Гоминьдан

Эта статья о партии в Китайской Республике (Тайвань). О политической партии, действующей в настоящее время в Китайской Народной Республике, см. Революционный комитет китайского Гоминьдана .

«Гоминьдан» перенаправляется сюда. Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. KMT (значения) .

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Гоминьдан Китайский Гоминьдан Чжунго Гуоминьнг Чунгко Гоминьдан
Другое имя	Китайская националистическая партия
Аббревиатура	Гоминьдан
Chairman	Eric Chu
Secretary-General	Justin Huang
Founded	24 November 1894 (1894-11-24) Honolulu, Republic of Hawaii (original form) 10 October 1919 (1919-10-10) Shanghai French Concession (current form)
Preceded by	Revive China Society (1894) Tongmenghui (1905) Kuomintang (1912)
Headquarters	No. 232–234, Sec. 2, Bade Rd., Zhongshan District, Taipei City 104, Taiwan
Newspaper	Central Daily News
Think tank	National Policy Foundation
Youth wing	Kuomintang Youth League Three Principles of the People Youth League (1938–1947)
Education wing	Institute of Revolutionary Practice
Military wing	National Revolutionary Army (1925–1947)
Paramilitary wing	Blue Shirts Society (1932–1938)
Overseas wing	Overseas branches
Membership (2021)	370,711
Ideology	Conservatism (Taiwanese) Three Principles of the People
Political position	Centre-right to right-wing Historical: Big tent
National affiliation	Pan-Blue Coalition
Regional affiliation	Asia Pacific Democrat Union
International affiliation	Centrist Democrat International International Democracy Union
Colours	Blue
Anthem	"Three Principles of the People"
Legislative Yuan	52 / 113
Municipal mayors	4 / 6
Magistrates/mayors	10 / 16
Councillors	367 / 910
Township/city mayors	83 / 204
Party flag
Website
www.kmt.org.tw
Politics of the Republic of China Political parties Elections

Kuomintang
"Kuomintang (Guómíndǎng)" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	中國國民黨
Simplified Chinese	中国国民党
Literal meaning	Chinese Nationals' Party
showTranscriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng Bopomofo ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉㄤˇ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Jong'gwo Gwomindaang Wade–Giles Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3 Tongyong Pinyin Jhongguó Guó-mín-dǎng IPA [ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ kwǒ.mǐn.tàŋ] other Mandarin Xiao'erjing ﺟْﻮ ﻗُﻮَع ﻗُﻮَع مٍ دْا Dungan Җунгуй Гуймин Дон Wu Romanization tson平 koh入 koh入 min平 taon上 Hakka Romanization dung24 gued2 gued2 min11 dong31 Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Dṳ̆ng-guók Guók-mìng-dōng Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Jūnggwok Gwokmàhndóng Jyutping zung1 gwok3 gwok3 man4 dong2 IPA [tsʊŋ˥ kʷɔk̚˧ kʷɔk̚˧ mɐn˩ tɔŋ˧˥] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng
Abbreviation
Traditional Chinese	國民黨
Simplified Chinese	国民党
Literal meaning	Nationals' Party
showTranscriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guómíndǎng Bopomofo ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉㄤˇ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Gwomindaang Wade–Giles Kuo2-min2-tang3 Tongyong Pinyin Guó-mín-dǎng IPA [kwǒ.mǐn.tàŋ] Wu Romanization koh入min平taon上 Hakka Romanization gued2min11dong31 Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Guók-mìng-dōng Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gwokmàhndóng Jyutping gwok3 man4 dong2 IPA [kʷɔk̚˧ mɐn˩ tɔŋ˧˥] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kok-bîn-tóng
Tibetan name
Tibetan	ཀྲུང་གོའི་གོ་མིན་ཏང
showTranscriptions Wylie krung go'i go min tang
Zhuang name
Zhuang	Cunghgoz Gozminzdangj
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic	Дундадын (Хятадын) Гоминдан (Хувьсгалт Нам)
Mongolian script	ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ (ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ) ᠭᠣᠮᠢᠨᠳᠠᠩ (ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ)
showTranscriptions SASM/GNC Dumdadyn (Khyatadyn) Gomindan (khuvisgalt Nam)
Uyghur name
Uyghur	جۇڭگو گومىنداڭ‎
showTranscriptions Latin Yëziqi Junggo Gomindang Yengi Yeziⱪ Junggo Gomindang Siril Yëziqi Җуңго Гоминдaнг
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᠵᡠᠩᡬᠣ ᡳ ᡬᠣᠮᡳᠨᡩᠠᠩ
Romanization	Jungg'o-i G'omindang

Гоминьдан Гоминьдан ( ) , также известный как Гоминьдан ( ГМД ), Националистическая партия Китая ( NPC ) или Китайская националистическая партия ( КНП ), крупная политическая партия в Китайской Республике , первоначально базировавшаяся на материковой части Китая , а затем с 1949 года на Тайване Гоминьдан — правоцентристская . — партия, крупнейшая в Пан-синей коалиции . Ее основным соперником является Демократическая прогрессивная партия (ДПП) и ее союзники по Панзеленой коалиции . По состоянию на 2024 год Гоминьдан является крупнейшей партией Законодательного юаня . Нынешний председатель — Эрик Чу .

Партия возникла как Общество возрождения Китая , основанное Сунь Ятсеном в 1894 году в Гонолулу . Партия претерпела реорганизацию до и после Синьхайской революции 1911 года , которая привела к краху династии Цин и созданию Временного республиканского правительства с Сунь в качестве первого президента. В 1919 году Сунь восстановил партию под названием «Гоминьдан» в Шанхайской французской концессии . С 1926 по 1928 год Гоминьдан под командованием Чан Кайши успешно возглавил Северную экспедицию против региональных полевых командиров и объединил раздробленную нацию . Гоминьдан был единственной правящей партией в Китае в эпоху республиканцев с 1928 по 1949 год, когда большая часть материкового Китая находилась под ее контролем. Партия отступила на Тайвань в декабре 1949 года после поражения в гражданской войне в Китае .

From 1949 to 1987, the KMT ruled Taiwan as an authoritarian one-party state after the February 28 incident. During this period, martial law was in effect and civil liberties were curtailed as part of its anti-communism efforts, with the period known as the White Terror. The party oversaw Taiwan's economic development, but experienced diplomatic setbacks, including the ROC losing its United Nations seat and most countries, including its ally the US, switching diplomatic recognition to the CCP-led People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1970s. In the late 1980s, Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's son, lifted martial law and the ban on opposition parties. His successor Lee Teng-hui continued democratic reforms and was re-elected in 1996 through a direct presidential election, the first time in the ROC history. The 2000 presidential election ended 72 years of KMT's dominance in the ROC. The KMT reclaimed power from 2008 to 2016, with the landslide victory of Ma Ying-jeou in the 2008 presidential election, whose presidency significantly loosened restrictions on economic and cultural exchanges with the People's Republic of China. The KMT lost the presidency and its legislative majority in the 2016 election.

The KMT is a member of the International Democracy Union. The party's guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, advocated by Sun Yat-sen and historically organized on a basis of democratic centralism, a principle conceived by revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that entailed open discussion of policy on the condition of unity among party members in upholding agreed decisions. The KMT opposes de jure Taiwan independence, Chinese unification under the "one country, two systems" framework, and non-peaceful means to resolve the cross-strait disputes. Originally placing high priority on reclaiming the Chinese mainland through Project National Glory, the KMT now favors a closer relation with the PRC and seeks to maintain Taiwan's status quo under the Constitution of the Republic of China. The party accepts the 1992 Consensus, which defines both sides of the Taiwan Strait as "one China", but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations.

