Список людей, которых считали божествами
(Перенаправлен из списка людей, которые считаются божествами )
Это список известных людей, которых считали божествами самими собой или другими.
Императорские культы и культы личности
[ редактировать ]ВОЗ | Изображение | Когда | Знаменитость |
---|---|---|---|
Фараоны | ![]() |
3150–30 г. до н.э. | Египетские фараоны были царями древнего Египта , и их культура считала богами. Их названия приравнивали их к аспектам таких, как бог Хоука, Горус , богиня стервятника Нехбет и богиня кобры . Египтяне полагали, что когда их фараон умер, он продолжит вести их в следующей жизни, поэтому его погребение было великим и завершено до совершенства - чтобы порадовать его в следующей жизни и обеспечить его бессмертие защищать его народ. Смотрите список фараонов . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] |
Нарам-син из Аккада | ![]() |
2255–2119 г. до н.э. | Первый Месопотамский Император, который утверждал, что является Богом. [ Цитация необходима ] |
Японские императоры | ![]() |
??? – 1945 [ 3 ] | Утверждал, что, по крайней мере, некоторые синтоисты , включая правительственных чиновников, являются божественными потомками богини Аматерасу . Хирохито , император Шова , отверг «ложную концепцию» своей божественности в Декларации человечества в 1945 году. [ 4 ] |
Китайские императоры | ![]() |
221 г. до н.э. - 1911 год | Defened как « Сыны Небеса », по крайней мере , некоторыми конфуцианцами , так как династия Цинь при Цинь Ши Хуанг . [ 5 ] |
Александр Великий | ![]() |
356 до н.э. - 323 до н.э. | Чтобы узаконить власть (в Египте) и быть признанным потомком длинной линии фараонов, Александр принес жертву богам в Мемфисе и пошел проконсультироваться с знаменитым оракулом Амун-Ра в Оазисе Сива в ливийской пустыне, в который он был объявлен сыном божества Амуна. Отныне Александр часто называл Зевса-Аммона своим истинным отцом, и после его смерти валюта изображала его украшенные рогами, используя рога Аммона в качестве символа его божественности. [80] Греки интерпретировали это послание - то, что боги обращались ко всем фараонам - как пророчество. [ Цитация необходима ] |
Натчезе правители | 700–1730 г. н.э. | Натчез был теократией, которым управлял «Великое солнце». Этот правитель иногда считался богом-королем. [ 6 ] | |
Пурнаварман | 395–434 г. н.э. | Король сунданского индийского королевства под названием Таруманагара . Согласно этим надписям он начал гидравлический проект [ 7 ] : 53–54 а также отождествил себя с Вишну , что указывает на то, что он и его царство придерживались веры Вишнуита . | |
Saileendras | ![]() |
7–11 -й веки | Династия Палездра Ява была активными промоутерами буддизма махаяны и покрывала равнины Центральной Явы с буддийскими памятниками, включая всемирно известный Боробудур . [ 8 ] |
Маджапахит короли | ![]() |
1293–1597 | Яванские правители крупнейшего королевства в Юго -Восточной Азии в Индонезии . После смерти они были изображены как индуистские боги (см., Например, Раден Виджая ). [ Цитация необходима ] |
Далай Лам | ![]() |
1391 - ПРЕДВОЧЕНИЕ | Считается повторным инъяциям авалокитешвары в тибетском буддизме . Панчен Ламы - воплощения Амитабхи . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] |
Императоры инков | ![]() |
1438–1533 | У императоров инков был статус, очень похожий на статус фараонов Египта. [ Цитация необходима ] |
Непальские короли | ![]() |
1768–2008 | В Непале короли династии Шах считались воплощениями Вишну . [ 12 ] |
Посмертное обожжение
[ редактировать ]ВОЗ | Изображение | Когда | Знаменитость |
---|---|---|---|
Гильгамеш | ![]() |
Где -то между 2800 и 2500 г. до н.э. [ 13 ] | Большинство историков в целом согласны с тем, что Гильгамеш был историческим королем шумерского города Урука , [ 14 ] [ 13 ] которые, вероятно, управляли где -то в начале раннего периода династии ( ок. 2900–2350 гг. До н.э.). [ 14 ] [ 13 ] Несомненно, что в течение более позднего раннего династического периода Гильгамеш поклонялся как бог в различных местах по всему Шумеру. [ 14 ] В двадцать первом веке до нашей эры Уту-Хенгал , король Урука, принял Гильгамеша в качестве своего божества покровителя. [ 14 ] Короли Третьей династии Ура особенно любили Гильгамеш, назвав его своим «божественным братом» и «другом». [ 14 ] В течение этого периода вокруг него развилось большое количество мифов и легенд. [ 14 ] Вероятно периода ( ок 1600 до н.э. , . г. вавилонского время среднего во [ 14 ] Открытие стихотворения описывает Гильгамеша как «одну треть человека, божественные две трети». [ 14 ] |
Имхотеп | ![]() |
2600 г. до н.э. | Древний египетский архитектор и врач, чей статус, через две тысячи лет после его смерти, был воспитано в статусе Бога, став Богом медицины и исцеления. Он был египетским канцлером фараона Джозера , вероятного архитектора Джозера ступенчатой пирамиды и первосвященника Бога Солнца в Гелиополисе . Постепенное обожествление IMHOTEP, по -видимому, было завершено около 525 г. до н.э. Его божественность явно засвидетельствована надписью, присматривающей к его картине в храме Птулемеи в Каср-эль-Агуз, недалеко от Луксора : «Сын Птаха , благоприятный Бог, рожденный богом южной стены (Птах), дающего жизни, который дарит подарки тем, кого он любит, кто слушает (тем, кто его призывает), кто предоставляет средства от всех болезней ». Обезвреживание Имхотепа привело к обожествлению его матери по имени Ххеду-Анх и его жене Ренпетиферт. В Мемфисе и на священном острове Филэ существовали храмы, посвященные ему. Греки идентифицировали Imhotep со своими собственными божественными целителями и врачом, Asclepios (которые также исцеляли людей в своих мечтах). [ 15 ] |
