта перечисленного выше, штраф 55! (Пятьдесят пять факториал, Денежную единицу (имеющую самостоятельную стоимость) можете выбрать самостоятельно, выплаичвается товарами в течение 7 дней с момента нарушения.)
GPS- устройства для автомобилей приобрели огромную популярность за десятилетие.
Цифровые аудиоплееры, особенно iPod , приобрели огромную популярность за это десятилетие.
DSL - модем 2000-х годов. В течение десятилетия широкополосное подключение к Интернету приобрело огромную популярность во всем мире и постепенно вытеснило подключение к Интернету по телефонным линиям.
В течение десятилетия формат Blu-ray стал доминирующим преемником формата . DVD
The MacBook Air also saw popularity in the late 2000s
Digital cameras gained massive popularity during the decade
Flat panel displays begin to displace cathode-ray tubes
The sixth and seventh generation of video game consoles like PlayStation 2 (pictured), Xbox, and the GameCube were a hit in the 2000s. Sleeper hits like Katamari Damacy and Shadow of the Colossus was released on the PlayStation 2, and more popular games like Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 were released on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox.
Nintendo's Nintendo DS (pictured) and Game Boy Advance were the best-selling portable systems of the decade. Games released for the Nintendo DS in the 2000s included Super Mario 64 DS, Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!, Nintendogs, New Super Mario Bros., Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, and Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars.
The Sopranos and Curb Your Enthusiasm were popular on HBO and even crossed over. TV shows of varying genres such as Breaking Bad, The Office, Gilmore Girls, Sex and the City, The Wire, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Scrubs, Two and a Half Men, Grey's Anatomy, Six Feet Under, and Arrested Development were popular in the 2000s.
The iPod became a hit in the 2000s. iPods were digital music players that had click wheels and stored songs, the first iteration releasing in 2001.
Wii Sports was the best-selling game of the decade. The Wii was popular in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Games for the console released in the decade included Wii Sports Resort, Super Mario Galaxy, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, New Super Mario Bros. Wii, Mario Kart Wii, Wii Play, and Wii Fit
By the mid-2000s, DVDs and even Blu-ray discs had begun to eclipse the use of videotapes, which in some regards were still somewhat prevalent.
With the advancements and rise in computer technologies, computer-animated films like Shrek, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars, Ratatouille, Kung Fu Panda, and Bolt were produced by DreamWorks Animation, and Disney-Pixar took over the dying traditionally animated movie industry.
Flip phones and keyboard phones were commonplace throughout the 2000s, like BlackBerry and Motorola phones. By the very late 2000s and mostly 2010s, iPhones and other multi-touch smartphones had replaced flip-phones and keyboard phones.
Over 250 million Nokia 1100s were sold since its launch in late 2003 up through 2009, making it the world's best-selling mobile phone and the best-selling consumer electronics device in the world at the time. Home telephones such as Landlines and Cordless telephones were also used in the 2000s.
Comedian Dave Chappelle rose to fame during the mid-2000s with his satirical sketch show Chappelle's Show (2003–2006). Other popular comedy shows during the mid-2000s included The Bernie Mac Show and Everybody Hates Chris.
Wings haircuts and cardigan sweaters were popular during the mid-to-late part of the 2000s (and into the early 2010s), modeled here by singer Justin Bieber in 2009.
Low-rise jeans and crop-tops were popular and worn by women in the 2000s, as shown here by pop star Britney Spears in 2003.
Five Olympic Games were held in the 2000s, Sydney in 2000, Salt Lake City in 2002, Athens in 2004, Turin in 2006 and Beijing in 2008.
Warner Bros.' Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings were the highest-grossing fantasy film series during the decade, based on J. R. R. Tolkien and J. K. Rowling's novel series respectively. The final Harry Potter book released in 2007.
Mockumentaries grew in the 2000s, with mockumentary films such as Borat in 2006, and the popular documentaries Super Size Me and Fahrenheit 9/11 in 2004.
After the Y2K bug scare that caused concern between 1999 and 2000, Y2K culture appeared in the early 2000s. This period was defined by then new technology such as the 2001 iPod Classic, Digital cameras, and fashion such as shiny metallic clothing.
SpongeBob SquarePants and other cartoons like Family Guy, American Dad!, Futurama, King of the Hill, South Park, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Phineas and Ferb, Teen Titans, Invader Zim, Avatar: The Last Airbender, and The Fairly OddParents were popular in the 2000s.
George W. Bush was president of the United States for a majority of the 2000s (2001–2009), during the Post-Cold War era. Illinois Senator Barack Obama was elected president in 2008.
Caps with crop tops and low-rise pants were popular as women's wear throughout the early and mid 2000s
Typical 2000s emo hairstyle
Cardigans regained popularity in the later part of the decade, worn here by Kanye West in 2007
Bandanas, large hoop earrings and wireframe rectangle sunglasses were fashion trends in the early-2000s, as modeled here by R&B artist Aaliyah in 2000
Durags, snapbacks and polo shirts were popular in the 2000s as men's wear, shown here by rapper 50 Cent in 2006
Trucker hats became popular in the early-to-mid 2000s
Jared Leto wearing slim-fit formal wear, popular from 2008 onwards
Chunky sneakers of the early 2000s