History

Main article: History of the Kuomintang

Founding and Sun Yat-sen era

The KMT reveres its founder, Sun Yat-sen, as the "Father of the Nation"

The KMT traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of Sun Yat-sen, a proponent of Chinese nationalism and democracy who founded the Revive China Society at the capital of the Republic of Hawaii, Honolulu, on 24 November 1894. On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with other anti-monarchist societies in Tokyo, Empire of Japan, to form the Tongmenghui, a group committed to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and to establish a republic in China.

The Revolutionary Army attacking Nanjing in 1911

The group supported the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of China on 1 January 1912. Although Sun and the Tongmenghui are often depicted as the principal organizers of the Xinhai Revolution, this view is disputed by scholars who argue that the Revolution broke out in a leaderless and decentralized way and that Sun was only later elected provisional president of the new Chinese republic. However, Sun did not have military power and ceded the provisional presidency of the republic to Yuan Shikai, who arranged for the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor, on 12 February.

On 25 August 1912, the Nationalist Party was established at the Huguang Guild Hall in Beijing, where the Tongmenghui and five smaller pro-revolution parties merged to contest the first national elections. Sun was chosen as the party chairman with Huang Xing as his deputy.

The most influential member of the party was the third ranking Song Jiaoren, who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the Nationalists to advocate a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The party opposed constitutional monarchists and sought to check the power of Yuan. The Nationalists won an overwhelming majority in the first National Assembly election in December 1912.

However, Yuan soon began to ignore the parliament in making presidential decisions. Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai in 1913. Members of the Nationalists, led by Sun Yat-sen, suspected that Yuan was behind the plot and thus staged the Second Revolution in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill-supported armed rising to overthrow Yuan, and failed. Yuan, claiming subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the KMT from the parliament. Yuan dissolved the Nationalists, whose members had largely fled into exile in Japan, in November and dismissed the parliament early in 1914.

Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While exiled in Japan in 1914, Sun established the Chinese Revolutionary Party on 8 July 1914, but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin and Chen Jiongming, refused to join him or support his efforts in inciting armed uprising against Yuan. To join the Revolutionary Party, members had to take an oath of personal loyalty to Sun, which many old revolutionaries regarded as undemocratic and contrary to the spirit of the revolution. As a result, he became largely sidelined within the Republican movement during this period.

Sun returned to China in 1917 to establish a military junta at Canton to oppose the Beiyang government but was soon forced out of office and exiled to Shanghai. There, with renewed support, he resurrected the KMT on 10 October 1919, under the name Kuomintang of China (中國國民黨) and established its headquarters in Canton in 1920.

In 1923, the KMT and its Canton government accepted aid from the Soviet Union after being denied recognition by the western powers. Soviet advisers—the most prominent of whom was Mikhail Borodin, an agent of the Comintern—arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), establishing a Leninist party structure that lasted into the 1990s. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was under Comintern instructions to cooperate with the KMT, and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their separate party identities, forming the First United Front between the two parties. Mao Zedong and early members of the CCP also joined the KMT in 1923.

Venue of the 1st National Congress of Kuomintang in 1924

Soviet advisers also helped the KMT to set up a political institute to train propagandists in mass mobilization techniques, and in 1923 Chiang Kai-shek, one of Sun's lieutenants from the Tongmenghui days, was sent to Moscow for several months' military and political study. At the first party congress in 1924 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, which included non-KMT delegates such as members of the CCP, they adopted Sun's political theory, which included the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood.

Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China

Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang after Sun's death in 1925

When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the KMT fell to Wang Jingwei ("Reorganization Group") and Hu Hanmin ("Western Hills Group"), respectively the left-wing and right-wing leaders of the party. However, the real power was in the hands of Chiang Kai-shek, who was in near complete control of the military as the superintendent of the Whampoa Military Academy. With their military superiority, the KMT confirmed their rule on Canton, the provincial capital of Guangdong. The Guangxi warlords pledged loyalty to the KMT. The KMT now became a rival government in opposition to the warlord Beiyang government based in Beijing.

Chiang assumed leadership of the KMT on 6 July 1926. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, whom he admired greatly and who forged all his political, economic, and revolutionary ideas primarily from what he had learned in Hawaii and indirectly through Hong Kong and Japan under the Meiji Restoration, Chiang knew relatively little about the West. He also studied in Japan, but he was firmly rooted in his ancient Han Chinese identity and was steeped in Chinese culture. As his life progressed, he became increasingly attached to ancient Chinese culture and traditions. His few trips to the West confirmed his pro-ancient Chinese outlook and he studied the ancient Chinese classics and ancient Chinese history assiduously. In 1923, after the formation of the First United Front, Sun Yat-sen sent Chiang to spend three months in Moscow studying the political and military system of the Soviet Union. Although Chiang did not follow the Soviet Communist doctrine, he, like the Communist Party, sought to destroy warlordism and foreign imperialism in China, and upon his return established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou, following the Soviet Model.

Chiang was also particularly committed to Sun's idea of "political tutelage". Sun believed that the only hope for a unified and better China lay in a military conquest, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. Using this ideology, Chiang built himself into the dictator of the Republic of China, both in the Chinese mainland and after the national government relocated to Taiwan.

Following the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the KMT leader and launched the Northern Expedition to defeat the northern warlords and unite China under the party. With its power confirmed in the southeast, the Nationalist Government appointed Chiang Kai-shek commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA), and the Northern Expedition to suppress the warlords began. Chiang had to defeat three separate warlords and two independent armies. Chiang, with Soviet supplies, conquered the southern half of China in nine months.

A split erupted between the Chinese Communist Party and the KMT, which threatened the Northern Expedition. Wang Jing Wei, who led the KMT leftist allies, took the city of Wuhan in January 1927. With the support of the Soviet agent Mikhail Borodin, Wang declared the National Government as having moved to Wuhan. Having taken Nanjing in March, Chiang halted his campaign and prepared a violent break with Wang and his communist allies. Chiang's expulsion of the CCP and their Soviet advisers, marked by the Shanghai massacre on 12 April, led to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. Wang finally surrendered his power to Chiang. Once this split had been healed, Chiang resumed his Northern Expedition and managed to take Shanghai.

The National Revolutionary Army soldiers marched into the British concessions in Hankou during the Northern Expedition

During the Nanjing incident in March 1927, the NRA stormed the consulates of the United States, the United Kingdom and Imperial Japan, looted foreign properties and almost assassinated the Japanese consul. An American, two British, one French, an Italian and a Japanese were killed. These looters also stormed and seized millions of dollars' worth of British concessions in Hankou, refusing to hand them back to the UK government. Both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army participated in the rioting and looting of foreign residents in Nanjing.

NRA took Beijing in 1928. The city was the internationally recognized capital, even when it was previously controlled by warlords. This event allowed the KMT to receive widespread diplomatic recognition in the same year. The capital was moved from Beijing to Nanjing, the original capital of the Ming dynasty, and thus a symbolic purge of the final Qing elements. This period of KMT rule in China between 1927 and 1937 was relatively stable and prosperous and is still known as the Nanjing decade.

After the Northern Expedition in 1928, the Nationalist government under the KMT declared that China had been exploited for decades under the unequal treaties signed between the foreign powers and the Qing dynasty. The KMT government demanded that the foreign powers renegotiate the treaties on equal terms.

Before the Northern Expedition, the KMT began as a heterogeneous group advocating American-inspired federalism and provincial autonomy. However, the KMT under Chiang's leadership aimed at establishing a centralized one-party state with one ideology. This was even more evident following Sun's elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political tutelage", whereby the party was to lead the government while instructing the people on how to participate in a democratic system. The topic of reorganizing the army, brought up at a military conference in 1929, sparked the Central Plains War. The cliques, some of them former warlords, demanded to retain their army and political power within their own territories. Although Chiang finally won the war, the conflicts among the cliques would have a devastating effect on the survival of the KMT. Muslim Generals in Gansu waged war against the Guominjun in favor of the KMT during the conflict in Gansu in 1927–1930.