Королева Дидон из Карфагена | ![]() |
814 г. до н.э. | Основательница и первая королева Карфагена , после ее смерти, она была обожжена своим народом с именем Танита и ассимилирована с великой богиней Астартой (Роман Юнона ). [ 16 ] Культ Танита пережил разрушение Карфагена римлянами; Он был введен в Рим сам император Септимиус Северус, сам родился в Северной Африке. Он был полностью погашен теодосианскими указом конца 4 -го века. [ Цитация необходима ] |
Гомер | ![]() |
8 век до н.э. | Почитается в Александрии Птолемеем IV Филопатором . [ Цитация необходима ] |
Ромул и Ремус | ![]() |
771–717 г. до н.э. | Основатели Рима , сыновья Марса , Ромулус служили первым королем. Ромулус был, согласно истории Рима и 9 до написанная История книги Рима» ( между 27 (« н.э. [ 17 ] После его смерти Ромулус был определен как Бога Квиринуса , божественной личности римского народа. Ромулус Вознесение на небеса и обожествление, как Бог Квиринус упоминается в « стихотворении Овидида Метаморфозы» , Книга 14 (написано незадолго до 8 г. н.э.). Овид изображает Бога Юпитера , обещающего Марсу право переводить своего сына Ромулуса на бессмертие. [18] He is now regarded as a mythological figure, and his name a back-formation from the name Rome, which may ultimately derive from a word for "river". Some scholars, notably Andrea Carandini believe in the historicity of Romulus, in part because of the 1988 discovery of the Murus Romuli on the north slope of the Palatine Hill in Rome.[19] |
Pythagoras of Samos | ![]() |
c. 570–495 BCE | Pythagoras was the eponymous founder of the religion of Pythagoreanism.[20] A posthumous legend claimed that Pythagoras was the mortal incarnation of the "Hyperborean Apollo"[21][22] and that he proved his divinity to Abaris the Hyperborean by showing him his golden thigh.[21] |
Hephaestion | ![]() |
356–324 BCE | Deified by Alexander the Great[citation needed] |
Alexander the Great | ![]() |
356–323 BCE | Some believe he implied he was a demigod by actively using the title "Son of Ammon–Zeus". The title was bestowed upon him by Egyptian priests of the god Ammon at the Oracle of the god at the Siwah oasis in the Libyan Desert.[23] |
Julius Caesar | ![]() |
42 BCE
|
Deified by the Roman Senate two years after his assassination.[24] |
Antinous | ![]() |
111–130 CE | Deified by Hadrian. He is the last non-Imperial human formally deified in Western civilization.[citation needed] |
Mary, Mother of Jesus | ![]() |
300 CE | In 300 CE she was venerated as a Mother Goddess in the Christian sect Collyridianism, which was found throughout Thrace. Collyridianism was made up mostly of women followers and female priests.[25] |
Guan Yu | ![]() |
581–618 CE | Guan Yu was deified as early as the Sui dynasty and is still popularly worshipped today among the Chinese people variedly as an indigenous Chinese deity, a dharmapala in Buddhism and a guardian deity in Taoism. He is also held in high esteem in Confucianism. In Hong Kong both police and gangsters consider him a divine object of reverence. In certain schools of Taoism and Chinese Buddhism he has been deemed divine or semi-divine status.[26] |
Ali | ![]() |
599–661 CE | According to the Alawite faith, Ali ibn Abi Talib is one member of a trinity (Ali-Muhammad-Salman the Persian) corresponding roughly to the Christian Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.[27] He is considered the second emanation of God by Yarsan and the supreme deity in Ali-Illahism. |
Tan Goan-kong | 657–711 CE | Also known as Chen Yuanguang, he was a general and official in the Tang dynasty. He was deified and worshipped by the descendants of immigrants from Zhangzhou to Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia, all refer to him as the "Sacred Duke, Founder of Zhangzhou" (開漳聖王; Kāi Zhāng shèngwáng; Khai Chiang Sèng-ông).[28] | |
Sugawara no Michizane | ![]() |
845–903 CE | Japanese Imperial courtier banished from the capital and deified upon his death to appease his angry spirit. Worshipped as Tenjin, kami of scholarship.[citation needed] |
Lin Moniang | ![]() |
987 CE or later | Fujianese shamaness worshiped as a sea goddess throughout coastal China and the Chinese diaspora community under the name Mazu.[citation needed] |
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah | ![]() |
985–1021 CE | Sixth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, ruling from 996 to 1021. The members of the Druze faith believe that the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah is the Mahdi. The Muslim scholar and early preacher Nashtakin ad-Darazi claimed that the Caliph was God incarnate. Because of that he was executed by Al-Hakim who did not proclaim that he was God. The Druze today reject Ad-Darazi's preaching completely.[29][30][31][32][33] |
Tokugawa Ieyasu | 1616 | Deified posthumously with the name Tōshō Daigongen by his successors.[citation needed] | |
Hu Tianbao | 17th century | According to What the Master Would Not Discuss (Chinese: 子不語), written by Yuan Mei (Chinese: 袁枚) during the Qing dynasty, Tu'er Shen was a man named Hu Tianbao (胡天保) who fell in love with a very handsome imperial inspector of Fujian Province. One day he was caught peeping on the inspector through a bathroom wall, at which point he confessed his reluctant affections for the other man. The imperial inspector had Hu Tianbao sentenced to death by beating. One month after Hu Tianbao's death, he appeared to a man from his hometown in a dream, claiming that since his crime was one of love, the underworld officials decided to right the injustice by appointing him the god and guardian of homosexual affections.[34] | |
Xiongdi Gong | 1831–1861 | 108 men from Hainan who were returning home from Vietnam with money earned by them and fellow migrants for their families when they were killed by pirates.[citation needed] | |
Gauchito Gil | ![]() |
1840s, allegedly 1847 | Venerated as a folk saint and deity in Argentina.[citation needed] |
George Washington | ![]() |
1865–present | Worshipped as a kami in Hawaiian Shinto shrines.[35] In the United States Capitol dome, he is also depicted ascending into Olympus and becoming a god, in the famous painting called The Apotheosis of Washington. |
Kanichi Otsuka | 1891–present | Shinreikyo states of its founder "God became one with a human body, appeared among humanity, and founded Shinreikyo."[36] | |
Maria Franciszka Kozłowska | c. 1924 – present | At least some mariavites believe that God the Father became Mary, God the Son became Jesus and Holy Spirit became Maria Franciszka Kozłowska (1862–1921, an excommunicated Roman Catholic nun from Poland). It's difficult to tell whether she has deified herself or has been involuntary deified during her lifetime or posthumously deified. In 1967, Archbishop Maria Rafael Wojciechowski officially testified that in the 1936–1938 period, Archbishop Maria Michał Kowalski had written "Mother said to me that she was present at the creation of the world and that she arranged the world." (for "mother", he used the Polish word "mateczka" which is a diminutive and a title held by Maria Franciszka).[37][38] | |
L. L. Zamenhof | ![]() |
20th century–present | Considered a god by members of the Oomoto religion.[citation needed] |
José Rizal | ![]() |
20th century–present | Deified by some people in the Philippines due to his contributions to the Philippine Revolution.[39][40] |
Wallace Fard Muhammad | 20th century–present | Posthumously (?) deified by Elijah Muhammad. He is also given other titles by the Nation of Islam.[41] | |
Adolf Hitler | ![]() |
1958–present | Deified by some neo-nazis most notably among followers of Esoteric Nazism. The claim of Hitler's divinity was first made by Savitri Devi in her book The Lightning and the Sun. Devi believed Hitler was avatar of Hindu god Vishnu.[42] Later it was promoted by Chilean neo-nazi Miguel Serrano. |
John Coltrane | ![]() |
1967–1981 | After Coltrane's death, a congregation called the Yardbird Temple in San Francisco began worshiping him as God incarnate.[43] The congregation became affiliated with the African Orthodox Church; this involved changing Coltrane's status from a god to a saint.[43] The resultant St. John Coltrane African Orthodox Church, San Francisco, is the only African Orthodox church that incorporates Coltrane's music and his lyrics as prayers in its liturgy.[44] |
Involuntary deification
[edit]Who | Image | When | Notability |
---|---|---|---|
Uzair | ? | The Quran claims that a group of Jews, often interpreted as the Yemenite Jews, believed "Uzair" was the son of God.[Quran 9:30][45] It is argued by some that Uzair was Ezra. Ezra established Second Temple Judaism[46] and is regarded as a very important figure in Judaism.[47] The concept of "son of God" as the God in the Flesh is now strictly rejected in Judaism. | |
Antiochus II Theos | ![]() |
286–246 BCE | Seleucid ruler. The younger son of Antiochus I and Stratonice, succeeded his father in 261. He liberated Ephesus, Ionia, Cilicia and Pamphylia from Egyptian domination, and in return for their autonomy the cities of Asia Minor gave him the title Theos ("God").[48] |
Paul the Apostle and Barnabas | ![]() |
Autumn 49 CE[49] | According to a story recorded in the Book of Acts 14:8–18, the apostle Paul and his companion Barnabas healed a crippled man in the street in the town of Lystra in Asia Minor, during Paul's second missionary journey.[50] The townsfolk immediately mistook them for the Greek gods Hermes and Zeus respectively and attempted to offer sacrifices to them.[50] |
Master Qing Shui | ![]() |
1047–1101 | Chan Buddhist monk during the Northern Song in Anxi County, Quanzhou. He is said to have saved the town of Anxi during a period of drought, bringing rain as he went from place to place. In reverence, the villagers built temples dedicated to him and hence became a Deity in Chinese folk religion.[51] |
Zheng He | ![]() |
1371–1433 | Worshipped by some Chinese and South East Asians.[52] |
Kumari | ![]() |
~17th century–present | These are little girls who are worshipped by both Hindus and Buddhists as the incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Durga (Nepali Taleju) in Nepal. They are picked when they are prepubescent and are worshipped until they reach puberty. Their cult is in South Asian countries, especially in Nepal.[citation needed] |
John Nicholson | ![]() |
19th century–present | Inspired the cult of Nikal Seyn.[citation needed] |
Jiddu Krishnamurti | ![]() |
1909–present | Renounced the status of messiah and Maitreya incarnation given him by the Theosophical Society.[citation needed] |
Haile Selassie I | ![]() |