Nationalist soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War

In 1931, Japanese aggression resumed with the Mukden Incident and occupation of Manchuria, and the CCP founded the Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) in Jiangxi while secretly recruiting within the KMT government and military. Chiang was alarmed by the expansion of communist influence; he wanted to suppress internal conflicts before confronting foreign aggression. The KMT were aided by German military advisors. The CSR was destroyed in 1934 after a series of KMT offensives. The communists abandoned bases in southeast China for Shaanxi in a military retreat called the Long March; less than 10% of the communist army survived. A new base, the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region, was created with Soviet aid.

KMT secret police persecuted suspected communists and political opponents with terror. In The Birth of Communist China, C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of the KMT thus: "the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency."

In 1936, Chiang was kidnapped by Zhang Xueliang in the Xi'an Incident and forced into the Second United Front, an anti-Japanese alliance with the CCP; the Second Sino-Japanese War started the following year. The alliance brought little coordination and was treated as a temporary cease fire in the civil war. The New Fourth Army Incident in 1941 ended the alliance.

The retrocession of Taiwan in Taipei on 25 October 1945

Japan surrendered in 1945, and Taiwan was returned to the Republic of China on 25 October of that year. The brief period of celebration was soon shadowed by the possibility of a civil war between the KMT and CCP. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan just before it surrendered and occupied Manchuria, the north eastern part of China. The Soviet Union denied the KMT army the right to enter the region but allowed the CCP to take control of the Japanese factories and their supplies.

KMT flag displayed in Lhasa, Tibet in 1938

The KMT in Dihua, Xinjiang in 1942

Full-scale civil war between the Communists and the Nationalists erupted in 1946. The Communist Chinese armies, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part. First, the KMT reduced troop levels precipitously after the Japanese surrender, leaving large numbers of able-bodied, trained fighting men who became unemployed and disgruntled with the KMT as prime recruits for the PLA. Second, the KMT government proved thoroughly unable to manage the economy, allowing hyperinflation to result. Among the most despised and ineffective efforts it undertook to contain inflation was the conversion to the gold standard for the national treasury and the Chinese gold yuan in August 1948, outlawing private ownership of gold, silver and foreign exchange, collecting all such precious metals and foreign exchange from the people and issuing the Gold Standard Scrip in exchange. As most farmland in the north were under CCP's control, the cities governed by the KMT lacked food supply and this added to the hyperinflation. The new scrip became worthless in only ten months and greatly reinforced the nationwide perception of the KMT as a corrupt or at best inept entity. Third, Chiang Kai-shek ordered his forces to defend the urbanized cities. This decision gave CCP a chance to move freely through the countryside. At first, the KMT had the edge with the aid of weapons and ammunition from the United States (US). However, with the country suffering from hyperinflation, widespread corruption and other economic ills, the KMT continued to lose popular support. Some leading officials and military leaders of the KMT hoarded material, armament and military-aid funding provided by the US. This became an issue which proved to be a hindrance of its relationship with US government. US President Harry S. Truman wrote that "the Chiangs, the Kungs and the Soongs (were) all thieves", having taken $750 million in US aid.

Territories under the control of the Kuomintang/warlords (orange/grey) and communists (yellow) in 1948

At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned soldiers being recruited to the PLA cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the CCP side, and the overwhelming popular support for the CCP in most of the country made it all but impossible for the KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists.

By the end of 1949, the CCP controlled almost all of mainland China, as the KMT retreated to Taiwan with a significant amount of China's national treasures and 2 million people, including military forces and refugees. Some party members stayed in the mainland and broke away from the main KMT to found the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang (also known as the Left Kuomintang), which still currently exists as one of the eight minor registered parties of the People's Republic of China.

In Taiwan: 1945–present

See also: North–South divide in Taiwan

The former KMT headquarters in Taipei City (1949–2006), whose imposing structure, directly facing the Presidential Office Building, was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance

In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the Penghu islands, became a Japanese colony via the Treaty of Shimonoseki following the First Sino-Japanese War.

After Japan's defeat at the end of World War II in 1945, General Order No. 1 instructed Japan to surrender its troops in Taiwan to Chiang Kai-shek. On 25 October 1945, KMT general Chen Yi acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept Japan's surrender and proclaimed that day as Taiwan Retrocession Day.

Tensions between the local Taiwanese and mainlanders from mainland China increased in the intervening years, culminating in a flashpoint on 27 February 1947 in Taipei when a dispute between a female cigarette vendor and an anti-smuggling officer in front of Tianma Tea House triggered civil disorder and protests that would last for days. The uprising turned bloody and was shortly put down by the ROC Army in the February 28 Incident. As a result of the 28 February Incident in 1947, Taiwanese people endured what is called the "White Terror", a KMT-led political repression that resulted in the death or disappearance of over 30,000 Taiwanese intellectuals, activists, and people suspected of opposition to the KMT.

Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1 October 1949, the commanders of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) believed that Kinmen and Matsu had to be taken before a final assault on Taiwan. The KMT fought the Battle of Guningtou on 25–27 October 1949 and stopped the PLA invasion. The KMT headquarters was set up on 10 December 1949 at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road. In 1950, Chiang took office in Taipei under the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion. The provision declared martial law in Taiwan and halted some democratic processes, including presidential and parliamentary elections, until the mainland could be recovered from the CCP. The KMT estimated it would take 3 years to defeat the Communists. The slogan was "prepare in the first year, start fighting in the second, and conquer in the third year." Chiang also initiated the Project National Glory to retake back the mainland in 1965, but was eventually dropped in July 1972 after many unsuccessful attempts.

However, various factors, including international pressure, are believed to have prevented the KMT from militarily engaging the CCP full-scale. The KMT backed Muslim insurgents formerly belonging to the National Revolutionary Army during the KMT Islamic insurgency in 1950–1958 in mainland China. A cold war with a couple of minor military conflicts was resulted in the early years. The various government bodies previously in Nanjing, that were re-established in Taipei as the KMT-controlled government, actively claimed sovereignty over all China. The Republic of China in Taiwan retained China's seat in the United Nations until 1971 as well as recognition by the United States until 1979.

Until the 1970s, the KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved relations between Taiwan and the mainland and created the Taiwan economic miracle. However, the KMT controlled the government under a one-party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. The ROC in Taiwan was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as Nationalist China after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives in the National Assembly.

Although opposition parties were not permitted, the pro-democracy movement Tangwai ("outside the KMT") created the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) on 28 September 1986. Outside observers of Taiwanese politics expected the KMT to clamp down and crush the illegal opposition party, though this did not occur, and instead the party's formation marked the beginning of Taiwan's democratization.

In 1991, martial law ceased when President Lee Teng-hui terminated the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion. All parties started to be allowed to compete at all levels of elections, including the presidential election. Lee Teng-hui, the ROC's first democratically elected president and the leader of the KMT during the 1990s, announced his advocacy of "special state-to-state relations" with the PRC. The PRC associated this idea with Taiwan independence.

The KMT faced a split in 1993 that led to the formation of the New Party in August 1993, alleged to be a result of Lee's "corruptive ruling style". The New Party has, since the purging of Lee, largely reintegrated into the KMT. A much more serious split in the party occurred as a result of the 2000 presidential election. Upset at the choice of Lien Chan as the party's presidential nominee, former party Secretary-General James Soong launched an independent bid, which resulted in the expulsion of Soong and his supporters and the formation of the People First Party (PFP) on 31 March 2000. The KMT candidate placed third behind Soong in the elections. After the election, Lee's strong relationship with the opponent became apparent. To prevent defections to the PFP, Lien moved the party away from Lee's pro-independence policies and became more favorable toward Chinese unification. This shift led to Lee's expulsion from the party and the formation of the Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU) by Lee supporters on 24 July 2001.