1930s–present | Among most followers of the Rastafari movement, Haile Selassie is seen as the second coming of Jesus Christ, God incarnate, the Black Messiah and "Earth's Rightful Ruler" who will also lead African peoples to freedom. Rastas say that his imperial titles (i.e. King of Kings, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, and Root of David) were prophesied as belonging to the returned Messiah in Revelation 5:5. Their faith in his divinity first appeared in Jamaica, soon after his 1930 coronation in Addis Ababa.[53] Before his coronation he was called Ras (meaning Prince) Tafari. |
Mary Baker Eddy | ![]() |
1947–present | Founder of Christian Science, Eddy was first deified with the private publication of The Destiny of The Mother Church by Bliss Knapp. Although the book is distributed in Christian Science reading rooms, it is not considered authorised literature, and Eddy herself denied any comparison to Jesus and allegations of her being the Second Christ.[citation needed] |
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh | ![]() |
1950s~1960s–present | Considered a god in the village of Yaohnanen, a cargo cult in Vanuatu.[54] See Prince Philip movement. |
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson | ![]() |
1990s–present | While considered the messiah by most of his followers following his death in 1994, one group has deified him.[55] |
Raj Patel | ![]() |
2010–present | In January 2010 some adherents of Share International, following an announcement by Benjamin Creme, concluded that Patel could be the Maitreya.[56] Patel has denied being the Maitreya.[56] |
Self-deification
[edit]Who | Image | When | Notability |
---|---|---|---|
Naram-Sin | ![]() |
2255–2119 BCE | The first Mesopotamian king to claim divinity.[57] He marked himself with the dingir symbol, a determinative for a divinity. After him, his son Shar-Kali-Sharri and then later Mesopotamian Kings would carry the tradition onwards. These kings included Shulgi, Amar-Sin, Shu-Sîn, and Ibbi-Sîn of the Third Dynasty of Ur; Shu-Ilishu, Iddin-Dagan, Ishme-Dagan, Lipit-Ishtar, Ur-Ninurta, Būr-Sîn, Lipit-Enlil, Erra-imitti, Enlil-bani, Zambiya, Iter-pûsha, Ur-dukuga, Sîn-magir, Damiq-ilishu of the Isin dynasty; and Rim-Sîn I and Rim-Sîn II of the Larsa dynasty.[58] |
Shulgi | ![]() |
2037–2028 BCE | Brought back self-deification during the Ur III Period.[58] |
Amar-Sin | ![]() |
2046–2037 BCE | Succeeded Shulgi[58] |
Shu-Sin | ![]() |
2037–2028 BCE | Built Temples for himself.[58] |
Empedocles of Acragas | ![]() |
c. 490 – c. 430 BCE | Empedocles of Acragas was a Pre-Socratic philosopher from the island of Sicily, who, in one of his surviving poems, declares himself to have become a "divine being... no longer mortal",[59] followed by descriptions of him performing activities normally reserved for the gods.[59] The later historian Diogenes Laërtius claimed that Empedocles committed suicide by jumping into Mount Etna in order to persuade people that he was an immortal god,[60] a legend which is also alluded to by the Roman poet Horace.[61] |
Pharnavaz I of Iberia | ![]() |
326–234 BCE | Iberian king (r. 299–234 BCE) |
Antiochus IV Epiphanes | ![]() |
215–164 BCE | Seleucid ruler (r. 175–164); the only Seleucid king to claim divine honors, calling himself Theos Epiphaneus "God Manifest" and Nikephoros "Bringer of Victory." Nearly conquered Ptolemaic Egypt, the primary rival of the Seleucids among the Diadochi states. Famously attempted to impose ancient Greek religion on the Jews by persecution, leading to the Maccabean Revolt; remembered as a major persecutor in Jewish tradition.[48] |
Antiochus I | ![]() |
c. 86 BCE–38 BCE | King of Commagene who instituted a cult for himself and several syncretistic Graeco-Persian deities at Mount Nemrud and elsewhere.[62] |
Simon Magus | ![]() |
1st–4th century | Considered a god in Simonianism. According to Irenaeus, he "was glorified by many as if he were a god; and he taught that it was himself who appeared among the Jews as the Son, but descended in Samaria as the Father while he came to other nations in the character of the Holy Spirit. He represented himself, in a word, as being the loftiest of all powers, that is, the Being who is the Father over all, and he allowed himself to be called by whatsoever title men were pleased to address him."[63] |
Veleda | ![]() |
1st century | Germanic prophetess considered a deity during her lifetime.[citation needed] |
Ismail I | ![]() |
16th century | Self-claimed to be an emanation of God and was considered such by the Kızılbaş-Safaviya order, Qizilbash-Turkman subjects and Alevis.[64][65] |
Danila Filippovich | 1700 | He believed that he was God and started the Khlysts. (There are various transliterations of his name including Danila Filipov, Danila Filipich, and Daniil Filippovich.)[66] | |
Kondratii Selivanov | ![]() |
1780s | Kondraty Selivanov proclaimed himself both as the late Peter III of Russia and Christ himself, and started the Skoptsy.[67] |
Hong Xiuquan | ![]() |
19th century | Chinese man who claimed he was the younger brother of Jesus, and thus a son of God. Led the Taiping Rebellion, conquering a large part of China before defeat and suicide.[citation needed] |
Dios Buhawi | ~1887 | Philippine shaman who called himself "God Whirlwind."[citation needed] | |
Father Divine | ![]() |
~20th century | His followers considered him God in the flesh.[68] |
Taher Saifuddin | ![]() |
20th century | Claimed to be Ilah'ul-Ard (God on Earth) in Bombay High Court.[69][70] |
Lou de Palingboer | ![]() |
20th century | A divorced Dutchman named Louwrens Voorthuijzen who proclaimed himself "Lou the Eel Vendor", this being the translation of his proclaimed name "Lou de Palingboer". He was a figure who mixed marketing European eels with proselytism. His followers also considered him a living God on a mission against evil.[71] |
Jehovah Wanyonyi | 21st century | "I am the one who created Adam and Eve. I made their bodies and their blood", [...] "I still use human beings by speaking through them, like I spoke through Jesus Christ until he went to Heaven." There are between 120 and 1000 followers who consider him to be God.[72][73] | |
Sathya Sai Baba | ![]() |
20th century | Hindu guru that followers believed was a reincarnation of an avatar of Dattatreya. He alleged that he had the ability to heal, raise the dead, appear in more than one location at the same time, materialize objects, such as jewellery, etc.[citation needed] |
Yahweh ben Yahweh | 20th century | He was born as Hulon Mitchell, Jr. and his self-proclaimed name means "God, Son of God." He could have only been deeming himself son of God, not God, but many of his followers clearly consider him God Incarnate.[74][75] | |
Mitsuo Matayoshi | ![]() |
20th century | In 1997 he established the World Economic Community Party (世界経済共同体党) based on his conviction that he is the God and Christ.[76] |
Meher Baba | ![]() |
~1930 | An Indian spiritual master who said he was the Avatar,[77][78][79] God in human form.[80][81] |
Mita | ~1940 | According to the Mita faith, Mita (Peraza) was the incarnation of the Holy Ghost on earth.[82] | |
Jim Jones | ![]() |
1955 | Founder of Peoples Temple, which started off as a part of a mainstream Protestant denomination before becoming a personality cult as time went on. One of Jones's devotees claimed that Jones said "If you see me as your savior, I'll be your savior. If you see me as your God, I'll be your God";[83] however Jones also described himself as atheist.[84] |
Vissarion | ![]() |
1961 | Claims to be Jesus Christ returned, which makes him not "God" but the "word of God".[citation needed] |
François Duvalier | ![]() |
1960s–1970s | Haitian Dictator claimed that he was the physical embodiment of the island nation. Duvalier deliberately modeled his image on that of Baron Samedi, one of the lwa, or spirits, of Haitian Vodou. He often donned sunglasses in order to hide his eyes and talked with the strong nasal tone associated with the lwa. The regime's propaganda stated that "Papa Doc was one with the lwa, Jesus Christ and God himself".[85] The most celebrated image from the time shows a standing Jesus Christ with a hand on the shoulder of a seated Papa Doc, captioned, "I have chosen him".[86] Duvalier declared himself an "immaterial being" as well as "the Haitian flag" soon after his first election.[87] In 1964, he published a catechism in which the Lord's Prayer was reworded to pay tribute to Duvalier instead of God.[87][88] |
Nirmala Srivastava | ![]() |
1970 | Guru and goddess of Sahaja Yoga, has proclaimed herself the incarnation of the Holy Ghost (Adi Shakti), claimed that all other incarnations (e.g., Krishna, Christ, etc.) were aspects of her.[89][90] |
Francisco Macías Nguema | ![]() |
1970s | His party used the slogan, (officially decreed by him in 1974): "There is no other God than Macias". Catholic clergy were also required to preach that "God created Equatorial Guinea thanks to Macias."[91][92][93] |
Apollo Quiboloy | ![]() |
1985 | Calls himself as the "Appointed Son of God" in his own Restorationist church called the Kingdom of Jesus Christ.[94] |
Joseph Kony | 1987 | Proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium, and has been considered by some as a cult of personality, and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom.[citation needed] | |
Ryuho Okawa | ![]() |
1986 | Founder of Happy Science, worshipped by his followers as 'El Cantare' and a reincarnation of Elohim, Odin, Thoth, Osiris, and Buddha.[95][96] |
Amy Carlson | c. 2006 – 2021 | Founder of Love Has Won. Proclaimed herself to be God, as well as Jesus, several secular historical figures, St. Joan of Arc, and the Indigenous Hawaiian goddess Pele. Followers call her "Momma God" and were found to have mummified her in order to continue to worship her.[citation needed] |
See also
[edit]- Advaita Vedanta
- Apotheosis
- Arahitogami
- Brahman
- Christ myth theory
- Cult of personality
- Culture hero
- Divinity#Mortal
- Divinization (Christian)
- Euhemerism
- Folk saint
- God complex
- God in Hinduism
- Godman (Hindu ascetic)
- Hero cult
- Idolatry
- Imperial cult
- Incarnation
- List of avatar claimants
- List of Buddha claimants
- List of deities
- List of demigods
- List of Mahdi claimants
- List of messiah claimants
- List of people claimed to be Jesus
- Mahāvākyas
- Maitreya claimants
- Messiah complex
- Religion in ancient Rome
- Sacred king
- Shaktyavesha Avatar
- Tat Tvam Asi
- "Thou Art God"
- Veneration of the dead
References
[edit]- ^ "The rulers of Egypt, first the kings and later the pharaohs, were gods as well as men who ruled by divine right. Each king was 'the son of god', who at the point of death became one with his father, a god in a cosmic Heaven." Christopher Knight, Robert Lomas (2001). The Hiram Key: Pharaohs, Freemasons and the Discovery of the Secret Scrolls of Jesus, 100. ISBN 978-1931412759. Fair Winds publish.