Pan-blue supporters at a rally during the 2004 presidential election

Prior to this, the party's voters had defected to both the PFP and TSU, and the KMT did poorly in the December 2001 legislative elections and lost its position as the largest party in the Legislative Yuan. However, the party did well in the 2002 local government mayoral and council election with Ma Ying-jeou, its candidate for Taipei mayor, winning reelection by a landslide and its candidate for Kaohsiung mayor narrowly losing but doing surprisingly well. Since 2002, the KMT and PFP have coordinated electoral strategies. In 2004, the KMT and PFP ran a joint presidential ticket, with Lien running for president and Soong running for vice-president.

The loss of the presidential election of 2004 to DPP President Chen Shui-bian by merely over 30,000 votes was a bitter disappointment to party members, leading to large scale rallies for several weeks protesting alleged electoral fraud and the "odd circumstances" of the shooting of President Chen. However, the fortunes of the party were greatly improved when the KMT did well in the legislative elections held in December 2004 by maintaining its support in southern Taiwan achieving a majority for the Pan-Blue Coalition.

Soon after the election, there appeared to be a falling out with the KMT's junior partner, the People First Party and talk of a merger seemed to have ended. This split appeared to widen in early 2005, as the leader of the PFP, James Soong appeared to be reconciling with President Chen Shui-Bian and the Democratic Progressive Party. Many PFP members including legislators and municipal leaders have since defected to the KMT, and the PFP is seen as a fading party.

In 2005, Ma Ying-jeou became KMT chairman defeating speaker Wang Jin-pyng in the first public election for KMT chairmanship. The KMT won a decisive victory in the 3-in-1 local elections of December 2005, replacing the DPP as the largest party at the local level. This was seen as a major victory for the party ahead of legislative elections in 2007. There were elections for the two municipalities of the ROC, Taipei and Kaohsiung in December 2006. The KMT won a clear victory in Taipei, but lost to the DPP in the southern city of Kaohsiung by the slim margin of 1,100 votes.

On 13 February 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as KMT chairman at the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for ROC president. Ma argued that it was customary for officials to use the special expense fund for personal expenses undertaken in the course of their official duties. In December 2007, Ma was acquitted of all charges and immediately filed suit against the prosecutors. In 2008, the KMT won a landslide victory in the Republic of China presidential election on 22 March 2008. The KMT fielded former Taipei mayor and former KMT chairman Ma Ying-jeou to run against the DPP's Frank Hsieh. Ma won by a margin of 17% against Hsieh. Ma took office on 20 May 2008, with vice-presidential candidate Vincent Siew, and ended 8 years of the DPP presidency. The KMT also won a landslide victory in the 2008 legislative elections, winning 81 of 113 seats, or 71.7% of seats in the Legislative Yuan. These two elections gave the KMT firm control of both the executive and legislative yuans.

On 25 June 2009, President Ma launched his bid to regain the KMT leadership and registered as the sole candidate for the chairmanship election. On 26 July, Ma won 93.9% of the vote, becoming the new chairman of the KMT, taking office on 17 October 2009. This officially allowed Ma to be able to meet with Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, and other PRC delegates, as he was able to represent the KMT as leader of a Chinese political party rather than as head-of-state of a political entity unrecognized by the PRC.

On 29 November 2014, the KMT suffered a heavy loss in the local election to the DPP, winning only 6 municipalities and counties, down from 14 in the previous election in 2009 and 2010. Ma Ying-jeou subsequently resigned from the party chairmanship on 3 December and replaced by acting Chairman Wu Den-yih. Chairmanship election was held on 17 January 2015 and Eric Chu was elected to become the new chairman. He was inaugurated on 19 February. In September 2021, Kuomintang elected its former leader (in office 2015–2016), veteran politician Eric Chu, as its new leader to replace Johnny Chiang (in office 2020–2021). In January 2024, no party won a majority in Taiwan's legislative election for the first time since 2004, meaning 51 seats for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 52 seats for the Kuomintang (KMT), and the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) secured eight seats.

Current issues and challenges

Party assets

Upon arriving in Taiwan the KMT occupied assets previously owned by the Japanese and forced local businesses to make contributions directly to the KMT. Some of this real estate and other assets was distributed to party loyalists, but most of it remained with the party, as did the profits generated by the properties.

As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks, investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$2–10 billion. Although this war chest appeared to help the KMT until the mid-1990s, it later led to accusations of corruption (often referred to as "black gold").

After 2000, the KMT's financial holdings appeared to be more of a liability than a benefit, and the KMT started to divest itself of its assets. However, the transactions were not disclosed and the whereabouts of the money earned from selling assets (if it has gone anywhere) is unknown. There were accusations in the 2004 presidential election that the KMT retained assets that were illegally acquired. During the 2000–2008 DPP presidency, a law was proposed by the DPP in the Legislative Yuan to recover illegally acquired party assets and return them to the government. However, due to the DPP's lack of control of the legislative chamber at the time, it never materialized.

The KMT also acknowledged that part of its assets were acquired through extra-legal means and thus promised to "retro-endow" them to the government. However, the quantity of the assets which should be classified as illegal are still under heated debate. DPP, in its capacity as ruling party from 2000 to 2008, claimed that there is much more that the KMT has yet to acknowledge. Also, the KMT actively sold assets under its title to quench its recent financial difficulties, which the DPP argues is illegal. Former KMT chairman Ma Ying-Jeou's position is that the KMT will sell some of its properties at below market rates rather than return them to the government and that the details of these transactions will not be publicly disclosed.

Kuomintang public service center in Shilin, Taipei

In 2006, the KMT sold its headquarters at 11 Zhongshan South Road in Taipei to Evergreen Group for NT$2.3 billion (US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road in the eastern part of the city.

In July 2014, the KMT reported total assets of NT$26.8 billion (US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the world.

In August 2016, the Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee was set up by the ruling DPP government to investigate KMT party assets acquired during the martial law period and recover those that were determined to be illegally acquired.

Supporter base

Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by age. KMT support tends to be higher in northern Taiwan and in urban areas, where it draws its backing from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020 only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.

The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military officers, teachers, and government workers. Among the ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger support among mainlanders and their descendants, for ideological reasons, and among Taiwanese aboriginals. The support for the KMT generally tend to be stronger in majority-Hakka and Mandarin-speaking counties of Taiwan, in contrast to the Hokkien-majority southwestern counties that tend to support the Democratic Progressive Party.

The deep-rooted hostility between Aboriginals and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities effective KMT networks, contribute to Aboriginal skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Aboriginals' tendency to vote for the KMT. Aboriginals have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as aboriginal opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for Ma Ying-jeou. In 2005 the Kuomintang displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese Aboriginal leader Mona Rudao at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession from Japan to the Republic of China.

On social issues, the KMT does not take an official position on same-sex marriage, though most members of legislative committees, mayors of cities, and the 2020 presidential candidate Han Kuo-yu oppose it. The party does, however, have a small faction that supports same-sex marriage, consisting mainly of young people and people in the Taipei metropolitan area. The opposition to same-sex marriage comes mostly from Christian groups, who wield significant political influence within the KMT.

Organization

KMT headquarters in Taipei City before the KMT Central Committee moved in June 2006 to a much more modest Bade building, having sold the original headquarters to private investors of the EVA Airways Corporation

KMT Kinmen headquarters office in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County

KMT Korea headquarters in Seoul

The KMT maintains offices in some of the Chinatowns of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in San Francisco Chinatown, on Stockton Street directly across the Chinese Six Companies

KMT Eastern U.S. headquarters is in New York Chinatown

KMT Building in Vancouver's Chinatown, British Columbia, Canada

KMT office of Australasia in Sydney, Australia

Leadership

The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun Yat-sen as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), positions which officially discharge the functions of the president.