- ^ "The king had a superhuman role, being a manifestation of a god or of various deities on earth. The king's principle original title, the Horus name, proclaimed that he was an aspect of one of the chief gods, Horus, a sky god who was depicted as a falcon. Other identifications were added to this one, notably, "Son of Re [the sun god]" and "Perfect God," both introduced during the 4th dynasty (c. 2575–2465 BCE), when the great pyramids were constructed. The epithet "Son of Re" placed the king in a close but dependent relation with the leading figure of the pantheon."Merriam-Webster (1999). Encyclopedia of World Religions). Merriam Webster, Inc. ISBN 978-0877790440.
- ^ Hirohito denied being himself a living god, but the mythical ancestry is still the foundation of the Shinto worship, including the ceremonies and prayers done by the current emperor. Imperial Household Agency
- ^ Hirohito's 1945 Declaration in Japanese and English: "The ties between Us and Our people have always stood upon mutual trust and affection. They do not depend upon mere legends and myths. They are not predicated on the false conception that the Emperor is divine, and that the Japanese people are superior to other races and fated to rule the world."
- ^ Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674012127.
- ^ The community leader would be called the Great Sun. Natchez social organization was based on the relationship of community members to the Great Sun. In the 17th century, French explorers and colonists met this leader, who lived in a large house on the top of a platform mound at the site that is now preserved by the State of Mississippi as the Grand Village of the Natchez. The Great Sun enjoyed the status of a living god [1]
- ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0824803681.
- ^ "Patrons of Buddhism, the Sailendras during the height of their power in central Java constructed impressive monuments and temple complexes, the best known of which is the Borobudur on the Kedu Plain" (quoted from Hall 1985: 109).
- ^ Stein 1972, p. 84
- ^ Das, Sarat Chandra. Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet (1970), p. 82. Manjushri Publishing House, New Delhi. First published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LI (1882).
- ^ Геше Джампа Тинлей. Практика необычной Гуру-Йоги, 2003, с. 76 (in Russian)
- ^ Charles Haviland (9 May 2005). "Nepal and the divine monarchy". BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Dalley, Stephanie (1989), Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 40, ISBN 0192835890
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, pp. 89–71, ISBN 0714117056
- ^ Brandon, S. G. F. (Samuel George Frederick) (2014). Beliefs, rituals, and symbols of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Fertile Crescent. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1627125697. OCLC 862222059.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 1.446f, Silius Italicus, Punica 1.81f
- ^ Livy i.4.2. From the Founding of the City.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Bk XIV: 805-828 The deification of Romulus. "Metamorphoses (Kline) 14, the Ovid Collection, Univ. of Virginia E-Text Center". ovid.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Carandini. La nascita di Roma. Dèi, lari, eroi e uomini all'alba di una civiltà (Torino: Einaudi, 1997) and Carandini. Remo e Romolo. Dai rioni dei Quiriti alla città dei Romani (775/750 – 700/675 a. C. circa) (Torino: Einaudi, 2006)
- ^ Zhmud, Leonid (2012). Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. Translated by Windle, Kevin; Ireland, Rosh. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0199289318.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002]. Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0801474521.
- ^ Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 20; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 31, 140; Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 36.
- ^ "Not the least of the many extraordinary facts about Alexander is that both in his lifetime and after his death he was worshipped as a god, by Greeks and Ancient Macedonians as well as, for example, Egyptians (to whom he was Pharaoh). The episode that led to Callisthenes' death in 327 was connected to this fact. Greeks and Ancient Macedonians believed that formal obeisance should be paid only to gods. So the refusal of his Greek and Macedonian courtiers to pay it to Alexander implied that they, at any rate, did not believe he genuinely was a living god, at least not in the same sense as Zeus or Dionysus were. Alexander, regardless, did nothing to discourage the view that he really was divine. His claim to divine birth, not merely divine descent, was part of a total self-promotional package, which included the striking of silver medallions in India depicting him with the attributes of Zeus. Through sheer force of personality and magnitude of achievement he won over large numbers of ordinary Greeks and Macedonians to share this view of himself, and to act on it by devoting shrines to his cult."Cartledge, Paul (2004). "Alexander the Great". History Today. 54: 1.
- ^ Murray, Sheanna (2022-09-13). "Becoming a God: The Deification of Julius Caesar". Walks Inside Rome. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ Block, Corrie (2013-10-08). The Qur'an in Christian-Muslim Dialogue: Historical and Modern Interpretations. Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 9781135014056.
- ^ "People worship Emperor Guan not merely as a law-protecting heavenly deity, but also as god of war, god of wealth and god of righteousness. They pray to Emperor Guan for many reasons…"Emperor Guan
- ^ L. Esposito, John; Moosa, Matti (1995). "Alawiyyah". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World vol. 1. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-19-509612-6.
- ^ "Po Chiak Keng: Only Tans could pray here before 1982". straitstimes.com. 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
- ^ Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Tenth Century CE. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 470.
- ^ Frischauer, Willi (1970). The Aga Khans. Bodley Head.
- ^ Ismail K. Poonawala (1999). "Review – The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (3): 542. doi:10.2307/605981. JSTOR 605981.
- ^ Gamal Nkrumah (10 December 2009). "The crazed caliph". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
- ^ Elkamel, Sara (24 August 2010). "Caliph of Cairo: The rule and mysterious disappearance of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
- ^ Szonyi, Michael (1998). "The Cult of Hu Tianbao and the Eighteenth-Century Discourse of Homosexuality". Late Imperial China. 19: 1–25. doi:10.1353/late.1998.0004. S2CID 144047410.
- ^ "Encyclopedia of Shinto : Special Topics : Shrines and Hawaiians of Japanese descent". Eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
- ^ "When I sat cross-legged by myself just like the great statue of the Buddha in Nara, I felt that the earth, about the size of a watermelon, was underneath me and I could see the other me walking about on it. I experience the real "me" looking down at the other "me" on this small planet. I was and understood everything on this earth (Shinreikyo History: 5). Religious movements home page on the website of the University of Virginia. This entry was written by Jeffrey Hadden.
- ^ Karas, Marcin. "Mateczka – Boska Parakletka, Zbawicielka Świata" (PDF).
- ^ "Comments". varpho.livejournal.com. August 24, 2007. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- ^ "Kultong Rizalismo (Sanaysay ni Jon e. Royeca) | FilipinoWriter.com". www.filipinowriter.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ "Rizalist cult (Filipino religion)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
- ^ "The Honorable Elijah Muhammad identified the Master as being the answer to the one that the world had been expecting for the past 2,000 years under the names Messiah, the second coming of Jesus, the Christ, Jehovah, God, and the Son of Man."NOI.org quoting Elijah Muhammad Archived 2010-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Savitri Devi: The mystical fascist being resurrected by the alt-right". www.bbc.com. 29 October 2017.
It isn't hard these days to find discussions of Savitri Devi's books on neo-Nazi web forums, especially The Lightning and the Sun, which expounds the theory that Hitler was an avatar – an incarnation – of the Hindu god Vishnu
- ^ Jump up to: a b Freedman, Samuel G. (December 1, 2007). "Sunday religion, inspired by Saturday nights". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
- ^ Полатник, Гордон. «Джазовая церковь» . Elvispelvis.com . Архивировано из оригинала 12 августа 2006 года.
- ^ Энциклопедия Иудаика, том 6, Энциклопедия Иудаика Иерусалим, с. 1108
- ^ Brueggemann 2002 , стр. 75, 144.
- ^ Новая энциклопедия иудаизма , Эзра
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Библейский словарь Харпера, Сан -Франциско: Харпер и Роу, 1985
- ^ Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Келлум, Л. Скотт; Корлз, Чарльз (2009). Колыбель, крест и корона: введение в Новый Завет . Нэшвилл, Теннесси: B & H Academic. п. 400. ISBN 978-0805443653 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Барклай, Уильям (2003). Деяния апостолов . Новая ежедневная библия. Луисвилл, Кентукки и Лондон: Вестминстер Джон Нокс Пресс. С. 126–128. ISBN 978-0664226756 .
- ^ "Храм Чин Сви Пещер - основатель" . chinswee.org. Архивировано из оригинала 2021-01-26 . Получено 2021-01-03 .
- ^ Zheng . Тема « » исследования
- ^ Растафарианцы считают Хейле Селассии I как Бога, отчасти потому, что пророчество Маркуса Гарви - «Посмотрите на Африку, где должен быть коронован черный король, он должен быть искупителем» - быстро последовал Восхождение Хайле Селасси как Император Эфиопии Полем Би -би -си
- ^ "Является ли принц Филипп островский бог?" Полем BBC News . 10 июня 2007 г. Получено 8 мая 2010 года .
- ^ «Любавичер Ребе как Бог» . Хаарец . 2007-02-11 . Получено 2018-10-10 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Скотт Джеймс (4 февраля 2010 г.). «В интернет -эпоху, нежелательный лорд для последователей Нью Эйдж» . Нью -Йорк Таймс . Получено 30 мая 2010 года .
- ^ Kleiner, Fred (2005). Искусство Гарднера на протяжении веков. Томсон-Уэдсворт. п. 41 ISBN 0534640958 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Фрейн, Дуглас Р. Справочник по богам и богиням древнего Ближнего Востока: три тысячи божества Анатолии, Сирии, Израиля, Шумера, Вавилонии, Ассирии и Элама . Penn State University Press, 2021. [ ISBN отсутствует ] [ страница необходима ]
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Грегори, Эндрю (2013). Пресократическая и сверхъестественная: магия, философия и наука в ранней Греции . Нью -Йорк и Лондон: Академик Блумсбери. п. 178. ISBN 978-1472504166 .
- ^ Diogenes Laërtius, 8. 69
- ^ Гораций, Ars Poetica , 465–466
- ^ Международный фонд Немруда (2015). «Номос: Святой закон короля Антиохоса» . Получено 2015-11-27 .
- ^ Irenaeus, против heresies Книга I Глава XXIII. Джастин Мартир заявляет: «Был самаритянин, Саймон, уроженец деревни под названием Гитто, который во времена Клавдия Цезаря и в вашем королевском городе Риме совершил могущественные акты магии, благодаря искусству дьяволов действуя . нем в
- ^ Дервишская ложа: архитектура, искусство и суфизм в Османской Турции , Рэймонд Лифчез, с. 35
- ^ Шииты Ливана под Османским правлением, 1516–1788 , Стефан Винтер, с. 13
- ^ В его учении двенадцати обязательств говорилось: «Я предсказал Бог пророками; я спустился на землю, чтобы спасти человеческие души; Бога нет, кроме меня. Другое учение нет. Не ищите его». Санкт-Петербургская государственная статья архивировала статью 2012-07-09 в Archive.Today (немного спора здесь, так как есть сайты, которые указывают на то, что он учил любого, и все хлайсты могли мистически воплощаться через него)
- ^ Смит, Дуглас (2016-11-22). Распутин: вера, сила и сумерки Романов . Макмиллан. п. 86. ISBN 978-0-374-24084-4 .
- ^ Отец Божественный: общий обзор , Тимоти Миллер, 1999, извлечен 6 июня 2007 года: «Последователи отца Божественного объявили Его Бога во плоти, и для большинства американцев ничто не могло быть более нелепым, чем маленький афроамериканский божество».
- ^ Милли -Газета. «Бора: исламская секта сводится к культу» . Milligazette.com . Получено 2014-04-20 .