Current Central Committee Leadership

Further information: Chairman of the Kuomintang and Secretary-General of the Kuomintang

Position	Name(s)
Chairman	Eric Chu
Vice Chairpersons	Huang Min-hui, Andrew Hsia, Sean Lien
Secretary-General	Justin Huang
Deputy Secretaries-General	Chiang Chun-ting (full-time), Wang Yu-min (full-time), Lee Yen-hsiu, Hsieh Yi-fong, Alex Fai
Policy Committee Executive Director	Tseng Ming-chung
Organizational Development Committee Director	Hsu Yu-chen
Culture and Communications Committee Director	Ling Tao
Administration Committee Director	Chiu Da-chan
Party Disciplinary Committee Director	Lee Guei-min
Institute of Revolutionary Practice Director	Lin Yi-hua

Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)

• Hong Yuh-chin (1 February 1999 – 1 February 2004)
• Tseng Yung-chuan (1 February 2004 – 1 December 2008)
• Lin Yi-shih (1 December 2008 – 1 February 2012)
• Lin Hung-chih (1 February 2012 – 31 July 2014)
• Alex Fai (31 July 2014 – 7 February 2015)
• Lai Shyh-bao (7 February 2015 – 7 July 2016)
• Liao Kuo-tung (7 July 2016 – 29 June 2017)
• Lin Te-fu (29 June 2017 – 14 June 2018)
• Johnny Chiang (14 June 2018 – 2019)
• Tseng Ming-chung (2019 – 2020)
• Lin Wei-chou (2020 – 2021)
• Alex Fai (2021 – 2022)
• Tseng Ming-chung (2022 – present)

Party organization and structure

The KMT is being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to a Leninist principle of democratic centralism:

• National Congress
  • Party chairman
    • Vice-chairmen
  • Central Committee
    • Central Steering Committee for Women
  • Central Standing Committee
  • Secretary-General
    • Deputy Secretaries-General
  • Executive Director

Standing committees and departments

• Policy Committee
  • Policy Coordination Department
  • Policy Research Department
  • Mainland Affairs Department
• Institute of Revolutionary Practice, formerly National Development Institute
  • Kuomintang Youth League
  • Research Division
  • Education and Counselling Division
• Party Disciplinary Committee
  • Evaluation and Control Office
  • Audit Office
• Culture and Communications Committee
  • Cultural Department
  • Communications Department
  • KMT Party History Institute
• Administration Committee
  • Personnel Office
  • General Office
  • Finance Office
  • Accounting Office
  • Information Center
• Organizational Development Committee
  • Organization and Operations Department
  • Elections Mobilization Department
  • Community Volunteers Department
  • Overseas Department
  • Youth Department
  • Women's Department

Party charter

The Kuomintang Party Charter was adopted on January 28, 1924. The current charter has 51 articles and includes contents of General Principles, Party Membership, Organization, The National President, The Director-General, The National Congress, The Central Committee, District and Sub-District Party Headquarters, Cadres and Tenure, Discipline, Awards and Punishment, Funding, and Supplementary Provisions. The most recent version was made at the Twentieth National Congress on July 28, 2019.

Factions

• “Mainlander” faction (外省派) - Ma Ying-jeou, Eric Chu
• “Taiwanese” faction (本土派) - Hou You-yi , Johnny Chiang
• Huang Fu-hsing faction (黃復興) - Hau Pei-tsun

Ideology in mainland China

Main article: History of the Kuomintang

Chinese nationalism

See also: Chinese nationalism § State nationalism

The KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party that had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism.

The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words feudal and counterrevolutionary as synonyms for evil and backwardness, and they proudly proclaimed themselves to be revolutionaries. Chiang called the warlords feudalists, and he also called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the KMT. Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord, because of the word's negative and feudal connotations. Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of "National army, people's power".

Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the KMT, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States. He and his New Life Movement called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a CC Clique member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".

KMT leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general Ma Bufang of Qinghai presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China who was fighting against Western imperialism to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.

Fascism

The Blue Shirts Society, a fascist paramilitary organization within the KMT that modeled itself after Mussolini's blackshirts, was anti-foreign and anti-communist, and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism. In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man Dai Li were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence. Close Sino-German ties also promoted cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

The New Life Movement was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon Confucianism, mixed with Christianity, nationalism and authoritarianism that have some similarities to fascism. It rejected individualism and liberalism, while also opposing socialism and communism. Some historians regard this movement as imitating Nazism and being a neo-nationalistic movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. Frederic Wakeman suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".

Ideology of the New Guangxi Clique

The KMT branch in Guangxi province, led by the New Guangxi Clique of Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren, implemented anti-imperialist, anti-religious, and anti-foreign policies. During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, Muslim General Bai Chongxi led his troops in destroying most of the Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and KMT headquarters. Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.

The leaders clashed with Chiang Kai-shek, which led to the Central Plains War where Chiang defeated the clique.

Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation

Main articles: Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang and Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising

The KMT had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro-Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kai-shek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.

One of the Three Principles of the People of the KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by Sun Yat-sen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "its socialism and its communism". The concept may be understood as social welfare as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker Henry George, (see Georgism) the land value tax in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.

The KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by Sun in the original Tongmenhui. The KMT's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese Socialism as part of its ideology.

The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General". Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of Karl Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and other socialist leaders.

The KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps. Sun initiated this anti-merchant policy, and Chiang Kai-shek enforced it, Chiang led his army of Whampoa Military Academy graduates to defeat the merchant's army. Chiang was assisted by Soviet advisors, who supplied him with weapons, while the merchants were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.

The KMT was accused of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton. The merchants were conservative and reactionary, and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent comprador trader.

The merchants were supported by the Western powers, who led an international flotilla to support them against the KMT. The KMT seized many of Western-supplied weapons from the merchants, using them to equip their troops. A KMT General executed several merchants, and the KMT formed a Soviet-inspired Revolutionary Committee. The British Communist Party sent a letter to Sun, congratulating him on his military successes.

In 1948, the KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son Chiang Ching-kuo to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle-class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the proletariat.

As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster Du Yuesheng was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by H.H. Kung and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was Soong Ai-ling, the sister of Soong Mei-ling who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiang's, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.

The KMT also promotes government-owned corporations. KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies or the usage of land belonged to the public. Sun argued for Georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles of the People.

"The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."

The KMT Muslim Governor of Ningxia, Ma Hongkui, promoted state-owned monopolies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.

Corporations such as CSBC Corporation, Taiwan, CPC Corporation and Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation are owned by the state in the Republic of China.

Marxists also existed in the KMT. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the CCP, claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and was in a stagnation period rather than in another mode of production. These Marxists in the KMT opposed the CCP ideology. The Left Kuomintang who disagreed with Chiang Kai-shek formed the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang when the KMT was on the edge of defeat in the civil war and later joined the government of the CCP.

Confucianism and religion in its ideology

From left to right, KMT members pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition: Generals Cheng Jin, Zhang Zuobao, Chen Diaoyuan, Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, General Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida and General Bai Chongxi

The KMT used traditional Chinese religious ceremonies. According to the KMT, the souls of party martyrs were sent to heaven. Chiang Kai-shek believed that these martyrs still witnessed events on Earth.

The KMT backed the New Life Movement, which promoted Confucianism, and it was also against westernization. KMT leaders also opposed the May Fourth Movement. Chiang Kai-shek, as a nationalist, and Confucianist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. He viewed some western ideas as foreign, as a Chinese nationalist, and that the introduction of western ideas and literature that the May Fourth Movement wanted was not welcome. He and Sun Yat-sen criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth.

The KMT also incorporated Confucianism in its jurisprudence. It pardoned Shi Jianqiao for murdering Sun Chuanfang, because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of filial piety to one's parents in Confucianism. The KMT encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.

In response to the Cultural Revolution, Chiang Kai-shek promoted a Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, promoting Confucian values.

Education

The KMT purged China's education system of Western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of the state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on KMT's Three Principles of the People were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.

Soviet-style military

Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as KMT director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the Republic of China Armed Forces, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT activities were propagated throughout the whole of the armed forces. Opposed to this was Sun Li-jen, who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute. Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American CIA of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.

Anti-communism

See also: Anti-communism in China § Republic of China (1912–1949)

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was ruling China and strongly opposed the Chinese Communist Party as it was funded and militarily backed by the COMINTERN (Soviet Union) and pursuing a communist revolution to overthrow the Republic of China . On 12 April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek purged the communists in what was known as the Shanghai massacre which led to the Chinese Civil War. The Chinese Nationalist government then led 5 military campaigns in order to wipe out Chinese Soviet Republic, a Soviet-puppet state established by the Chinese Communist Party. Initially, the Kuomintang was successful, eventually forcing the Chinese Communist Party to escape on a long march until a full-scale invasion of China by Japan forced both the Nationalists and the Communists into an alliance. After the war, the two parties were thrown back into a civil war. The Kuomintang were defeated in the mainland and escaped in exile to Taiwan while the rest of mainland China became Communist in 1949.

Policy on ethnic minorities

Further information: List of ethnic groups in China, Zhonghua minzu, and Xinjiang conflict

Former KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China as descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the semi-mythical initiator of the Chinese civilization. Chiang considered all ethnic minorities in China to belong to the Zhonghua minzu (Chinese nation) and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true. In Taiwan, the president performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.

The KMT retained the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission for dealing with Mongolian and Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.

The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like Al-Azhar University and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims. KMT Muslim Warlord Ma Bufang built a girls' school for Muslim girls in Linxia City which taught modern secular education.

Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like Kazakhs to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang allowed them to participate.

Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. Ma Chengxiang was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.

The KMT incited anti-Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among Hui people and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.

Masud Sabri, a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of Xinjiang by the KMT, as was the Tatar Burhan Shahidi and the Uyghur Yulbars Khan.

The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the Ma Bufang Mansion along with a portrait of party founder Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag.

General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the Kokonuur Lake Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims. This cult of personality around the KMT leader and the KMT was standard in all meetings. Sun Yat-sen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members. Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the KMT flag and the flag of the Republic of China.

The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.

In 1939, Isa Yusuf Alptekin and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the KMT to the Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Turkey and Syria to gain support for the Chinese War against Japan, they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted Muhammad Amin Bughra, they asked him to come to Chongqing, the capital of the Nationalist Government. Bughra was arrested by the British government in 1942 for spying, and the KMT arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of KMT Muslim publications. Ma Tianying (馬天英) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.

Anti-separatism

The claimed sovereign borders of the Republic of China, as inherited from the Great Qing in 1912 and claimed by the Kuomintang.

The KMT, being anti-separatist, claims sovereignty over Outer Mongolia and Tuva as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.

KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the Sino-Tibetan War with his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in Qinghai provinces. Ma Bufang was fully supported by President Chiang Kai-shek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support from the KMT, Ma Bufang repeatedly attacked the Tibetan area of Golog seven times during the KMT Pacification of Qinghai, eliminating thousands of Tibetans.

General Ma Fuxiang, the chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing:

Our Party [the Guomindang] takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind [Ch. fei wo zulei zhe]. Now the people of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. [...] Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.

Ma Bufang also crushed Mongol separatist movements, abducting the Genghis Khan Shrine and attacking Tibetan Buddhist Temples like Labrang, and keeping a tight control over them through the Kokonur God ceremony.

Ideology in Taiwan

Anti-communism

See also: Anti-communism in China § Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949–present)

On 28 February 1947, the Kuomintang cracked down on an anti-government uprising in Taiwan known as the February 28 incident and the government began the White Terror in Taiwan in order to purge communist spies and prevent Chinese communist subversion. While in Taiwan, the Republic of China government under the Kuomintang remained anti-communist and attempted to recover the mainland from the Communist forces. During the Cold War, Taiwan was referred to as Free China while the China on the mainland was known as Red China or Communist China in the West, to mark the ideological difference between the capitalist 'Free World' and the communist nations. The ROC government under the Kuomintang also actively supported anti-communist efforts in Southeast Asia and around the world. This effort did not cease until the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975. The Kuomintang continued to be anti-communist during the period of Chiang Chin-kuo. Contacts between Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party have started since 1990s to re-establish Cross-Strait relations. Even though anti-communism is written under Kuomintang's party charter, the modern Kuomintang is now seen as PRC-friendly, with both sides having a common opposition to Taiwanese nationalism.

Three Principles of the People

Main article: Three Principles of the People

Sun Yat-sen was not just the founder of the Republic of China, but also the founder of the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen's political ideology was based on building a free and democratic China founded on Three Principles of the People, namely Democracy (civil rights of people), people's economic livelihood and nationalism. Although the Kuomintang lost control over mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China under Kuomintang rule was able to achieve the political ideal of a democratic Republic of China on the island of Taiwan based on the Three Principles of the People after its retreat to Taiwan. The Three Principles of the People is not just written in the ROC Constitution, but also in Article 1, 5, 7, 9, 37, 42, 43 of Kuomintang's party charter.

Chinese democracy

The Kuomintang advocates a free and democratic China under the Republic of China founded on Three Principles of the People. In fact, during the 1980s, Chiang Ching-kuo advocated Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People. Since then, a democracy promotion banner for Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People continues to exist in Kinmen today as a display to mainland China that the Republic of China's unification principle should be based on Chinese democracy. Today, the Kuomintang continues to view the Republic of China as the free, democratic and legitimate China.

Cross-Strait relations

A Chinese nationalist party, the Kuomintang strongly adheres to the defense of the Republic of China and upholding the Constitution of the Republic of China. It is also strongly opposed to de jure Taiwanese independence (under a theoretical "Republic of Taiwan"), which would mean recognizing the People's Republic of China as the legitimate government representing China. It favors closer relations with the PRC and the CCP, though it also opposes Chinese unification under the "one country, two systems" framework, and any non-peaceful means to resolve the cross-strait disputes. The party also accepts the 1992 Consensus, which defines both sides of the Taiwan Strait as "one China" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations.

Chinese conservatism

В современной тайваньской политике Гоминьдан рассматривается как правоцентристская партия. to right-wing политическая партия. Гоминьдан верит в ценности, связанные с консерватизмом . Гоминьдан имеет сильную традицию защиты устоявшихся институтов Китайской Республики, таких как защита Конституции Китайской Республики, защита пяти ветвей власти (по образцу политической философии Сунь Ятсена «Три принципа народа»), поддержка политики «одного Китая» как жизненно важного компонента международной безопасности и экономического развития Китайской Республики (КР), в отличие от тайванизации . Гоминьдан утверждает, что имеет сильные традиции борьбы за защиту, сохранение и возрождение традиционной китайской культуры и религиозной свободы, а также защиту конфуцианских ценностей, экономического либерализма и антикоммунизма . Гоминьдан по-прежнему считает Китайскую Республику на Тайване олицетворением истинного культурного Китая, сохранившего китайскую культуру, по сравнению с Китайской Народной Республикой, которая пережила разрушение китайской культуры во время Культурной революции .

Некоторые гоминьдановские консерваторы считают, что традиционные социальные или семейные ценности находятся под угрозой со стороны либеральных ценностей , и выступают против однополых браков. Консерваторы Гоминьдана также обычно выступают против отмены смертной казни, аргументируя это необходимостью сохранения сдерживания против тяжких преступлений. Консервативная политика Гоминьдана также может характеризоваться акцентом на поддержании традиций и доктрины конфуцианской мысли, а именно на укреплении патернализма и патриархата в тайваньском обществе. Что касается образовательной политики, политика Гоминьдана выступает за увеличение содержания классического китайского языка в китайском образовании и истории Китая, чтобы укрепить китайскую культурную идентичность, в отличие от попыток декитаизации со стороны сторонников независимости Тайваня, которые обычно уменьшают содержание классического китайского языка и истории Китая. в школах, чтобы добиться тайванизации .