- ^ «Бёра несогласные бросают вызов репрессивному священству» . Rediff.com Индия новости. 2011-03-05 . Получено 2014-04-20 .
- ^ De God Die Lou Heette (голландский язык) «Бог, которого называли Лу» VPRO TV -программа.
- ^ Международная ассоциация культовых исследований (2001). «Кения -« Бог »и 400 последователей, живущих в Кении». Культические исследования журнал . 18 (4).
- ^ BBC News (12 ноября 2001 г.). « Кенийский« Бог »послал СПИД как« наказание » ». Получено 29 декабря 2004 г.
- ^ «Он назвал себя« великим мастером небесной ложи », архитектора вселенной». кримэлибрика Архивировал 2008-04-17 на машине Wayback
- ^ Miami Herald (15 октября 2001 г.). «Старое послание самооценки было вытеснено тем, кто поднимает их лидера на великого мастера из всех, Бога вселенной, Великого Поттентата, вечного отца и преследуемого Мессии » .
- ^ «После выборов в верхней палате премьер -министр Джуничиро Койзуми должен передать место премьер -министра Иисусу Матайоши, единственному истинному богу». : cgunson.com: Матайоши Архивировал 2005-11-25 на The Wayback Machine
- ^ Журнал Awakener , том 9, номер 4, 1964, с. 15
- ^ Журнал Awakener , том 4, номер 2, 1956, с. 27
- ^ Калчури (1986) с. 2324
- ^ Ребенок (1987) с. 269
- ^ Журнал Awakener , том 11, номер 1, 1966, с. 9
- ^ Эссе в латиноамериканских выпусках Том 13 гласит, что она учила это: «Когда стреляющая звезда, двигаясь на расстоянии, внезапно приблизилась к ней и приземлилась на лбу, заполняя комнату светом (Круз). Она стала живым воплощением Святого Духа , который в этот момент открыл ей имя Бога в эту новую эпоху: «Мита» или «Дух жизни».
- ^ Jonestown: Жизнь и смерть Храма Народов Архивировали 2009-03-14 на машине Wayback . Американский опыт, pbs.org.
- ^ Джонс, Джим в разговоре с Джоном Махером, «Стенограмма восстановленной пленки ФБР Q 622.» Альтернативные соображения храма Джонстаун и Народ . Проект Jonestown: Государственный университет Сан -Диего.
- ^ Райт, Джайлс. "Франсуа" Папа Док "Дювалье" . Thedictatorship.com . Архивировано из оригинала 18 сентября 2015 года . Получено 9 ноября 2015 года .
- ^ Николлс, Дэвид (1996) [1st Pub. 1979]. От Dessalines до Duvalier: раса, цвет и национальная независимость в Гаити (пересмотренный изд.). Нью -Брансуик, Нью -Джерси: издательство Университета Рутгерса. с. XVI. ISBN 978-0813522401 Полем LCCN 95-8893 . OCLC 32396546 . OL 8025482M .
Тысячи плакатов появились, когда была открыта плотина Пелигр, заявляя, что «один только Дювалье способен использовать энергию Пелигра и отдать ее своему народу». У других был Иисус с его рукой на Дювалье, провозглашающем: «Я выбрал его».
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Kofele-Kale, Ndiva (2006). «Культ государственного суверенитета» . Международное право ответственности за экономические преступления (2 -е изд.). Aldershot, Англия: Ashgate Publishing. п. 261. ISBN 978-1409496090 Полем LCCN 2006006433 . OCLC 64289359 . OL 7991049M .
Не удовлетворен тем, что является гаитянским флагом. Полем Полем Дювалье также объявил себя «нематериальным существом» вскоре после того, как он стал «президентом в жизнь», и выпустил катехизисскую революцию для верующих, содержащей следующую версию молитвы Господа: «Наш док, который в национальном дворце На всю жизнь священные имени твоего от настоящего и будущих поколений. Твой будет сделан в Порт-о-Пренсе, как это в провинциях. Дайте нам в этот день наш новый Гаити и простите не посягательства тех антипатриотов, которые ежедневно плют на нашу страну; Привести их к искушению и, отравленные своим собственным ядом, доставить их от никакого зла. Полем . '
- ^ Фурканд, Джин М. (1964). Катехизис революции [ катехизис революции ] (PDF) (по -французски). Порт - Au -prince: Государственная печатная издание . п. 37. Архив (PDF) из оригинала 27 сентября 2015 года.
Наш доктор, которые находятся в Национальном дворце для жизни, что ваше имя благословлено нынешними и будущими поколениями, что вы будете сделаны в порту - Au -Prince в провинции. Дайте нам нашу новую гаити сегодня, никогда не прощайте преступления людей без гражданства, которые каждый день пускают слюни на нашей родине, пусть они поддаются искушению и под тяжестью своих злых слюни: не доставляйте их с каким -либо вредом. Аминь.
- ^ Джудит Кони, Сахаджа Йога: Общение процессов в новом религиозном движении Южной Азии (1999) с. 27 «Она начала свою миссию по спасению всерьез, установив репутацию целителя веры ... затем, 2 декабря 1979 года, в Лондоне она однозначно заявила о своей божественности своим последователям:« [Сегодня] - день, когда я заявляю, что Я тот, кто должен спасти человечество. На этой земле, чтобы придать смысл себе ... »с тех пор ее чаще всего понимают ее последователи, как Деви, богиня индийской мифологии, вернулась, чтобы спасти мир».
- ^ ":::::: Сато-Тилум: вот о твоем тириумуларе " 6 марта 2009 г.
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