Партии, связанные с Гоминьданом

Малайзийская китайская ассоциация

Малайзийская китайская ассоциация

Малазийская китайская ассоциация (MCA) изначально поддерживала Китайскую республику и в основном состояла из членов Гоминьдана, которые присоединились в качестве альтернативы, а также находились в оппозиции к Коммунистической партии Малайзии , поддерживая Гоминьдан в Китае, финансируя их с намерением вернуть себе материковую часть Китая. от коммунистов.

Партия улучшения Тибета

Основная статья: Партия улучшения Тибета

Партия улучшения Тибета была основана Пандацангом Рапгой , сторонником Китайской Республики и сторонником Гоминьдана революционером Кхампы , который работал против 14-го Далай-ламы тибетского правительства в Лхасе . Рапга позаимствовал доктрину Сунь Ятсена «Три принципа народа» и перевел его политические теории на тибетский язык, назвав ее лучшей надеждой азиатских народов на борьбу с империализмом. Рапга заявил, что «Саньмин Чжуи предназначалась для всех народов, находящихся под властью иноземцев, для всех тех, кто был лишен прав человека. Но она была задумана специально для азиатов. Именно по этой причине я перевел ее. В то время в Тибете распространялось множество новых идей», — во время интервью Хизер Стоддард в 1975 году. Он хотел уничтожить феодальное правительство в Лхасе, а также модернизировать и секуляризировать тибетское общество. Конечной целью партии было свержение режима Далай-ламы и создание Тибетской республики, которая была бы автономной республикой в ​​составе Китайской республики. Чан Кайши и Гоминьдан финансировали партию и ее усилия по созданию армии для борьбы с правительством Далай-ламы. Гоминьдан принимал активное участие в регионе Кхам, вербуя людей Кхампа как для противостояния тибетскому правительству Далай-ламы, так и для борьбы с коммунистической Красной армией, а также для подавления влияния местных китайских полевых командиров, которые не подчинялись центральному правительству.

Вьетнамская националистическая партия

Основная статья: Вьетнамская националистическая партия

Вьетнамский Гоминьдан

Партия народного действия Вьетнама

Гоминьдан оказывал помощь Вьетнамской националистической партии, что буквально переводится на китайский язык ( 越南國民黨 ; Yuènán Guómíndong ) как Вьетнамская националистическая партия. Когда он был создан, он основывался на китайском Гоминьдане и был прокитайским. Китайский Гоминьдан помог партии, известной как VNQDD, создать штаб-квартиры в Кантоне и Юньнани, чтобы помочь их антиимпериалистической борьбе против французских оккупантов Индокитая и против Коммунистической партии Вьетнама . Это была первая революционная националистическая партия, созданная во Вьетнаме до коммунистической партии. Гоминьдан помог VNQDD средствами и военной подготовкой.

VNQDD была основана при помощи Гоминьдана в 1925 году. Они выступали против Хо Ши Мина . Вьетнамской революционной молодёжной лиги Когда VNQDD бежали в Китай после неудавшегося восстания против французов, они обосновались в Юньнани и Кантоне, разделив их на две разные ветви. VNQDD существовала как партия в изгнании в Китае в течение 15 лет, получая военную, финансовую и организационную помощь от китайского Гоминьдана. Две партии VNQDD объединились в единую организацию, кантонское отделение убрало из названия партии слово «революционная». Лу Хань , чиновник Гоминьдана в Нанкине, который был родом из Юньнани, связался с VNQDD, а Центральный исполнительный комитет Гоминьдана и военные впервые установили прямой контакт с VNQDD, партия была восстановлена ​​в Нанкине с помощью Гоминьдана.

Китайский Гоминьдан использовал VNQDD в своих интересах на юге Китая и в Индокитае. Генерал Чжан Факуй (Чанг Фа-куэй), базировавшийся в Гуанси, в 1942 году основал Việt Nam Cách mệnh Đồng minh Hội, что означает «Вьетнамская революционная лига», которой VNQDD помогал в служении целям Гоминьдана. Армия китайской провинции Юньнань под командованием Гоминьдана оккупировала северный Вьетнам после капитуляции Японии в 1945 году, при этом VNQDD действовала в одиночку, выступая против коммунистической партии Хо Ши Мина. Вьетнамская революционная лига представляла собой союз различных вьетнамских националистических группировок, возглавляемых прокитайской организацией VNQDD. Его заявленная цель заключалась в единстве с Китаем в соответствии с Тремя народными принципами, созданными основателем Гоминьдана Суном, и противостоянием японским и французским империалистам. Революционную лигу контролировал Нгуен Хой Тхон . Генерал Чжан хитро заблокировал вступление в лигу коммунистов Вьетнама и Хо Ши Мина, поскольку его главной целью было китайское влияние в Индокитае. Гоминьдан использовал этих вьетнамских националистов во время Второй мировой войны против японских войск.

Левый гоминьдан, генерал Чанг Фа-куэй, работал с Нгуен Хой Тхоном, членом VNQDD, против французских империалистов и коммунистов в Индо-Китае. Генерал Чан Факуэй планировал возглавить вторжение китайской армии в Тонкин в Индокитае, чтобы освободить Вьетнам от французского контроля и заручиться поддержкой Чан Кайши. VNQDD выступал против правительства Нго Динь Зьема во время войны во Вьетнаме.

Партия распалась после падения Сайгона в 1977 году и позже была воссоздана в 1991 году как Партия народного действия Вьетнама (Đảng Nhân dân Hành động Việt Nam).

Рюкю Гоминьдан

Гоминьдан Рюкю был создан 30 ноября 1958 года. Цугумаса Киюна возглавлял его предшественницу, Рюкюанскую сепаратистскую Революционную партию Рюкю, которую поддерживал Гоминьдан на Тайване.

Лагерь сторонников Китайской Республики в Гонконге

Лагерь сторонников Китайской Республики представляет собой политическое объединение в Гонконге. Он присягает на верность Китайской Республике. Один из этих членов, 123-й Демократический альянс , распался в 2000 году из-за отсутствия финансовой поддержки со стороны тайваньского правительства после президентских выборов 2000 года .

Спонсорские организации

Большая мечеть Тайбэя

Ма Фусян основал исламские организации, спонсируемые Гоминьданом, в том числе Китайскую исламскую ассоциацию .

Мусульманский генерал Гоминьдана Бай Чунси был председателем Китайской исламской федерации национального спасения. Мусульманская школа Чэнда и издание Юэхуа пользовались поддержкой националистического правительства, а также поддерживали Гоминьдан.

Китайскую мусульманскую ассоциацию также спонсировал Гоминьдан, и она вместе с партией эвакуировалась с материка на Тайвань. Китайская мусульманская ассоциация владеет Большой мечетью Тайбэя , построенной на средства Гоминьдана.

Ихвани (Ихван аль-Муслимун, также известное как «Братья-мусульмане») была преобладающей мусульманской сектой, поддерживаемой Гоминьданом. Другие мусульманские секты, такие как Сидаотан, также пользовались поддержкой Гоминьдана. Китайское «Братья-мусульмане» превратилось в китайскую националистическую организацию и поддержало правление Гоминьдана. Имамы Братства, такие как Ху Суншань, приказывали мусульманам молиться за националистическое правительство, салютовать флагам Гоминьдана во время молитвы и слушать националистические проповеди.

Результаты выборов

Президентские выборы

Выборы	Кандидат	Напарник	Всего голосов	Доля голосов	Исход
1923	Сунь Ятсен	—	33	6.9%	Побежден
1948	Чан Кайши	Ли Цзунжэнь	2,430	90.0%	Избранный
1954		Чэнь Ченг	1,507	96.9%	Избранный
1960			1,481	100%	Не встречающий сопротивления
1966		Это только Чиа	1,481	100%	Не встречающий сопротивления
1972			1,308	100%	Не встречающий сопротивления
1978	Цзян Цзин-го	Се Дунг-мин	1,184	100%	Не встречающий сопротивления
1984		Ли Дэн Хуэй	1,012	100%	Не встречающий сопротивления
1990	Ли Дэн Хуэй	Ли Юань-цу	641	100%	Не встречающий сопротивления
1996		Льен Чан	5,813,699	54.0%	Избранный
2000	Льен Чан	Винсент Сью	2,925,513	23.1%	Побежден
2004		Джеймс Сунг (англ. ПФП )	6,442,452	49.9%	Побежден
2008	Ма Ин-цзю	Винсент Сью	7,659,014	58.5%	Избранный
2012		У Дэн-йи	6,891,139	51.6%	Избранный
2016	Эрик Чу	Ван Цзюй-сюань (англ. В. )	3,813,365	31.0%	Побежден
2020	Хан Го-юй	Чан Сань-чэн (англ. В. )	5,522,119	38.6%	Побежден
2024	Хоу Ю-их	Челюсть Шоу-конг	4,671,021	33.5%	Побежден

Законодательные выборы

Выборы	Всего выиграно мест	Всего голосов	Доля голосов	Изменения	Лидер выборов	Статус	Президент
1948	716 / 759				Чан Кайши	Большинство	Чан Кайши
1969	8 / 11				Чан Кайши	Большинство
1972	41 / 51				Чан Кайши	Большинство
1975	42 / 52				Цзян Цзин-го	Большинство	Это только Чиа
1980	79 / 97				Цзян Цзин-го	Большинство	Цзян Цзин-го
1983	83 / 98				Цзян Цзин-го	Большинство
1986	79 / 100				Цзян Цзин-го	Большинство
1989	94 / 130				Ли Дэн Хуэй	Большинство	Ли Дэн Хуэй
1992	95 / 161	5,030,725	53.0%	7 мест	Ли Дэн Хуэй	Большинство
1995	85 / 164	4,349,089	46.1%	12 мест	Ли Дэн Хуэй	Большинство
1998	123 / 225	4,659,679	46.4%	7 мест (скорректировано)	Ли Дэн Хуэй	Большинство
						Противоположное большинство	Чэнь Шуйбянь
2001	68 / 225	2,949,371	31.3%	46 мест	Льен Чан	Противоположное множество
2004	79 / 225	3,190,081	34.9%	11 мест	Льен Чан	Противоположное множество
2008	81 / 113	5,291,512	53.5%	41 место (скорректировано)	У По-сюн	Противоположное большинство
						Большинство	Ма Ин-цзю
2012	64 / 113	5,863,379	44.5%	17 мест	Ма Ин-цзю	Большинство
2016	35 / 113	3,280,949	26.9%	29 мест	Эрик Чу	Меньшинство	Цай Инь-вэнь
2020	38 / 113	4,723,504	33.3%	3 места	У Дэн-йи	Меньшинство
2024	52 / 113	4,764,293	34.6%	14 мест	Эрик Чу	Противоположное множество	Лай Чинг-тэ

Местные выборы

Выборы	Магистраты и мэры	советники	Мэры поселков / городов	Представители поселка/городского совета	Деревенские старосты	Лидер партии
1994 провинциальный	2 / 3	91 / 175	—	—	—	Ли Дэн Хуэй
1997	8 / 23	522 / 886	236 / 319	—	—
1998 муниципальный	1 / 2	48 / 96	—	—	—
2001	9 / 23	382 / 897	195 / 319	—	—	Льен Чан
2002 муниципальный	1 / 2	32 / 96	—	—	—
2005	14 / 23	408 / 901	173 / 319	—	—	Ма Ин-цзю
2006 муниципальный	1 / 2	41 / 96	—	—	—
2009	12 / 17	289 / 587	121 / 211	—	—
2010 муниципальный	3 / 5	130 / 314	—	—	1,195 / 3,757
2014 единый	6 / 22	386 / 906	80 / 204	538 / 2,137	1,794 / 7,836
2018 единый	15 / 22	394 / 912	83 / 204	390 / 2,148	1,120 / 7,744	У Дэн-йи
2022 единый	14 / 22	367 / 910	76 / 204	294 / 2,139	953 / 7,748	Эрик Чу

Выборы в Национальное собрание

Выборы	Всего выиграно мест	Всего голосов	Доля голосов	Изменения	Лидер партии	Статус	Президент
1912	132/274 (Сенат) 269/596(Дом)	?	?		Сун Цзяо-жень	Множество	Юань Шикай
1947	2,901 / 3,045	?	?		Чан Кайши	Большинство	Чан Кайши
1969	15 / 15	?	?			Большинство
1972	43 / 53	?	?			Большинство
1980	61 / 76	?	?		Цзян Цзин-го	Большинство	Цзян Цзин-го
1986	68 / 84	?	?			Большинство
1991	254 / 325	6,053,366	69.1%	186 мест	Ли Дэн Хуэй	Большинство	Ли Дэн Хуэй
1996	183 / 334	5,180,829	49.7%	71 место	Ли Дэн Хуэй	Большинство
2005	117 / 300	1,508,384	38.92%	66 мест	Льен Чан	Множество	Чэнь Шуйбянь

См. также

• Выборы на Тайване
• Указатель статей по Тайваню
• Военные Китайской Республики
• Одна нация, два государства
• Военная академия Вампоа

Примечания

Слова на родном языке

Ссылки

Источники

• Фенби, Джонатан (2005). Чан Кайши: китайский генералиссимус и нация, которую он потерял . Издательство Кэрролл и Граф. ISBN  978-0786714841 . OCLC   1029283712 .
• Булаг, Урадын Эрден (2002). Монголы на окраине Китая: история и политика национального единства . Роуман и Литтлфилд. ISBN  978-0-7425-1144-6 .
• Пакула, Ханна (2009). Последняя императрица: мадам Чан Кайши и рождение современного Китая . Саймон и Шустер . ISBN  978-1-4391-4893-8 . OCLC   310397746 .
• Липман, Джонатан Ниман (2004). Знакомые незнакомцы: история мусульман Северо-Западного Китая . Сиэтл: Вашингтонский университет Press . дои : 10.6069/9780295800554 . ISBN  978-0-295-97644-0 . JSTOR   j.ctvbtzmb8 . OCLC   36485989 .
• Фитцджеральд, Фрэнсис (1972). Пожар в озере: вьетнамцы и американцы во Вьетнаме . Маленький, Браун. ISBN  978-0-316-15919-7 . OCLC   375867 .

Дальнейшее чтение

• Бержер, Мари-Клер; Ллойд, Джанет (2000). Сунь Ятсен . Стэнфорд, Калифорния: Издательство Стэнфордского университета. ISBN  978-0-8047-4011-1 .
• Рой, Денни (2003). Тайвань: политическая история . Итака, Нью-Йорк: Издательство Корнельского университета. ISBN  978-0-8014-8805-4 .
• Джон Ф. Коппер. Гоминьдан возвращается к власти: выборы на Тайване, 2008–2012 гг. (Lexington Books; 2013) 251 стр. - Как Националистическая партия Тайваня вернула себе власть после поражения в 2000 году.
• Вестад, Одд Арне. Решающие столкновения: гражданская война в Китае, 1946–1950 гг. (Stanford University Press, 2003). отрывок. Архивировано 8 сентября 2021 года в Wayback Machine.

Внешние ссылки

• Официальный сайт (китайский)
• Официальный сайт (английский, неактивен с 2020 г.)
• История Гоминьдана ( архивировано 31 октября 2009 г.)
• Веб-сайт Фонда национальной политики (мозговой центр Гоминьдана). Архивировано 20 января 2017 г. в Wayback Machine (на китайском языке).